developing a framework for applying energy-efficient technologies in the building envelope of...

DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY – EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones 2006

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University of the Philippines

College of Architecture

“Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope

of Housing Developments”

Submitted by: Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

March 27, 2006

Approved by: Names of Project Adviser,

Jury Members and Research Committee Members

Signature Date

Adviser: Prof. Jose F. Ignacio

Research Committee Members: Prof. Ruby Teresa M. de Leon

Prof. Emilio U. Ozaeta Prof. Grace C. Ramos Jury Panel Members:

Head of Panel: Prof. Alex P. Evangelista

Members: Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis

Prof. Ruel B. Ramirez Prof. Jesus C. Bulaong

Prof. Paulo G. Alcazaren College Dean:

Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Philippines has long been suffering escalating costs of imported crude oil. This foreign crude oil is imported into the Philippines to power industries, commerce, agriculture, transport and residences allover the country. Since the country has yet to achieve energy independence, there is no option but to continue this expensive dependence on foreign oil. The government has forecasted that from 2004 till 2014, spanning a decade, the country is likely to almost double its requirements for energy. This increase is led by the residential sector which requires about 3-4 percent more energy per year till 2014. Currently, the residential sector comprises 38 percent of the total energy demand. This is the largest contribution by any sector. The other sectors include agricultural, industry, commerce, and transport. There is a need to control the use of energy by the residential sector. The residential sector is made up of each individual household in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Energy consumption is by far greater in urban areas than rural areas. This is not only due to the fact of higher population density but also a higher income per capita in urban centers. Household energy use in urban centers is mainly from electricity. This is the main source of power for lighting, recreation cooling, cooking and refrigeration. Among all levels of the residential sector, the middle income group is the largest and contributes the most to energy demand. Among all households in this group, the highest energy consuming appliance in use is the air conditioner. The future demand of air conditioning in urban areas of the country is an average annual increase of 20 percent. Thus, space cooling is certainly an area which requires intervention at the household level. If this is achieved, there will be a positive effect on the consumption of energy in each household. Ultimately, this will lead to a decrease in energy demand by the residential sector. The thesis entitled “Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments” aims to achieve just that – a house which does not require artificial space cooling. This is done by making sure that the building envelope of a house meets certain performance requirements which should ensure that there would be no need for space cooling. The unit of measurement used in this thesis for acquiring building envelope performance is the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The concept of thermal comfort is used from the book Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities by G.V. Manahan. The methodology used is the comparison of a “Business –as-Usual” or BAU house and an Efficient State House. The energy consumption of air conditioning for a BAU case is taken from the analysis of a typical middle-income household’s energy use through an energy audit. The different materials used for the building envelope of the BAU case are compared to the materials that exhibit a more efficient OTTV level. Also included in the comparative analysis are differences in roof slope, sizes of fenestrations and solar orientation. From this different scenarios are produced and tabulated to come up with prescriptions that guide a designer in



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choosing the right materials for windows, walls, and roofs for a specific design to be energy-efficient. A handbook for non-technical users was developed in order for the laymen to apply these guidelines. This handbook was used in conjunction with the development of the design application of two prototype houses. The two prototype houses were designed using the prescriptions – the first being based on parameters of the house design of a typical middle income household, while the second being a more extreme condition to test the guidelines in such a scenario. It is hoped that with such guidelines, future housing developments would become more environmentally sensitive through energy-efficiency and design with thermal comfort in mind.



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Acknowledgments This thesis project would not have been possible without the help of so many family members, friends, classmates, teachers, experts and many individuals who gave their time to assist and guide me throughout my study. First and foremost, I would like to thank God for all the blessing he has given me in my life and especially during this thesis project. I would like to thank my mom Amy, who has always encouraged me when everybody seemed averse to my ideas. I thank you so much for listening to me even if I know that half of the time you didn’t understand what I was talking about. I would like to thank my sisters, Larissa, Aisa and Sara, for always encouraging me and giving me advice. I would like to thank my dad Julius, for believing that I can do it. I would also like to thank my grandmother Rose, she always gave me all her support and love. Also all my cousins for cheering me up when times were rough! I would like to also thank my thesis adviser Prof. Ignacio – I gave him a hard time and we had a lot of bumps and also smooth rides throughout the year. Thank you for trusting me and helping me with getting things into laymen’s perspective. There’s also Prof. Grace Ramos, who is my faculty adviser, without her strict guidance I would have missed my deadlines. I missed one and after that I never did, thanks to her! I also thank the other faculty adviser Prof. Ruby de Leon and Prof. Ozaeta. Many experts have helped me with my study - known professionals in their fields. I thank them so much for having shared with me their great knowledge and wisdom on the different topics touched in my thesis. These include in no particular order: Mr. Carmelito A. Tatlonghari, Eng. Artessa Saldivar-Sali, Mr. Wally del Mundo, Arch. Iskandar Shafie of Terelay, Arch, Eng. Noel Verdote of DOE , Ms. Helen Arias of DOE, Arch. Geronimo Manahan, Mr. Jesus Anunciacion of DOE, Arch. Delfa Uy, and Mr. Erwin Serafica of the Energy Efficiency Department of the NEC. There are also individuals who I want to thank for extending a helping hand during my study. These include, in no particular order: Ms. Karen Grande, Ms. Rose Sumulong, Ms. Hazel Vicencio, Mrs. Vicky Capito, and Ms. Elizabeth Navalta –all from DOE; Mrs. Leonisa C. De La Llana, Mrs. Jessica V. Santos, Mrs. Ruth David, Ms. Nikki Lirios, Ms. Jenn – all from Meralco, Mr. Mark Gomez, Mrs. Tony Yulo, Mr. Nubla of Mirant, , Mr. Ferdie Aguila of Aguila Glass, Ms. Ferrier of HUDCC, Ms. Grace Edralin, Ms. Celine Sychangco, Mr. Ellery Luague, Ms. Shirley Cuevas, Ms. Cynthia Layusa, Ms. Zenaida Ugat, Ms. Cheryl Prudente, and all the people at NHA, HUDCC, DOE, and Meralco! I would like to thank my fellow batch mates for their support. I love you all! I hope that I have not left out anybody and if I did - my sincerest apologies. Thank you again for all the support and help!



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Table of Contents

i. Title Page …….. 1

ii. Executive Summary …….. 2-3

iii. Acknowledgements …….. 4

iv. Table of Contents …….. 5-6

I. Project Background …….. 7-27

a. The Research Problem and Its Setting

i. Rationale …….. 7

ii. Statement of the Problem …….. 8

iii. The Setting of the Problem

1. Delimitation of the Problem …….. 10

2. Definition of Terms …….. 12

3. Assumptions …….. 13

4. Significance of Study …….. 14

5. Theoretical Framework …….. 16

b. Hypothesis …….. 19

c. Methodology …….. 19

d. Review of Literature …….. 23

II. Present Conditions Analysis …….. 28-61

a. Present Conditions and Baseline Studies

i. Demographic Data …….. 28

ii. Industry Profile …….. 43

iii. Baseline Studies …….. 46

III. Data Analysis …….. 62-76

a. Energy Situation Analysis …….. 62

b. Business As Usual Consumption Density Analysis …….. 67

c. Viability Studies …….. 73

IV. The Indicative and Investigative Survey …….. 77-140

a. The Framework …….. 77

i. Business as Usual Case …….. 79

ii. Efficient-State Replacement Sets …….. 82



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b. The Results …….. 92-121

c. Analysis of Results …….. 122-130

d. Architectural Program for the Design Application …….. 131-140

i. Missions, Visions, Goals, PR’s …….. 133

ii. Summary of Analysis of Results …….. 137-140

V. The Translation Guidelines …….. 141-147

a. Required State Program …….. 141

b. Concept Breakdown …….. 142

c. Guidelines for Building Envelope …….. 143

VI. Design Application of Guidelines …….. 148-188

a. Introduction …….. 148

b. Space Program …….. 149

c. The Prototype Houses …….. 159

i. Prototype Houses basic Design …….. 159

ii. Prototype House A …….. 163

iii. Prototype House B …….. 172

d. Project Estimate …….. 182

e. Project Schedule …….. 187

VII. Handbook for Designers and Other Users …….. 189-210

a. Introduction …….. 189

b. Concept …….. 193

c. Guidelines …….. 195

d. Building Envelope Prescriptions …….. 197

e. Replacement Sets …….. 200

VIII. List of Units of Measurement …….. 211

IX. List of Acronyms …….. 212

X. Conversion Rates …….. 213-214

XI. List of Tables and Figures …….. 215-218

XII. Appendices …….. 219

XIII. Bibliography …….. 220-224



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PROJECT BACKGROUND

1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1.1 Rationale

The Philippines continues to experience an energy crisis as the cost of

crude oil escalates on a regular basis. This crisis is partly due to the present

heavy reliance of fossil fuel-based energy production in the country. The

increasing demand for energy and the continued reliance on fossil fuel-

based sources is leaving the country in an unsustainable situation. The

government cannot continue to support the country’s long-term energy

needs without compromising resources for other aspects of development.

The current trend in energy consumption cannot be sustained without

potentially causing damage to the environment as well as the economy.

Currently fifty-five percent of our energy needs are supplied by fossil

fuels, thirty-seven percent of which is crude oil (PEPU, 2005). It is

estimated that by 2014 the country will need to import an additional 141

million barrels of fuel oil equivalent (MMBFOE) in the form of crude oil

in order to meet the growing demand for energy (PEPU,2005).

Energy-efficient technologies have been invented and introduced into the

marketplace in order to help reduce the existing energy demands. This is



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done by making energy consuming devices work with less energy. This is

also achieved when technologies induce the consumption of less energy or

reduce the required consumption of energy.

However, to date, very few designers use energy-efficient technologies in

architectural designs. Additionally, there is a dearth of materials and

references that can be used as a guide for using energy-efficient

technologies in the Philippines. The Department of Energy continues to

promote the use of these technologies but the concepts need to be

understood by designers and translated into ideas that are easy to apply

during the design stage (MEETSP, 1998).

Household energy consumption can be reduced by using environment

friendly and energy-efficient technologies. A framework that will

benchmark energy performance for housing developments will be a

valuable tool in realizing a reduction in the overall energy consumption of

housing developments in the Philippines.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.2.1 Main Problem

By how much can energy-efficient technologies help decrease the

average energy consumption per density of housing developments?



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Can a benchmark leading to a design framework for housing

developments be set based on these reductions?

1.2.2 Sub-Problems

1.2.2.1 Where can energy-efficient technologies be applied in

the energy consumption pattern of households to achieve

the largest impact?

1.2.2.2 How much reduction of energy consumption per density

in housing developments does each type of energy-efficient

technology contribute and what combinations work best in

reducing average energy consumption?

1.2.2.3 Can a housing benchmark be made for energy-efficient

designs based on the reduction measured in energy

consumption when compared to a “Business as Usual”

setting?

1.2.2.4 What are the cost benefits versus the initial cost in the

long-term of attaining the benchmark in housing

developments?



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1.2.2.5 What other related benefits does energy-efficient

technologies generate aside from reducing average energy

consumption per density?

1.2.2.6 Can we formulate a template for designers through a

benchmark and quantify the reduction of average energy

consumption per density for each technology introduced to

various house types?

1.3 The Setting of the Problem

1.3.1 Delimitation of the Problem

Site Selection

In determining the site, the following factors were considered: (1)

levels of present and future urbanization, (2) condition or nature of

housing developments of the area, (3) nature of households in the area,

(4) population growth rate of the area, (5) receptivity of government or

private institutions to the study, (6) availability of energy-efficient

technologies in the area. In view of the factors stated above, one area

was identified to be favorable in Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna.

Characteristic of Housing Development

The study will only be concerned with middle income group housing.

Energy-efficient technologies, active or passive, require significant



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monetary investment. The lower income groups will not be able to

sustain adoption of these energy-efficient technologies without

external funding support. For this reason the middle income group

housing is the target of the study.

Characteristics of Beneficiaries

The identified target beneficiaries will be designers, house buyers,

architects, developers, planners, and other related professionals in the

government, non-government, semi-government, and private

institutions.

Data Coverage

Data coverage will be limited to information on energy consumption

patterns for housing and housing developments; energy reduction

measurement of energy-efficient technology which include: basic

passive design technologies, basic lighting fixture technologies, and

basic housing construction material substitutions. In calculating for

overall thermal transfer value of the residential structure, only the

walls and windows, not the roofing, shall be considered. In calculating

for thermal comfort, climatological norms will be averaged into

months within a year.



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1.3.2 Definition of Terms

1.3.2.1 Energy – Capacity to do work, that is, the condition of a

physical situation from one state to another. Common units

are Kilowatt hours (KWh) and Megawatt hours (MWh).

(Asis, 2002)

1.3.2.2 Energy-efficient/Energy efficiency – Doing more with

equal or less energy input. (UNIDO, 2005)

1.3.2.3 Average energy consumption per density – energy

divided by time over a certain area. For example kilowatt-

hour/meter squared. (Energy Star, 2005)

1.3.2.4 Benchmark – A standard by which the current situation

can be measured or judged (Dictionary, 2005). Also, a

standard by which comparison and assessments can be

made.

1.3.2.5 Life cycle – The specific duration of which a device is

measured for a certain variable. For example, the life cycle

of an incandescent bulb over a six month period measuring

its performance energy-wise.

1.3.2.6 Energy-efficient technologies – technologies that

contain either energy-efficient standby power devices,

energy saving mechanisms or reduced energy consumption.

1.3.2.7 Energy Performance (of buildings) – a measurement of

the ability of a structure to use energy wisely through a

comparison of energy need and actual energy consumption.



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1.3.2.8 Kilowatt-hour – unit of measurement for energy. May

be expressed as 1 KWh equals 3,412.14 BTUs or 895.845

kilocalories or 3.6 megajoules or 1.34102 horse

powerhours. (PEPU, 2005)

1.3.2.9 Exterior Closure or Building Envelope – The outer

shape of a building. The maximum extent of the envelope

of any building type that may be defined by zoning laws.

The exterior framework or walls and roof of a building.

(Ching, 1997; Burden, 2003)

1.3.3 Assumptions

The study assumes that energy-efficient technologies have certain

physical and quantifiable limits to their published outputs.

Furthermore, all technologies are affected by the climate conditions in

which they are made to operate. It is also assumed that housing design

interventions will be limited to basic housing construction material

technologies, which include walls and fenestrations, and basic lighting

fixture technologies.

Additionally, energy demand will increase globally with the bulk in

developing countries (UNIDO, 2005). It is assumed that residential or

housing developments contribute a large amount to the total energy

consumption and to the total growth in greenhouse gas emissions.



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Evidently, energy consumption of housing developments will continue

to grow as housing developments increase.

Specifically, it is assumed that the case study housing development

will be powered on-grid electrically. Also, this assumes that any

calculations made for reduction of carbon dioxide emissions be based

on the current energy production trend of the grid connection.

1.3.4 Significance of the Study

The study deals with how energy consumption can be reduced by

employing technologies that affect the energy efficiency of the

structure. This study will benefit various entities and advocacies:

home owners, building professionals, government, non-government,

semi-government, private institutions, and also the protection of the

environment.

To Home Owners

The home owner benefits by being able to base decisions on building

an energy-efficient home on the template. The home owners also can

adopt performance contracting based on this template that is being

practiced in other countries. This will lead to future economic savings

for the home owner and also contribution to protecting the

environment.



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To Architects, Designers and Related Professions

A framework can help simplify the application of energy-efficient

technologies in housing developments, therefore, encouraging the use

of these technologies and giving the user an accurate account of

benefits from installing technologies individually or in sets.

Architects, developers, designers, policy-makers, and other related

professions can benefit from a template which delineates performance

or cost-benefits of specific energy-efficient technologies as applied to

housing developments.

The template and its benchmark will become the target for the designer

in making an energy-efficient housing development by applying

energy-efficient technology. Housing developments may now use this

framework for achieving energy efficiency goals and will help

contribute to reducing reliance on imported fossil-fuel based energy

production in the country.

To Government, Non-government, Semi-government and Private

Institutions

This framework and its template can be used by government, non-

government, semi-government and private institutions. The

framework can be a component of the environmental impact

assessment study – specifically for housing developments. The



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framework can also be used by the Department of Energy in its Energy

Use Standards for Buildings Electricity Efficiency and Conservation

Program.

To the Environment

The study will encourage the research into other applications of

energy-efficient technologies aside from housing developments. The

long-term perceived benefits may stimulate industry and business into

energy-efficient housing.

Most importantly, the benefits of the study are long-term solutions for

the energy crisis and the protection of the environment. The

conservation of energy will help reduce the importation of fuel

requirements of the country and help in the reduction of greenhouse

gases by reducing the need for more power from fossil-fuel based

power plants.

1.3.5 Theoretical Framework

The study will work within the framework presented in Fig. 1.3.5.1.

The intervention can be categorized into two types – passive and

active. Where active are mechanical systems and passive are building

or construction materials. These two interventions comprise the

energy efficient technologies for housing developments. The



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framework will address issues regarding energy efficiency in housing

developments through the use of prescription based guidelines. The

intervention of the study will be evident to private developers, housing

developments, architects and other related professions, as well as

government agencies. The benefits are reduced energy demand and

equivalently, reduced energy importation requirements; and reduced

greenhouse gas emissions and equivalently, reduced environmental

impact.



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Theoretical Framework Diagram (Fig. 1.3.5.1)

Framework For Applying Energy-efficient Technologies In Housing Developments

Energy-efficient Technologies

Building Industry

Power Plant PNOC/NAPOCOR

Distribution MERALCO

HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

Architects Engineers Other Professionals

Middle-Income HOUSEHOLD

PRIVATE DEVELOPER

GOV’T AGENCY

HLURB, DENR

Activities

Consumption

Passive Technology Intervention

Active Technology Intervention

Energy Consumption COST

“Business as Usual”

Reduced Energy Consumption COST

Energy-efficient Scenario

Environmental Impact Energy Demand

Reduced Environmental Impact and Energy Demand



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2. HYPOTHESIS

A template can be formulated using data on reduction of average energy

consumption per density of a housing development when the application of

energy-efficient technologies is introduced, thus, leading to long-term economic

savings and reduced environmental impact.

3. METHODOLOGY

The methodology in the survey will be theoretically grounded on the post-

positivism research approach. The study will use a case-study and logical

argumentation as research strategies. Tactics for the study include observation,

field visits, interviews, collection of data from secondary sources, mapping and

use of computer programs. The study is limited to a duration of one academic

semester from June to September of the year two-thousand and five.

3.1 Systems of Inquiry

The study will employ the post positivism research approach. This

approach will enable the study to be grounded on the scientific and

objective conclusions of its calculation and analysis of data. This

approach will also require the analysis of the unit variable – which is the

energy consumption per density and its relationship to design interventions



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through energy-efficient technologies. Furthermore, by using this research

approach the research study will preserve its context and allow future re-

analysis of the data and its conclusions using qualitative methods (AOM,

2005).

3.2 Research Design or Strategy

The research design will use a combination of logical argumentation and

case studies. The approach of the study is bottom-up, starting from the

level of energy consumption patterns of the individual household in a

housing development, energy efficiency will then be calculated for the

whole residence. The benchmark will be based on the measurements and

calculations of energy efficiency of a “Business as Usual” setting

compared with a set-up using the selected energy-efficient technologies.

Assessment of the impact on the environment due to the reduction of

energy consumptions and thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emission

will be based on the emissions coefficients of the fuels by which the

energy is obtained (GCGHGI, 2002).

3.3 Tactics

The following instruments and tactics will be used in the study:

observation, surveys, interviews, collection of data from secondary



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sources, and use of computer programs. The Methodology Flowchart (Fig.

3.3.1) shows how the study will tackle the problem.



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Data Collection/Research

Selection of energy-efficient technologies

Application of selected technologies in the housing

development

Identification of Problem

Acquire “Business as Usual” setting

Delimiting Study/ Identification of Scope

Analysis of “Business as Usual” setting

Measuring/Calculating reduction in energy

consumption

Measuring/Calculating cost and CO2 production

Run tests/ calculations

Acquire benchmark for energy-efficient housing

developments

Translate into design guidelines

Formulate into template

Analysis of Data/ Acquire optimal benchmark

Measuring/Calculating Corresponding costs benefits/

CO2 reductions

Baseline of “Business as Usual” setting

Methodology Flowchart (Fig. 3.3.1)



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4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Energy Situation, Residential and Household

In the Philippine Energy Plan Update for year 2005, energy independence is listed

as one of the five reform packages under the Philippine Plan Framework. The

update reflects this through its title: “Towards Energy Independence & Power

Market Reforms.” Under the same framework – Energy Independence is cited

under the Energy Sector Agenda as a goal to achieve the country’s energy and

environmental goals. Furthermore, it identifies Energy Use Standards for

Buildings as a means to reach the goals under the Electricity Efficiency and

Conservation Program.

An ongoing study by the National Statistics Office entitled the “Household

Energy Consumption Survey” which was started in July 2003, aims to determine

the energy consumption patterns of the residential sector.

The Census of Population and Housing of 2001 by the National Statistics Office

provides statistical information on the number of households and household types

in the different regions in the Philippines.

The Philippine Statistical Yearbook of 2002 by the National Statistics

Coordination Board provides details on the population regarding housing type per

income, household income expenditure by income decile, and other household

demographics.



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Studies and Technologies related to Energy Efficiency

In the book by Arch. Geronimo Manahan, Passive Cooling Technologies for

Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities, extensive information on the wise-use of

energy in architecture is written and detailed. The book has technical descriptions

of the many processes underlying the field of passive cooling technologies such as

solar control in buildings, inducing air movement, and the sol-air approach. These

descriptions include mathematical equations and models of thermal heat transfer,

conductivity, heat load calculations and procedures for calculating intensity of

solar radiation to name but a few.

The Act on Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Electricity Production of Denmark (Act

No. 376, June 2, 1999) has written down a list of carbon dioxide emission factors

for different fuels.

A report by the National Home Builders Association of Maryland, USA entitled

“A Net-Zero Fossil Fuel Use Home Case Study” employs new and existing

technologies in the building shell as well as technologies for heating and cooling

to reduce energy consumption. The case-study also shows how a building can

produce self-sufficient energy at times of peak consumption.

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building

Rating System for Homes (LEED-H), based in the United States, is “a voluntary,

consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable



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buildings”. The LEED-H provides a complete framework for assessing building

performance, including energy efficiency, to meet sustainability goals for

residential buildings. This provides for a possible framework of a similar nature

in the Philippines.

The Energy Audit of the Hizon Residential Building by the Energy Efficiency

Division gives an example of an energy audit of a residential structure. The study

presents an energy consumption profile for the residence and lists down all

electricity consuming appliances in the house. The study also states the estimated

savings in pesos per year for every technological intervention introduced as part of

the recommendation. Additionally, information on capital cost and simple

payback in years is included in the study.

The report DSM in the Pacific – An Analysis Manual, prepared by SCRI for the

South Pacific Forum Secretariat Energy Division delineates DSM options for

pacific-rim countries. There is also an extensive list of DSM technologies and

their detailed specifications.

The report “Volume II, Appendix J, DSM Assessment Results” is a compilation of

energy-efficient technologies that were assessed according to the different regions

in the Philippines. These include the technologies available and currently in use

by each region and their corresponding benefit to the users.

DSM related studies in the Philippines



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The report entitled “The Market for Energy-efficient Technologies and Services in

the Philippines” by the Export Council for Energy Efficiency, studies the potential

of demand side management programs in the country. The report presents data on

the current market drivers for energy efficiency, the current climate for the

introduction of energy-efficient technologies and services, and most importantly

the potential savings of the country through energy efficiency. This data includes

information on the current use and distribution of energy-efficient technologies in

the country. Also, laws and regulations related to energy efficiency in residential

sectors are also discussed.

The report “Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Savings in APEC

Economies” by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Center, Institute of Energy

Economics, Japan provides an extensive look into the technical and statistical

detail of the energy efficiency aspect of the APEC economies. A report on the

Philippines states the current status of energy efficiency programs in the country,

describes the programs objectives, and states the major impediments to energy

conservation in the country.

The Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer, A Hawaii-Philippines

Case Study aims to present a future scenario which the Philippines can take in

energy deregulation specifically in energy efficiency by using the State of Hawaii

policies as a reference. The book has extensive information on DSM technologies

that deal with lightings, architectural building form, laws pertaining to the



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building code and energy code, appliance standards and practice, environment and

greenhouse gas emissions, and performance contracting.



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2. PRESENT CONDITIONS ANALYSIS

2. PRESENT CONDITIONS AND BASELINE STUDIES

2.1 Demographic Data

2.1.1 Energy Demographics

2.1.1.1 Final energy consumption in the country rose 3.2 percent from

189.7 MMBFOE in 2002 to 195.9 MMBFOE in 2003. Energy

demand will grow at 4.7 percent annually for the next decade

and will amount to 335 MMBFOE in 2014. (DOEPEP, 2005)

2.1.1.2 Electricity consumption in the country for 2003 totaled 42,642

GWh or a 10.4 percent growth from the previous year’s 38,625

GWh. (DOEPEP, 2005)

2.1.1.3 The primary energy supply of the country grew by 2.2 percent

from 255.4 MMBFOE in 2002 to 260.9 MMBFOE in 2003.

(DOEPEP, 2005)

2.1.1.4 Currently 36.5 percent of the country’s oil is imported and

another 6.4 percent of coal is imported. Imported energy is

forecasted to grow 3.9 percent over the next ten years.

Imported energy supply will account for 42.9 percent of the

total energy supply in 2005 with a corresponding volume of

122.5 MMBFOE. (DOEPEP, 2005)

2.1.1.5 Energy use by the residential sector amounted to 74.7

MMBFOE in 2003 compared to 71.5 MMBFOE of the

previous year. This amounted to 38.1 percent of the total



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energy consumption of the country. Electricity consumption by

the residential sector in 2005 will amount to 10.06 MMBFOE

or 4.65 percent of the total energy mix. Savings from energy

efficiency and conservation will have amounted to 10.84

MMBFOE in 2005 or 5 percent of the total energy mix. An

aggregated energy savings of 240.8 MMBFOE is estimated for

the next ten years. (DOEPEP, 2005)

2.1.1.6 Electric energy consumption by the residential sector in 2001

was at 10,098 million kilowatt-hours. (NSCB, 2002)

2.1.1.7 Energy consumption in 2004 has resulted in 73.7 MMMT in

carbon dioxide emissions. The carbon dioxide emission level is

expected to grow at an average annual rate of 6.1 percent from

77 MMMT in 2005 to 131.1 MMMT by 2014. (DOEPEP,

2005)

2.1.2 Household Energy Consumption

2.1.2.1 The estimated no. of households in the National Capital Region

numbers 2,132,989. The average monthly household income is

P12, 384.67 and the average household size is 5.03. The

estimated population is 9,932,560. The average household size

was at 4.63 persons. (NSOCHP-M, 2001)

2.1.2.2 Electricity is the main source of power for lighting, recreation,

space cooling, cooking and refrigeration, ranking first at 83.9

percent household usage. Urban households that use electricity



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account for 91.8 percent of the total urban households or

5,866,000 households out of 6,391,000 households. Household

electricity consumption in 1995 was at 8,134 GWh or an

increase of 18.8 percent from 1989. Of this, 1,404 GWh was

urban electricity consumption or an increase of 27.8 percent.

(HECS, 1995)

2.1.2.3 Household energy consumption by end-use shows that eighty

percent of households use electricity to light homes and power

appliances for recreation. Around Fifty percent of households

use electricity for space cooling. Urban Households use

electricity most for lighting at 93.1 percent of households. A

majority also use electricity for space cooling at 69.6 percent of

households, and ironing at 65 percent. Forty-six percent use

electricity for refrigeration, sixteen percent for cooking and

food preparation, and a mere two-point-three percent for

heating water for bathing. (HECS, 1995)

2.1.2.4 Households earning P25,000 and above constitute 466,000

households, of these, eighty-nine point five percent use

electricity.

2.1.2.5 Average home spends up to 25 percent of its monthly electric

bill on lighting and may save up to 15 percent by using energy-

efficient lighting products and practices. (HECS, 1995)

2.1.2.6 Table 2.1.2.6.1 – Number of Households (’000) Using

Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class,



31

Urban 1995 shows the usage of incandescent and fluorescent

lamps according to monthly income class. (HECS, 1995)

Table 2.1.2.6.1 – Number of Households (’000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class, Urban 1995

Monthly Income Class and Area

Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp

Urban P10,000 -14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000

4280 681 406 240

4809 795 425 249

2.1.2.7 Table 2.1.2.7.1 – Average Urban Household Appliance

Electricity Consumption, 1995, KWh shows the typical

appliances used in an urban household and their corresponding

average electricity consumption in kilowatt-hour.

Table 2.1.2.7.1 – Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity

Consumption, 1995, KWh Appliance Used Urban



32

Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp CFL Rice Cooker Electric Stove Electric Oven Water Heater Radio/Tape Recorder Stereo Karaoke B/W TV Colored TV VHS / BETAMAX Ordinary Refrigerator Frost-free Refrigerator Freezer Air Conditioner Electric Fan Iron Washing Machine Water Pump

111.51 118.47 65.10 236.75 745.64 513.21 305.45 63.01 206.29 354.77 66.83 183.94 11.08 493.54 1219.25 725.82 4209.38 255.47 109.77 113.75 364.92

2.1.2.8 The top ten energy consuming appliances are the following: (1)

Air Conditioner, 4,209.38 KWh; (2) Frost-Free Ref, 1,219.25

KWh; (3) Electric Stove, 745.64 KWh; (4) Freezer, 725.82

KWh; (5) Electric Oven, 513.21 KWh; (6) Ordinary Ref,

394.54 KW; (7) Water pump, 364.92 KWh; (8) Karaoke,

354.77 KWh; (9) Water Heater, 305.45 KWh; (10) Electric

Fan, 255.47 KWh.

2.1.2.9 The Air Conditioner represents one of the largest sources of

future demand in the residential sector at an average annual

increase of 20 percent. It is a major contributor to the total

energy consumption of households.



33

2.1.2.10 Energy Efficiency in Households

2.1.2.10.1 The Department of Energy is pursuing to effect at least

a 10 percent reduction in electricity use.

2.1.2.11 The average fuel prices for households in the National

Capital Region are shown in Table 2.1.2.11.1.

Table 2.1.2.11.1 – Average Fuel Prices for Households Purchasing of Electricity in the NCR, Urban: 1995

Region Urban/Rural

Price of Electricity (Pesos/KWh) Total (‘000)

<2 (‘000)

2-<3 (‘000)

3-<4 (‘000)

4-<5 (‘000)

5< (‘000)

Median Mean

Urban NCR – National Capital Region

1,481

9

91

1,325

47

10

2.48

2.97

2.1.2.12 Table 2.1.2.12.1 shows the number of households using

electricity by End-Use.

Table 2.1.2.12.1 – Number of Households using Electricity by End-Use, NCR-Urban: 1995

Region and Area

End-Use Lighting

Total Incandescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp

CFL Others


5,463 1,736

4,280 1,207

4,809 1,599

185 95

1,077 441

Region and

Area End-Use

Space Cooling



34

Total Air Conditioner Electric Fans Others Urban NCR – National Capital Region

4,079 1,643

136 82

4,072 1,638

14 4

2.1.2.13 Table 2.1.2.13.1 shows the annual average urban

household electric consumption in the NCR by end-use in

kilowatt-hour.

Table 2.1.2.13.1 – Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption in NCR by End-Use: 1995, KWh

Region and Area

End-Use Lighting


Fluorescent Lamp

CFL Others


200.13 259.54

111.51 121.08

118.47 168.42

65.10 73.53

49.51 81.10

Region and

Area End-Use

Space Cooling Total Air Conditioner Electric Fans Others


397 631.66

4,209.38 4,737.38

255.47 396.09

192.73 21.62

2.1.2.14 Table 2.1.2.14.1 shows the number of households using

electricity by end-use and monthly income class.

Table 2.1.2.14.1 – Number of Households Using Electricity by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995

Monthly Income End-Use



35

Class and Area Lighting Total Incandescent

Lamp Fluorescent

Lamp CFL Others

Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000

5,463 836 451 266

4,280 681 406 240

4,809 795 425 249

185 59 44 27

1,077 233 155 108

Region and Area End-Use


Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000

4,079 751 430 236

136 23 38 58

4,072 748 428 235

14 3 2 2

2.1.2.15 Table 2.1.2.15.1 shows the average annual urban

household electricity consumption in the NCR by end-use and

monthly income class in kilowatt-hours.

Table 2.1.2.15.1 – Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption in NCR by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995, KWh

Monthly Income Class and Area

End-Use Lighting


Fluorescent Lamp

CFL Others

Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000

200.13 241.05 446.08 341.04

111.51 108.74 198.93 178.60

118.47 134.26 255.85 172.74

65.10 58.35 66.67 105.57

49.51 102.47 93.64 24.44

Region and Area End-Use


Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999

397.13 368.64 710.59

4209.38 2540.28 3804.24

255.47 290.80 373.45

192.73 8 2



36

>P25,000 1722.09 5377.33 402.33 44

2.1.3 Housing and Population Demographics

2.1.3.1 Total Population of the National Capital Region is 9,932,560 as

of May 1, 2000. The average annual family income in pesos

for year 2000 is 144,039. (NSCB, 2002)

2.1.3.2 The National Capital Region’s average annual income in 2000

was 300,304 while expenditure was 244,240. Fuel, light and

water contributed to 6.3 percent of this expenditure. Table

2.1.3.2A shows total housing expenditure and percent to total

family expenditure by decile for the year 2000. (NCSB, 2002)

Table 2.1.3.2A Total Housing Expenditure and Percent to Total Family Expenditure by Decile, 2000 (NSCB, 2002)

Region Total Housing Expenditure (in P1,000)

Percent to Total Family Expenditure Total Housing Expenditure

Rent/Rental Value of

House and Lot

Maintenance and Minor

Repair Philippines 272,311,759 15.1 14.2 0.9

First Decile Second Decile Third Decile Fourth Decile Fifth Decile Sixth Decile Seventh Decile Eight Decile Ninth Decile Tenth Decile

3,362,9985,370,5326,976,4809,430,695

12,345,64917,553,76123,017,98730,374,08042,742,188

121,137,387

8.48.79.1

10.111.012.813.414.114.919.9

8.0 8.1 8.4 9.4

10.3 12.0 12.6 13.4 14.1 18.8

0.50.70.70.80.80.80.80.70.71.1



37

Table 2.1.3.2B shows the total and average housing income and

expenditure by expenditure class in urban areas.

Table 2.1.3.2B Total and Average Housing Income and Expenditure by Expenditure Class, Urban, 2000 (NSCB, 2002)

Expenditure Class

2000 Total

number of families

Income Expenditure Total

(thousand pesos)

Average (pesos)

Total (thousand

pesos)

Average (pesos)

Total 7,489,853 1,535,250,064 204,977 1,234,285,343 164,794

Under P10,000

10,000-19,999

20,000-29,999

30,000-39,999

40,000-49,999

50,000-59,999

60,000-79,999

80,000-99,999

100,000-149,000

150,000-249,000

250,000-499,000

500,000 and over

7,305

55,237

147,280

255,406

374,157

440,602

917,655

358,270

1,708,919

1,592,435

904,592

227,994

77,602

1,040,969

4,473,303

10,695,950

20,247,673

28,168,833

76,475,321

92,195,754

257,736,795

378,315,339

387,940,393

277,882,131

10,623

18,846

30,373

41,878

54,115

63,933

83,338

107,420

150,819

237,570

428,857

1,218,813

56,941

873,743

3,752,621

9,042,173

16,903,195

24,267,749

64,389,017

77,012,802

210,099,407

304,669,225

301,760,506

221,457,964

7,795

15,818

25,480

35,403

45,177

55,079

70,167

89,730

122,943

191,323

333,587

971,332

Table 3.1.3.2C shows the percentage distribution of total family

expenditure by select major expenditure group for the year 2000.

Table 3.1.3.2C – Percentage Distribution of Total Family Expenditure by Select Major Expenditure Groups, 2000. (NSCB, 2002)

Expenditure Group 2000 Total Family Expenditures

(in thousand pesos) 1,801,846,426

Percent Housing 14.2



38

Fuel, light, water

Household furnishings and equipment

Household operations

6.3

2.5

2.3



39

2.1.3.3 Table 2.1.3.3.1 shows the use of building materials in

residential houses for NCR in the year 1990.

Table 2.1.3.3.1 – Occupied Housing Units in NCR by Construction Materials of Outer wall and Roof: 1990 (NSCB, 2005)

Con

stru

ctio

n of

Out

er W

all

Tot

al

Occ

upie

d H

ousi

ng

Uni

ts

Construction Material of Roof

Gal

vani

zed

Iron

/ A

lum

inum

Tile

/ C

oncr

ete/

C

lay

Til

eH

alf

Gal

vani

zed

Iron

an

d

Woo

d

Cog

on/

Nip

a/

Ana

haw

Mak

eshi

ft/

Impr

ovis

ed/S

alva

ged

Asb

esto

s O

ther

s

Not

re

port

ed

Total Concrete /Brick /Stone Wood Half Concrete/Brick Stone & Half Wood Galvanized Iron /Aluminum Bamboo /Sawali /Cogon /Nipa Makeshift /Salvaged /Improvised Asbestos /Glass /Others No walls/ Not Reported

1,435,365 474,646 391,988 483,313 11,803 13,045 54,927 4,751 892

1,146,573 435,037 312,431 363,757 6,434 5,108 20,285 2,955 566

41,093 26,237 5,493 8,818 269 99 - 80 97

124,550 7,905 9,819 103,577 1,819 259 958 124 89

66,311 1,108 55,435 4,845 3,061 737 1,016 78 31

12,804 210 4,461 434 81 6,045 1,465 79 29

37,485 339 3,733 897 113 742 30,570 1,044 47

6,208 3,801 607 983 26 55 318 387 31

341 9 9 2 - - 315 4 2



40

2.1.3.4 The average household size in the Philippines decreased to 5.0

persons in 2001 from 5.07 persons in 1995. The average

household size in the National Capital Region registered at 4.62

persons down from 4.74 persons in 1995. (NCSB, 2002)

2.1.3.5 The National Capital Region had a total population of

9,932,560 with a total household population of 9,862,978. The

total number of households was at 2,132,989 with an average of

4.62 persons per household. The annual growth rate for 1995

to 2000 was at 1.06 percent. (NSOCHP-M, 2001)

2.1.4 Southern Tagalog Demographics

2.1.4.1 The total population of Southern Tagalog as of May 1, 2000 is

11.8 million (NSOCHP-D, 2001). The population of Southern

Tagalog grew at the rate of 3.72 percent, with Laguna growing

at a rate of 4.08 percent or the second fastest growth rate in the

region (NSCHP-M, 2001). Laguna was the second largest

province in the region in the year 2000 with 1.97 million

persons (NSOCHP-D, 2001).

2.1.4.2 The Southern Tagalog region has the second highest average

annual family income at 161,963 pesos as of year 2000, after

the National Capital Region at 300,304 pesos. The GINI

concentration ratio for Southern Tagalog was comparable to the

National Capital Region at 0.4241 and 0.4451, respectively.

The average GINI concentration ratio for the Philippines is



41

0.4818. Personal consumption expenditure of the Southern

Tagalog Region was second only to the National Capital

Region at 141,509 million pesos and 279,540 million pesos,

respectively. (NSCB, 2002)

2.1.4.3 Calamba, Laguna has a total population of 281,146 persons or

approximately the population of the City of Mandaluyong at

278,474 persons. Canlubang is the largest barangay in

Calamba, Laguna with 45,294 total population, and 9,189

households. (NSOCHP-D, 2001)

2.1.5 Population Demographics

2.1.5.1 Poverty Threshold – The National Capital Region (NCR) had

the highest poverty threshold in 2000 (Table 2.1.5.1.1). In the

NCR, an individual would need a minimum annual income of

P15,678 to meet his food and non-food needs. Close to NCR

were Batangas and Mt. Province, with thresholds of P15,305

and P15,285, respectively. (NSCB, 2005)

Table 2.1.5.1.1 – Top Ten Provincial Poverty Thresholds (in Pesos) in the Year 2000

Province 2000 NCR

Batangas

Mt. Province

Cavite

Rizal

15,678

15,305

12,285

14,965

14,787



42

Nueva Ecija

Pampanga

Oriental Mindoro

Benguet

Lanao del Sur

Bulacan

14,755

14,713

14,531

14,185

13,986

13,881

2.1.5.2 Mean Family Income by Decile – Table 2.1.5.2.1 shows the

Mean Family Income by Decile in the Philippines for the years

2000 and 2003.

Table 2.1.5.2.1 Mean Family Income by Decile, 2000 & 2003 (PMNSDS, 2005)

DECILE GROUP

INCOME 2000 2003

First Decile

Second Decile

Third Decile

Fourth Decile

Fifth Decile

Sixth Decile

Seventh Decile

Eight Decile

Ninth Decile

Tenth Decile

24,506

39,620

51,250

64,321

80,247

100,549

128,203

169,290

237,029

556,277

23,258

37,218

48,377

60,513

75,036

93,172

118,166

154,467

216,115

479,645

2.1.5.3 Table 2.1.5.3.1 shows the average income, average expenditure

and average savings of families at current prices by region for

the years 2000 and 2003. (NSCB, 2005)



43

Table 2.1.5.3.1 – Average Income, Average Expenditure and Average Savings of Families at Current Prices by Region, 2000 and 2003

Region 2000 2003

Average Income

Average Expenditure

Average Savings

Average Income

Average Expenditure

Average Savings

Philippines NCR CALABARZON

145,121

300,304178,600

118,839

244,240149,592

26,282

56,06429,008

148,616

274,529185,661

123,277

225,936 159,267

24,239

48,59326,394

2.2 Industrial Profile

2.2.1 Housing Industry

2.2.1.1 Low-cost and Socialized Housing

2.2.1.1.1 According to Memorandum Circular No. 02 Series of

2002 by the then Secretary of the Housing and Urban

Development Coordinating Council, Secretary Michael

T. Defensor, the Package for Socialized Housing has a

loan ceiling of Php 225,000.00 and below, while Low-

cost Level 1 has a loan ceiling of Php 225,000.00 to Php

500,000.00 to Php 2 Million.

2.2.1.2 Pag-ibig Housing Loan

2.2.1.2.1 The Pag-ibig housing loans allows for Pag-ibig

members to up to PHP2 million for construction of new

houses or renovation of existing houses.

2.2.1.3 Private Developer Data



44

2.2.1.3.1 Data from Private Developers

2.2.1.3.1.1 Data from twenty different single detached houses

from four real estate developers where used to

compare and determine the average measurements

for total floor area, number of floors, living rooms,

dining rooms, bedrooms, toilet and baths, and other

spaces in a medium income group house. These

houses were selected by comparing the monthly

amortization with the established middle income

group. Refer to Appendix I, Matrix I for the private

developers matrix.

2.2.2 Energy-efficient Technology Market

2.2.2.1 Air Conditioning

2.2.2.1.1 According to the Consumer Guide Vol.1 Issue No. 2 of

June 2005 choosing the air conditioning size depends on

the room size corresponding to the table below (Table

2.2.2.1.1).

Table 2.2.2.1.1 – Room Size vs. Aircon Capacity (CGDOE, 2005)

Room Size (sq.m.) Cooling Capacity (kJ/h) Approx. HP Rating (hp) 10 – 13

14 – 16

17 – 20

21 – 25

Up to 40

5,275 6,700

7,385 8,440

9,495 10,550

12,660 13,290

18,990 20,045

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.50

2.00



45

2.2.2.1.2 Table 2.2.2.1.2 shows the energy cost per hour of use of

air conditioners by cooling capacity and energy

efficiency ratio. The energy efficiency ratio is taken by

dividing the cooling capacity by the power consumption

of the air conditioning unit.

Table 2.2.2.1.2 – Energy Cost Per Hour of Use, PhP/hour (CGDOE, 2005) Cooling Capacity

Energy Efficiency Ratio (kJ/Wh)

8.7 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.7

5,040

7,910

9,500

10,550

11,520

12,660

16,200

18,990

19,600

25,000

31,800

3.65

5.73

6.88

7.64

8.34

9.17

11.73

13.75

14.19

18.10

23.03

3.34

5.25

6.30

7.00

7.64

8.40

10.74

12.59

13.00

16.58

21.09

3.18

4.98

5.99

6.65

7.26

7.98

10.21

11.96

12.35

15.75

20.03

3.02

4.75

5.70

6.33

6.91

7.60

9.72

11.39

11.76

15.00

19.08

2.89

4.53

5.44

6.04

6.60

7.25

9.28

10.88

11.23

14.32

18.21

2.71

4.26

5.12

5.68

6.20

6.82

8.72

10.23

10.55

12.46

17.12

The Consumer Guide Vol.1 Issue No. 2 of June 2005

lists down all available citified window-type and split-

type room air conditioners as of May 31, 2005.



46

2.3 Baseline Studies

2.3.1 Studies by Meralco

2.3.1.1 Residential Bill Computation for April 2005 with National

Power Corporation (NPC) Increase and VAT Report shows the

impact of the NPC increase and VAT on the bills and rate per

KWh of residential customers for the month of June as

compared to April of 2005.

Below is table 2.3.1.1.1-3 which shows the information of the

report in table format.

Table 2.3.1.1.1 – Number of Residential Customers by KWh Limits, April 2005 KWh Limits Number of

Customers Percentage of

Total Cumulative

No. of Customers

Percentage of Total

Bill Amount From To

0 –

51 –

71 –

101 –

201 –

301 –

401 –

501 –

601 –

701 –

801 –

901 –

50

70

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

586, 665

321, 447

529, 196

1, 264, 754

566, 153

249, 568

122,217

67, 216

40, 739

27, 258

18, 643

13, 694

15.2%

8.3%

13.7%

32.7%

14.7%

6.5%

3.2%

1.7%

1.1%

0.7%

0.5%

0.4%

586, 665

908, 111

1, 437, 307

2, 702, 061

3, 268, 214

3, 517, 782

3, 639, 999

3, 707, 215

3, 747, 954

3, 775, 212

3, 793, 854

3, 807, 649

15.2%

23.5%

37.2%

69.9%

84.6%

91.0%

94.2%

95.9%

97.0%

97.7%

98.2%

98.5%

50

70

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000



47

1001 – Excess 56, 328 1.5% 3, 863, 977 100% Excess

3, 863, 977 100%

Table 2.3.1.1.2 – Impact on Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005

April ‘05

Estimated June 2005 Total Increase

Percentage Increase

Bill Amount With NPC increase Increase due to

W/o Vat W/ VAT NPC Increase

VAT

171.01

318.98

569.07

1,454.77

2,284.03

3,174.98

4,253.36

5,103.01

5,957.66

6,817.31

7,676.95

8,536.60

177.33

330.50

589.31

1,505.38

2,359.95

3,276.21

4,379.90

5,254.86

6,134.81

7,019.77

7,904.72

8,789.68

191.02

356.07

635.00

1,622.26

2,543.21

3,530.67

4,720.19

5,663.13

6,611.06

7,564.00

8,516.93

9,469.86

6.33

11.52

20.25

50.62

75.92

101.23

126.54

151.85

177.15

202.46

227.77

253.08

13.69

25.58

45.68

116.87

183.26

254.46

340.29

408.27

476.25

544.23

612.21

680.19

20.01

37.09

65.93

167.49

259.18

355.69

466.83

560.12

653.40

746.69

839.98

933.26

11.70%

11.63%

11.59%

10.51%

11.35%

11.20%

10.98%

10.98%

10.97%

10.95%

10.94%

10.93%

50

70

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Table 2.3.1.1.3 –Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005

Rate per KWh

(April)

Estimated June 2005 Total Increase

Percentage Increase

Bill Amount With NPC increase Increase due to

W/o Vat W/ VAT NPC Increase

VAT

3.4201

4.5569

5.6907

7.2738

7.6134

3.5467

4.7214

5.8931

7.5269

7.8665

3.8204

5.0868

6.3500

8.1113

8.4774

0.1265

0.1645

0.2025

0.2531

0.2531

0.2737

0.3654

0.4568

0.5844

0.6109

0.4002

0.5299

0.6593

0.8374

0.8639

3.70

3.61

3.56

3.48

3.32

50

70

100

200

300



48

7.9374

8.5067

8.5050

8.5109

8.5216

8.5299

8.5366

8.1905

8.7598

8.7581

8.7640

8.7747

8.7830

8.7897

8.8267

9.4404

9.4385

9.444

9.4550

9.4633

9.4699

0.2531

0.2531

0.2531

0.2531

0.2531

0.2531

0.2531

0.6362

0.6806

0.6805

0.6804

0.6803

0.6802

0.6802

0.8892

0.9337

0.9335

0.9334

0.9334

0.9333

0.9333

3.19

2.98

2.98

2.97

2.97

2.97

2.96

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2.3.1.2 According to the unbundling requirement by the ERC through

Republic Act 9136 or the Electric Power Industry Reform Act

(EPIRA) are the following:

2.3.1.2.1 The system loss charge due to technical and non-

technical reasons cannot exceed 9.5 percent of total

charge.

2.3.1.2.2 Under Section 73 of the EPIRA, the ERC established

the Lifeline Discount or Lifeline subsidy for customers

consuming below 100KWh per month. Discounts will

be given through the following: 50 percent discount for

customers consuming less than 50 KWh, 35 percent

discount for customers consuming between 51 and 71

KWh, and 25 percent discount for customers consuming

between 71 and 100 KWh. The discount will be

sourced from the additional P0.0761 paid per KWh of

customers consuming more than 100 KWh.



49

The number of residential customers under the Lifeline

subsidy totaled to 1.32 million or 40.32 percent of

MERALCO’s total residential customers. (PDP, 2005)

2.3.1.2.3 Interclass subsidy will provide P0.7130 per KWh

subsidy for all residential customers. This subsidy will

come from commercial and industrial customers.

2.3.1.3 Electricity Sales to Residential Customers by Meralco topped

8, 741.6 million KWhs for the year 2004 up by almost 10

percent from four years earlier and higher by 214.3 million

KWhs from the previous year (MAR, 2004).

2.3.1.4 The brochure “A Guide to Appliance Energy Use” presents

data on the wattage, daily use, and KWh per month of certain

appliances and fixtures. The brochure information is found in

Appendix I.

2.3.2 Energy Conserving Design Guidelines for Buildings, DOE

2.3.2.1 Building Envelope

2.3.2.1.1 The design criterion for the building envelope is known

as the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The

OTTV requirement is ultimately aimed at minimizing

external heat gain and thereby reduce the cooling load

of the air conditioning system.



50

The OTTV equations developed for the Philippines are

limited to offices and hotels. However, they are still

indicative of the external heat gain of any building. The

formula for Hotels will be used in this study since it

resembles a residence more than an office. Tables 3.1 to

3.7 as found in Appendix I will be used to calculating the

OTTV. The maximum allowable OTTV value is 48 watts

per square meter. The OTTVh for hotels is as follows:

OTTVh = 5.40 A (1-WWR) Uw + 1.10 (WWR) Ug + SF

(WWR) SC

Where:

A is solar absorptance of the opaque wall,

WWR is the window-to-wall ratio for the orientation under

consideration,

Uw is the U-value of the opaque wall,

Ug is the U-value of the glass,

SF is the Solar Factor, and

SC is the shading coefficient of window glass.

The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) for the total

wall area of the building shall be determined using the

equation below:



51

OTTV = A1 (OTTV1) + A2 (OTTV2) + … + Ai (OTTVi)

A1 + A2 + … + Ai

Where:

Ai is the Gross Area of the ith exterior wall in square

meters,

OTTVi is the overall thermal transfer value for the ith wall,

as calculated using OTTVh equation.

2.3.3 Passive Cooling Technologies for Buildings in Hot-Humid

Localities

2.3.3.1 Windows - Double pane windows using either a combination of

heat-reflective, heat absorbing, glare-reducing and transparent

film simulation are effective in hot-humid localities.

2.3.3.2 Table 4 in Appendix I show the Percentage of Solar Radiation

Absorbed by Selected Building Materials and Insulating Values

of Building Materials, respectively.

2.3.3.3 Sol-air

2.3.3.3.1 According to Borra, et al, Sol-air temperature is the

temperature that would give the same temperature

distribution and rate of heat entry into a surface in the

absence of solar radiation. The following formula is

used to calculate Sol-air:



52

SOLAIR = to + It/ho - R/ho

Where:

to - is outside temperature

It - is 1.15(Solar Factor) in w/m2

/ho - is Absorption Coefficient

R/ho - is 0 for vertical surfaces and 2.524oC for

horizontal surfaces

2.3.3.4 Bioclimatic Chart

2.3.3.4.1 Shows temperature as a function of humidity. Values

will be based on the climatological norms of Metro

Manila and Laguna, comfort zones will be based on the

Bioclimatic Chart on page 20 of the book “Passive

Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid

Localities” by G.V. Manahan. The Bioclimatic Chart is

at Appendix I, “Bioclimatic Chart.”

2.3.4 Current Methodologies, Standards and Formulas

2.3.4.1 From the report entitled “Energy Efficiency Indicators and

Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies” by the Asia

Pacific Energy Research Centre for the year 2002, on the

section Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Measures



53

are found formulas commonly used for energy efficiency

projects as indicators of economic feasibility. These formulas

include the net present value (NPV) and the simple payback

period (SPP).

Net present value represents the sum of all discounted annual

benefits less costs over the life cycle of the project

implementing energy saving measure. The formula is given as:

NPV = Ni=1 (Bi – Ci) / (1 + d)i

Where:

Bi is the project benefit in year “i” mainly the price of the saved

energy,

Ci is capital, operation and maintenance costs in year “i”,

“d” is a sector-specific discount rate, reflecting the cost of capital,

and

N is the lifetime of the project.

A positive NPV indicates that the project is economically viable. It

is assumed that there will be no maintenance costs and that the

lifetime of the project is set at 5 years.



54

The simple payback period is defined as the number of years

required to cover initial investment costs (Io) by average

discounted revenues (Rav) generated in the project:

SPP = Io / Rav

According to the report, values commonly vary from two to five

years.

2.3.4.2 In the approved simplified indicative baseline methodology of

the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

for small scale clean development mechanism (CDM) projects,

measurement for demand-side energy efficiency programmes

for specific technologies are presented. The methodology

states that if the energy displaced is electricity, the energy

baseline can be calculated as follows:

EB = Σi (ni . pi . oi)/(1 - l)

Where:

EB is the annual energy baseline in KWh per year,

Σi is the sum over the group of “i” devices replaced (e.g. 40 W

incandescent bulb, 5hp motor) for which the replacement is

operating during the year,



55

ni is the number of devices of the group “i” devices replaced (e.g.

40 W incandescent bulb, 5hp motor) for which the replacement is

operating during the year,

pi is the power of the devices of the group “i” devices replaced (e.g.

40 W, 5hp). In the case of new installations, “power” is the

weighted average of the devices on the market,

oi is the average annual operating hours of the devices of the group

“i” devices replaced, and

l is the average technical distribution losses for the grid serving the

locations where the devices are installed, expressed as a fraction.

The energy baseline is multiplied by an emission coefficient

(measured in kg CO2equ/KWh) for the electricity displaced.

Based on the carbon dioxide emission factors for different fuels

found at Appendix 1 of Act on CO2 Quotas for Electricity

Production SLP, Danish Energy Agency, 2001, and using the

conversion rate of 278 GJ equals 1 kilowatt-hour, the carbon

dioxide emission factors for different fuels found at Table 2.3.4.2.1

can be used with the energy baseline previously mentioned.

Table 2.3.4.2.1 – Carbon Dioxide Emission factors for Different Fuels, referring to lower calorific value

Fuel CO2 kg/KWh



56

Coal

Refinery Gas

LPG

LVN (Light Virgin Nafta)

Motor Gasoline

Aviation Gasoline

Kerosene

Jet A-1

Gas/Diesel Oil

Fuel Oil

Orimulsion

Petroleum Coke

Spent Lubricants

Natural Gas

Coke

Lignite

Town Gas

Straw

Woodchips

Firewood

Wood pellets

Wood Waste

Biogas

Fish oil

Waste

0.341722619

0.204676259

0.23381295

0.23381295

0.262589928

0.262589928

0.258992806

0.258992806

0.26618705

0.28057554

0.287769784

0.366906475

0.28057554

0.204676259

0.377697842

0.348920863

0.204676259

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2.3.4.3 From the report Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology

Transfer, a Hawaii – Philippines Case Study, the ASHRAE

(American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-



57

conditioning Engineers) Standard 90.1R or Building Envelope

Requirements for Residences are found. This is listed as

Tables 1 and 2 under Appendix I.

In the same book under the Guam Lighting Requirements,

residences or lodgings are allowed a maximum power density of 11

watts per square meter. Under the Guam Window Requirements

Low-Rise Residential building types are allowed any window to

wall ratio, are required tinted glass for un-shaded windows, no

requirement for partially shaded windows and well shaded or north

south facing windows.

In the same book under the Hawaii Energy Code, insulation for

walls is required when the wall is un-shaded.

The report also states that prescriptive requirements would allow

the easier implementation of energy codes. Through prescriptive

requirements rather than calculations and formula requirements, the

architect or designer and others in the industry will know

immediately what they must do. It takes the mystery out of the

standards in the energy code and makes the requirements more

understandable.

The report also discusses performance contracting as a possibility



58

to ensure the implementation and adoption of energy-efficient

demand side management. The report states two means –

guaranteed savings and shared savings. The guaranteed savings is

more widely used and is preferred by US Energy Service

Companies (ESCOs). The guaranteed savings model works as

follows:

“The building owner and the ESCO agree on a package of

energy-efficient improvements. The ESCO agrees to install

the package of measures in the owner’s building for a fixed

amount and guarantees that the energy savings will exceed

an agreed-upon amount.

The building owner borrows money from a lending

institution or draws from existing reserves to pay for the

package of measures. The loan principal should be large

enough to pay for the package of improvements. The

payment required to amortize the loan should be less than

the guaranteed savings.

The ESCO implements the package of energy-efficient

improvements and is compensated by the owner from the

borrowed or existing funds.

The energy performance of the building is monitored and

compared with the base case. The base case is the energy

use of the building prior to the installation of the package of



59

energy-efficient measures. The energy savings are the

difference between the base case and the monitored

performance.

If the energy savings are less than the amount guaranteed

by the ESCO, the ESCO pays the owner the difference.

This guarantees the owner that the savings will be greater

than the payment required to amortize the loan.”

2.3.5 PAG-ASA Weather Data

2.3.5.1 Metro Manila Climatological Norms

2.3.5.1.1 Data on Metro Manila (Manila, Quezon City, and Pasay

City) Climatological Norms are found in Appendix I as

Normals – A to – C.

2.3.5.2 Laguna Climatological Norms

2.3.5.2.1 Data on Laguna Climatological Norms is found in

Appendix I as Normals – D.

2.3.6 Laws and Legislation

2.3.6.1 Local Legislation

2.3.6.1.1 LLDA Mandate

2.3.6.1.2 Republic Act 8749, “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”

2.3.6.1.2.1 Under Article Two Section 31 it states:

“SEC. 31. Greenhouse Gases. – The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases and coordinate with the Department in order to



60

effectively guide air pollution monitoring and standard- setting activities.

The Department, together with concerned agencies and local government units, shall prepare and fully implement a national plan consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international agreements, conventions and protocols on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the country.”

2.3.6.2 International Treaties

2.3.6.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention for Climate

Change

2.3.6.2.1.1 According to the Initial National Communication on

Climate Change of the Philippine Government to

the UNFCCC in 1999, the main area of concern for

the Philippines would be greenhouse gas emissions

from five important sectors: energy, industry,

agriculture, land use change/forestry and wastes.

Among the GHG cited as main concerns, carbon

dioxide was at the top of the listing. It is also stated

that GHG emissions for the energy sector are

primarily carbon dioxide, and the energy sector

comprises forty-nine percent of total GHG

emissions, of which twenty-seven percent is for

energy production and ten percent is residential

energy use.



61

2.3.6.2.1.2 The study also states that with the attainment of

reductions GHG emissions temperature increases

through certain areas of the country can be

mitigated. These increases are projected at up to

three degrees annually. This mitigation of

temperature increase beneficial for the study since

the attainment of GHG emissions reductions hits

two goals with just one target – the other being

deferred use of air conditioning as a requirement

for an energy-efficient building envelope.



62

3. DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Energy Situation Analysis

3.1.1 General Energy Consumption

3.1.1.1 The country’s demand for energy continues to grow steadily at

4.7 percent, with this, imported energy will also increase by 3.9

percent over the next ten years.

3.1.1.2 The growth of energy demand in the Philippines will increase

as the population increases and also as the population’s demand

for goods and services increases.

3.1.1.3 The country has in place mechanisms to attain energy

sufficiency and energy independence.

3.1.2 Residential Power Consumption

3.1.2.1 The residential energy consumption amounted to 38 percent of

the total energy consumption of the country (Figure 3.1.2.1.1).

Figure 3.1.2.1.1 Residential Energy Consumption Pie

38%

62%

Residential Other Sectors



63

3.1.2.2 Projected Savings will amount to 5% of total energy mix or a

10.84 MMBFOE in conservation (Figure 3.1.2.2.1). This

translates into 42 KWh reduction per month for every

household in the country for a span of one year.

Figure 3.1.2.2.1 Projected Savings for 2005

33%

62%

5%

Residential Other Sectors Savings from Residential

3.1.2.3 Approximately 28.10 MMMT in carbon dioxide emissions

were contributed by the residential sector energy consumption.

A total of 73.7 MMMT of carbon dioxide was emitted for

power generation in 2004.

3.1.2.4 Electricity was the main source of power for lighting,

recreation, space cooling, cooking and refrigeration in the NCR



64

at 83.9%. Figure 3.1.2.4.1 shows the percentage of Urban

Households Using Electricity by Type of Use.

93.1

2.3

46

69.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

Lighting Heating Water for Bath Refrigeration Space Cooling

Figure 3.1.2.4.1 - Percentage of Urban Households Using Electricity by Type of Use (HECS 1995)

3.1.3 Average power consuming appliances and devices used

3.1.3.1 Figure 3.1.3.1.1 shows the consumption in KWh of basic

household appliances. The air conditioner is the largest

consumer.



65

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

KWh Consumption

Figure 3.1.3.1.1 Household Appliance Consumption in KWh (HECS 1995)

Incandescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp

CFL

Rice Cooker

Electric Stove

Electric Oven

Water Heater

Radio/Tape Recorder

Stereo

Karaoke

B/W TV

Colored TV

VHS / BETAMAX

Ordinary Refrigerator

Frost-free Refrigerator

Freezer

Air Conditioner

Electric Fan

Iron

Washing Machine

Water Pump

3.1.3.2 The top ten energy consuming appliance are as follows:

1. Air Conditioner (4,209.38) 2. Frost-Free Ref (1,219.25) 3. Electric Stove (745.64) 4. Freezer (725.82) 5. Electric Oven (513.21) 6. Ordinary Ref (394.54) 7. Water Pump (364.92) 8. Karaoke (354.77) 9. Water Heater (305.45) 10. Electric Fan (255.47)

Figure 3.1.3.2.1 shows this graphically.



66

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

KWh

Figure 3.1.3.2.1 - Top Ten Highest Consuming Household Appliance Air Conditioner

Frost-Free Ref

Electric Stove

Freezer

Electric Oven

Ordinary Ref

Water Pump

Karaoke

Water Heater

Electric Fan

3.1.3.3 Appliance Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture

are as follows:

1. Air Conditioner (4,209.38) 2. Water Heater (305.45) 3. Electric Fan (255.47) 4. Fluorescent Lamp (118.47) 5. Incandescent Lamp (111.51) 6. CFL (65.10)

Figure 3.1.3.3.1 shows this graphically.

4209

.4

305.

45

255.

47

118.

47

111.

5165

.10

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

KWh

Figure 3.1.3.3.1 - Household Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture Ranked by Electric

Consumption in KWh (HECS 1995)

Air Conditioner

Water Heater

Electric Fan

Fluorescent Lamp

Incandescent Lamp

Compact Fluorescent Lamp



67

3.1.3.4 Total contribution to Appliance Energy Consumption

Addressable by Architecture to the Total Household Energy

Consumption based on all Appliances listed on Table 2.1.2.7.1

are as follows:

For List 1-6

With Duplicates (Refs)

10,473.95 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 48.35 percent

Without Duplicates

Only Frost Free Refrigerator:


Only Ordinary Refrigerator:


3.1.3.5 A 10 percent reduction as being pursued by the Department of

Energy for residential electricity use would amount to

equivalently 18.85 KWh average monthly reduction of the total

median average 2,262.3 KWh consumption annually for each

residential customer of Meralco for the National Capital

Region.

3.2 “Business As Usual” KWh/m2 Consumption Density Analysis

3.2.1 Establishing Middle Income Bracket



68

3.2.1.1 From the standard NSO ten decile income categories, the

middle-income category can be classified.

3.2.1.1.1 Using the Low-Cost to Socialized Housing Definition

with the upper limit to the total housing at PhP 2

million.

3.2.1.1.2 Using the standard of the Social Weather Station

ACBDE class category system where, the upper classes,

ABC, make up the top 20 percent of the population

while the middle “D” class takes 65 percent and the

poverty stricken E’s taking the bottom 15 percent. The

middle “D” class is still divided into to subcategories

the D1 and D2, for this study they will be evenly split

and the higher D1 class will be considered

(SCMANGAHAS, 2000).

3.2.1.1.3 Using the poverty threshold for NCR to find out where

the dividing line for the poor or in poverty starts.

3.2.1.1.4 Using the Total Housing Expenditure and Percent tot

Total Family Expenditure by Decile to find out how

much does each family in a certain decile bracket spend

on rent or rental value of their house and lot.

3.2.1.1.5 Using the Average Income, Average Expenditure and

Average Savings of Families in order to ascertain how

much savings per year does each family have which can

be used to finance housing related projects.



69

3.2.1.1.6 Using the Percentage Distribution of Total Family

Expenditure by Select Major Expenditure Groups in

order to ascertain the amount the family spends on

Housing.

3.2.1.1.7 By means of the Mean Family Income by Decile to

gauge the middle income bracket using points from

3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7 results in the following

(Table 3.2.1.1.7):

Table 3.2.1.1.7 – Income Bracket as ascertained by points 3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7 Decile Group Mean

Family Income (PhP)

Average 14.2

percent expenditure on Housing

(PhP)

Expenditure Class

Average Housing Expenditure Plus Average Savings

per Month

Income Bracket

First Decile

Second

Decile

Third Decile

Fourth

Decile

Fifth Decile

Sixth Decile

Seventh

Decile

Eight Decile

23,258

37,218

48,377

60,513

75,036

93,172

118,166

154,467

216,115

479,645

3,302.636

5,284.956

6,869.534

8,592.846

10,655.11

2

13,230.42

4

16,779.57

2

21,934.31

Under P10,000

10,000-19,999

20,000-29,999

30,000-39,999

40,000-49,999

50,000-59,999

60,000-79,999

80,000-99,999

100,000-

149,000

150,000-

249,000

250,000-

7,352.056

9,334.376

10,918.954

12,642.266

14,704.532

17,279.844

20,828.992

25,983.734

34,737.75

75,159.01

LOW

LOW

MIDDLE

LOW

MIDDLE

LOW

MIDDLE

LOW

MIDDLE

UPPER

MIDDLE

UPPER

MIDDLE



70

Ninth

Decile

Tenth Decile

4

30,688.33

68,109.59

499,000

500,000 and

over

UPPER

MIDDLE

UPPER

MIDDLE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

Notes:

1. Based on NCR Poverty Threshold of PhP 15,678.00

2. Based on SWS Social Class Category System ABCDE, where ABC comprise 20

percent, D comprise 65 percent, and E comprise 15 percent.

3. Based on Housing Average Expenditure on Total Housing Expenditure of 14.2

percent.

4. Based on Mean Family Income, Average Housing Income and Expenditure.

5. Based on NCR Average Savings of Families of PhP 48,593.00 annually or 4,049.42

monthly.

3.2.1.2 With the Average Monthly Housing Expenditure and Average

Monthly Savings calculated, it is concluded that the Middle

Income Bracket can afford housing developments or projects

within the range of approximately PhP 7,000 to PhP 30,000.

The upper limit has been increased by about 40 percent from

the actual to account for the mobility of the upper middle

bracket in terms of their financial capacity. With this range a

middle income family can afford a range of open market

subdivision developments.

3.2.2 Establishing Typical or Average Middle Income Residence



71

3.2.2.1 Living Area Size or Floor Area

3.2.2.1.1 According to PD 957 open market lot areas vary from

120 to 60 square meters. The median, 80 square meters,

will be chosen for the lot size.

3.2.2.1.2 According to PD 957 minimum floor area for open

market housing shall be 42 square meters.

3.2.2.2 Number of Rooms and Room sizes

3.2.2.2.1 Based on the number of family members in a household

– an average of 5 persons plus a house help, gives a

total of 6 persons in a house. Average number of rooms

will be 4 rooms. Where one room will be the parents or

two persons, two rooms will be for the children or three

persons, and one room for the house help or one person.

3.2.2.2.2 The room sizes will be based on the minimum standards

for different room types as written in Section 806 of the

Philippine National Building Code.

3.2.2.2.2.1 Room for human habitation shall be 6 square meters

with a least dimension of 2.00 meters.

3.2.2.2.2.2 Kitchen shall be 3.00 square meters with a least

dimension of 1.50 meters.

3.2.2.2.2.3 Bath and toilet shall be 1.20 meters with a least

dimension of 0.90 meters.

3.2.2.3 Other Provisions for Design Guidelines for Buildings



72

3.2.2.3.1 Habitable rooms with natural ventilation shall have a

ceiling height of not less than 2.70 meters. For

buildings more than one storey high, the minimum

ceiling height of the first floor shall be 2.70 meters and

2.70 for the second floor.

3.2.2.3.2 The window sizes for the structure will depend on the

floor area of the room which the window serves. A

minimum requirement of the window size will be an

area 10 percent of the floor area of the room being

served (Grosslight, 1984).

3.2.3 Establishing Energy Audit of Typical or Average Middle Income

Residence

3.2.3.1 Methodology for small CDM projects is explained in the

UNFCCC GHG Methodology for Energy Efficiency

Improvement Projects as an indicative and simplified baseline.

This study will employ the use of the Energy Baseline formula

as stated in paragraph 2.3.4.2 of the Present Conditions and

Baseline Studies section.

3.2.3.2 Using DOE’s Hizon Residence Energy Audit Example

3.2.3.2.1 The study will model its energy audit from the energy

audit done by the DOE for the Hizon Residence.

3.2.4 Establish “Business As Usual” (BAU) KWh/m2 Baseline



73

3.2.4.1 The BAU baseline is set at 14.11 KWh/m2. Calculations and

notes are in Appendix I under Energy Audit and Energy

Baseline Calculation.

3.2.5 Corresponding GHG production based on BAU Baseline

3.2.5.1 The BAU GHG emission is set at . Calculations and notes are

in Appendix I under Energy Audit and Energy Baseline

Calculation.

3.3 Viability Studies

3.3.1 Technical Viability

3.3.1.1 Availability of Technology in Market – the technology required

to undertake an energy efficiency project for housing

developments are already present in the country, the market

mechanisms are already established as well. The Department

of Energy has already set in place standards through the

Philippine National Standards, and other energy rating

programs. There is already technical know-how through

various technology transfer mechanisms and studies such as

those conducted through the USAID Hawaii-Philippine Case-

Study.

3.3.2 Legal Viability

3.3.2.1 Funding and Sectoral Discounts

3.3.2.1.1 Meralco already offers discounts under section 73 of the

EPIRA as ordered by the ERC through the Lifeline

Discount or Lifeline Subsidy.



74

3.3.2.1.2 The possibility of ESCOs, other energy companies, and

government agencies to provide guarantees when

entering into performance contracting as a DSM tool in

the Philippines will help adoption of energy-efficient

programs. Loans can be facilitated through special

funds of the DOE from the UN Development

Programme or World Bank using the CDM of the

UNFCCC or BioCarbon Fund, respectively.

3.3.2.1.3 The CDM is a fund established under the Kyoto

Protocol to provide investments, soft loans, and grants

in exchange for countries’ contribution to the reduction

of greenhouse gas emissions. A Tripartite

Memorandum of Agreement was signed on 02 February

2004 among DOE, DENR and DBP to establish

national institutional structures for the effective and

efficient implementation of the CDM. Significantly,

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed E.O. No.

320 on 25 June 2004, Designating the DENR as the

National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism.

Likewise, the DOE shall take the lead role in the

evaluation of energy-related projects.

3.3.2.2 Energy Codes and Building Codes

3.3.2.2.1 The Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of

Buildings and Utilities Systems, adopted from the



75

ASHRAE 90.1R 1989 6001+ BIN of the United States,

provides performance benchmarks for commercial and

industrial buildings. This can be a guide for the

eventual format of a energy-efficient guideline for low-

rise residential housing development. The guideline is

already a code officially in place as part of the building

code but it is not currently being enforced.

3.3.2.2.2 The study should work within the current framework of

the DOE by using Integrated Resource Planning, as

mentioned in the Energy Efficiency Policy and

Technology Transfer Hawaii-Philippine Case Study, by

integrating the appliance standards and current adopted

ASHRAE 90.1R 6001+ BIN standards.

3.3.3 Financial Viability

3.3.3.1 Sources of Funds

3.3.3.1.1 With capital investment for energy efficiency and

conservation for the next ten years largest at PhP 55.5

billion, followed by the energy labeling and efficiency

standards at Php 51.7 billion, there is likely to be a

window opened for financing from the DOE.

3.3.3.1.2 Funds may be sourced from the DOE through a lending

window provided by funds from either the UNDP

through the CDM of the UNFCCC or the BioCarbon

Fund of the Worldbank.



76

3.3.3.1.3 Banks, especially development banks such as the

Development Bank of the Philippines, are sources of

funds for energy efficiency projects such as those for

housing developments.

3.3.3.1.4 The USAID has granted assistance through the

establishment of the Technology Transfer for Energy

Management Demonstration Loan Fund or TTEM-DLF

(INCCC, 1999).



77

3. THE INDICATIVE AND INVESTIGATIVE SURVEY

3.1 The Framework

3.1.1 The framework of the indicative survey is based on the calculation of

the Overall Thermal Transmittance Value of the exterior closure –

wall, windows, and roof – of the typical middle income residential

building to determine the following:

3.1.1.1 application of certain technologies for projected reductions in

energy use, and

3.1.1.2 extent of which certain technologies can help reduce energy use

3.1.2 The abovementioned framework (point 3.1.1) and its resulting

simulations will depend upon the following calculations:

3.1.2.1.1 The Real Estate Matrix and its resulting design averages

(average size of floor area, living area, no. of rooms and

floors, etc.) is based on twenty different housing units and

urban developments that fall into the investment capacity of

the middle income group. The Real Estate Matrix is

located in Appendix I as “Real Estate Matrix”.

3.1.2.1.2 The Energy Audit and its resulting Energy Baseline is

based on the average of two methodologies for calculating

energy consumption of a residential house, namely the

DOE’s Example Energy Audit of the Hizon Residence, and

the UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism



78

Methodology for Energy Baseline. The Energy Audit is

located in Appendix I as “Energy Audit Calculations”. The

Energy Audit and its resulting energy consumption is the

baseline that will yield the following indicators:

3.1.2.1.2.1 The Greenhouse gas emissions as a consequence of

electric energy consumption

3.1.2.1.2.2 The energy consumption density when compared to the

total living area from the Real Estate Matrix, and

3.1.2.1.2.3 The monthly cost of electric consumption

3.1.2.1.3 The calculation for thermal comfort will be based on the

climatological norms for Quezon City. Data from the

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical

Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and

Agrometereology Branch is already corrected temperature

in terms of affects by humidity. The variations of

temperature will be compared to the range of 21oC and

24oC as ranges of thermal comfort when compared to the

ranges of humidity in the climatological norms of Quezon

City.

3.1.2.1.4 Targeted reductions will be based on 5 to 10 percent

reduction (DOE-PEP, 2005) points as given by the Energy

Baseline.

3.1.3 The economic viability of the technologies being simulated in point

3.1.1 will be based on the SPP and NPV (EEIPES, 2002). Cost of the



79

energy-efficiency project will be calculated by unit and material cost

and labor, whenever available, using current prices from an example

list and additional list found at Appendix I as “Price List”.

3.1.4 The formula used for calculating the OTTV from the DOE’s

Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Utility

Systems already incorporates a 5.4oC reduction from outdoor to indoor

temperature. This reduction in temperature is already the maximum

outdoor-indoor temperature difference present throughout the year,

specifically for the month of May (Appendix, Normal-A).

3.1.5 The abovementioned framework (point 3.1.1) will use the following

cases in its calculations and simulations, where values are taken from

the DOE’s Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and

Utility Systems and Passive Cooling Technologies for Hot-Humid

Localities by GV Manahan, as well as, from brochures from different

manufacturers which are located under “Manufacturers Brochures” in

Appendix I:

3.1.5.1 “Business-as-Usual Case”

3.1.5.1.1 Wall Construction

3.1.5.1.1.1 Concrete reinforced masonry wall painted finish

150mm to 200mm thick, having U-Value of 0.303 and

solar radiation absorption of 25 percent to 50 percent.

Figure 3.1.5.1.1.1.1 shows the graphic representation of

BAU wall set.



80

3.1.5.1.2 Window Construction

3.1.5.1.2.1 Sheltered single clear glass pane 13mm thick, with U-

value of 4.60 and glass shading coefficient of 0.88.

Figure 3.1.5.1.2.1 shows the graphic representation of

BAU Window Set 1.

Figure 3.1.5.1.1.1.1 – BAU Wall Set

Figure 3.1.5.1.2.1 – BAU Window Set 1



81

3.1.5.1.3 Roof Construction

3.1.5.1.3.1 Clay or Cement Tile, G.I. undersheeting, and Insulating

Foil with U-value of 0.836 or 0.8. Figure 3.1.5.1.3.1.1

shows the graphic representation of BAU Roof

Construction.

3.1.5.1.3.2 BAU-1 is made up of clay tile 100mm deep and G.I.

undersheeting with U-value of 0.5. Figure 3.1.5.1.3.2.1

shows the graphic representation of BAU-1 Roof

Construction.

Figure 3.1.5.1.3.1.1 – BAU Roof Construction



82

3.1.5.1.3.3 BAU-2 is made up of clay tile and G.I. undersheeting

with U-value of 0.822 or 0.8. Figure 3.1.5.1.3.3.1

shows the graphic representation of BAU-2 Roof

Construction.

3.1.5.2 Efficient-State Replacement Sets

3.1.5.2.1 Wall Construction

3.1.5.2.1.1 Set 1 is made up of two CHB walls, the exterior facing

wall 10cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height and

the interior facing wall 7cm width by 40cm length by

Figure 3.1.5.1.3.3.1 – BAU Roof Construction

Figure 3.1.5.1.3.2.1 – BAU-1 Roof Construction



83

15cm height, with a 2cm airspace in between, painted

finish having a U-value of approximately 0.148. Figure

3.1.5.2.1.1.1 shows the graphic representation of Wall

Set 1.

3.1.5.2.1.2 Set 2 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm

thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15

cm height, 2 cm airspace and an interior facing 2cm

fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of

approximately 0.044. Figure 3.1.5.2.1.2.1 shows the

graphic representation of Wall Set 2.

Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 – Wall Set 1



84

3.1.5.2.1.3 Set 3 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm

thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15

cm height, 2 cm airspace, a 1cm thick insulating foil

(reflectivity 95%) and an interior facing 2cm fiber

cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of

approximately 0.018. Figure 3.1.5.2.1.3.1 shows the

graphic representation of Wall Set 3.

Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 – Wall Set 2



85

3.1.5.2.1.4 Set 4 is made up of a pre-fabricated integrated

monolithic construction of polysterene-based walls

called “M2” copyright by the Marathon Building

Technologies. This construction has a U-value of 0.44.

The brochure, as well as a graphical representation of

the wall, is found at Appendix I.

3.1.5.2.2 Window Construction

3.1.5.2.2.1 Set 1 is Flat glass, single pane, clear and sheltered with

U-Value of 4.6. Figure 3.1.5.2.2.1.1 shows the graphic

representation of Window Set 1 (BAU Window Set 1).

Figure 3.1.5.2.1.3.1 – Wall Set 3



86

3.1.5.2.2.2 Set 2 is Flat glass, single pane with low emittance

coating of e=0.20 and sheltered with U-Value of 3.12.


Window Set 2.

Figure 3.1.5.2.2.1.1 – Window Set 1



87

3.1.5.2.2.3 Set 3 is Insulating glass, double pane, clear with

0.55mm airspace and sheltered with U-value of 2.95.


Window Set 3.




88

3.1.5.2.2.4 Set 4 is Insulating glass, double pane with low

emittance coating of e=0.60 and sheltered with

12.55mm airspace with U-value of 2.78. Figure

3.1.5.2.2.4.1 shows the graphic representation of

Window Set 4.




89

3.1.5.2.3 Roof Construction

3.1.5.2.3.1 Set 1 is made up of R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating

foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm

deep with 20mm airspace between the insulating foil

and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.0643. Figure

3.1.5.2.3.1.1 shows the graphic representation of Roof

Set 1.




90

3.1.5.2.3.2 Set 2 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating

foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm

deep with 100mm airspace between the insulating foil

and undersheeting, with an average U-value of 0.0622.


Roof Set 1.

Figure 3.1.5.2.3.1.1 – Roof Set 1

Figure 3.1.5.2.3.2.1 – Roof Set 2



91

3.1.5.2.3.3 Set 3 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating

foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and a HeatShield

Thermoplastic Roof with 20mm airspace between

insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of

0.04823. Figure 3.1.5.2.3.3.1 shows the graphic

representation of Roof Set 1.

3.1.5.2.3.4 Set 4 is made up of a Non-asbestos Fibre Cement

Corrugated roof with no insulating foil and claytiles

100mm deep, with a U-value of 0.089. Figure

3.1.5.2.3.4.1 shows the graphic representation of Roof

Set 1.

Figure 3.1.5.2.3.3.1 – Roof Set 3



92

3.2 The Results

3.2.1 The raw data of the calculations of the results are found as follows:

3.2.1.1 Calculations of the result for the Energy Audit are found at

Appendix I under “Energy Audit Calculations”.

3.2.1.2 Calculations for the conversion of emissions coefficients used in

the Energy Baseline – GHG emissions are found at Appendix I

under “Conversion of Emission Coefficients”.

3.2.1.3 Calculations for the OTTV level requirement to reach certain

comfort levels are found at Appendix II.

3.2.1.4 Calculations for the ‘Business-as-Usual” or BAU OTTV of walls,

windows and roofs and their corresponding cases are found at

Appendix III.

3.2.1.5 Calculations for the OTTV of the roofs for the different cases Sets

1 to 5 are found at Appendix IV.

3.2.1.6 Calculations of the OTTV of walls and windows for the different

cases for Set 1 are found at Appendix V.

Figure 3.1.5.2.3.4.1 – Roof Set 4



93


cases for Set 2 are found at Appendix VI.


cases for Set 3 are found at Appendix VII.


cases for Set 4 are found at Appendix VIII.

3.2.2 The results of the simulations are indicative values shown graphically

by description as the following:

3.2.2.1 Figure 3.2.2.1.1 shows the BAU wall and window levels on

cardinal orientations – north, east, south, west – throughout the

year with 17.5 percent fenestration using climatological norms.

Figure 3.2.2.1.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV levels on Cardinal Orientations Throughout the Year with 17.5% Fenestration, 1971-2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4

BAU 25.3 27.27

Set 1 25.3 27.27

Set 2 14.65 15.67

Set 3 15.97 17.2

Set 4 9.14 9.81

Front/Rear Right/Left



94

3.2.2.2 Figure 3.2.2.2.1 shows the roof OTTV levels of the BAU Case on

all cardinal orientations throughout the year without skylights using

the climatological norms.

Figure 3.2.2.2.1 - BAU Roof OTTV Levels on All Cardinal Orientations Throughout the Year with No Skylights, 1971-2000

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

10 8

10 9

110

111

112

Horizont al 2 5 deg 3 5 deg 4 5 deg

Horizontal 106.72 107.42 108.72 110.42 110.82 109.92 109.12 108.82 108.92 108.62 108.02 107.12 108.72

25 deg 104.94 105.64 106.94 108.64 109.04 108.14 107.34 107.04 107.14 106.84 106.24 105.34 106.94

35 deg 105.22 105.92 107.22 108.92 109.32 108.42 107.62 107.32 107.42 107.12 106.52 105.62 107.22

45 deg 105.5 106.2 107.5 109.2 109.6 108.7 107.9 107.6 107.7 107.4 106.8 105.9 107.5

January February March April May June July AugustSeptembe

rOctober November December ANNUAL



95

3.2.2.3 Figure 3.2.2.3.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages

for the BAU wall and window case throughout the year depending

on the percentage of the fenestration.

Figure 3.2.2.3.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages by Fenestration Ratio Throughout the Year, 1971-2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Percentage of Openings

17.50% 20% 30% 40% 50%

17.50% 64.99 66.25 68.59 71.67 72.39 70.76 69.32 68.77 68.96 68.41 67.33 65.71 68.6

20% 68.26 69.6 72.1 75.37 76.13 74.4 72.87 72.3 72.49 71.91 70.76 69.03 72.1

30% 81.36 83.02 86.12 90.16 91.11 88.97 87.07 86.35 86.59 85.88 84.45 82.31 86.12

40% 94.45 96.44 100.13 104.96 106.09 103.54 101.27 100.41 100.7 99.85 98.14 95.59 100.13

50% 107.54 109.85 114.14 119.75 121.07 118.1 115.46 114.47 114.8 113.81 111.83 108.86 114.41

January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual



96


for the BAU wall and window case when there is a change in 1

degree Celsius temperature for different percentages of

fenestration.

Figure 3.2.2.4.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages per 1oC Change in Temperature by Fenestration Ratio, 1971-2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Decrease in Temperature in Celsius

OT

TV

Ra

ting

17.50% 20% 30% 40% 50%

17.50% 62.46 64.26 66.07 67.87 69.68 71.48 73.29 75.1 76.9 78.71 80.51

20% 65.57 67.49 69.41 71.33 73.25 75.17 77.09 79.01 80.93 82.85 84.77

30% 78.02 80.4 82.78 85.16 87.54 89.92 92.3 94.68 97.06 99.44 101.82

40% 90.47 93.31 96.15 98.99 101.83 104.67 107.51 110.35 113.19 116.03 118.87

50% 102.92 106.22 109.52 112.82 116.12 119.42 122.72 126.02 129.32 132.62 135.92

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10



97


for the roof case when there is a change in 1 degree Celsius

temperature for different percentages slope.

Figure 3.2.2.5.1 - BAU Roof OTTV Level Averages per 1oC Change in Temperature by Fenestration Proportion, 1971-2000

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

Decrease in Temperature

OT

TV

rat

ing

0.00% 25% 35% 45%

0.00% 104.2 105.2 106.2 107.2 108.2 109.2 110.2 111.2 112.2 113.2 114.2

25% 104.2 105.2 106.2 107.2 108.2 109.2 110.2 111.2 112.2 113.2 114.2

35% 104.2 105.2 106.2 107.2 108.2 109.2 110.2 111.2 112.2 113.2 114.2

45% 104.2 105.2 106.2 107.2 108.2 109.2 110.2 111.2 112.2 113.2 114.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10



98


for BAU construction depending on the percentage of fenestration

for elevations that are facing east.

Figure 3.2.2.6.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for BAU Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Elevation Facing East

OT

TV

Rat

ing

17.50% 20% 30%

17.50% 22.37 21.84 20.58 19.7

20% 25.3 25.3 27.27 27.27

30% 37.72 37.72 40.67 40.67

FRONT REAR RIGHT LEFT



99


for BAU construction depending on the percentage and type of

fenestration for all cardinal directions.

Figure 3.2.2.7.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 26.29 15.21 16.58 9.47

30% 39.19 22.58 24.64 13.98

40% 29.99 32.7 18.48

50% 22.98

60% 27.49

Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4



100



fenestration when the left or right elevation is oriented facing the

east.

Figure 3.2.2.8.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 27.27 15.67 17.2 9.81

30% 40.67 23.42 25.57 14.48

40% 31.07 33.93 19.15

50% 23.82

60% 28.49




101



fenestration when the front or back elevation is oriented facing the

east.

Figure 3.2.2.9.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 25.3 14.65 15.97 9.14

30% 37.72 21.74 23.72 13.47

40% 28.83 31.47 17.81

50% 22.15

60% 26.48




102

3.2.2.10 Figure 3.2.2.10.1 above shows the different OTTV levels

averages for BAU construction for differing slope of roof.

Figure 3.2.2.10.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for BAU Construction for Differing Slope of Roof

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Slope in Degrees of Roof

OT

TV

rat

ing

OTTV rating

OTTV rating 105.77 109.5 114.71 121.17 129.61 140.45 154.44 173.06

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45



103


averages for different construction type and for differing slope of

roof.

Figure 3.2.2.11.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for Differing Slope of Roof by Roof Type

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200


OT

TV

rat

ing

BAU SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4

BAU 105.77 109.5 114.71 121.17 129.61 140.45 154.44 173.06

SET 1 8.135 8.42 8.82 9.32 9.97 10.8 11.88 13.31

SET 2 7.87 8.15 8.53 9.02 9.64 10.45 11.49 12.88

SET 3 6.1 6.32 6.62 7 7.48 8.1 8.91 9.98

SET 4 11.26 11.66 12.21 12.9 13.8 14.95 16.44 18.42

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45



104


averages for different construction type and for differing slope of

roof excluding the BAU construction type.

Figure 3.2.2.12.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for Differing Slope of Roof by Roof Type Excluding BAU Construction

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


OT

TV

rat

ing

SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4

SET 1 8.135 8.42 8.82 9.32 9.97 10.8 11.88 13.31

SET 2 7.87 8.15 8.53 9.02 9.64 10.45 11.49 12.88

SET 3 6.1 6.32 6.62 7 7.48 8.1 8.91 9.98

SET 4 11.26 11.66 12.21 12.9 13.8 14.95 16.44 18.42

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45



105


averages for BAU-1 and BAU-2 construction type as well as Set 1-

4 type and for differing slope of roof.

Figure 3.2.2.13.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for Differing Slope of Roof by Roof Type, Including BAU-1 and BAU-2 Case

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180


OT

TV

rat

ing

BAU-1 BAU-2 SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4

BAU-1 62.26 65.49 68.61 72.47 77.52 84 92.37 103.51

BAU-2 104 107.67 112.79 119.14 127.44 138.1 151.85 170.16

SET 1 8.135 8.42 8.82 9.32 9.97 10.8 11.88 13.31

SET 2 7.87 8.15 8.53 9.02 9.64 10.45 11.49 12.88

SET 3 6.1 6.32 6.62 7 7.48 8.1 8.91 9.98

SET 4 11.26 11.66 12.21 12.9 13.8 14.95 16.44 18.42

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45



106


averages for SET 1 wall construction type for differing elevations

facing east and differing proportion of fenestration.

Figure 3.2.2.14.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


OT

TV

Rat

ing

17.50% 20% 30%

17.50% 22.14 21.62 20.36 19.47

20% 25.09 25.09 27.05 27.05

30% 37.53 37.53 40.48 40.48




107


averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration

types and differing proportion of fenestration.

Figure 3.2.2.15.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 26.07 14.99 16.37 9.26

30% 39 22.39 24.46 13.79

40% 29.79 32.54 18.32

50% 22.85

60% 27.38




108



types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the left

or right elevation is facing the East.

Figure 3.2.2.16.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 27.27 15.67 17.2 9.81

30% 40.67 23.42 25.57 14.48

40% 31.07 33.93 19.15

50% 23.82

60% 28.49




109



types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the front

or rear elevation is facing the East.

Figure 3.2.2.17.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 25.09 14.43 15.76 8.92

30% 37.52 21.55 23.54 13.29

40% 28.67 31.31 17.65

50% 22.01

60% 26.37




110





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


OT

TV

Rat

ing

17.50% 20% 30%

17.50% 22.02 21.5 20.24 19.35

20% 24.98 24.98 26.94 26.94

30% 37.43 37.43 40.38 40.38




111





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 25.96 14.88 16.26 9.15

30% 38.91 22.92 24.36 13.69

40% 29.7 32.46 18.24

50% 22.78

60% 27.32




112






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 24.98 14.32 15.64 8.81

30% 37.43 21.45 23.44 13.19

40% 28.59 31.23 17.57

50% 21.94

60% 26.32




113





Figure 3.2.2.21.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 2 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 26.94 15.44 16.87 9.48

30% 40.38 23.13 25.28 14.19

40% 30.82 33.69 18.91

50% 23.62

60% 28.33




114





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


OT

TV

Rat

ing

17.50% 20% 30%

17.50% 22.47 21.94 20.69 19.8

20% 25.4 25.4 27.37 27.37

30% 37.81 37.81 40.76 40.76




115




Figure 3.2.2.23.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 3 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 25.95 14.88 16.26 9.15

30% 38.9 22.29 24.36 13.69

40% 29.7 32.46 18.23

50% 22.78

60% 27.32




116






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 24.98 14.32 15.64 8.81

30% 37.43 21.45 23.44 13.19

40% 28.59 31.23 17.57

50% 21.94

60% 26.32




117






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 26.94 15.44 16.87 9.48

30% 40.38 23.13 25.28 14.19

40% 30.82 33.69 18.91

50% 23.62

60% 28.33




118





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


OT

TV

Rat

ing

17.50% 20% 30%

17.50% 22.02 21.5 20.24 19.35

20% 24.98 24.98 26.94 26.94

30% 37.43 37.43 40.38 40.38




119





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 26.39 15.31 16.69 9.58

30% 39.28 22.67 24.73 14.07

40% 30.02 32.78 18.56

50% 23.05

60% 27.54




120






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 25.4 14.75 16.07 9.24

30% 37.81 21.83 23.81 13.56

40% 28.91 31.55 17.89

50% 22.21

60% 26.53




121






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fenestration Type

OT

TV

rat

ing

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20% 27.37 15.87 17.3 9.91

30% 40.76 23.5 25.65 14.57

40% 31.14 34 19.22

50% 23.88

60% 28.54




122

3.3 Analysis of Results

3.3.1 The following are analysis of figures 3.2.2.1.1 to 3.2.2.26.1:

3.3.1.1 From figure 3.2.2.1.1 can be concluded that the BAU Case has the

highest OTTV rating and Set 4 having the least OTTV rating.

3.3.1.2 From figure 3.2.2.2.1 can be concluded that the highest OTTV

ratings for roofs of the BAU Case throughout a year are from the

months of April, May, and June typically regarded as the hottest

months. It can also be seen that August and September closely

match the Average Annual OTTV rating. It can also be concluded

that the 0 degree slope or horizontal is the least effective since it

has the highest OTTV rating and that the 25 degree slope is the

most effective since it has the lowest OTTV rating, the 35 degree

slope comes next and the 45 degree slope comes at the third most

effective.

3.3.1.3 From figure 3.2.2.3.1 can be concluded that the larger the

proportion of fenestrations of the building the higher the OTTV

rating, in particular the spike of the curve for each proportion of

fenestration of the building comes during the month of May. Also,

the percentage of increase in OTTV rating decreases as the

proportion of fenestration rises. Also, for every 10 percent increase

in fenestration for the BAU Case from a baseline of 10 percent

fenestration, there is a corresponding 14 watts per meter squared

increase in the total OTTV rating.



123

3.3.1.4 From figure 3.2.2.4.1 can be concluded that in the BAU Case for

the Walls and Windows the increase in OTTV rating per

incremental increase in temperature in degree Celsius is 12.45

watts per meter squared. It can also be concluded that the function

of temperature to OTTV rating for any fenestration proportion is

linear. Clearly concluded is that the higher the proportion of

fenestration, the higher the OTTV rating.

3.3.1.5 From figure 3.2.2.5.1 can be concluded that for any increase in

temperature by an increment of 1oC is an increase in OTTV rating

for the BAU Case Roof of 1 watt per meter squared. The degree of

slope of the roof, be it 25, 35, or 45 percent, does not matter since

the area of the roof is constantly exposed to the sun.

3.3.1.6 From figures 3.2.2.6.1, 3.2.2.14.1, 3.2.2.18.1, and 3.2.2.22.1 can be

concluded that no matter what Wall Set is to be applied for the

residential structure, the higher percentage of fenestration, 30

percent, has the highest OTTV rating compared to 20 percent and

17.5 percent. It can also be seen that since the right and left

elevations have a larger surface area exposed to the sun, on any

orientation it is directed to, it will have a higher OTTV rating than

the front and rear portions of the residential structure.


concluded that no matter what Wall Set is to be applied for the

residential structure, Window Set 4 has the widest range of

possible fenestrations, 20 to 60 percent, that fall into the



124

performance requirements for energy-efficiency. For 20 to 40

percent fenestrations, Window Set 2 and 3 can be applied.


concluded that for Left and Right Elevations facing the East from

10 to 30 percent fenestrations all Window Sets can be applied to

the exterior closure while meeting the performance requirements.

Window Set 1 is not applicable when fenestrations are

approximately 30 percent, while Window Set 4 can accommodate

up to 60 percent fenestrations.


concluded that for Front and Back Elevations facing the East from

10 to 30 percent fenestrations all Window Sets can be applied to

the exterior closure while meeting the performance requirements.

Window Set 1 is not applicable when fenestrations are

approximately 25 percent, while Window Set 4 can accommodate

up to 60 percent fenestrations.

3.3.1.10 From figure 3.2.2.10.1 can be concluded that for the BAU Case

an increase in the degree of slope of the roof corresponds to an

increase in the OTTV rating. The function of degree of slope of

the roof and OTTV rating is exponentially increasing. The

difference of OTTV rating of 10 percent to 45 percent slope is

almost 65 percent.

3.3.1.11 From figure 3.2.2.11.1 can be concluded that the BAU Roof

Case is the worse in performance in relation to solar heat gain as



125

compared to Sets 1 to 4. However, it can also be concluded that

when comparing Roof Sets 1 to 4, they have almost negligible

values.

3.3.1.12 From figure 3.2.2.12.1 can be concluded that among the Roof

Sets 1 to 4, Roof Set 3 is the most effective in reducing solar heat

gain, while Set 2 comes in second, Set 1 third and least effective is

Set 4.

3.3.1.13 From figure 3.2.2.13.1 can be concluded that when comparing

BAU Roof Case 1 (BAU-1) and BAU Roof Case 2 (BAU-2) to the

Roof Sets 1 to 4 the range of difference is smaller. However, it

should be noted that the solar heat gain values BAU-1 and BAU-2

when compared to the maximum 36 watts per meter squared

performance requirement for walls does not meet the maximum

performance requirement of the total closure of 48 watts per meter

squared.

3.3.2 Figure 3.3.1.1 shows that the BAU Case has the highest OTTV rating

compared to the other Sets (Set 1-4). It also shows that the BAU Case

and Set 1 have negligible difference in OTTV rating. Set 4 the least

OTTV rating and Sets 2 and 3 are within the same range, where Set 2

and 3 in between Set 1 and Set 4 in OTTV rating.

Consequently, Set 4 is the most effective in reducing solar heat gain

(OTTV) and Set 1 is almost as ineffective in reducing solar heat gain



126

as the BAU Case. It should be noted that this is in regard to both the

combined effects of the wall and window working together.

Front/Rear

Right/Left

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

OT

TV

rat

ing


Figure 3.3.1.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 20% Fenestration by Construction Type for Elevations Facing East

BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4

BAU 27.27 25.3

Set 1 27.1 25.1

Set 2 14.65 15.67

Set 3 15.97 17.2

Set 4 9.14 9.81

Front/Rear Right/Left

3.3.3 Figure 3.3.3.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the

building envelope of the residential structure with 20 percent

fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible – just about a

5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that Window Set 4 is the

most effective in reducing solar heat gain, coming second is Window

Set 2, third is Window Set 3 and least effective is Window Set 4.

Additionally, for 20 percent fenestration, all Window Sets can be used.



127

Figure 3.3.3.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 20% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Wall Set 1

Wall Set 2

Wall Set 3

Wall Set 4

Wall Set

OTTV rating


Window Set 4 9.26 9.15 9.15 9.58

Window Set 3 16.37 16.26 16.69 16.69

Window Set 2 14.99 14.88 14.88 15.31

Window Set 1 26.07 25.96 25.95 26.39

Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Wall Set 4

3.3.4 Figure 3.3.4.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the



5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that Window Set 4 is the

most effective in reducing solar heat gain, coming second is Window

Set 2, third is Window Set 3 and least effective is Window Set 4.

Additionally, for 30 percent fenestration, only Window Set 1 is not

within performance requirements.



128


0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Wall Set 1

Wall Set 2

Wall Set 3

Wall Set 4

Wall Set

OTTV rating


Window Set 4 9.26 9.15 8.81 9.58

Window Set 3 16.37 16.26 15.64 16.69

Window Set 2 14.99 14.88 14.32 15.31

Window Set 1 26.07 25.96 24.98 26.39


3.3.5 From figure 3.3.5.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the



5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that only Window Set 4

and 3 are within performance requirements.



129


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Wall Set 1

Wall Set 2

Wall Set 3

Wall Set 4

OTTV rating

Fenestration Proportion


Window Set 4 18.32 18.24 18.23 18.56

Window Set 3 32.54 32.46 32.46 32.78

Window Set 2 29.79 29.7 29.7 30.02

Window Set 1 out of range out of range out of range out of range


3.3.6 From figures 3.3.6.1 and 3.3.6.2 can be concluded that only Window

Set 4 is within performance requirements.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Wall Set 1

Wall Set 2

Wall Set 3

Wall Set 4

OTTV rating



Window Set 4 18.32 18.24 18.23 18.56

Window Set 3 32.54 32.46 32.46 32.78

Window Set 2 29.79 29.7 29.7 30.02





130


27.2 27.25 27.3 27.35 27.4 27.45 27.5 27.55 27.6

Wall Set 1

Wall Set 2

Wall Set 3

Wall Set 4

OTTV rating



Window Set 4 27.49 27.32 27.32 27.54





3.3.7 The total reduction in energy consumption is 500.7 kilowatt-hour per

month, or reduction in monthly bill by PHP4,401.00 or 85 kilograms

greenhouse gas reductions; since the use of air conditioners is deferred

by the attainment of the temperature comfort zone by the building

envelope. This is equivalent to an indicative reduction in energy

consumption of 32.76 percent, way above the required 5 to 10 percent

reduction.



131

3.4 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN

APPLICATION

The mission of the study is to create a prescriptions-based framework for the

application of energy-efficient technologies in the building envelope of housing

developments to attain reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas

emissions while being economically-viable to the end user.

The issues involved in the study include the question of energy-efficiency,

economy and environmental impact. The goal under energy-efficiency is that the

building envelope should result in a decrease in energy consumption of the

residential structure as provided for by the projected reduction requirements of the

Department of Energy. The goal under economy is that the building envelope

should be affordable to the majority of middle-income group residential users.

The goal under environmental impact is that the building envelope should be able

to reduce the impact on the environment due to energy consumption of the

residential structure.

The performance requirements under the goal for energy-efficiency are divided

into three: (a) Walls and Windows, (b) Roof, and (c) Total Exterior Closure. For

Walls and Windows are the following performance requirements: (a) that the

walls and windows should result in a five to ten percent decrease in energy

consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005); and (b) that



132

the walls and windows shall meet or exceed the DOE’s guidelines for OTTV

rating of exterior closure of walls and windows by an average of 36 watts per

meter squared or 25 percent better than as provided for in the Guidelines for

Energy Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems. For the Roof are

the following performance requirements: (a) that the roof should result in a five to

ten percent decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS,

1995; PEP, 2005); and (b) that the roof shall meet or exceed the DOE’s guidelines

for Thermal Conductivity rating of exterior closure of the roof by a maximum U-

value of 0.8 watts per meter per Celsius degree (w/m-oC) for construction material

of medium weight roofing system as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy

Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems. For the Total Exterior

Closure are the following performance requirements: (a) the residential structure’s

building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE’s guidelines for OTTV rating of

exterior closure of walls, windows, and roofs by an average of 48 watts per meter

squared as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Designs of

Buildings and Utility Systems; and (b) the building envelope should result in a 5

to 10 decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995;

PEP, 2005).

The performance requirements under the goal for economy are as follows: (a) The

total improvements of the energy efficiency intervention should not exceed 60

percent of the maximum allowable middle-income group investment capacity of

PHP18, 000.00 per month for the time of the simple payback period or a

maximum of PHP0.432M if the time for the simple payback period is 2 years; (b)



133

The simple payback period of the energy efficiency intervention project should

not exceed 5 years (EEPTTHPC, 1999); and (c) The net present value of the total

energy efficiency intervention project shall be positive (EEPTTHPC, 1999).

The performance requirements under the goal for environmental impact are as

follows: (a) There should be at least a 5 percent reduction in GHG emissions from

the implementation of the energy efficient intervention project; and (b) Materials

or technologies to be used in the energy efficiency intervention project shall be

sourced locally. Figure 3.4A shows the Mission, Issues, Goals, and Performance

Requirements diagrammatically.



134

MISSION TO CREATE A PRESCRIPTIONS-BASED FRAMEWORK

FOR THE APPLICATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS TO

ATTAIN REDUCTIONS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSIONS WHILE BEING ECONOMICALLY

VIABLE BY THE END-USER.

ISSUE 1 Energy-Efficiency

ISSUE 2 Economic

ISSUE 3 Environmental

Impact

GOAL The building should be able to reduce the

impact on the environment due to energy consumption

of the residential structure

GOAL The building

envelope should be affordable to the

majority of middle-income group

residential users

PR1: The total improvements of the energy efficiency intervention should not exceed 60% of the maximum allowable middle-income group investment capacity of P18,000/mo for the time of the simple payback period or a maximum of P0.432M if the time for the simple payback period is 2 years.

PR1: There should be at least a 5% reduction in GHG emissions from the implementation of the energy efficient intervention project.

PR2: Materials or technologies to be used in the energy efficiency intervention project shall be sourced locally.

Figure 3.4A – Mission, Issues, Goals, Performance Requirements

GOAL The building envelope should result in a decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure as provided

for by the projected reduction requirements of the Department of

Energy.

PR2: The simple payback period of the energy efficiency intervention project should not exceed 5 years. (EEPTTHPC, 1999)

PR3: The net present value of the total energy efficiency intervention project shall be positive. (EEPTTHPC, 1999)

PR1: The building envelope should result in a 5-10% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)

GOAL for Walls and Windows

GOAL for Roof

GOAL for Total Exterior Closure

PR2: The residential structure's building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls and windows by an average of 36 watts per meter squared or 25% better than as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.


PR2: The residential structure's building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for Thermal Conductivity rating of exterior closure for the roof by a maximum of 0.80 U-Value for construction material of roofing system as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.

PR2: The residential structure's total building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls, windows and roofs by an average of 48 watts per meter squared as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.




135

3.4.1 The study aims, among other things, to show the influence of choosing

fenestration, walls and roof (building envelope and exterior closure)

proportion and material to the programming of spaces to attain a

reduction in energy efficiency.

3.4.2 On the other hand, the reverse is true, where, the size of fenestrations

are able also to affect the selection of building envelope construction

material, the ultimate decision or compromise being which of the two

has the more pressing or over-riding concern.

3.4.3 The following factors will affect the space program of the residential

structure, and or the selection of building envelope construction

material:

3.4.3.1 The size of the spaces or rooms inside the residential structure will

depend on the sizes of the fenestration or windows of the room,

since it is a practice to have either a minimum of 10 percent of the

area of the room for the total window area (Grosslight, 1984) or a

minimum of 20 percent of the total surface of the exteriorly

exposed wall as window area. The differences of which are at a

plus-minus 50 percent.

3.4.3.2 The months of April, May and June present the highest values in

building envelope solar heat gain. These values are used to

calculate any prescription.

3.4.3.3 BAU-1 walls can be used for certain window sets (2,3,4) and is

preferred against Wall Sets 1,2,3,4 since the OTTV reduction of

the four are negligible and BAU-1 walls together with Window Set



136

2,3,4 with 20 percent fenestration can meet performance

requirements. However, with 30 percent fenestration and above,

Wall Set 2 is preferred among those able to be applied (sets

1,2,3,4) since it has the least construction components.

3.4.3.4 When Using BAU-1 wall construction, window sets 2, 3, and 4 can

be used for 20 percent fenestration to meet performance

requirements. For 30 percent fenestrations only window set 4 can

be applied. BAU-2 does not meet any performance requirements.

3.4.3.5 Zero degree slope roof or horizontal roof is the least effective roof

for all roofing sets.

3.4.3.6 Larger percentages of fenestrations result in higher solar heat gain

values.

3.4.3.7 For BAU wall sets Window Set 4 combination is best.

3.4.3.8 Any Roofing Set can be used with any Window Set.

3.4.4 Based on the schematic design of the architect, fenestration percentage

can be projected and with that fenestration percentage the architect can

choose the appropriate building envelope technologies to use in order

to meet the performance requirements which ensure a minimum 5

percent reduction in energy use.

3.4.5 Table 3.4.5.1 shows a summary of the analysis of the results as it

relates to the programming of fenestrations:



137

Table 3.4.5.1 – Summary of Analysis of Results by Fenestration Programming

Percentage of Fenestration

Wall Set/ Roof Set

Window Set 1

Window Set 2

Window Set 3

Window Set 4

20% BAU

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 35%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

None

Up to 45%

30% BAU

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%



138

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

40% BAU

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

BAU-2

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

Up to 15%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

None

(allowable slope)

Up to 10%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

None

(allowable slope)

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None



139

Set 1-4 None Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45%

50% BAU

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

None

Up to 45%

60% BAU

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

Up to 15%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%



140

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

None

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

None

Up to 45%

70% and above BAU

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

BAU-2

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

(allowable slope)

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%

None

None

Up to 45%



141

4. THE TRANSLATION GUIDELINES

4.1 Required State Program

The existing state and the future state are assessed in terms of energy consumption

and several consequences of the aforementioned consumption. These are energy

consumption density, greenhouse gas emissions, and monthly electric bill.

However, the benchmark to gauge the improvement will ultimately be the energy

consumption density. This is because there is a need to integrate the possibilities

of different energy-consuming activities within the household, as well as, different

sizes of houses. Furthermore, a standard to which residential developments can

measure the energy consumption per square meter of a house independent of those

factors is possible. That being the benchmark, two different houses of the same

“Business As Usual”

1,528 KWH

consumption per month

14 KWH/m2

consumption density benchmark

261 Kilograms GHG emission per household

P13,433 monthly electric bill.

Prescriptions

5-10% reductions across all indicators

76 to 153 KWH reduction of consumption per month (1375-1451)

12.7 to 13.4 KWH/m2

consumption density benchmark (0.7 to 1.4)

13 to 26 Kilograms reductions in GHG emission per household (248-235)

Up to P1,343 savings per monthly electric bill

RESEARCH PROCESS BLDG ENVELOPE & LIGHTING FIXTURE

Figure 4.1.1 – Required State Program



142

middle income group can be compared by their efficiency of energy use for each

square meter they occupy.

Figure 4.1.1 shows the existing state and the future state indicators. Where the

existing state shows current conditions and the future state indicates a target of 5

to 10 percent reduction.

4.2 Concept Breakdown

4.2.1 Architectural Design

4.2.1.1 The design of the exterior closure is dependent on the imagination

of the designer and the extent of dynamic application of the

material being considered. The study will affect the ultimate

decision as to the size of the fenestration of the building, as to meet

prescriptions for energy-efficiency.

4.2.1.2 Building Envelope

4.2.1.2.1 The building envelope will be affected by the allowable

fenestration proportion and material selection of the

architect. The decisions will be based on the guidelines for

building envelope as prescribed by this study as well as the

imagination of the architect and any factors the client

wishes to include.

4.2.2 Building Sciences

4.2.2.1 Building Materials



143

4.2.2.1.1 The building materials used in the study are just selected

materials from the market that have a high U-value rating.

Their economic viability is also within the range of the

study. Additionally, any other material substitution may be

used with any of the sets as long as the U-value specified

for that set is within plus or minus 10 percent of the

specified value.

4.3 Guidelines for Building Envelope

4.3.1 Fenestration Percentage as the over-riding factor

4.3.1.1 Table 4.3.1.1.1 shows the prescriptions:

Table 4.3.1.1.1 – Building Envelope Prescriptions by Fenestration Programming

Percentage of Fenestration

Wall Set/ Roof Set

Window Set 1

Window Set 2

Window Set 3

Window Set 4

20% BAU

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 35%

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

Up to 45%

Up to 35%

Up to 45%



144

30% BAU

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

40% BAU

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

Up to 15%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 10%

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 30%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

50% BAU (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope)



145

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 25%

Up to 45%

Up to 10%

Up to 45%

60% BAU

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 1

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

BAU-1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

BAU-1

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

Up to 15%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 20%

Up to 45%

Up to 15%

Up to 45%

70% and above BAU

Set 1-4

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

Up to 45%



146

Wall Set 1

Set 1-4

Wall Set 2

Set 1-4

Wall Set 3

Set 1-4

Wall Set 4

Set 1-4

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

4.3.1.2 Goals attained:

4.3.1.2.1 500.7 kilo-watt hour per month reduction in energy

consumption.

4.3.1.2.2 PHP4, 4101.00 reduction in monthly electric bill.

4.3.1.2.3 85 kilograms reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

4.3.1.2.3.1 This is equivalent to 181.304 kilometric tons of reduced

greenhouse gas emissions for NCR or 361.889

kilometric tons of reduced greenhouse gas emissions for

all urban households in the Philippines.

4.3.1.2.4 Total reduction is equivalent to an indicative decrease in

energy consumption of 32.76 percent, way above the

required 5 to 10 percent reduction.

4.3.1.2.5 Benchmark energy consumption density is 9.4136 kilowatt-

hour per month.

4.3.1.2.6 With a reduction of 1.86425 kilowatts per household per

day, and 8.8 percent of households using air conditioning



147

(PDI, 2005), with 5.866 million urban households, this is

equivalent to 962 megawatts per year. This means that

production from a power plant with 962 megawatt capacity

is deferred every year. With this estimate only 0.79 percent

of deferment is actually needed since the reduction per year

projected by the report entitled “the Philippines’ Initial

National Communication on Climate Change” requires only

7.6105 megawatts per year. This translates to about 1 in

every 10 households adopting fully the prescriptions of the

study as well as not using their air conditioners as an affect

of the prescriptions.



148

5. Design Application of The Guidelines

5.1 Introduction

The guidelines that were established from the research are applied in

two different prototype houses. The two prototypes are House A and House B.

The design of the two houses were developed from the same preliminary

schematics. The schematics were derived from the real estate matrix of the

research – namely the mean, mode and maximum values in the data from the

matrix. The design of the prototype houses incorporated basic tropical

architecture concepts. The design development drawings were focused on

optimizing for energy-efficiency of each prototype house. This was done by

applying the guidelines after calculations were made for each prototype house.

The calculations included the total area exposed to the environment and the total

area exposed to the environment that is windows (fenestration). From this a

percentage is taken and is compared to the available windows, walls, and roof

sets. The combination taken is wholly dependent on the designer. For these

prototypes, House A and House B, have fenestrations of 20 percent and 31

percent, respectively. For House A, business-as-usual walls, Set 1 roof, and Set 2

windows will be used. For House B, business-as-usual walls, Set 1 roof, and Set 4

windows will be used.



149

5.2 Space Program

The following tables are the space program, detailed per room, of the

prototype house. This is based on the real estate matrix as well as the base-case

house used for the research project.

5.3 Living Room

Space

Living Room

Floor Area

(minimum) 20 square meters

Activities/Usage

General Family Activities, Social Interaction

Location and Proximity Requirements

Kitchen, Dining Room, Bathroom, Stairs

Quantitative/Technical Requirements

Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement

Materials: Low maintenance flooring

Temperature: Ambient room temperature at maximum 24 degrees centigrade

Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 percent of exposed exterior wall area.

Accessible convenience outlets

Sufficient artificial lighting

Qualitative/Psychological Requirements

Mood/Ambience: Family friendly ambience

Overall Character: Warm, Welcoming, Relaxing

Noise Level: low to high noise level

Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view

Privacy: Allows privacy through controllable windows and doors.

Proxemics: Social

Other Requirements

Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.



150

5.4 Dining Room

Space

Dining Room

Floor Area

minimum 15 square meters

Activities/Usage

Eating, medium level socialization


Kitchen, Dining, Living, Bathroom









Mood/Ambience: eating friendly ambience

Overall Character: Warm, Appetizing, Relaxing


Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view although not necessary

Privacy: nearest to Kitchen

Proxemics: Social

Other Requirements




151

5.5 Kitchen

Space

Kitchen

Floor Area


Activities/Usage

Preparation and storage of Food


Dining, Living






Accessible convenience outlets (provide countertop CO’s)



Mood/Ambience: Creative and inspiring atmosphere

Overall Character: Warm, Inspiring, Bright

Noise Level: low to medium noise level


Privacy: nearest to Dining Room

Proxemics: Social

Other Requirements




152

5.6 1st Floor Bathroom

Space

1st Floor Bathroom

Floor Area

2.5 square meters

Activities/Usage

Personal Hygiene


Living, Dining


Clearances: minimum 2.10 meters floor to ceiling height requirement



Floor: 20 cm lower than 1st floor level.

Fenestration Requirement: direct exhaust by fenestration to exterior environment

Grounded countertop convenience outlet near sink and mirror.



Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright

Overall Character: Clean, Bright

Noise Level: low noise level

Views and Vistas: a view is not necessary

Privacy: near to Dining, Living rooms

Proxemics: Personal to Intimate

Other Requirements




153

5.7 Stairs

Space

Stairs

Floor Area


Activities/Usage

transport device to second floor


Living, Dining








Mood/Ambience: Clean and Beautiful

Overall Character: Bright, Clean and Beautiful

Noise Level: low to medium noise level


Privacy: near Living, Dining Rooms

Proxemics: Public to Personal Space

Other Requirements




154

5.8 2nd Floor Bathroom

Space

2nd Floor Bathroom

Floor Area

Activities/Usage

Personal Hygiene


Bedrooms, Hallway





Floor: 20 cm lower than 2nd floor level.

Fenestration Requirement: direct exhaust by fenestration to exterior environment

Provide countertop convenience outlets near sink and mirror





Noise Level: low noise level

Views and Vistas: a view is not necessary

Privacy: near to Bedrooms and Hallway

Proxemics: Intimate to Personal

Other Requirements




155

5.9 Bedroom 1

Space

Bedroom 1

Floor Area


Activities/Usage

Personal Space, Sleeping


Hallway, Bathroom












Views and Vistas: preferably with a view

Privacy: near Bathroom, Hallway


Other Requirements




156

5.10 Bedroom 2

Space

Bedroom 2

Floor Area


Activities/Usage



Hallway, Bathroom















Other Requirements




157

5.11 Master Bedroom

Space

Master Bedroom

Floor Area


Activities/Usage



Hallway, Bathroom















Other Requirements




158

5.12 Hallway

Space

Hallway

Floor Area


Activities/Usage

Transport Corridor to other spaces


Bathroom and Bedrooms













Privacy: near Bathroom, near bedroom

Proxemics: Social to Personal

Other Requirements




159

6. The Prototype Houses

6.1 Prototype House Basic Design

6.1.1 Picture 6.1.1.1 below shows a graphic of one of many

calculations made on shading devices using SunTool – Solar

Position Calculator by The Fridge Corporation, Dr. A.J.

Marsh copyrighted in the year 1999. This shows a May 1

scenario where the sun shading can completely cover the sun

during 3 ‘o clock afternoon sun using 1200 mm horizontal

sun shading devices.

Picture 6.1.1.1 – SunTool Calculations



160

6.1.2 The drawing below (picture 6.1.2.1) shows the location

where the prototype houses were tested. It is an existing

subdivision called the Malarayat Residential Estates and

Golf Course. It is located in Lipa City, Batangas Province.

The views to Mt. Malarayat are to the west and south,

although there are some views to the periphery of the

northern orientation. The exact Lot Location is the blue

shaded region.

Picture 6.1.2.1 – Subdivision Plan of

Malarayat Residential Estates and Golf



161

The lot location is situated near a lagoon to the

northwest and a public park and playground with a gazebo to

the west. It has access through a 10-meter wide road at the

south. Is bounded a lot block 8, 343 square meters, to its

east.

6.1.3 The Lot plan is shown below as picture 6.1.3.1. It is a

regular polygon approximately 14 meters by 23 meters with

a total area of 319 square meters. It is designated Block 9.

Its longitudinal axis points along the northwest south east

corridor.

Picture 6.1.3.1 – Lot Plan of Block 9 of

Malarayat Residential Estates and Golf

Course



162

6.1.4 The picture below (picture 6.1.4.1) is the actual area of the

subdivision. It clearly gives the atmosphere of the site –

green, natural and tranquil.

6.1.5 Wind orientation follows the prevailing northeast and

southwest monsoon winds.

Picture 6.1.4.1 – Photograph of Malarayat

Residential Estates and Golf Course



163

6.1.6 Vegetation within the lot is mainly composed of grass, other

various flora are located along the periphery of the property,

these include the most numerous – coconut trees.

6.2 Prototype House A

6.2.1 This model integrates passive solar features such as adequate

shading devices as computed through simulation, adequate

cross ventilation, roof vents, and design specifications for

walls, windows, and roof systems, among others. It is also

climate-responsive with regards to solar and wind

orientation. Conventional construction materials are used.

6.2.2 The diagram below (picture 6.2.2.1) shows a process of how

the guidelines were used in the designing of the prototype.



164

The design for House A’s fenestrations is set at 20 percent of

the total walls exposed to the sun. For this design Business-as-

Usual walls, Roof replacement set 1, Window replacement set 1,

will be used as prescribed by the guidelines.

Picture 6.2.2.1. – Integration of Guidelines into designing Prototype House A



165

6.2.3 Architectural Plans

6.2.3.1 Below is the perspective of the Prototype House A.



166

6.2.3.2 Below are the floor plans of the Prototype House A.



167

6.2.3.3 Below are the elevations of the Prototype House A.



168



169

6.2.3.4 Below is the cross section and longitudinal section of

the Prototype House A.



170

6.2.3.5 Below are the reflected ceiling plans of the Prototype

House A.



171

6.2.3.6 Below is the windows and door schedule of the

Prototype House A.



172

6.2.3.7 The Prototype House A uses replacement sets which

amount to approximately P100,800.00 more than the

normal business-as-usual set-up due to additional

materials that would be required or substitution of

materials. The return of investment for this is

approximately 35 months or 3 years. This house can save

approximately P3,090.00 from energy-efficient design.

6.3 Prototype House B

6.3.1 Prototype House B was designed to contrast with Prototype

House A’s design of 20 percent fenestrations. House B has

approximately 31 percent fenestrations. It is designed with

the same tropical design concepts as House A.

6.3.2 The diagram below (picture 6.3.2.1) shows a process of how

the guidelines were used in the designing of the prototype.



173

The design for House B’s fenestrations is set at 31 percent of

the total walls exposed to the sun. For this design Business-as-

Usual walls, Roof replacement set 1, Window replacement set 4,

will be used as prescribed by the guidelines.

Picture 6.3.2.1. – Integration of Guidelines into designing Prototype House B



174

6.3.3 Architectural Plans

6.3.3.1 Below are the floor plans of the Prototype House B.



175

6.3.3.2 Below are the elevations of the Prototype House B.



176



177

6.3.3.3 Below is the cross section and longitudinal section of

the Prototype House B.



178



179

6.3.3.4 Below are the reflected ceiling plans of the Prototype

House B.



180



181

6.3.3.5 Below is the windows and door schedule of the

Prototype House B.



182

7. Project Estimate & Schedule

7.1 The following is the detailed project estimate of Prototype House A:

Project: Two-storey Residential Building - HOUSE 1 Location: Lot 9, Malarayat Residential Estates & Golf Course

Project Designer: Aaron Lecciones

Project Title: Developing a Framework for Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments

SCOPE OF WORK ET'D QTY. UNIT ET'D MAT'L TOTAL L+M UNIT COST COST

W/ LABOR (DIRECT COST)

1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 Building Permits, Electrical, Sanitary, Inc. Barangay Clearance 319 sqm 80 25520

1.2 Homeowner's Subdivision Bonds verify 0

1.3 All-risk Insurance 1 lot 25000 25000 1.4 Final Occupancy Permit 1 lot 14980 14980

1.5 Miscellaneous Worker's I.D., Delivery Truck Trip 1 lot 6000 6000

71500 2.0 Mobilization/Demobilization

2.1 Manpower 720 m.hrs 40 28800 2.2 Tools and Equipments 1 lot 5000 5000 2.3 Clean-up (Hauling of Soils) 1 lot 5000 5000 38800

3.0 Temporary Facilities 3.1 Electrical Connection 1 lot 15000 15000 3.2 Water 1 lot 12000 12000 3.3 Bodege, Bunkhouse,

Latrine 25 sq.m. 2000 50000 3.4 Batterbourds, Lineages 148 lm 100 14800

3.5 Perimeter Cover (hute +cocolumber, 4 sides) 104 lm 180 18720

110520 4.0 Earthworks

4.1 Clearing and Grubbing 319 sq.m 5 1595

4.2 General Excavation (Loose volume) 50 cu.m 380 19000

4.3 Backfill compacted with 4" gravel bedding 25 cu.m. 350 8750

4.4 Gravel bedding including driveway 15 cu.m. 580 8700



183

4.5 Earthfill (House proper) 54 cu.m. 150 8100 46145

5.0 Concrete and Masonry with Rebars

Rebars, Formworks, Scaffolds, Shorings: Ready Mix

5.1 Column Footings 3kPSI 12 cu.m. 13110 157320 5.2 Columns 3kPSI 2 cu.m. 13,210 26420 5.3 Footings Tie Beams 3kPSI 2 cu.m. 13110 26220 5.4 Wall Footings 3kPSI 0.5 cu.m. 7725 3862.5

5.5 Slab on fill with driveway 2.8kPSI 12 cu.m. 7725 92700

5.6 Trellia Beams 3k 1 cu.m. 13210 13210 5.7 Floor Beams/Tie Beams 4 cu.m. 13210 52840 5.8 Suspended slabs 2 cu.m. 11240 22480 5.9 C-joists @0.90 o.c. 20 cu.m. 500 10000 5.10 Floor topping: Ground

floor 6 cu.m. 1900 11400 5.11 Floor topping: Second

floor 6 cu.m. 5820 34920 5.12 Stair components 3k 2.5 cu.m. 13210 33025 5.13 Roof Beams 3k 3 cu.m. 13210 39630 5.14 Lintel Beams (Job Mix) 3 cu.m. 7725 23175

5.15 General Concrete Plaster retouching on structural frames 3 cu.m. 2900 8700

5.16 Concrete electrical pole 1.6 cu.m. 13210 21136 5.17 Septic Vault Slabwork 3k 1.2 cu.m. 13210 15852 5.18 Lean Concrete Guide 2 cu.m. 1900 3800

5.19 6" CHB wall 700 psi with 10mm R&B plastered or prepared for masonry finish e.g stucco, etc. 80 sq.m. 734 58720

5.20 4" CHB -10- 84 sq.m. 660 55440 710850.5

6.0 Fencework 6.1 Foundation 2.4 cu.m. 10100 24240

6.2 6" ordinary CHB plastered on one side, tool joint exterior 54 sq.m. 670 36180

6.3 Brickwork 86.4 sq.m. 750 64800 6.4 Grillework (painted) 11.6 sq.m. 1800 20880

6.5 Steel Pedestillion & vehicular gate (painted) 11.6 sq.m. 3000 34800

180900 7.0 Roof framing/Roofing

7.1 Steel trusses w/ accessories 95.6 sq.m. 1750 167300

7.2 Corrugated Pre-colored undersheeting with clips 95.6 sq.m. 520 49712



184

7.3 Earth tone flat finish clay troof iles with metal hat type battens complete w/ down-end tiles, ridge tiles, flashing & end tiles, including GI gutter 95.6 sq.m. 1000 95600

312612 8.0 Stock Panels

8.1 Marine plywood on 2x2 timber ceiling joist treated with clear solignum 54 sq.m. 342 18468

8.2 Ordinary ceiling boards 54 sq.m. 318 17172

8.3 200mm wide fascia on underside of slab windows 35 l.m 88 3080

8.4 Louvre vents of KD 6 l.m 850 5100 8.5 1 X 5 TKD baseboards 60 l.m 150 9000 8.6 1 X 3 TKD cornices 60 l.m 82 4920 8.7 Ceiling vents TKD 40 l.m 190 7600 8.8 Narra handrail 80mm 6 l.m 909 5454 8.9 Kitchen Unit, cabinet

works w/ accessories and sitting ledge 1 lot 100,000 100000

8.10 Bedroom 2 closet 1 lot 13,000 13000 8.11 Master bedroom closet 1 lot 16,000 16000 199794

9.0 Doors and Windows

9.1 Aluminum Glastek custom-made windows w/ frame 35 sq.m. 2400 84000

9.2 Main entrance door complete 1 set 12000 12000

9.3 Kitchen door complete 1 set 7500 7500 9.4 Panel door DELTAWOOD 5 set 4800 24000 127500

10.0 Architectural Wall & Floor Masonry Finish

10.1 Living, Dining, Bedroom 35 sq.m. 1200 42000 10.2 Kitchen 15 sq.m. 1200 18000 10.3 Durastone Countertops 9 l.m. 1000 9000 10.4 Carport 24 sq.m. 250 6000 10.5 T&B (wall) GWT 3 sq.m. 1200 3600 10.6 T&B (floor) Vitrified Tiles 3 sq.m. 640 1920 10.7 Stairs 11.2 sq.m. 1650 18480

10.8 Concrete Windows & Door casing 120 l.m. 45 5400

10.9 Kitchen splash tiles & under counter tiles 6 sq.m. 400 2400

10680011.0 Specialty Metal Works

11.1 Stair Balusters 6.35 sq.m. 2400 15240 11.2 Steel Mesh 9 sq.m. 1200 10800



185

26040 12.0 Protection Systems

12.1 Ground floor Moisture Barrier 6mils polysheet 60 sq.m. 60 3600

12.2 Soil poison 4 gallon

s 4000 16000 12.3 Water proofing 30 sq.m. 370 11100 12.4 Insulation 60 sq.m. 150 9000 39700

13.0 Sanitary System 13.1 2" PVC sewer (orange) 20 l.m. 105 2100 13.2 4" PVC sewer (orange) 30 l.m. 275 8250 13.3 6" PVC sewer (orange) 20 l.m. 378 7560 13.4 catch basin cover 11 pcs 380 4180 13.5 Fittings & consumables

(pvc) 1 lot 8000 8000 13.6 12mm polymutan CWL 20 l.m. 150 3000 13.7 25mm polymutan CWL 30 l.m. 275 8250 13.8 32mm polymutan CWL 20 l.m. 375 750013.9 40mm polymutan CWL 6 l.m. 398 238813.10 Hose Bibbs 12mm 2 pcs 75 150 13.11 CV & GV 12mm 2 each 500 1000 13.12 Consumables & fittings 1 lot 12000 12000 13.13 ordinary water closet 1 sets 4400 4400 13.14 special water closet 1 sets 8400 8400

13.15 counter type lavatory with taps and fittings 1 sets 7000 7000

13.16 Kitchen Sink SS double bowl single drain board & Italy made water spray taps 1 sets 14000 14000

13.17 Shower Head 2 sets 900 1800 13.18 Floor drain with cover 3 sets 200 600 13.19 Shower curtain rods 2 sets 450 900 13.20 towel bars 3 sets 450 1350 13.21 Toilet paper and soap

holder 2 sets 400 800

13.22 950 gals SS cistern (BestanK) 1 sets 12000 12000

13.23 150mm RCP w/ collaring 10 l.m. 180 1800



13.26 3" downspouts pvc 45 l.m. 195 8775 13.27 Basket strainer 3" 8 pcs 50 400

13.28 Septic Tank

included in concreting

works 131203



186

14.0 Electrical Works (excludes fixtures)

14.1 Lighting outlets including switches conduit, wired w/ grounding 20 sets 1600 32000

14.2 Special purpose Outlets 6 sets 2800 16800

14.3 Convenience outlet w/ conduits, wired & earth ready installed 22 sets 2000 44000

14.4 MPA 1 sets 22500 22500 14.5 Telephone System 1 lot 12000 12000 14.6 Entrance Cabling System 10 l.m. 950 9500 136800

15.0 Painting Works 15.1 Exterior House paint 205 sq.m. 250 51250 15.2 Interior House paint 300 sq.m. 250 75000 15.3 Interior timber house

paint 50 sq.m. 250 12500 15.4 underside of slab

exposed paint w/ surface preparation 40 sq.m. 200 8000

15.5 Duco or varnish 1 lot 80000 80000

15.6 Gen. Surface preparation, poisoning, putty, sanding, retouching 505 sq.m. 180 90900

15.7 Detailing/consumables, masking tapes, paper, sand paper 1 lot 12000 12000

15.8 Gen. scaffolding movement dismantling 1 lot 1500 1500

331150

Direct Cost Summary Summary of Estimates / Scope

1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 71500 2.0 Mobilization/Demobilization 110520 3.0 Temporary Facilities 46145 4.0 Earthworks 710850.5 5.0 Concrete and Masonry with Rebars 5000 6.0 Fencework 180900 7.0 Roof framing/Roofing 312612 8.0 Stock Panels 1997949.0 Doors and Windows 127500 11.0 Specialty Metal Works 106800 12.0 Protection Systems 26040 13.0 Sanitary System 131203

14.0 Electrical Works (excludes fixtures) 136800



187

15.0 Painting Works 331150 PHP 2496814.5 DIRECT COST: 2496814.5 CONTRACTORS PROFIT: 3121018.125 TOTAL PROJECT

ESTIMATE: Php3,121,018.1

3

7.2 Project Schedule

7.2.1 The following are Gantt Charts for the schedule of the project:

WORK/TIME Month 1 Month 2

week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 1 week 2 week 3

Mobilization

Clearing

Cut and Fill

Excavation

Fabricate Rebars

Install Rebars

Erect Scaffoldings

Fabricate Column Forms


week 4 week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4

Concrete Footings

Install Forms

Concrete Columns

Remove Forms

Backfill Footings

Fabricate/Install Beam Rebars

Fabricate/Install Beam Forms

Concrete Beams



188


week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4

Concrete Beams

Remove Beam Forms

Install Girts/Girders

Fab/Install Trusses/Rafters & Purlins

Excavate Wall Footings

Install Wall Footing Rebars

Concrete Wall Footings

Lay CHB

Install Door/Window Frames

Plaster CHB

Compact Fill for Slab

Fab/Install Slab Rebars

Concrete Slab

Finish Slab Topping

Install Roofing

WORK/TIME Month 7

week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4

Install Roofing

Install Doors and Windows

Ceiling Works

Wall Partition Works

Cabinet Works

Painting/Finishing

Cleaning

Project Closeout



189

8. Handbook for Designers and Other Users

In order to facilitate the use of the guidelines as developed in this thesis, a

handbook entitled “Handbook for Designers and Other Users” was written for the

specific purpose of explaining in laymen’s terms the step by step process of applying

the guidelines into the building envelope of residential structures. The printable

version for handbook use is provided as a Microsoft Word Document at the appendix

located in electronic format in the Compact Disk included with this book. Below are

the contents of the handbook.

I. Introduction

This Handbook entitled “Guidelines for the Building Envelope of Housing

Developments” was made for the easy application of the prescription set forth in the

research “Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in

the Building Envelope of Housing Developments.” This handbook is divided into

three sections, namely, the Introduction, the Concept, and the Guidelines. The

sections are written to direct the reader or user of the handbook as simply as possible

to the sets of prescriptions he or she will be applying by using a simple selection

method. The Introduction is meant to inform the reader of where this handbook can

be applied and other background information regarding the handbook and the

research. The Concept orients the user to basic concepts used in the study and how



190

they affect the selection method. The Guidelines are where the user starts his

selection process using basic concepts introduced in the previous section.

The research was carried out as part of an undergraduate thesis of the College of

Architecture of the University of the Philippines. The reason for the study was to

protect the environment from the harmful use of fossil fuel-based energy consumption

in housing developments. The rationale behind the study was to achieve a way to

avoid the use of air-conditioning in residential houses by maintaining a certain indoor

temperature through the use of certain building materials for areas of the house

exposed to the sun.

The guidelines are applicable to all low-rise housing types. If you are

constructing a one- to two-storey residential structure then the prescriptions set in this

handbook are applicable to your project. These might include single-detached units,

row houses, duplex, and townhouses. The structure you are building must primarily

be for residential use since no other uses are applicable to this study.

The guidelines are meant primarily for the use of a designer of the residential

structure – which is the normally Architect. The results of the prescriptions are meant

to advise the architect on what materials he ought to use for the building envelope, the

outside surfaces exposed to the sun and environment, so that he can meet the

requirements of the study. Although primarily for the architect, users can use this

handbook in deciding what the outside look of a house would eventually be – this



191

schematic phase is one of three definite areas where the guidelines are used in the

building design process.

During the schematic phase the designer or architect can already decide on the

direction of his design when considering the prescriptions required by the

fenestrations, or windows, of his scheme. The considerations he might consider may

be the cost of the project versus the prescriptions available to his scheme, or a certain

preference for a material or ease of construction for the windows, walls or roofs. The

second area would be design development where he can further analyze the cost of the

prescriptions and decide which of the three main elements – windows, walls, roofs,

will be changed according to the prescriptions selected. The third area would be

during the creation of the contract documents where the designer would finalize his

decisions on the specifications of the walls, windows and roof.

General Benefits:

The study targets that for every household that applies the prescriptions and in

turn does not use their air-conditioners a 500.7 kilo-watt hour per month reduction in

energy consumption, PHP4, 4101.00 reduction in monthly electric bill, and 85

kilograms reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will be achieved.

In a larger scale this is equivalent to 181.304 kilometric tons of reduced

greenhouse gas emissions for Metropolitan Manila or 361.889 kilometric tons of

reduced greenhouse gas emissions for all urban households in the Philippines.



192

This is a total reduction equivalent to 32.76 percent, way above the required 5 to

10 percent reduction. Households are expected to achieve an energy consumption

density of 9.4136 kilowatt-hour per month.

Moreover, with a reduction of 1.86425 kilowatts for every household every

day, and an estimated 8.8 percent of households using air conditioning with

5.866 million urban households, this reduction is equivalent to 962 megawatts

every year. This means that production from a power plant with 962

megawatt capacity is deferred each year. That is equivalent to saving millions

of trees worth carbon sequestration. However, only 0.79 percent of deferment

is actually needed since the reduction per year projected by the report entitled

“the Philippines’ Initial National Communication on Climate Change”

requires only 7.6105 megawatts per year. This translates to about 1 in every

10 households adopting fully the prescriptions of the study as well as not using

their air conditioners.



193

“Business As Usual”

1,528 KWH

consumption per month

14 KWH/m2

consumption density benchmark

261 Kilograms GHG emission per household

P13,433 monthly electric bill.

Prescriptions

5-10% reductions across all indicators

76 to 153 KWH reduction of consumption per month (1375-1451)

12.7 to 13.4 KWH/m2

consumption density benchmark (0.7 to 1.4)

13 to 26 Kilograms reductions in GHG emission per household (248-235)

Up to P1,343 savings per monthly electric bill.

RESEARCH PROCESS BLDG ENVELOPE & LIGHTING FIXTURE

Figure 1 – Required State Program

II. Concept

Above is Figure 1 or the Required State Program. To understand the underlying

concept of the study, the designer must know that there are two states upon which the

study is based upon. The Existing State – where it is business as usual, and the Future

State – where the prescription are used and applied in housing projects. Both are

assessed according to energy consumption. The Future State depicts a setting where

energy consumption is less in all of the four aspects being considered in the study –

electricity consumption per month, electricity consumption density, greenhouse gas

emissions, and monthly electricity bill.

The future state is achieved by using the prescriptions of the study. This is

possible because energy consumption in a household is largely due to the use of air-

conditioning. Households need air-conditioning since the design of their building



194

envelope or the outer shell of the building was not meant to keep out enough heat

radiated by the sun to maintain a comfortable level of indoor temperature.

The prescriptions specify certain construction sets for walls, windows and roofs

for the designer to follow in his design in order to meet that comfortable level of

indoor temperature.

As related to Architectural Design

The prescriptions do not limit the aesthetic design of the buildings exterior.

The final design is dependent on the imagination of the designer and the extent of

which the materials specified by the guidelines will be used. However, the study

will affect the final decision of the size of the fenestration of the building and its

specifications.

As related to the Building Envelope

The building envelope will be affected by the study because there are limits on

the allowable size of fenestrations for each different materials used for walls,

windows and roofs. The decisions, however, are solely the designer’s prerogative

and will be based on the guidelines for building envelope as prescribed by the

study, as well as the imagination of the architect and any factors the client wishes

to include.

As to Building Materials



195

The building materials used in the study are just selected materials from the

market that have a high Thermal Resistivity rating (a value that measures how

well a material rejects heat – radiated or conducted). The economic viability of

each construction set (set of materials for walls, windows, or roofs) is within the

cost range reachable by the middle income group which is the target of the study.

The sets may be replaced by any other material as long as the U-value specified

for that set is within a range of plus or minus 10 percent of the target value. So if

Material A as a U-value of 0.36 it may be substituted by Material B with a U-

value of 0.396 or with Material C with a U-value of 0.324

III. Guidelines

Part I – 4 Steps

The prescriptions can be chosen using a simple selection method. This method is

done by accomplishing four steps.

First and foremost, the designer must calculate the Fenestration Percentage (Fp). This

is the area of windows divided by the total area of walls exposed to the outside

environment. The equation is shown below:

Fp = Total Area of Windows in sq.m.

Total Wall Area exposed to outside environment



196

The second step after calculating for the Fenestration Percentage is to choose the

table for the appropriate Fenestration Percentage (Fp) acquired from the last step from

the tables listed at Part II – Building Envelope Prescriptions. The values are classified

into 20-29% fenestration percentage, 30-39% fenestration percentage, 40-49%

fenestration percentage, 50-59% fenestration percentage, 60-69% fenestration

percentage and 70% and above fenestration percentage.

The third step is to check which wall, window and roof sets are available from the

table. Now, according to your design assign sets for each building envelope element

– windows, walls and roofs. Keeping in mind that each combination of there sets – 1

for the window, 1 for the walls, 1 for the roof, allows for a certain roof slope. You

may either start with a preferred roof slope, working backwards, or you may either

choose based on a preference for easy construction – choosing wall, window and roof

sets which are easily installed. At this stage you may also already consider the cost of

each combination of sets. This is done by multiplying the amount used in the design

of each set (window, wall or roofs) to the cost per unit of the respective set. Then

adding all three costs of windows, walls, and roofs to see if it fits within the budget of

the project.

The fourth and last step is to finalize your prescriptions by looking at the

specifications of each set at Part III – Replacement Sets and integrating it into your

design. This can be done in all parts of the design process – be it the schematic,

design development or contract documents. This is reflected normally at the



197

Elevations, Windows Schedules, Technical Specifications, Job Orders for Windows,

Roofs Materials, and others.

Part II – Building Envelope Prescriptions

Fenestration Percentage – 20-29%Wall Set/

Roof Set Window Set

1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4

BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4

Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4




A.R.S.: Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%


Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%


Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%


Up to 35% Up to 45%

Up to 35% Up to 45%

Up to 35% Up to 45%

Up to 35% Up to 45%

Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:

Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.



198


Roof Set Window Set


BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4





A.R.S.: Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%


Up to 25% Up to 45%

Up to 25% Up to 45%

Up to 25% Up to 45%

Up to 25% Up to 45%


Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%


Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%




Roof Set Window Set


BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4





A.R.S:

A.R.S: Up to 15% Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 15% Up to 45%

Up to 15% Up to 45%

Up to 15% Up to 45%


Up to 10% Up to 45%

Up to 10% Up to 45%

Up to 10% Up to 45%

Up to 10% Up to 45%


Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 30% Up to 45%

Up to 25% Up to 45%





199


Roof Set Window Set


BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4





A.R.S:

A.R.S:

A.R.S:


Up to 25% Up to 45%

Up to 25% Up to 45%

Up to 25% Up to 45%

Up to 10% Up to 45%



Fenestration Percentage – 60-69-%Wall Set/

Roof Set Window Set


BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4





A.R.S.:

A.R.S.:

A.R.S.:


Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 20% Up to 45%

Up to 15% Up to 45%





200

Fenestration Percentage – 70% and above Wall Set/

Roof Set Window Set


BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4





A.R.S.:

A.R.S.:

A.R.S.:

A.R.S.:

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45%

Up to 45% Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:




201

Part III – Replacement Sets

The Replacement set and their specifications are as follows:

Wall Construction

Concrete reinforced masonry wall painted finish 150mm to 200mm thick, having U-Value of 0.303 and solar radiation absorption of 25 percent to 50 percent. Figure A shows the graphic representation of BAU wall set.

Roof Construction

Clay or Cement Tile, G.I. undersheeting, and Insulating Foil with U-value of 0.836 or 0.8. Figure B shows the graphic representation of BAU Roof Construction.

BAU-1 is made up of clay tile 100mm deep and G.I. undersheeting with U-value of 0.5. Figure C shows the graphic representation of BAU-1 Roof Construction.

Figure A – BAU Wall Set

Figure B – BAU Roof Construction



202

Figure C – BAU-1 Roof Construction



203

Efficient-State Replacement Sets Wall Construction

Set 1 is made up of two CHB walls, the exterior facing wall 10cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height and the interior facing wall 7cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height, with a 2cm airspace in between, painted finish having a U-value of approximately 0.148. Figure D shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 1.

Set 2 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.044. Figure E shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 2.

Figure D – Wall Set 1



204

Set 3 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace, a 1cm thick insulating foil (reflectivity 95%) and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.018. Figure F shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 3.

Figure E – Wall Set 2

Figure F – Wall Set 3



205

Set 4 is made up of a pre-fabricated integrated monolithic construction of polysterene-based walls called “M2” copyright by the Marathon Building Technologies. This construction has a U-value of 0.44.

Window Construction Set 1 is Flat glass, single pane, clear and sheltered with U-Value of 4.6. Figure G shows the graphic representation of Window Set 1 (BAU Window Set 1).

Figure G – Window Set 1



206

Set 2 is Flat glass, single pane with low emittance coating of e=0.20 and sheltered with U-Value of 3.12. Figure H shows the graphic representation of Window Set 2.

Set 3 is Insulating glass, double pane, clear with 0.55mm airspace and sheltered with U-value of 2.95. Figure I shows the graphic representation of Window Set 3.

Figure H – Window Set 2



207

Set 4 is Insulating glass, double pane with low emittance coating of e=0.60 and sheltered with 12.55mm airspace with U-value of 2.78. Figure J shows the graphic representation of Window Set 4.

Figure I – Window Set 3



208

Roof Construction

Set 1 is made up of R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 20mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.0643. Figure K shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.

Figure J– Window Set 4

Figure K – Roof Set 1



209

Set 2 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 100mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with an average U-value of 0.0622. Figure L shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.

Set 3 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and a HeatShield Thermoplastic Roof with 20mm airspace between insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.04823. Figure M shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.

Set 4 is made up of a Non-asbestos Fibre Cement Corrugated roof with no insulating foil and claytiles 100mm deep, with a U-value of 0.089. Figure N shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.

Figure L – Roof Set 2

Figure M – Roof Set 3



210

Figure N – Roof Set 4



211

LIST OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

BFOE - Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent

BTU - British Thermal Unit

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

GW - Gigawatt

GWh - Gigawatt-hour

kV - Kilovolt

kW - Kilowatt

KWh - Kilowatt-hour

KWh/m2 - Kilowatt-hour per meter squared

MMBFOE - Million Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent

MMB - Million Barrels

MMMT - Million Metric Tons

PhP - Philippine Peso

Sq.m. - Square meter

W/m2 - Watts per square meter



212

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ASHRAE - American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers

APEC - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

BAU - Business As Usual CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CFL - Compact Fluorescent Lamp CHB - Concrete Hollow Block DBP - Development Bank of the Philippines DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources DOE - Department of Energy DSM - Demand Side Management ECEE - Export Council for Energy Efficiency

EEIPES - Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies

EPIRA - Electric Power Industry Reform Act ERC - Energy Regulatory Board ESCO - Energy Service Companies GHG - Greenhouse Gas G.I. - Galvanized Iron HECS - Housing Energy Consumption Survey HUDCC - Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED-H - LEED for Homes MEETSP - The Market for Energy-efficient Technologies and

Services in the Philippines MERALCO - Manila Electric Company NCR - National Capital Region NPC - National Power Corporation NPV - Net Present Value NSCB - National Statistics Coordinating Board

NSO - National Statistics Office OTTV - Overall Thermal Transfer Value PDP - Power Development Plan PEP - Philippine Energy Plan PEPU - Philippine Energy Plan Update PNS - Philippine National Standards SCRI - SCR International SPP - Simple Payback Period UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention for Climate

Change UNIDO - United Nations Industry Development Organization VAT - Value-Added Tax



213

CONVERSION RATES

Length

1 meter 39.3701 inches

3.28084 feet

Area

1 square meter 10.7639 square feet

Energy and Power

1 International Table (IT)

1 calorie 4.1868 joules

1 kilocalorie=(IT) 1.163 watts

1 kilo-watt hour 3,412.14 BTUs

895.845 kilocalories (IT)

3.6 mega joules

1.34102 horsepower

1 kilowatt 737.562 foot pounds

1.35962 metric horsepower

Converting into Barrels-of-Fuel-Oil Equivalent (BFOE)

Energy Forms are converted into a common unit, BFOE, based on fuel oil

equivalent at 18,600 BTU/lb as follows:

Electricity 600 KWh 1.0000

Regular Gasoline 1 bbl 0.8470



214

Fuel Oil

Coal (10,000BTU/lb) 1 MT 3.5300

CONVERSION RATES

Abbreviation Prefix Symbol

109 Giga (billion – 1,000,000,000) G

106 Mega (million – 1,000,000) M

103 Kilo (thousand – 1,000) K

Conversion Formula Units

kWh to J kWh x 3.6x106 Joules

J to kWh J x 1/3.6x10-6 kWh

kWh to MJ kWh x 3.6 MJ

MJ to kWh MJ x 0.278 kWh

kWh to GJ kWh x 3.6x10-3 GJ

GJ to kWh GJ x 278 kWh

Source: GRAEI, 2003



215

LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES

TABLES

Table 2.1.2.6.1 – Number of Households (’000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class, Urban 1995 Pg. 20

Table 2.1.2.7.1 – Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity

Consumption, 1995, KWh Pg. 22

Table 2.1.2.11.1 – Average Fuel Prices for Households Purchasing of

Electricity in the NCR, Urban: 1995 Table 2.1.2.12.1 – Number of Households using

Electricity by End-Use, NCR-Urban: 1995 Pgs. 23

Table 2.1.2.13.1 – Annual Average Urban Household Electricity

Consumption in NCR by End-Use: 1995 Table 2.1.2.14.1 – Number of Households Using Electricity

by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Pgs. 24

Table 2.1.2.15.1 – Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption

in NCR by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Pg. 25

Table 2.1.3.2A – Total Housing Expenditure and

Percent to Total Family Expenditure by Decile, 2000 (NSCB, 2002)

Table 2.1.3.2B – Total and Average Housing Income and Expenditure by

Expenditure Class, Urban, 2000 (NSCB, 2002) Pgs. 26

Table 3.1.3.2C – Percentage Distribution of Total Family Expenditure by

Select Major Expenditure Groups, 2000. (NSCB, 2002) Pg. 27

Table 2.1.3.3.1 – Occupied Housing Units in NCR by Construction Materials

of Outer wall and Roof: 1990 (NSCB, 2005) Pg. 28



216

Table 2.1.5.1.1 – Top Ten Provincial Poverty Thresholds (in Pesos) in the Year

2000 Pg. 30

Table 2.1.5.2.1 Mean Family Income by Decile, 2000 & 2003

(PMNSDS, 2005) Table 2.1.5.3.1 – Average Income, Average Expenditure and Average Savings

of Families at Current Prices by Region, 2000 and 2003 Pgs. 31

Table 2.2.2.1.1 – Room Size vs. Aircon Capacity (CGDOE, 2005)

Pgs. 34 Table 2.2.2.1.2 – Energy Cost Per Hour of Use, PhP/hour (CGDOE, 2005)

Pg 35 Table 2.3.1.1.1 – Number of Residential Customers by KWh Limits, April

2005 Table 2.3.1.1.2 – Impact on Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for

Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005 Pgs. 36

Table 2.3.1.1.3 –Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC

Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005 Pg. 47

Table 2.3.4.2.1 – Carbon Dioxide Emission factors for Different Fuels,

referring to lower calorific value Pg 45 Table 3.2.1.1.7 – Income Bracket as ascertained by points 3.2.1.1.1 through

3.2.1.1.7 Pg. 55

Table 3.4.6.1 – Summary of Analysis of Results by Fenestration Programming

Pg. 121 Table 4.2.1.1.1 – Building Envelope Prescriptions by Fenestration

Programming Pg. 126 FIGURES

Figure 1.3.5.1 Theoretical Framework Diagram Pg. 11



217

Figure 3.3.1 Methodology Flowchart Pg. 14

Figure 3.1.2.1.1 Residential Energy Consumption Pie Pg. 51

Figure 3.1.2.2.1 Projected Savings for 2005 Pg. 53

Figure 3.1.2.4.1 Percentage of Urban Households Pg. 54

Using Electricity by Type of Use

Figure 3.1.3.1.1 Household Appliance Consumption in KWh Pg. 54

Figure 3.1.3.2.1 Top Ten Highest Consuming Household Pg. 56

Appliance

Figure 3.1.3.3.1 Household Energy Consumption Addressable Pg. 57

By Architecture Ranked by Electricity

Consumption in KWh

Figure 3.1.5.1.1.1.1 BAU Wall Set 1 Pg. 65

Figure 3.1.5.1.2.1 BAU Window Set 1 Pg. 65

Figure 3.1.5.1.3.1.1 BAU Roof Construction Pg. 66

Figure 3.1.5.1.3.2.1 BAU-1 Roof Construction Pg. 66

Figure 3.1.5.1.3.3.1 BAU-2 Roof Construction Pg. 67

Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 Wall Set 1 Pg. 68



Figure 3.1.5.2.2.1.1 Window Set 1 Pg. 71




Figure 3.1.5.2.3.1.1 Roof Set 1 Pg. 74



218




Figure 3.2.2.1-29.1 OTTV Calculations Pgs. 77-105

Figure 3.3.1-6.1 Analysis of Results Pgs. 110-114

Figure 3.4A Missions, Issues, Goals, PR’s Pg. 117

Figure 4.1.1 Required State Program Pg. 125



219

APPENDICES

Appendices are found in electronic format – Compact Disk, included in book sleeve

or catalogued separately.



220

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Burden, Ernest. Illustrated Dictionary of Architectural Preservation. McGraw-Hill.

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Department of Energy, Republic of the Philippines. Energy Planning and Monitoring

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Consumption Survey. Taguig: Department of Energy: 1995.

…. Republic of the Philippines. Philippine Energy Plan Update

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…. Republic of the Philippines. Consumer Guide. Volume 1. Issue No. 2 Taguig:

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Dorian, James P. et al. Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer, A Hawaii-

Philippines Case Study. Manila: 1999. 102 pages with appendices.

Jane Grosslight. Effective Use of Daylight and Electrical Lighting in Residential and

Commercial Spaces. Prentice Hall: 1984. New Jersey. 192 pages.



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Meralco Company. Annual Report 2004. Pasig: Meralco: 2004. 111 pages.

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Theses

Asis, Jeoffrey, et al. “A Study on Building Forms and Envelope Design for Wind

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Buildings.” Unpublished: 2000.

Brochures

EC Way of Life. Energy Conservation. Department of Energy. Republic of the

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developing a framework for applying energy-efficient technologies in the building envelope of...

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