Developing Paragraphs: Illustration

Chapter 18, pg 352

Illustration Examples A method of developing an idea by

providing one or more instances of that idea. To provide a list of brief examples w/out a

particular grouping To provide a list of brief examples

arranged into groups To select one item and develop it fully

Where can we find examples? Personal experience/knowledge Imagination Interviews and surveys Outside research

Look @ pg 355, read Exercise 1. What kind of illustration is each?

Exercise 1, pg 354

1. Type of illustration?1. Information from a survey

2. Type of illustration?1. Hypothetical example

3. Type of illustration?1. Example from personal experience

What order should I put my example(s) in? pg 356

1. Story? Time-order (first, then, next)

2. Several descriptive examples? Spatial order (left to right, top to bottom)

3. Logical order 4. If no order seems necessary, put

your strongest or most important example last.

Homework Do the exercises and activities up

to pg 362. For your journal assignment,

CHOOSE one ASSIGNMENT from pgs 363-366. Write a illustrative paragraph about

one of the topics suggested. You will be graded on…

Understanding Fragments and Phrases

Making Sure Your Sentences Are

Complete

Chapter 5, pg 78

Fragments Like a sentence but doesn’t have

one of these: SUBJECT VERB A COMPLETE THOUGHT

Talking in fragments Many times, when we speak, we

use fragments. By the context, we can tell what the

other person means. Doug: Had any test results yet? Nelida: Nothing statistically significant. Doug: Not good. Nelida: Back to step one.

Talking in fragments However, when we write (unless we are

directly quoting a conversation), we need to formalize the writing. By the context, we can tell what the other

person means. Doug: Have you had any test results yet? Nelida: The results weren’t statistically

significant. Doug: That is not good. Nelida: We will have to go back to step one.

SO What is a Fragment? The subject is missing.

is setting the trap The verb is missing

the hunter in the woods Both subject and verb are missing

in the woods All parts present but not a complete

thought The hunter set

How do you correct a fragment? Pg 81

1. Add the missing parts!2. Join the fragment to the sentence

where it belongs.

Exercise 2, pg 81-82

1. returned to the sea (add a subject)2. a bird on the oak branch (add a verb)3. between the island and the mainland

(add a subj. and a verb)4. the hawk in a soaring motion (add a

verb. 5. the fishing boats in the harbor (verb)

1. We returned to the sea.

2. A bird was on the oak branch.

3. We swam between the island and the mainland.

4. The hawk flew in a soaring motion.

5. The fishing boats were in the harbor.

Exercise 2, pg 82

6. dropped like a stone into the water. 7. the crescent moon (verb)8. carried the fish to the tree (subj)9. the fisherman put (complete the

though).10. into the net (add a subj and a

verb)

6. It dropped like a stone into the water. 7. The crescent moon rose.

8. The hawk carried the fish to the tree.9 + 10. The fisherman put the fish into the net.

What is a Phrase? A phrase is a group of words

belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence.

Phrases (pg 83)

Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping

verbs/modifiers Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words

completing the phrase. Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and

the other words that complete the phrase. Gerund phrase – present participle and the other

words that complete the phrase

Phrases There are 6 types of phrases.

We are going to skip over them and focus on fragments. (We will come back to phrases, don’t worry)

Turn to page 92

Exercise 13, pg 92

1. Early morning a time of peace in my neighborhood.

1. What’s it missing? (verb)

2. The gray mist covering up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses.

1. What’s it missing?

1. Early morning is a time of peace in my neighborhood.

2. The gray mist covers up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses.

Exercise 13, pg 92

3. The shapes of cars in the streets and driveways

1. What’s it missing? Verb and possibly subject!

4. To sit and look out the window1. What’s it missing? Subject!

3. I can barely make out the shapes of cars in the streets and driveways

4. Often if I have the time, I sit and look out the window.

Test 2, pg 95

That afternoon was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain. Soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm. To wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over. Including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. Teetering on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another.

That afternoon was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain, they were soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm to wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over, including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. They teetered on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another.

How To Check for Fragments

Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence.

EXAMPLE:

It is difficult. Fragment or sentence?

It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.)

Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence?

It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.)

Watch Out for a Common Trap!

Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence.

Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself.

FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.

But you knew that, because you remembered that…

…a sentence is not complete or correct, unless

• It has a subject;• it has a verb,• and it expresses a completed idea.

A note about words A word is just a word until it

performs a function in a sentence. Some words can be used as nouns,

adjectives, prepositions, interjections AND verbs!

Focus less on the word itself and MORE on the job it does in a sentence. Describes a noun? Its an ADJECTIVE! Performs the action? Is the SUBJECT! Is the action? It’s a VERB! Wewt!

Phrases: Pg 84 Phrases formed with VERBS that

don’t function as Verbs! Infinitive phrase (to + verb)

Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective)

Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

Phrases: Pg 84 Infinitive phrases

Multiple words that function as a noun To continue this argument would be

useless. She began to move gracefully.

Infinitive Phrase ________________________

__________________ Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive or Prepositional? An Infinitive is the basic form of a

verb "To jump“ "To ask“

A prepositional phrase describes time, location, possession (where, when, and whose) "In“ "Around"

"Over“ "Beside"

Practice, pg 85

1. I stopped by his office to say goodbye.2. The trail of evidence led directly to

him. 3. We were lucky to have discovered his

fraudulent activities. 4. The manager had forced him to tell

the truth.5. His leaving will be a relief to the staff.

INF

PP

INF

INF

PP

Participial Phrase Uses a participle (the –ing form of

a verb) to perform the function of an adjective in a sentence

Base verb + ing Run + ing

Running

Running home, he cried to his mom!

Subject Verb __ ____________

Infinitive Phrase

Participial Phrase Running home, the worker lost her

wallet.

Looking very unhappy, she retraced her steps.

Greatly disappointed, she could not find it.

Told tearfully, the story saddened her.

Subject Verb _____ ___________

Infinitive Phrase

Subject Verb ___ ___________________

Infinitive PhraseSubject Verb ___ _______________________

Infinitive PhraseSubject Verb ____ _______________

Infinitive Phrase

Gerund phrase Using the present participle

(verb+ing) as a NOUN

Long distance running is a strenuous exercise.

I like long-distance running.

Verb _____________

Gerund phrase as SUBJECT

Subj Verb _ ___ _____________

Gerund phrase as object.

Practice, pg 86

1. Standing totally still, the child hoped the bee would fly away.

2. Playing the violin is not easy. 3. The athlete will try deep-sea diving.4. Waiting patiently, we ordered

something to drink.5. Edited slowly and carefully, the

essay was much improved

P

G

G

P

P

Exercise 4 pg 86-87

1. In the past, play was usually unsupervised.

2. Parents seldom made “play dates” for their children.

3. Playing on the street or in a vacant lot was the norm.

4. Expecting to be entertained, children today often complain about being bored

Prepos.

Verb phrase

Gerund

Participial phrase

Exercise 4 pg 86-87

5. They depend on video games to structure their time.

6. Parents are spending money on too many movies and video games.

7. What is wrong with boredom?8. Blessed with restless energy,

children could find more creative ways to play

infinitive

Verb phrPrep

Participial phrase

Present Participle: 3 FunctionsWhen can I use –ing?

1. Verb!1. The student was taking an exam.

2. Participial Phrase!1. Taking an exam, the student felt

stressed.

3. Gerund Phrase!1. Taking an exam can be stressful.

Subject Verb ___________ _____

Subject Verb _____ ___

Subject Verb _____ ________