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Prepared by:

Reint Bakema

Habtom Asmelash

Submitted by:

NIRAS

i

CROP PROFILES

Scoping Study

Development Initiative for Northern Uganda (DINU)

Letter of Contract No.: 2016/380882-1

This report was produced by NIRAS A/S with funds from the European Union. The report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union or the Government of Uganda.

NIRAS A/S DINU Scoping Study Commodity Profiles Date: 21 April 2017

ii

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 3

2. AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND LIVELIHOODS ZONES ........................................................................................ 4

3. COMMODITY PROFILES ...................................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 APIARY ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 BEANS.................................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 CASSAVA .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 3.4 COFFEE .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 3.5 GROUNDNUTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.6 LIVESTOCK .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.7 MAIZE................................................................................................................................................................ 15 3.8 MILLET ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.9 RICE .................................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.10 SESAME .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 3.11 SORGHUM .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.12 SOYBEAN ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 3.13 SUNFLOWER ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 3.14 VEGETABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 3.15 SWEET POTATOES ................................................................................................................................................. 24


3

1. Introduction

In December 2016 the European Union commissioned NIRAS A/S under Framework Contract (FWC)

2016/380882-1 to carry out a scoping study for the Development Initiative for Northern Uganda (DINU).

The contract ran from 1 February 2017 – 30 April 2017 and was executed by a team of two key-experts

supported by a field assistant.

DINU is a multi-sectoral programme that intends to implement the three focal sectors of the National

Indicative Programme (2014-2020) of the EUD and the Government of Uganda (GoU), Food Security and

Agriculture, Transport Infrastructures and Good Governance, in an integrated manner in Northern Uganda.

The programme is stretched over 33 districts and a surface area of approximately 90 thousand km2. This

potentially leads to dilution of financial resources, and operational and programmatic inefficiencies.

The DINU scoping study was commissioned to establish a geographical and technical focus, so as to speed

up the roll-out of the programme once a Programme Management Unit (PMU) becomes operational later

this year. The specific objective of the scoping study is to ‘Create a body of evidence to support the

development of a well-justified geographical coverage highlighting various possible scenarios where specific

districts and value chains (VC) of focus are clearly identified.’

The approach of the NIRAS Scoping Study Team (NSST) to achieve this was to develop a decision framework

for Value Chain (VC) selection based on a set of, as much as possible, objectively verifiable criteria. The

NSST collected therefore national level VC data, studied Value Chain Analysis reports, and distributed a

district questionnaire (DQ) to all 33 districts with specific crop related questions. The commodity data from

all these sources were summarised in commodity profiles that informed the criteria that were used to

select VCs for the six intervention clusters of DINU.

This document contains the crop profiles of the major commodities produced in NU that were considered

for VC selection. It has to be read in conjunction with the DINU Scoping Study Main Report, and with the

DINU Scoping Study District Profiles Report.

The softcopies of all documents, references and databases are handed over to the EUD and OPM for

further reference.


4

2. Agro ecological zones and Livelihoods zones

The basis for the selection of VC are the Agro Ecological zones and the Livelihoods Zones of Northern Uganda. A detailed description of the zones and their priority and strategic crops is contained in the DINU Scoping Study Main Report. The maps and tables are reproduced here for easy of reference.

Figure 1: Agro-ecological zones in Northern Uganda

Table 1: Priority and strategic commodities for the agro-ecological zones of NU as per ASSP 2016

Commodity Agro-ecological zones

I II III IV V

Beans √

Cassava √ √ √

Coffee √ √

Maize √

Oil Seeds √ √ √ √

Citrus √

Pineapples √

Vegetables √ √

Beef Cattle √

Goats √ √

Aquaculture √

Poultry √ √ √ √

Piggery* √ √

Sorghum* √ √ √

Irish Potatoes*

Sweet Potatoes* √ √ √

Rice

Mango

Cotton *Commodities that were not chosen among the priority strategic commodities but are important for food and nutrition security


5

Figure 2: Livelihoods zones in Uganda


6

Table 2: AEZ, LHZ districts and major commodities1 in NU

AEZ LHZ Districts Major commodities

Code Name Code Name

I North Eastern Drylands

UG24 UG25

North Eastern Central and Southern Karamoja Pastoralist zones

Eastern Kaabong and Kotido, Moroto, and Northern Amudat

Cattle, shoats, sorghum, beans, maize, groundnuts, cassava

UG23 Karamoja Livestock, sorghum bulrush millet zone

Eastern Kotido, Napak. Northern Nakapiripirit

Cattle, shoats, sorghum, millet, beans, maize

II

North Eastern Savannah grassland

UG27 Eastern central lowland cassava sorghum groundnuts zone

Amuria, Katakwi, southern Alebtong

Cassava, citrus, beans, cattle, groundnuts, maize, sorghum, rice, grams

UG21 UG 20

South Kitgum Pader Abim sesame groundnuts sorghum cattle zone

Abim, Agago, Pader, Southern Kitgum Southern Lamwo

Sorghum, millet, beans, sesame, groundnuts, maize, cassava green grams

UG16 North Kitgum Gulu Amuru West Nile sesame, sorghum livestock zone

Northern Kitgum, Lamwo,

Cassava, cattle, maize, shoats, rice, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sorghum

UG16 UG19

North Kitgum Gulu Amuru West Nile sesame, sorghum livestock zone South West Gulu beans, shoats, groundnuts cassava zone

Amuru, Adjumani, Moyo, Yumbe, Eastern Arua, Nebbi

Cassava, cattle, maize, shoats, rice, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sorghum Soya, maize, beans, cassava, rice, groundnuts, sunflower, potatoes

III

North Western Savannah grassland

Omoro, Oyam, Kole, Eastern Nwoya

UG15 West Nile Koboko, Maracha, Western Arua, Western Yumbe

Cassava, maize tobacco, sorghum

UG17 Amuru Gulu rice groundnuts sorghum livestock zone

Gulu, Amuru Beans, rice, cassava, maize, groundnuts, rice, sorghum

UG18 Karuma Masindi maize cassava zone

Otuke, Alebtong, Northern Amuria, Lira, Dokolo,

Cassava, beans, maize, rice, apiary, groundnuts, sesame, soya, sunflower, sorghum

UG5 Rwenzori Mt Elgon West Nile Arabica coffee banana zone

Zombo, South Western Nebbi

Coffee, cassava, apiary, millet, bananas, beans, rice, maize, shoats, sesame

IV Paraa Savannah UG18

Karuma Masindi maize cassava zone

Nwoya Maize, beans, sunflower, soya, cassava, peas

Apac, Amolatar Maize, rice, cassava, soya V Kyoga Plains

1 As indicated in the District Questionnaires


7

3. Commodity Profiles

3.1 Apiary

Apiary Profile Total harvested area 2 million hives of which 87% local hives hives 4

Total production 800-1,200 NU production 640 Mt 4

Potential production 500,000 Mt

Exports 60 Mt 4

Yields/season High Low Average Optimum Yield gap

Kg/hive 3 60 5 6,0 20,0 67%

Main products Honey, combed honey, boiled honey, propolis, wax, honey wine, pollen, royal jelly, venom

Domestic market 3,600 Mt; HH consumption from vendors and packaged in jars and sold through local super markets; imports from Kenya, UAE, Tanzania, Pakistan, Italy

4

International markets Exports to Japan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and Kenya 4

Government priority Yes 3

Other programmes SNV, private sector 2

Cluster importance District score (scale 1-5)

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6

3.1 2.2 3.3 1.3 3.1 3.8

Field observations: only one small processing unit encountered in West Nile; according to interviews the demand for honey by private buyers is high

Gender dimension

Production: Family commodity, labour input is small, not clear how it is managed at HH level

Sales: surplus sales by women;

HH consumption: decided by women on a day-to-day basis

Gender dimension score 3

Nutrition

Nutrition value: part of local diets as a sweetener, also perceived medicinal value

HH consumption quantities: daily basis

Obstacles to consumption: sales may reduce available at HH level

Nutrition dimension score 3

VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Quality of hives; local hives maximum production is 15 kg/season, modern hives can go up to 60 kg/season

Poor management: for example harvesting by destroying colonies

Production and harvesting tools

Possible DINU interventions

Support to small scale honey producers (youth and women) with hives, equipment and training Big yield gap

Score: 2

Storage

Constraints

Quality of honey: cleanliness and adulteration

Possible DINU interventions:

Set-up small processing units

Marketing

Constraints

Weakly developed collection systems

Side selling by farmers


VC development business, entrepreneurial and apiary management skills. Support the introduction of minimum standard/uniform regulations for honey traders. Sustain in building for market information providers to disseminate prices via means such SMS

Score: 2

Processing

Constraints

Local processing units do not meet quality standards


Support improve processing and packaging through adequate availability of good and affordable packaging material

Score: 3


8

HH Income US$ 420/year

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013;

AC census 08/09

Value chain analysis (VCA) of the honey sub-sector in Uganda; UNDP; 2012

Overall conclusion

Apiary has a great potential in Uganda. At HH level it requires little additional labour, contributes to dietary diversity, and to income. It can be fitted easily in existing farm practices. It has a ready market locally, and can be processed in small processing plants that can be established at relatively low costs. The globally market is large as well, if quality standards can be met. Several projects have shown that yields and end-product quality can be improved.

3.2 Beans

Beans Profile

Total harvested area 762,000 ha 4

Total production 455,000 NU production 254,000 Mt 4

Exports 28,465 Mt 3

Yields High Low Average Optimum Yield gap

Kg/ha 3 1,500 500 750 2,500 65%

Main products Cooked beans

Domestic market HH level: source of protein in Uganda providing 45% of total protein intake and 25% of total calorie uptake

4

International markets

Beans are in high demand in the regional markets and many are sold to DRC, Sudan, Rwanda and Kenya. Uganda beans have demand. for its canning quality and found it to be the best worldwide. Huge markets exist in southern African countries, in Mozambique for their schoolchildren feeding program and in other countries like Malawi and Angola.

4

Government priority Yes

4

Other programmes ACDP, PRELINOR 3

Cluster importance District score (1-5)


2.0 2.9 2.7

Field observations: beans is often quoted as the second or third most important crop in the districts

Farm income: US$ 214/year

Gender dimension

Production: Family crop, with major labour input by women



Nutrition

Beans have a high protein content, valuable sources of vitamin B complex, crude fiber, folic acid, zinc, iron, amino acids and other essential minerals

HH consumption quantities: widely grown and consumed legume and household institutional source of protein in Uganda providing 45% of total protein intake and 25% of total calorie uptake

Obstacles to consumption: sales do not reduce available for HH consumption


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

High yield gap, caused by seed quality and low GAP application

Great diversity in types of beans and specific preferences by consumers;


Input supply of quality seeds Score: 3

Storage

Constraints

High PHH losses (grain borers) due to poor storage


Support to improved on-farm storage (storage sacks and bins)

Marketing Constraints

Markets fragmented because of great variety in beans types


9

Possible DINU interventions: Score: 3

Information provision about grain standards to farmers and traders; price information; equipment

Processing Beans are hardly processed beyond drying and sorting

Future developments and demands

Bean consumption is not increasing, as more affluent consumers switch to meat. Market growth is therefore primarily from population growth in rural areas, and for poorer people.

Score: 3

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Value Chain Analysis of the Bean Sub-sector in Uganda; UNDP; 2012

Agriculture Cluster Development Project

Overall conclusion

Beans are considered very important as food, nutrition and health security crop in Uganda. In the domestic markets, beans are required by various categories of consumers including schools, hospitals, military, prisons, and many households. Beans are in demand in the regional markets, but overall per capita consumption is not growing. Bean production is mainly by small scale farmer’s majority of whom are women and youth. Most of the operational labour for production and marketing are provided by the women. Beans remain a major source of nutrition and food security in rural areas. Beans are also important in rotation and intercropping with other crops as they improve soil fertility. Although beans has a substantial yield gap, we a slow growing demand and the fact that other projects are paying attention to this crop, The NSST sees no immediate added value for DINU to get involved in support of the beans VC.

3.3 Cassava

Cassava Profile Total harvested area 851,000 ha 4

Total production 5.3 million NU production 983,000 Mt 4

Exports 20,000 to Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya and South Sudan Mt 4


Kg/ha 3 50,000 4,000 7,000 25,000 75%

Main products Fresh tubers, grated or chipped dried flakes, flour, roaster or grilled cassava strips, raw material for ethanol production; raw material for beer production; high quality starch for industrial processing

Domestic market Streamlined domestic market for fresh cassava and quickly increasing markets for dried chips.

5

International markets Relatively small and highly volatile.

2


3

Other programmes ACDP, PRELINOR, ABI 3

Cluster importance District score (1-5)


1.5 4.0 4,4 4,0 5,0 4.9

Field observations:

Gender dimension

Production: women and vulnerable groups have been considered and participating actively along cassava value chain.

Sales: fresh form (i.e. boiled), is peeled and sliced into pieces, called “chips”, and flour



Nutrition

Nutrition value: starch, micro nutrients, iron

HH consumption quantities: good staple but requires supplements




10

VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Diseases, primarily cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak, require permanent research into disease resistant varieties

Fresh/healthy plant materials in short supply, late delivered, and sometimes poor quality

Large yield gap due to poor GAP

Possible DINU interventions Score: 3

Assist in the multiplication and distribution of disease resistant planting materials; GAP activities

Storage

Constraints

Once harvested cassava is a perishable crop that needs to be consumed or sold rather quickly

Chipping or grating and drying requires machines and proper drying spaces

PH losses between 2-30% depending on the drying technique and storage


Support in production and supply of chipping and grating machines, and drying platforms

Marketing

Constraints

No major constraints reported on the consumers side; large scale buyers lack sufficient produce


Linking demand and supply; bulking and drying

Processing

Constraints

Larger processing outfits (ethanol and starch factories) lack sufficient produce


Linking demand and supply; increase production


Demand for industrial cassava products is rising quickly, and the future prospects are very good, also in light of climate smart agriculture. The National Network for Cassava Workers (NANEC) stimulated production and increased productivity of cassava in the country.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

VCA report

ACDP

Overall conclusion

Cassava is the second most important food and income security crop after Matooke, and the first in Northern Uganda. Cassava is drought tolerant and provides HH food security in lean periods. Cassava gains increasingly importance as an industrial crop; and offers great opportunities for farmers to earn a good income. Production of cassava is threatened by diseases that require fresh planting materials to be developed and multiplied. While diseases are a serious risk to production, multiplication of fresh planting materials is another possible income stream for farmers. Cassava is a priority crop for the GoU and cassava research and development is carried out by NARO (development of acceptable varieties and agronomic practices), Operation Wealth Creation and a number of projects. Cassava processing units are mushrooming at various levels: in trading centres chipping grating and drying, and at regional level in grinding and processing into high-end product. Further development of the cassava value chain looks therefore promising. Its importance for food security in NU and quick development of processed opportunities makes it an interesting crops for DINU to get involved in.

3.4 Coffee

Coffee Profile



Exports 214,800 Mt 3


Kg/ha 3 1200 200 650 2000 50%

Main products Clean coffee beans; roasted coffee, organic beans and roasted coffee


11

Domestic market 13,000 Mt but increasing 2


Coffee is Uganda’s most valuable export product (22% of total export earnings) at around US$ 400 million per year. Main destination is Europe

4


Other programmes ACDP, UCDA 4

Cluster importance District score


- - - - - 3,0

Field observations: coffee distribution of seedlings through Operation Wealth Creation in Lango and Acholi has problems with timing and preparation of farmers

Gender dimension

Production: the bulk of coffee production activities are performed by women and children

Sales: women have little access to sales

HH consumption: no HH consumption


Nutrition

The crop has no immediate HH level food security or nutritional value, but it has a bearing on the HH income, and as such indirectly on the HH food security & nutrition


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Coffee is a new crop in Lango and Acholi, and management levels are still low

Coffee has a considerable yield gap; with proper GAP yields can easily double

Immature harvesting


Multiplication and distribution of improved coffee planting materials to meet national needs by nursery operators; direct support for GAP activities through the UCDA; and the distribution of coffee management tools and equipment

Score: 4

Storage

Constraints

Poor drying practices and facilities


Distribution of tarpaulins under the coffee expansion programme in NU

Marketing

Constraints

The coffee market is well regulated and prices are regularly published; side selling is quite common

Some buyers buy coffee on the stem from cash constrained producers


Support the integration of the producers groups in coffee value chain; support producer/buyer/processor linkages; explore for niche marketing of speciality coffees, especially Arabica from West Nile

Score: 4

Processing

Constraints

Processing capacity in NU is none-existing


Market research for viability of processing capacity in NU Score: 4


Market potential for coffee is high and the long-term prospect for coffee expansion in Uganda is very good. There is very high demand in the domestic, regional and international markets. The UCDA has developed an ambitious strategy to increase Uganda’s coffee export 3-6 fold in the next 5 years.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Uganda National Coffee Strategy 2040; Plan for 2015/16-2019/20; UCDA; 2015

Overall conclusion

Coffee is of immense importance as a cash crop for Uganda. Coffee provides a direct livelihood to 1.7 million smallholder farmers in Uganda. In 2010, UCDA launched a project titled 'Northern Uganda Coffee Project special interest in Gulu, Nwoya, Amuru, Lamwo, Lira, Kole, Oyam and Dokolo districts. The expansion of coffee production in this region requires huge inputs in farmer support, nursery development, and agribusiness development. The opportunities for DINU to step into this are rather big, but requires good coordination with other players, and in particular with the UCDA.


12

3.5 Groundnuts

Groundnuts Profile



Exports 5,356 (2015) Mt 3


Kg/ha 3 1,500 280 420 1,300 600

Main products Sauce (paste), roasted, peanut butter, oil and cakes for animal feed

Domestic market The crop is commonly grown in NU and partly consumed at HH level. It is generally sold in an unshelled form to local traders although occasionally, some farmers shell it themselves and sell directly at the local trading centres to make a better profit.

4


There is a ready international market for groundnut; however exports from Uganda are small; main buyers are Kenya and South Sudan

2


4

Other programmes ACDP, PRELINOR, ABI 4



3.6 2.5 2.3

Field observations:

Gender dimension

Production: Groundnut has a high potential for participation by a wide range of beneficiaries, including women and vulnerable groups. Key labour demanding processes includes planting, weeding, harvesting, stripping, curing, shelling, sorting and value addition (roasting, butter making etc) are mostly carried out by women and the youth.

Sales: Groundnuts are the principal source of digestible protein, cooking oil and vitamins in northern Uganda with women frequently taking the lead in growing and managing the crop



Nutrition

Groundnut has a high potential impact on food security and diversity. The crop is cultivated by a large number of farmers in NU, is a standard part of the diet and is rich in protein. The seed contains 25 to 32% protein (average of 25% digestible protein) and 42 to 52% oil.


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Diseases are rosette virus, early leaf spot, bacterial wilt, rust, and stem rot. The major insect pests are aphids, thrips, grubs, and termites. It is also attacked by the bean leaf roller; long-horned grasshopper; cotton leafhopper; slant-fac grasshopper; June beetles, and Tiger moth caterpillar

As groundnut is grown mostly by small-scale farmers, the production is limited by low level of inputs

Possible DINU opportunities

Availability of improved varieties and GAP Score: 4

Storage

Constraints

Some storage pests


PHH: moisture content below 10%; and better storage bins or sacks.

Marketing

Constraints

A fragmented market and VC, dominated by small and medium scale buyers

Price differentiation between varieties

Demand and supply of marketable varieties do not match


Bulking at farmer group level and market linkages with larger off takers Score: 3

Processing Constraints

No major processing constraints were reported


13


Small scale value addition for farmers by providing shellers, seed production and industrial applications like in feed industry, confectionery, food fortification, and oil extraction.

Score: 3


The crop is grown in NU for food and income and stall remain important in HH consumptions and as a popular snack, paste, spread, oil and animal feed cake. Regional or global growth potential is not very clear.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Agricultural Value Chain Analysis In Northern Uganda: Maize, Rice, Groundnuts, Sunflower And Sesame; Action Against Hunger, March 2014

Stabilization-Driven Value Chain Analysis Of Rice, Groundnuts And Maize In Northern Uganda; USAID; 2008

Overall conclusion

Groundnut is an important and popular crop in NU, well integrated in the cropping system and in the local food habits. It is a healthy supplement to the diet, and a handy snack for children. Trade and value addition is primarily at local and national level. It has a moderate potential for increasing value and volume of marketed agricultural production. Groundnut has a high viability of integrating producers/farmer groups into value chains. It has a high potential for participation by a wide range of beneficiaries, including women and vulnerable groups.

3.6 Livestock

Livestock (cattle, goats and sheep (shoats) Profile

Total number Cattle 12.985.900 (2012) Shoat 14.614.000 (2012) 3

Karamoja: 2,253,000 (2009) Shoats: 3,700,000 (2009)

Total meat production Cattle 191,280 Mt Shoats 35,666 Mt

Exports

Formal export are hindered by international sanitary standard requirements. Informal or semi-formal regional exports to neighbouring countries: South Sudan, Kenya, DRC, Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda. Mt

Main products Animals, meat, dairy products, power (oxen), hides and skins

Domestic market Meat and dairy consumption in Uganda is low (6 kg/capita; 23 litres/capita), and likely to increase quickly

4

International markets Uganda beef is considered of high quality; occasionally sheep and goats are exported to Saudi Arabia

4


Other programmes ACDP, LRI 3

Cluster importance District score (cattle-shoats)


4.2 – 3.3 2,5 - 0 - 1,3 - 0

Field observations: in their scoring DLGs did not consider the economic importance of oxen; thriving cattle market in Kotido, which is the main entry and exit point for cattle from Karamoja (probably 300-500 animals per week)

Gender dimension

Production: agro-pastoral production systems: men and boys take care of cattle and can be away for long periods in search of pastures and water; children and women take care the small ruminants from settlements; settled mixed crop-livestock systems: both men and women take care of animals, often by pegging them; zero-grazing system: feeding and watering is women’s work

Sales: The sale of family cattle and shoats is almost exclusively handled by men; milk sales can be handled by women

HH consumption: decision to slaughter cattle or shoats is taken by men; decisions about milk consumption is handled by women


Nutrition

Nutrition value: Livestock meat and milk are rich sources of animal protein

HH consumption: in rural areas meat consumption is low, and contribution to dietary diversity is limited. Milk is an important source of supplementary protein and fat, if animals are available in the HH


14

Obstacles to consumption: availability and price


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Genetic makeup of local animals restricts growth rates and milk production

Diseases: animal health foot and mouth disease (FMD), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), “peste des petit” ruminants (PPR), trypanosomiasis and Newcastle disease (for poultry)

Water and pastures availability, especially in Karamoja; also an indirect cause of insecurity within Karamoja and in neighbouring districts


In Karamoja: water availability and pastures improvements; animal health interventions – early warning, drug availability; community animal health workers training and equipping; In Acholi and Lango: breed improvements for beef and milk (artificial insemination); stable feeding systems;

Score: 3

Marketing

Constraints

Quality control and ownership control


Animal registration; auctions and market improvements; market linkages Score: 3

Processing

Constraints

Karamoja: despite the high livestock numbers, opportunities for industrial meat processing of animals is low due to cultural norms and practices Acholi and Lango: interest in dairy farming requires better dairy processing infrastructure


Acholi and Lango: milk cold-chains and processing; drugs supplies


Meat and dairy consumption in Uganda is low in comparison to comparable countries, hence prospects for future growth are good. The quality of Ugandan cattle is excellent, and traditional knowledge and love for animals is a fertile ground for development of the industry. For entering the global market, disease control and sanitary control systems have to be beefed up.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

VCA report

ACDP

Overall conclusion

In smallholder system, livestock are important because they provide high quality protein and income, they are a capital assets, and a source of power for transport and cultivation. Livestock farmers are better placed to access finance and credit facilities than crop producers as their animals are considered a safe collateral. Livestock related agribusiness are many and rather sophisticated: veterinary services, drugs, , feeds; milk collection, transportation and milk processing; slaughter houses and modern abattoirs. Government is currently investing under the Dairy Development Masterplan, the Meat Production Masterplan, the Small Ruminants Development Program. The major areas for investment in the livestock value chain include development and production of vaccines (NARO and Makerere University (MAK)); development of disease and pest management strategies (NARO, NaLRRI and Mbarara ZARDI); forage seed production (farmers, farmer groups/producers); manufacture of animal feeds (private sector); multiplying breeder stock for domestic and export needs (private breeders and NARO); operating modern abattoirs (private sector); value addition to milk and meat (private sector); animal breeding and supply of stock (improved breeding stock and breeding practices); and leather processing. However, livestock systems, and therefore possible interventions, differ greatly between Karamoja, and Acholi and Lango. The large numbers of livestock in Karamoja provide opportunities for production and trade, but not necessarily for potentially thriving processing industry. In Teso, Acholi and Lango, apart from furthering oxenisation, high end production and processing is a viable option.


15

3.7 Maize

Maize Profile Total harvested area 1,101,000 ha 4

Total production 2,747,986 NU production 306,000 Mt 4

Exports 358,592 (2015) Mt 4


Kg/ha 3 4,200 1,000 2,496 3,500 43%

Main products Fresh cobs, grain, flour, bran, local and industrial beers

Domestic market

HH level consumption 20% of small holder on-farm production; 30% PH losses, main staple at boarding schools and institutions; 28% towards domestic industries

4


22% is exported as grain to South Sudan, Kenya and Southern Africa; large and expanding market; some is exported as flour to countries with limited processing capacity (DRC, South Sudan). Neighbouring countries have a higher consumption preference

4


3

Other programmes ACDP, PRELINOR

2



2.9 3.1 2.3 4,2 3,1 0

Field observations: maize is quoted in the DQs as one of the most important crops, but interviews is rated often lower than some traditional crops, such as sorghum, millet and sesame;

Gender dimension


Sales: Large surplus sales by men, small local sales by women; fresh roasted cobs by trading women



Nutrition





VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Land preparation: delayed planting suppresses yields

Cost, availability and quality of inputs

Low use of fertilizer


Input supply of seeds and fertilizer Score: 2

Storage

Constraints

Poor drying practices and facilities

Wet storage leads to 40-60% loss in 2-3 months

Attacked by grain borers


PHH, sacks and HH storage silos; drying and storage facilities for farmer groups, cooperatives and traders; equipment: weighing scales and moisture meters

Marketing

Constraints

Compliance with grain standards

Fluctuating prices depending on local harvests and regional and global demands


Information provision about grain standards to farmers and traders; price information; Score: 2


16

equipment

Processing

Constraints

Poor standards and equipment of local millers

Health risks due to poor quality grains


Support to medium scale processors, market linkages Score: 3


Consumption of maize is likely to increase both domestically and regionally. Climate change may cause more frequent crop losses in Southern Africa pushing up prices.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Scope of Maize Value Chain in Uganda; October 2014

Agriculture Value Chain Analysis in Northern Uganda; Maize, Rice, Groundnuts, Sunflower and Sesame; Action Against Hunger; March 2014

ACDP

Overall conclusion

Maize is a major part of the farming system, ranking third in importance among the main cereal crops (finger millet, sorghum and maize) grown in the country. Maize is conventionally cultivated in Uganda by small-scale farmers both as a source of food and for income generation. Large scale maize cultivation takes place in Nwoya and Oyam, and is increasing. Small scale farmers are using local seeds but improved seeds are increasingly marketed and used. Production levels at SSHH are at 30-50% of optimum. The maize market is well developed with many small buyers and processors in trading centres up to large buyers and processors, for high end use and export. Maize is a strategic crop for Uganda, and is being promoted and supported by various projects and companies. The added value for DINU to get involved in this crowded production and marketing environment is limited.

3.8 Millet

Millet Profile Total harvested area 175,000 ha 3


Exports 1,500 – 2,000 (2008) Mt 3


Kg/ha 2,500 455 1,100 64%

Main products Roasted and cooked (Kalo), porridge, local beer, animal feed.

Domestic market

The commodity has different sourcing points. These include supermarkets and retail shops. Large processors make big purchases from large scale farmers, and/or big village stores.

4



3

Other programmes



2.5 0.6 0,4

Field observations: millet was not quoted by the DLG as a major crop

Gender dimension


Sales: Large surplus sales by men, local sales by women



17


Nutrition

Nutrition value: contains high levels of methionine, cystine, and other vital amino acids for human health

HH consumption quantities: Millet is consumed as a staple food



VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

High labour demands, especially weeding

Low technology production

Poor quality seeds, low yielding varieties

Blast disease


Input supply of seeds and fertilizer; needs to invest in breeder and foundation seed production and technology dissemination

Score: 3

Storage Constraints

No specific issues reported


No specific issues reported

Processing Constraints

No issues reported


It is a moderately important staple food in the northern, north-eastern and south-western parts of Uganda. It will remain of some local importance, but growth prospects are limited, because of the emergence of other, easier cultivable crops, and changing food habits.

Score: 3

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Market Assessment and Baseline Study of Staple Foods - Uganda; USAID; 2010

Farmers’ Perceptions of Finger Millet Production Constraints, Varietal Preferences and Their Implications to Finger Millet Breeding in Uganda; Lawrence Owere et al; Jopurnal of Agriculture Science; February 2014

Overall conclusion

Millet is still an important traditional staple cereal crop in NU. It thrives well in the drought prone areas of Eastern, Northern and South Western Uganda. It has a high nutritional value, and a major source of locally brewed beer. Its cultivation is extremely labour intensive, especially weeding, and puts a heavy strain on women’s time. The opportunities for DINU to make a difference in millet cultivation and trade are rather limited.

3.9 Rice

Crop Profile: Rice



Exports 52,997 (2015) Mt


Kg/ha 3 5,000 900 1,300 2,500 48%

Main products Grain, bran

Domestic market

Domestic consumption is 8kg/capita per year and increases with 5% per year. Prospects for domestic markets are good, but cheap imports from Pakistan compete with locally produced rice


Uganda is a net importer of rice. Export markets are regional: Rwanda, Kenya, South Sudan and DRC


4


18

Other programmes ACDP, PRELINOR, PASIC

4



1,9 4.8 3,3 1.5

Field observations: rice is especially important in Eastern Lango and South Western Acholi

Gender dimension

Production: Globally Rice has been gathered, consumed, and cultivated by women and men. Women play a major role in rice production in the country including field opening, planting, weeding, harvesting, bird scaring and other agronomic activities such as on farm processing and marketing

Sales: 80% of HH production is sold; Sales are heavily dominated by men



Nutrition

Nutrition value: carbohydrates, micro nutrients


Mainly grown for market l


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Heavy labour demand on weeding and bird scaring

Water management for swamp rice (illegal cultivation in protected swamps)

Input supply: seeds and fertilizer


Promotion of upland rice; input supply; GAP Score: 3

Post-harvest handling & storage

Constraints

Poor PHH techniques produc poor quality grains

Wet harvesting and storage


PHH, sacks and HH storage silos; drying and storage facilities for farmer groups, cooperatives and traders; equipment: weighing scales and moisture meters

Marketing

Constraints

No special issues reported; main sales is between traders rather than producers and processors

Low taxes on rice imports stimulate cheap imports from Pakistan


Collective marketing and market linkages Score: 3

Processing

Constraints

Old hulling and polishing equipment produces poor quality grains and low prices


Modernizing the rice processing industry Score: 4


Rice demands are up in Uganda and the region. Substitution of imports would give a huge boost to producers, but requires policy action. Rice is heavily promoted by various projects and good varieties are on the market and know by farmers. The gross margin for rice is high, and it is an excellent income earner. Local production will continue to rise quickly with rising demands.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Value Chain Analysis (VCA) of the Rice Subsector in Uganda; UNDP; 2012

Overall conclusion

Rice is a crop with good commercial prospects in the domestic, and regional markets. Its labour demands put a heavy burden on children (bird scaring) and women (weeding), while the benefits are primarily in cash income for the HH (controlled by men). However, rice cultivating HHs are generally better of, and support to this enterprise is useful. Water management for swamp rice, quality seeds and targeted application of fertilizer will boost yields. Farmer organisation for water management in swamp rice, labour sharing, collective procurement of supplies (seeds and herbicides) and marketing will boost profits.


19

3.10 Sesame

Crop Profile: Sesame


Total production 188,740 (2012) NU production 95,000 Mt 3

Exports 41,379 (2015) Mt 3


Kg/ha 4 1,200 120 240 450 47%

Main products Seed, cooking oil

Domestic market HH level consumption is about 66% of production. The seed is eaten raw or roasted., the roasted seed is pounded and used as sauce (paste)

4


Sesame seed is exported to Europe, Middle East and the Far East. Some goes to regional markets where South Sudan is the biggest buyer.

4

Government priority

Other programmes



3.0 1.3 1.9 2.4

Field observations: is generally considered an important crop, but subject to heavy price fluctuations

Gender dimension

Production: women and youth are involved in production of seeds through contractual arrangement with seed companies. The women provide the bulk of labour for production of sesame

Sales: about 65-75% is sold; quantities per HH are small: on average 173 kg per season. No information about who controls the sales



Nutrition

Nutrition value: Sesame is eaten raw or pasted. The roasted seed is pounded and used as paste.

Obstacles to consumption: high sales (up to 85%) may reduce available at rural HH level


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Low production due to seed quality and GAP


Local seed multiplication of improved seeds, and distribution of white varieties that fetch higher prices

Score: 4

Storage

Constraints

Attacked by grain borers but issue not widely reported


Facilitate post-harvest handling techniques and enable HH storage system facilities

Marketing

Constraints

Cleanliness of produce is determining prices; farmers tend to mix sand with sesame to increase weight


Facilitation of information provision about seeds standards to farmers and traders; price information; equipment

Score: 3

Processing

Constraints

No major issues reported


Investigate possibilities for medium size presses Score: 4


Sesame oil is considered high quality oil and in high demand internationally. Global prices fluctuate, and domestic and global markets are very sensitive to quality. Whereas the future market prospects look good, Uganda needs to ensure that it

Score: 4


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maintains good quality standards.

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Agriculture Value Chain Analysis for Northern Uganda: Maize, Rice, Groundnuts and Sesame; Action Against Hunger; 2014

Open Sesame: A Value Chain Analysis of Sesame Marketing in Northern Uganda; B. Munya et al; ICRISAT; 2013

Overall conclusion

Sesame is widely grown in Northern Uganda and fetches good local and global markets. It is a nutritious food, and well integrated in the local diet as a paste. However, a large share of the production is sold. Production levels are low, and interventions could be made in GAP, and in improving market linkages and price information.

3.11 Sorghum

Crop Profile: Sorghum



Exports 61,525 (2015) Mt 4


Kg/ha 3 4,500 802 1,200 67%

Main products Flour, local brew (malwa, lachoi), industrial beer

Domestic market

71% of sorghum is consumed at HH level; annual per capita consumption is about 4 kg; markets are not very well developed; 20% of the marketed sorghum goes to local brewers for which special local varieties are in demand; an improved variety of white sorghum, Epuripur, is sold directly to Nile Breweries for industrial beer production

4


Most of the regional trade is informal. Southern Sudan is the biggest market for Ugandan sorghum, where small quantities of about 1-5 bags of 100 kg are exported. Other markets for Ugandan sorghum include Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

4

Government priority No 3

Other programmes Private sector (Breweries & animal feeding Co.) 4



4,1 2,6 5,0 2,5

Field observations: sorghum is mentioned as a major food security crop. Cuurently the market is high in West Nile because of the refugee crisis

Gender dimension

Apart from land preparation, most of the sorghum labour for production is provided by women

Sales: through local markets, controlled by the head of the HH

Processing into flour for home consumption/brewing has in the past been mainly by traditional grinding stone, though motorised milling is spreading even into small trading centres


Nutrition




VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Production is done mostly with low level technologies; local varieties are preferred for special uses, such as brewing


Input supply of seeds, land preparation

Storage

Constraints

High on-farm losses because of moulds and borers


Improving PHH and HH storage (silos and sacks) can reduce losses by 90%



21

Sorghum is marketed locally, and aggregated through multiple steps; no major issues are reported

DINU interventions

Invest in market information systems, aggregation, and link farmers to speciality markets 3

Processing

Constraints

Milling is done at HH level and increasingly by motor mills

DINU interventions

Assist small milling companies with Business Development Skills and machineries


Sorghum production and demand is slowly increasing. It is not clear how the industrial beer market will develop, as substitute products, such as cassava, are coming in as well. Sorghum will remain relevant as a food security crop in marginal areas, and as raw material for the local brewing industry.

4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Uganda Staple Food Markets Fundamentals; FEWSNET/USAID; 2017

Overall conclusion

Sorghum is an important traditional staple food especially in the dryer northern regions of Uganda. Sorghum is also targeted for end users like the breweries (NBL), bakeries, composite flours (Maganjo Procto Allan) and livestock feed (UGACHICK) industries. However, prospects for major developments at HH level and in the domestic markets are rather limited, but could be considered for support as a food security crop.

3.12 Soybean

Soybean Profile


Total production 40,000 (180,000) NU production 40,000 (118,000) Mt 4

Exports 4,233 (2015) Mt 4


Kg/ha 4 1,450 2,500 76%

Main products Grain, produces the highest amount of oil and protein per unit area as compared to other grain legumes, oil, fats, feed cake, soap, seed multiplication

Domestic market HH level consumption market potential is high in the short, medium and long run. All the soybean processing plant in Uganda

4


Kenya wish to have collaboration with producers so as to acquire adequate raw materials for feed industry.

5


Other programmes VOPD, NU TECH MD; OSSUP (oil seeds sub-sector Uganda Platform) USOPA (Uganda Oil Seeds Producers Association) ISSD (Integrated Seed Sector Development); CF (Conservation Farming); CATALIST; DAR /RALNUC; USAID FtF

4



2.7 1,9 4,2 1,3

Field observations: soybean was highly rated in Acholi and Lango as a major cash crop

Gender dimension

Production: many of the farmer groups involved in soybean production are women

Sales: women can be active growers and sales persons for soybean



Nutrition

Nutrition value: provision of protein and oil. The processing into other products such as baby foods has been excellent in supplementary feeding

HH consumption quantities: it is an extraordinary source of proteins, oil and vitamins.



VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Yield gap is large, and can be improved with quality seeds, Rhizobium inoculum and GAP



22

Input supply, seeds and inoculum, some GAP Score: 4

Storage Constraints

No major constraints reported

Marketing

Constraints

Market is fragmented with some large buyers and many smaller expellers; side selling is common


Bulking, grading, market linkages Score: 2

Processing

Constraints

Overcapacity in processing, causing an overheated market

Many low quality expellers, competing with a few high-end solvent extractors


Overcapacity in installed mills provides few prospects for interventions if any Score: 4


The demand for soybean in the domestic market is very high, and is likely to triple in the next few years without the need to increase the milling capacity. This means that farm-gate prices will remain attractive, and the market easy to find

Score: 5

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Sunflower and Soyabean MSA; NU-TEC MD; February 2016

Overall conclusion The demand for soybean is high both as a HH food item, as an oil crop, and as raw material for the animal feed industry. The overcapacity in mills makes it an attractive crop for farmers, with ample room for expansion. As a legume it is an excellent crop for rotation, and as an open pollinating variety it can be grown for seed on behalf of seed companies. The prospects to enhance HH incomes with soybean are good and getting involved in production and marketing seems a good option for DINU

3.13 Sunflower

Sunflower Profile Total harvested area 175,000 ha 3

Total production 105,000 – 230,000 NU production 105,000 Mt 3

Exports 80,000 (2013, including animal fats) Mt 3


Kg/ha 3 2,500 600 1,650 64%

Main products Oil, cakes for animal feed

Domestic market Domestic sunflower oil market is 80,000 Mt in 2012. Practically all sunflower seeds are sold to around 40 small expellers and 3 large solvent extracting companies

4

International markets 5,000 Mt Vegetable oil was exported regionally to Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania in 2011; attempts are made to enter the European market; about 14,000 Mt of feed cake was exported to Kenya, Thailand and Tanzania in 2012

4


Other programmes VOPD, NU TECH; A Bi Trust; OSSUP (oil seeds sub-sector Uganda Platform) USOPA (Uganda Oil Seeds Producers Association) ISSD (Integrated Seed Sector Development); CF (Conservation Farming); CATALIST; DAR /RALNUC; USAID FtF

4



1.9 1,9 1,3 1,3

Field observations: sunflower was rated highly as a cash crop by the DLG, although generally loewer than soybean. The fact that sunflower is a heavy feeder was mentioned several times.

Gender dimension

Production: Often in farmer groups, which are often dominated by women

Sales: Controlled by men at HH level and by women in farmer groups

HH consumption: very small


Nutrition Nutrition value: while nutritious as a paste, it is not being consumed as part of the HH diet,


23

and therefore has no direct nutrition value; indirect value to enhanced purchasing power is likely to exist.


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

Availability and price of high quality hybrid sunflower seeds; repeated use of hybrid seeds results in poor yields and low oil content

Sunflower is a heavy feeder and either needs fertilizer or rotation

Extension is partly provided by large processors


Input supply of seeds and fertilizers; farmer organisation in production groups Score: 3

Storage Constraints

No major issues reported

Marketing

Constraints

Ready market for seeds causes side selling; undermining the vertical integration of the VC


Some market linkages support, although this is provided by other projects already

Score: 2

Processing

Constraints

Well established high-end oil extracting factories exist with overcapacity, alongside a large number of small expellers that produce a second grade oil for the local market.


The demand for sunflower seed for the processing industry is high, and the domestic demand will grow strongly in the future.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

The Uganda Oilseed Sector; KIT Case study; Mirjam Schoonhoven-Speyer and Willem Heemskerk

Overall conclusion Sunflower is a suitable cash crop for NU: its fits in the agro-ecological conditions, and provides good opportunities for farmers and farmer groups to earn a reasonable income. Yields can be improved by seeds, fertilizer and some GAP, and any additional produce will find a market immediately. Other programmes and projects are active in the agribusinesses side, DINU interventions should focus more on the agronomy side.

3.14 Vegetables

Vegetables, Fruits Profile

Main products Crude vegetable, tubers, bulbs

Domestic market

Traditional vegetables that are locally produced and consumed include amaranth, cowpea leaves, kale, pumpkin, and cabbage. The “exotic” vegetable market (tomato, onion, potato, green beans, and others), is focused on production for domestic high-value markets such as restaurants, tourist establishments, and supermarkets.

Gender and nutrition dimension

For DINU the main target group for a vegetable VC are women managing domestic small kitchen gardens for HH consumption. These gardens require little labour and should an integral part of community nutrition awareness campaigns.

Production

Local vegetables and fruits are available around the homesteads; these can be enhanced by organising kitchen gardens (key-hole gardens), and adding ‘modern’ vegetables by making available small and affordable quantities of vegetable seeds, grafted fruit trees. Once the gardens are well established, income generation can be considered.


24

3.15 Sweet potatoes

Sweet Potato Profile Total harvested area

ha 3

Total production 2,830,000 NU production Mt 3

Exports 80,000 (2013, including animal fats) Mt 3


Kg/ha 25,000 4,200 15,000 72%

Main products Fresh tubers; dried and ground tubers, cakes, crisps, chapatis, pies, leaves

Domestic market Consumption stands at 73 kg/capita/year; less than 20% of farm produce is sold; preferred type in the markets are white fleshed and yellow fleshed


Other projects NGOs promote OFSW



Field observations: sweet potatoes were only mentioned once during the field visits; although extremely important, especially in Eastern NU, it is almost invisible for the agricultural experts

Gender dimension

Production: on small plots around the homesteads; cultivation is done by women;

Sales: controlled by women

HH consumption: important part of the diet in Eastern NU


Nutrition Orange fleshed sweet potatoes are rich in vitamin A, and have been heavily promoted


VC Sectors

Production

Constraints

White fleshed sweet potatoes are resistant to diseases and drought tolerant, and are therefore preferred.

Allocation of labour to sweet potatoes has low priority, resulting in low yields


Distribution of quality vines Score: 3

Storage Constraints

The tubers are not stored but consumed or sold fresh

Marketing

Constraints

Informal market with very little structure


Some market linkages support, Score: 2


The demand for sunflower seed for the processing industry is high, and the domestic demand will grow strongly in the future.

Score: 4

Sources

FAOSTAT 2013

AC census 08/09

Overall conclusion Sweet potatoes is an important food security crop is Eastern Uganda, and to a lesser extent in Northern Uganda. The crop is fully integrated in the farming system as a minor crop, and therefore does not reach its production potential. It has some nutritional value and could from that perspective be included in the cropping mix of DINU, although it has limited commercial value.

development initiative for northern uganda (dinu)2016/380882-1 to carry out a scoping study for the...

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