devanagari - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8/13/2019 Devanagari - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Devangar

Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century

Type abugida

Languages Several Indian languages and Nepali Languagincluding Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Marathi, P(Garhwali and Kumaoni), Nepali, Bhili, KonkaBhojpuri, Magahi, Kurukh, Nepal Bhasa, andSindhi. Sometimes used to write or transliteraSherpa, Kashmiri and Punjabi. Formerly usedwrite Gujarati.

Time

period

c. 11th century present

Parent

systems

Brhm

Gupta Ngar

Devangar

Child

systems

GujaratiMo RanjanaCanadian Aboriginal syllabics[1]

Sister

systems

Sharada

ISO 15924 Deva, 315

Direction Left-to-right

Unicode

alias

Devanagari

Unicoderange

U+0900U+097F(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pDevanagari,U+A8E0U+A8FF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0Devanagari Extended,U+1CD0U+1CFF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0Vedic Extensions

DevanagariFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Devanagari (/devnri/;Hindustani:[denari]; devangar a compound of "deva" [ ] and "ngar" [ ]), also calledNagari ( Ngar , , the name of its parent writingsystem), is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. Itis written from left to right, does not have distinctletter cases, and is recognisable (along with most other North Indic scripts, with few exceptionslikeGujarati and Oriya) by a horizontal line that runs along the top of full letters. Since the 19th century, ithas been the most commonly used script for Sanskrit. Devanagari is used to write Standard Hindi,Marathi, Nepali along with Awadhi, Bodo, Bhojpuri, Gujari, Pahari, (Garhwali and Kumaoni),

Konkani, Magahi, Maithili, Marwari, Bhili, Newar, Santhali, Tharu, and sometimes Sindhi, Dogri,Sherpa, Kashmiri and Punjabi. It was formerly used to write Gujarati. Because it is the standardisedscript for the Hindi language, Devanagari is one of the most used and adopted writing systems in theworld.

Conten ts

1 Origins2 Principle3 Letters

3.1 Vowels3.2 Consonants

3.2.1 Schwa syncope in Hindi consonants3.2.2 Allophony of 'v' and 'w' in Hindi

3.3 Conjuncts3.3.1 Biconsonantal conjuncts

3.4 Accent marks3.5 Punctuation3.6 Old forms3.7 Numerals

4 Transliter ation4.1 Hunteriansystem4.2 ISO 159194.3 IAST4.4 Harvard-Kyoto4.5 ITRANS4.6 ALA-LC Romanisation

5 Encodings5.1 ISCII5.2 Devanagari in Unicode

6 Devanagari keyboard layouts6.1 InScript layout6.2 Typewriter 6.3 Phonetic

7 See also8 References9 External links

Origins

Devanagari is part of the Brahmic family of scripts of India, Nepal, Tibet, and South-East Asia.[2] It isa descendant of the Gupta script, along with Siddham and Sharada.[2] Eastern variants of Gupta calledngar are first attested from the 7th century CE; from c. 1200 CE these gradually replaced Siddham,which survived as a vehicle for Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, and Sharada, which remained in paralleluse in Kashmir. An early version of Devanagari is visible in the Kutila inscription of Bareilly dated toVikram Samvat 1049 (i.e. 992 CE), which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to groupletters belonging to a word.[3]

Sanskritngar is the feminine ofngara "relating or belonging to a town or city". It is feminine fromits original phrasing withlipi ("script") asngar lipi "script relating to a city", that is, probably from itshaving originated in some city.[4]
http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutila_inscription_of_Bareillyhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_of_Unicode_charactershttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_of_Unicode_charactershttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutila_inscription_of_Bareillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharada_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddham_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writing_systems_by_adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumauni_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdfhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdfhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_of_Unicode_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15924http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharada_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjana_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujar%C4%81ti_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Bhasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg


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Devanagari used in MelbourneAustralia to communicate in anadvertisement

Devanagari used in Public TranspTickets at Mumbai

Devanagari text from Vayu Puran

Devanagari in Dictionary

The use of the namedevangar is relatively recent, and the older termngar is still common.[2] The rapid spread of the termdevangar may be related to thealmost exclusive use of this script to publish Sanskrit texts in print since the 1870s.[2]

Principle

As a Brahmic abugida, the fundamental principle of Devanagari is that each letter represents a consonant, which carries aninherent schwa vowel. This is usually written in Latin asa, though it is represented as [] in the International PhoneticAlphabet.[5] The letter is readka, the two letters are kana, the three are kanaya, etc. Other vowels, or theabsence of vowels, require modification of these consonants or their own letters:

A final consonant is marked with the diacritic, called thevirma in Sanskrit,halant in Hindi, and occasionally a"killer stroke" in English. This cancels the inherent vowel, so that from knaya is derived knay. Thehalant is often used for consonant clusters when typesetting conjunct ligatures is not feasible.Consonant clusters are written with ligatures(sayuktkara "conjuncts"). For example, the three consonants, ,and , (k , n, y), when written consecutively without virma form , as shown above. Alternatively, they may be joined as clusters to form knaya, kanya, or knya. This system was originally created for use with theMiddle Indic languages, which have a very limited number of clusters (the only clusters allowed are geminateconsonants and clusters involving homorganic nasal stops). When applied to Sanskrit, however, it added a great dealof complexity to the script, due to the large variety of clusters in this language (up to five consonants, e.g.rtsny). Muchof this complexity is required at least on occasion in the modern Indo-Aryan languages, due to the large number of clusters allowed and especially due to borrowings from Sanskrit.Vowels other than the inherenta are written with diacritics (termedmatras). For example, using ka, the followingforms can be derived: ke,

ku, k, k, etc.For vowels as an independent syllable (in writing, unattached to a preceding consonant), either at the beginning of aword or (in Hindi) after another vowel, there are full-letter forms. For example, while the vowel is written with thediacritic in k, it has its own letter in ka and (in Hindi but not Sanskrit) ka.

Such a letter or ligature, with its diacritics, is called anakara "syllable". For example, kanaya is written with what arecounted as threeakshara, whereas knya and ku are each written with one.As far as handwriting is concerned, letters are usually written without the distinctive horizontal bar, which is added only oncethe word is completed.[6]

Letters

The letter order of Devanagari, like nearly all Brahmic scripts, is based on phonetic principles that consider both the manner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to as thevaraml "garland of letters".[7] The format of Devanagari for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application, withminor variations or additions, to other languages.[8]

Vowels

The vowels and their arrangement are:[9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collating_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacriticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Indic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographical_ligaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C4%81mahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Use_of_Devnagari_in_Dictionary.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_page_from_Dictionary_using_Devnagari.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PublicTransportinMumbaiTicketUsingDevnagari.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devnagari_used_in_Melbourne_Australia.jpg


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Independentform

RomanisedAs

diacriticwith

Independentform

RomanisedAs

diacriticwith

kahya(Guttural) a

tlavya(Palatal) i ohya

(Labial) u mrhanya(Retroflex)

dantya(Dental)

kahatlavya(Palato-

Guttural) e ai

kahohya(Labio-

Guttural) o au

Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics, the final nasalanusvra and the final fricativevisarga (called a and a).[10] notof theanusvra in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic nasal stop [...], a nasalised vowel, a nasalised sor all these according to context". Thevisarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative [h], in Sanskrit an allophone of s, or less commonlyr, usuallyword-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after the breath:[11] [ihi]. Masica (1991:146) considers thevisarga along wletters a and a for the "largely predictable" velar and palatal nasals to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".Another diacritic is thecandrabindu /anunsika .[12] describes it as a "more emphatic form" of theanusvra, "sometimes [...] used to mark a true [vownasalization". In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: thecandrabindu indicates vowel nasalisation[13] while theanusvr indicaa homorganic nasal preceding another consonant:[14] e.g. [ si] "laughter", [] "the Ganges". When anakshara has a vowel diacritic above top line, that leaves no room for thecandra ("moon") strokecandrabindu, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:[15] [] "am", but [ ] "are"Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.[16]Theavagraha (usually transliterated with an apostrophe) is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of a vowel in sandhi: ekoyam ( ekas ayam) "this one". An original long vowel lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a doubleavagraha: sadtm ( sad + tm) "alwaythe self".[17] In Hindi, Snell (2000:77) states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": ! !. In MadhyadeshiLanguages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbal forms [that] end in that inherent vowel",[18] theavagraha is used to ma

thenon-elision of word-final inherenta, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: baiha "sit" versus* baihThe syllabic consonants, , and are specific to Sanskrit and not included in thevaraml of other languages. The sound represented by has also been lin the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from [] (Hindi) to [u] (Marathi). is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of shortlong pletters.[8]There are non-regular formations of ru and r.

Consonants

The table below shows the consonant letters (incombination with inherent vowel a) and their arrangement. To the right of the Devanagari letter it shows thtranscription (IAST), the phonetic value (IPA) and the corresponding Urdu letter.[19]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation_markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avagrahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasalised_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anun%C4%81sikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candrabinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasalised_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visargahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusv%C4%81rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttural


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The ddhrya-ligature ( ) of JanaSanskritSans.[29]

systematically making.[28] However, this specific allophony can become obvious when speakers switch languages. Non-native speakers of Hindi might pron' ' as [w], i.e. aswrat instead of the more correctvrat . This results in a minor intelligibility problem becausewrat can easily be confused foraurat ,[citation neededwhich meanswoman, instead of the intended fast (abstaining from food), in Hindi.[28]

Conjuncts

You will be able to see the ligatures only if your system has a Unicode font installed that includes the required ligature glyphs (such as one of the TDIL[30] fonts, see "external links" below).

As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as aconjunct or ligature.The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. Whilestandardised for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just onescheme. The following are a number of rules:

24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke ( , , etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of acluster, they lose that stroke. e.g. + = , + = , + = . In Unicode, these consonants withouttheir vertical stems are called half forms.[31] (a) appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding

va, na, ca, la, and ra, causing these second members to be shifted down and reduced in size. Thus va, na, ca la, and ra.

r(a) as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its-diacritic. e.g. rva, rv, rspa , rsp . As a finmember with it is two lines below the character, pointed downwards and apart. Thus . Elsewhere as a final member it is adiagonal stroke extending leftwards and down. e.g. . ta is shifted up to make tra .As first members, remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as d(a) and h(a) may have their second member, reduced in size and lacking itshorizontal stroke, placed underneath. k(a), ch(a), and ph(a) shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member.The conjuncts fork and j are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components. The conjunct fork is ( + )and for j it is ( + )In addition, the conjunct for dya, , is not clearly derived either fromand .

The table below showsall the 1296 viable symbols for the biconsonantal clusters formed by collating the 36 fundamental symbols ofSanskrit as listed in Masica(1991:161162). Scroll your cursor over the conjuncts to reveal their romanizations (in ISO 15919[32]) and IPA transcriptions.

Biconsonantal conjuncts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(typography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg


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Accent marks

Main article: Vedic accent

The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha. In the Rigveda,anudtta is written with a bar below the line (), svarita wa stroke above the line () whileudtta is unmarked.

Punctuation

The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with a dot known as a pra virm or a vertical linedanda: . The end of a full verse may be marked with twvertical lines: . A comma, oralpa virm, is used to denote a natural pause in speech. Nowadays though, with expansion of English speakers in India, the fualso sometimes used.

Old forms

The following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts.[33]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_accent


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ITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanagari into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet. It is an extension of the Harvard-Kyoto scheme. Inworddevangar is written "devanaagarii" or "devanAgarI". ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor displays the Roman letters into Devanagari (or other Indic languages). The latest version of Iversion 5.30 released in July, 2001.

ALA-LC Romanisation

ALA-LC[39] romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, and widely used in Norlibraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is a table for Hindi,[40] one for Sanskrit and Prakrit,[41] etc.

EncodingsISCII

ISCII is a fixed-length 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII, the upper 128 codepoints are ISCII-specific.

It has been designed for representing not only Devanagari but also various other Indic scripts as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for of the Indic scripts.

ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has, however, attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks.

Devanagari in Unicode

Main articles: Devanagari (Unicode block), Devanagari Extended, and Vedic Extensions

The Unicode Standard defines three blocks for Devanagari : Devanagari (U+0900U+097F), Devanagari Extended (U+1CD0U+1CFF), and Vedic Ex(U+A8E0U+A8FF). Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.

Devanagari [1]

Unicode.org chart (http ://www.unicode.org/charts /PDF/U0900.pdf) (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+090x U+091x U+092x U+093x U+094x U+095x U+096x U+097x

Notes

1. As of Unicode version 6.3

Devanagari Extended [1]

Unicode.org chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts /PDF/UA8E0.pdf) (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+A8Ex U+A8Fx

Notes


Vedic Extensions [1]

Unicode.org chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts /PDF/U1CD0.pdf) (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+1CDx

U+1CEx

U+1CFx

Notes

http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdfhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_Extended_(Unicode_block)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%BDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%81http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Extensionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_Extendedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indic_scriptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixed-length_encoding&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITRANShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Kyotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITRANS


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Devanagari keyboard layouts

InScript is the standard keyboard layout for Devanagari. It is inbuilt in all modern major operating systems. Microsoft Windows supports the InScript layoMangal font), which can be used to input unicode Devanagari characters. InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones.

InScript layout

A Devanagari INSCRIPT bilingual keyboard.

TypewriterThis layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon. For backward compatibility some typing tools like In provide this layout.

Phonetic

Such tools work on phonetic transliteration. The user writes in roman and the IME automatically converts it into Devanagari. Some popular phonetic typinBarahaIME and Google IME.

Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux/GNOME

The Mac OS X operating system includes two different keyboard layouts for Devanagari: one is much like INSCRIPT/KDE Linux, the other is a phonetic"Devanagari QWERTY".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolnagrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolnagri_map.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_IMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BarahaIME&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_typewriter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indic_IME&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangal_(font)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InScript


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See a lso

Devanagari transliterationDevanagari BrailleISCII Nagari Pracharini SabhaSchwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languagesCli p font

Refe r ences

1. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages2. a b c d Steven Roger Fischer (2004), A history of writing (http://books.google.com/books?id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC), Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-167-9, ... an

ear l y branch of this, as of the fourth century CE, was the Gupta script, Brahmi's first main daughter . .. the Gupta alphabet became the ancestor of most Indic scripts(u sually through later Devanagari) ... Nagari, of India's north-west, first appeared around 633 CE ... in the eleventh century, Nagari had become Devanagari, or 'heavenly Nagari', since it was now the main vehicle, out of several, for Sanskrit literature ..."

3. ^ Isaac Taylor (2003), History of the Alphabet: Aryan Alphabets, Part 2 (http://books.google.com/books?id=kLlBuOybNMQC), Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 975847-4, "... In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar, which, in the Devanagari, becomes a continuous horizontal line ... three cardinal inscriptions of thisepoch, namely, the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992, the Chalukya or Kistna inscription of 945, and a Kawi inscription of 919 ... the Kutila inscription is of great im portance in Indian epigraphy, not only from its precise date, but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet, the Devanagari ..."

4. ^ Monier Williams Online Dict ionary5. ^ Salomon (2003:70)6. ^ "Archives.conlang.info" (http://archives.conlang.info/sae/shaunvhon/fialphonfhoen.html). Archives.conlang.info. 2004-12-07. Retrieved 2011-06-13.7. ^ Salomon (2003:71)8. a b Salomon (2003:75)9. ^ Wikner (1996:13, 14)

10. ^ Masica (1991:146)11. ^ Wikner (1996:6)12. ^ Salomon (2003:7677)13. ^ Snell (2000:4445)14. ^ Snell (2000:64)15. ^ Snell (2000:45)16. ^ Snell (2000:46)17. ^ Salomon (2003:77)18. ^ Verma (2003:501)19. ^ Wikner (1996:73)20. ^ Masica (1991:97)21. ^ Ahmad, Rizwan. 2006. "Voices people write: Examining Urdu in devanagari" (http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/NWAV/Abstracts/Papr172.pdf)22. a b Larry M. Hyman, Victoria Fromkin, Charles N. Li (1988 (Volume 1988, Part 2)), Language, speech, and mind (http://books.google.com/books?

id=R6IOAAAAQAAJ), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-415-00311-3, "... The implicit /a/ is not read when the symbol appears in word-final position or in certain other contexts where it is obligatorily deleted via the so-called schwa-deletion rule which plays a crucial role in Hindi word phonology ..."

23. a b Tej K. Bhatia (1987), A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition: Hindi-Hindustani grammar, grammarians, history and problems(http://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C), BRILL, ISBN 90-04-07924-6, "... Hindi literature fails as a reliable indicator of the actual pronunciation becausit i s written in the Devanagari script ... the schwa syncope rule which operates in Hindi ..."

24. a b c Monojit Choudhury, Anupam Basu and Sudeshna Sarkar (July 2004), "A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in Indo Aryan Languages"(http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W04/W04-0103.pdf), Proceedings of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology (SIGPHO(Association for Computations Linguistics), "... schwa deletion is an important issue for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion of IAL, which in turn is required for a gooT e xt-to-Speech synthesiser ..."

25. a b Naim R. Tyson, I la Nagar (2009 (12:1525)), "Prosodic rules for schwa-deletion in Hindi text-to-speech synthesis"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/131xm66677g74418/fulltext.pdf), International Journal of Speech Technology, "... Without the appropriate deletion of schwas,an y speech output would sound unnatural. Since the orthographical representation of Devanagari gives little indication of deletion sites, modern TTS systems for Hindim plemented schwa deletion rules based on the segmental context where schwa appears ..."

26. ^ Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy,The rgs of North Indian music: their structure and evolution (http://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78C), Popular Prakashan, 19ISBN 978-81-7154-395-3, "... The Devnagri (Devanagari) script is syllabic and all consonants carry the inherent vowel a unless otherwise indicated. The principal di f f erence between modern Hindi and the classical Sanskrit forms is the omission in Hindi ..."

27. a b c Monojit Choudhury and Anupam Basu (July 2004), "A Rule Based Schwa Deletion Algorithm for Hindi"(http://www.mla.iitkgp.ernet.in/papers/schwadeletionhindi.pdf), Proceedings of the International Conference On Knowledge-Based Computer Systems, "... Without any schwa deletion, not only the two words will sound very unnatural, but it will also be extremely difficult for the listener to distinguish between the two, the only differbeing nasalisation of the e at the end of the former. However, a native speaker would pronounce the former as dha.D-kan-eM and the later as dha.Dak-ne, which arecl early distinguishable ..."

28. a b Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair, Volume Editor: Bernard Laks, Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods)(http://books.google.com/books?id=_jqjQwAACAAJ), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, "... showed ext r emely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... [w] occwhen / / is in onglide position ... [v] occurs otherwise ..."

29. ^ "TDIL.mit.gov.in" (http://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/janasanskrit.htm). TDIL.mit.gov.in. Retrieved 2011-06-13.30. ^ "TDIL.mit.gov.in" (http://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/openfonts.htm). TDIL.mit.gov.in. Retrieved 2011-06-13.31. ^ "The Unicode Standard, chapter 9, South Asian Scripts I" (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf).The Unicode Standard, v. 6.0. Unicode, Inc.

R etrieved Feb. 12, 2012.32. ^ The romanization shown is identical to IAST, except that (which is not used in Sanskrit) has the ISO romanization , which in IAST is the dental vowel l.33. ^ (Bahri 2004, p. (xiii))34. ^ Daya Nand Sharma,Transliteration into Roman and Devanagari of the languages of the Indian group (http://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ), S

of India, 1972, "... With the passage of time there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no sin sy st em of Romanisation has yet developed ..."
http://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliterationhttp://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdfhttp://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/openfonts.htmhttp://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/janasanskrit.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901471-02-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=_jqjQwAACAAJhttp://www.mla.iitkgp.ernet.in/papers/schwadeletionhindi.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-395-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78Chttp://www.springerlink.com/content/131xm66677g74418/fulltext.pdfhttp://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W04/W04-0103.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07924-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00311-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=R6IOAAAAQAAJhttp://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/NWAV/Abstracts/Papr172.pdfhttp://archives.conlang.info/sae/shaunvhon/fialphonfhoen.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5847-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=kLlBuOybNMQChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-167-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=Ywo0M9OpbXoChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clip_fonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagari_Pracharini_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration


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35. ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Technical reference manual for the st andardisation of geographical names (http://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC), United Nations Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5, "... ISO15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national sy stem of romanisation in India ..."

36. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2(http://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ), United Nations, 1955, "... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language isuni formly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ..."

37. ^ National Library (India), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography (http://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ), CouScientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, "... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ..."

38. ^ "Homepage.ntlword.com" (http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm). Homepage.ntlworld.com. Retrieved 2011-06-13.39. ^ "LOC.gov" (http://www. loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html). LOC.gov. Retrieved 2011-06-13.40. ^ "0001.eps" (http://www. loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-13.

41. ^ "LOC.gov" (http://www. loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-13.

Masica, Colin (1991),The Indo-Aryan Languages (http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+laCambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.Snell, Rupert (2000),Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script , Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-07-141984-0.Salomon, Richard (2003), "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh,The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 67103, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.Verma, Sheela (2003), "Magahi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh,The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 498514, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-Wikner, Charles (1996), A Practical Sanskrit Introductory (http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html).

Exte r nal links

Unicode Chart for Devanagari (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf)Hindi/Devanagari Script Tutor (http://www.avashy.com/hindiscripttutor.htm)

F or a list of Devanagari input tools and fonts, please see Help:Multilingual support (Indic).

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