design for safety – working at height - iosh.com · agenda • background • introduction of...
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Design for Safety – Working at Height
Andy Lo
IOSH Council Member25th Sept 2017
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About IOSH
n Formed 1945; Royal Charter 2003
n Individual Charter 2005
n International NGO status (ILO) in 2006n World’s largest health and safety professional bodyn Over 47,000 members in more than 100 countriesn Independent, not-for-profit organisationn Sets professional standards and provides OSH
guidancen Member of ENSHPO, INSHPO and APOSHO
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Agenda
• Background• Introduction of Design for Safety – Working at
Height• Development Bureau (DEVB) Experience• Highways Department (HyD) Experience• Airport Authority (AA) Experience• Housing Authority (HA) Experience• The Way Forward• Q&A
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Design for Safety – Working at Height
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Background
Design for Safety (DfS) –The Hong Kong Experience
• In January 2001, the Construction Industry Review Committee (CIRC) appointed by Chief Executive of the Hong Kong SAR made a review on construction site safety and stressed that:-
• Site safety was a shared responsibility;• Hazard identification should start from the early design
stage, and through out the whole project life cycle; and• The UK CDM might provide a base for improving site safety
in Hong Kong.
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UK CDM Approach
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UK - CDM
UK Construction (Design & Management) Regulations –CDM
• High fatality rate in UK construction industry (217 fatalities in the last 5 years in Great Britain) 40 in UK per year or 4 in HK per year
• Construction (Design & Management) Regulations were enacted in 1994 and came into force in 1995 by HSE. A review was conducted in 2007.
• Currently the 2015 version was enacted on 6th April 2015.
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UK - CDM
Key themes of CDM Regulations
• Identification of health & safety hazards and cost-effectivemitigation measures early in & throughout the project.
• Timely involvement of relevant stakeholders and provision of necessary health & safety related information.
• Clear definition of roles & responsibilities for coordinating and communicating risk-related data at all stages of the project.
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UK - CDM
Key themes of CDM Regulations -Clients• A commercial client is an organization involved in
business and a domestic client is not involved in business but works in own property or in family.
• Ensures from start to finish in a way that adequately controls the risk to health and safety of those who may be affected.
• Client’s Health and Safety brief to the designer.
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Key themes of CDM Regulations -Designer
• Prepares or modifies a design for any part of a construction project, including temporary works.
• Understand and be aware of significant risks.
• Have right skills, knowledge, and experience, and be adequately resourced to address the health and safety issues likely to be involved in the design.
UK - CDM
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Key themes of CDM Regulations - Contractor
• To plan and manage construction work under their control so that it is carried out in a way that controls risk to health and safety.
• Responsibility to manage the work; co-operate with other duty holders; consult with employees; prepare the construction plan; ensure welfare facilities are provided.
UK - CDM
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Key themes of CDM Regulations –Workers
• Must be consulted about matters which affect their health, safety and welfare.
• Must cooperate with their employers, fellow workers, contractors and other duty holders.
UK - CDM
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height
n BS 8560:2012 encourages designers to assess, as early as possible in the design process, how work at height can be minimized, and where required the provision of practical, efficient, cost-effective solutions for the safety of those who work ay height.
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Building and site characteristics
• Vertical plane walls• Slope out• Step back• Sloping glass roof
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height – Flat Roof
13a Temp edge protection with sockets14 Temp perimeter scaffold during construction and maintenance
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height – Low Rise pitched roof1 Leaning ladder with anchor points and tension strap, life lines5 Scaffold tower
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height – Ground Equipment
3 Long pole 7 Mass climbing platform with Z for tie back5 & 6 MEWP
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height – Building-Mounted Equipment
1 Monorail2 One man cradle3 SWP7 External gantry
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BS 8560:2012
Code of Practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height – Personal access equipment
3 Vertical access with fall protection5, 11 Anchor line and work restrain system
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Development Bureau Approach
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Guidance Notes of Design for Safety 2015
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DEVB Approach
The Essence of DfS
• The main objective of Design for Safety system is to achieve:
• Identification of potential health and safety hazards at early stage of a project and continue throughout project delivery;
• Early involvement of all stakeholders through timely provision of necessary information; and
• Clear demarcation of the roles and responsibilities of different parties on risks at all stages of a project.
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Who is responsible for implementing DfS?
• Client;• Designers (architect/engineer/maintenance surveyor);• Contractors (including principal contractors and sub-
contractors);• Maintenance Supervisor (the client’s or end user’s
representative supervising maintenance works).
DEVB Approach
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The Key Words for Roles and Responsibilities of Duty-holders are:-
• Competency;• Co-ordination;• Co-operation;• Communication; and• Commitment.
DEVB Approach
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DEVB Approach
The Application of Design for Safety Under Different Project Stages:-
•Preliminary Design:-•Consider Health and Safety (H&S) together with cost, fitness for purpose, buildability, maintainability, usabilityand environment impact;•Conduct brainstorming meetings and
•Record in the Summary of H&S Concerns.
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Administration of the DfS Process
• Preliminary Design StageSummary of H&S ConcernsPreliminary Hazard Analysis
• Detailed Design StageRisk assessment, design options, residual riskHazard and Impact Summary
• Tender Preparation StagePre-tender Health and Safety Plan by DesignerOutline Health and Safety Plan by Tenderer
• Construction Stage – Health and Safety Plan
DEVB Approach
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Hazard Identification and Risk Control
• Identification of Hazards• Risk Assessment• Risk Control Measures• Risk assessment structure (ESCAPE)
– Elimination– Substitution– Control by engineering– Administration (permit to work)– PPE– Emergency preparedness
DEVB Approach
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Highways Experience
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HyD Experience
Construction of Passenger Clearance Building for HK Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF)
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HyD Experience
The Mega Passenger Clearance Building Roof Module under Transportation
Photo taken from HyD Web site.
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HyD Experience
The Roof Module ready to be lifted
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HyD Experience
The Roof Module supported by temporary works
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HyD Experience
The Lifting Device
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HyD Experience
The Slinging of the Roof Module through Rails
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The Temporary Sliding Rails
HyD Experience
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Support to Roof Module and Temporary Rail
HyD Experience
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HyD Experience
Jointing of two Roof Modules
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HyD Experience – HZM Bridge – Parapets Installation – Case StudyPre-cast RC parapet delivered on site
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HyD Experience
lifting by mobile crane
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HyD Experience
The lifting C.G. with rebate in horizontal position
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HyD Experience
The pre-cast parapet placed into final position with almost in a self standing situation
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HyD Experience
The completed parapets with recess for utilities
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The provision of handrail and safe access catwalk for glass panel cleaning
HyD Experience
Catwalk provided for cleaning outside cladding
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HyD Experience
Guard rail provided for gardener
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HyD Experience
Proper working platform with access provided for lighting mast
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Airport Authority Experience
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Fall Prevention –Use of Prefabrication
• Prefabricationdoneonthegroundtoreduceriskofworkingatheight
• Unitspre-fittedwithtemporaryguardrailsbeforeinstallation
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Fall Prevention –Use of Modularization
PrefabricationofPipeModules InstallationofModules
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Steel Beam Shutters –Guardrails & Toe-boards built with
Shutters
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51
Fall Prevention – Safe Platform Ladders
Remark : A-ladders are prohibited in all projects
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n Maintenance access system integral to roof design
n Access to roof from inside the building only
n Thorough fall arrest system to ensure ease and protection for future maintenance staff Roof Access Points
Roof Maintenance –Roof Walkways & Mansafe Systems
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Under-slung Platform
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Roof Maintenance –(Roof Top Walkway & Fall Arrest System)
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Bilco Ladder
Roof Maintenance –Stainless Steel Roof Ladder with Telescopic Safety
Posts
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Internal Working Platform with Outreach Arm
Aerial Working Platform Mobile Scissor
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Some More Local Working at Height Experience
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Sophisticated Columns and Segments Construction
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Lifting Frame for Segments Erection
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Segment erected with guard rail before lifting
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Fall protection bar behind the doorway of utility falling pit
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Ventilation Fan Module Assembled at Ground to Reduce Falling Hazards and Easy Maintenance
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Built-in Mobile Working Platform at Tsing Yi Station for Cleaning and Repairing
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Very Good Design and Artistic but Difficult in Maintenance and Cleaning
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Housing Authority (HA)Approach
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HA Approach
Background and purpose of the Pictorial Guide
• Jointly organized by the HA and the Occupational Safety and Health Council (OSHC).
• A safety workshop on “From Cradle to Cradle – Workshop on Planning and Design for Safety in Project Life Cycle for Public Housing Developments” was held on 31 March 2010.
• With a charter signed by all signatories pledging commitment to observe and drive planning and design for safety.
• Latest version issued in January 2017
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Use of precast concrete stairway provide an early access to floors, maintain good quality of work
HA Approach
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HA Approach
Use of precast concrete floor panels to eliminate falling hazards when erecting timber formwork and placing joists
Avoid slab formwork construction and minimize nos. of proppings
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HA Approach
Pre-designed RC parapet wall with through holes for anchoring and mounting for suspension working platforms for maintenance works
Avoid insitu construction of tie beams at elevated positions
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Safety Considerations in the provision of stairways at roof top lift plant room – Safe Access
A retro-fix of stairway to replace the cat-ladder for safer access and material handling. Heavy cross beams added to support the stairway.
HA Approach
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Safety Considerations in the use of precast toilets with epoxy coated reinforcement bar -reduce maintenance
HA Approach
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Safety Considerations in the provision of special window hinges to allow cleaning from both sides – Safe for Cleaning
HA Approach
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Safety Considerations in the provision of Air Conditioner Space and allow installation from inside the house – Safe for Maintenance
HA Approach
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UK Experience
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UK Experience
Provision of Safe Access at Roof
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Provision of Safe Access Gantry for Maintenance Work
UK Experience
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UK London Eye Experience
Over view of London Eye
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UK London Eye Experience
Design for Maintenance – Built-in hydraulic lifting crane and man-cage for maintenance work
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UK London Eye Experience
Safe Access Ladder for Maintenance and Rescue
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UK London Eye Experience
U-shape Hand-holds at outside of Capsule for Evacuation
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Safety Netting at a Church in London
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Complicated metal scaffolds and working platform provided at pitched roof
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Mast climbing working platform
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Powered cradle for inspection and maintenance work
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Advanced guardrail installation method
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Shape of guard rail used in the advanced installation method
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Advanced Guardrail - Different type of scaffold , different installation method…
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Typical tubular metal scaffolds – Scaffold boards noted at the working level
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Strong Anchorage to Wall by Eyebolt at Scaffolds
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Metal Gate at Floor Access of Scaffolds
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Scaffold Tag with Check List
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Use of trestle ladder noted
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Some More Overseas Experience
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Aluminum Scaffolds at Church - Germany – Can this be replaced by bamboo scaffolds
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Access Ladders – GermanyHow about the bamboo ladder at bamboo scaffolds
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Access Tower to Roof - France
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The dedicated timber guard rail is erected in-line with the floor level - NZ
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Sub-standard Scaffolds - Mauritius
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Scattered Planks at Scaffolds - Tunisia
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Poor Planks Arrangement - Tunisia
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Home Made Scaffolds - Tunisia
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Suspended Working Platform Around Building - Korea
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Access and Working Platform to underneath of Viaduct - Korea
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Scaffolds with Standing Planks and Built in Vertical Access Ladder - Singapore
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Working at height safety training - Singapore
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Working at height reference - NZ
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Conclusion
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Benefits of Design for Safety
• Eliminate of hazards at source• Reduced need for redesign and retrofitting• Greater predictability in construction, maintenance and
operation costs• Reputation, socially and ethically responsible
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Barriers of Design for Safety
• Lack of experience in DfS• Lack of awareness by duty holders• Designers fear of un-deserved liability for workers safety• Increased costs for designers• No specific legislation – (Transition with Guidance Notes or
COP)
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The Way Forward
• More resource, research, training, for stake holders, designers, safety practitioners, contractors and end-users on CDM subjects;
• Building up of a local data base on construction hazards, risk and its mitigation measures;
• More active roles from universities and institutions;• Adopt new technology, BIM, new construction methods; and• More sharing of experience among different countries and
cities.
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Reference
• Design for Safety Examples.pdf• Design for Safety Guidance Notes.doc• Pictural Guide to Planning and Design for Safety, HA• www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx• CDM Guidance Notes : www.safetyindesign.org• The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
2015 – UK• CDM 2015 Questions and Answers – A practical approach
– Pat Perry• CDM Regulations 2015 Explained – Raymond Joyce• LD, OSHC, DevB and CIC relevant OSH publications
Andy Lo: [email protected]; Ph +852 9096 8937
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Note:-
• Safety standards, COPs, laws and regulations various from countries to countries, some of the examples quoted in this presentation may not be complied with the local safety legislation requirements.