Developing“ Expert Students”

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What is an Expert Learner?

An Expert has a wealth of knowledge in a specific field or domain.

Michael Jordan Albert

EinsteinThe Beatles

Expert learners have:

• Declarative knowledge • Procedural knowledge• Conditional knowledge

Expert learners have:

• - Facts and verbal informationDeclarative knowledge

• - how to perform various cognitive activities

Procedural knowledge

• - know when and why to apply their learning

Conditional knowledge

What is a Novice Learner?

• Is a beginner who is becoming familiar with the first stages of learning new knowledge or skills.

How does a Novice Learner Differ from an Expert Learner?

• Novice Learner-they don’t stop to

evaluate their comprehension of the material.

- they don’t examine the quality of their work or stop to make revisions as they go along.

• Expert Learner- their declarative

knowledge has become “proceduralized” and incorporated into routines that can be applied automatically without any effort on their working memory.

How does a Novice Learner Differ from an Expert Learner?

• Novice Learner -They don’t make connections or see the relevance of the learning material to their lives.-They are busy learning new declarative knowledge and thinking about each step in a new procedure to apply this knowledge.

• Expert Learner - they are “more aware than novices of when they need to check for errors, why they fail to comprehend, and how they need to redirect their efforts.

A reading example to compare a novice and an expert student:

• Novice learner - would go on to the next page, thinking that just reading the words on a page is enough.

• Expert learner -would re-read the page until the main concept is understood, or flag (bookmark) a difficult passage to ask for clarification from an instructor or peers later.-they have techniques to ensure they understand what they are reading.

What is student expertise?Learning Expertise is acquiring the mental abilities that effectively adapt to and respond to diverse issues, problems and challenges of situations throughout your life. It includes:• The ability to specify goals or objectives to achieve• Frequent self-monitoring of your progress or development• Knowing how you learn best or your preferred learning

style• Engaging different learning strategies and knowing which

one works best for a particular purpose

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERTSTUDENTS

1. Experts Are Dedicated to Practice

- Goal-oriented practice aimed at achieving an expert level of

performance separates experts from novice.

2. Experts Have Effective Cognitive Processing

They have efficient methods of encoding, organizing, and retrieving new material from

their memory.

3. Expert Students Have Knowledge About How To Learn

A wide range of knowledge and procedures related to learning significantly influences the skilled performance

of an expert student.

Knowledge is the basic foundation of skilled performance.

4. Experts Do Extensive Planning and Evaluation

The result of their evaluations serves as feedback to adjust, modify, or revise

their plans and actions.

5. Experts Are Very Selective

They choose aspects of the information or situation that is most essential from unnecessary details.

They do not burden themselves with many unnecessary things to remember.

These will only slow down their ability to retrieve the most relevant and useful information

6. Experts Organize Their Knowledge By Chunking

They are able to update and organize bits of relevant information into chunks or an organized pattern.

Ex. (823569) 82, 35, 69

7. Expert Learners Store Information Within the Context of Relevant Future

Example: When a situation (i.e. similar to the first and original situation) is encountered in the future,

the information associated with that situation is automatically retrieved.

8. Experts Contemplate: Metacognition

• They reflect on their thought processes and method called Metacognition: knowledge about

one’s own knowledge• They are mindful of their own performance

and aware of their thought processes.

• They are aware of how they know what they know.

• They have expert metacognitive strategies

How to develop expert metacognitive learning

strategies?

Learning Awareness:• Consciously identify what you already know

• Define Learning goals• Consider your personal resources (e.g.

textbooks, access to the library, computer or a quiet study area.)• Consider the task requirement (essay test, multiple choice, etc.)

• Determine how your performance will be evaluated.• Consider your motivation level • Determine your level of anxiety

Planning:• Estimate the time required to complete the task• Plan study time into your schedule and set priorities• Make a checklist of what needs to happen when

• Organize materials• Take the necessary steps to learn by using

different strategies such as outlining, mnemonics, diagramming,etc.

Monitoring and Reflection:• Reflect on the learning process,

keeping track of what works and what doesn’t work for you.• Monitor your own learning by questioning and self-testing

• Provide your own feedback• Keep concentration and motivation high