ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT

FITRIA INTAN AYUNINGTIAS 105030200121014

A. Definition

Systematic approach to evaluate the consequences of the environmental impact of

products and processess, and their impact on human health and the environment (Fiksel, 1996)

A systematic consideration of design performance with respect to environmental, health,

and safety objectives, over the full product and process life cycle (Jonathan Weaver).

The key focus of DfE is to minimize the environmental-economic cost to consumers

B. The three main goals

1. Promoting green cleaning and recognizing safer consumer and industrial and

institutional products through safer product labeling.

2. Defining Best Practices in areas ranging from auto refinishing to nail salon safety.

3. Identifying safer chemicals, including life cycle considerations, through Alternatives

Assessment.

C. Implementation

1. Identification the environmental aspect

2. Providing the society for environment management

3. Evaluation the environment

D. Characteristic

1. Natural resources are transformed into useful goods and harmful by-products

2. Our economic system measures the efficiency of production or “productivity” in a way

that keeps better track of the good things we produce than the bad1

3. The “Crossroad”

1 Senator Al Gore – earth in the balance, 1992

DfE is at the “conceptual crossroad between the drive toward Enterprise Integration and the

drive toward Sustainable Development.”

Enterprise Integration is the re-engineering of business processes and information

systems to improve teamwork and coordination across organizational boundaries, thereby

increasing the effectiveness of the enterprise as a whole. Total Quality Management is the

foundation for enterprise integration, and has led to the concept of Integrated Product

Development. IPD uses cross-functional design teams to consider the full spectrum of

quality factors simultaneously.

Sustainable Development is defined as “industrial progress that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Environmental Stewardship is the foundation for this concept, and its first widely applied

practice is Pollution Prevention.

DfE is put forward as the way to achieve sustainability while seeking competitive advantage.

E. Principles

1. Improve worker safety, public health, and environmental health. And also improve

performance and qulity of product.

Sustainable

Development

Enterprise Integratio

n

Design for

Environment

Pollution Preventio

n

Integrated

Product Develop

ment

Environment

al Stewardship

Total Qualit

y Manageme

nt

2. Use resources wisely

3. Incorporating environmental consideration into the product design, process, and technical

management system.

1. Eco-Efficiency Approaches

Cleaner processes : reduced emmissions, manufacturing, and paint methods.

Usually involves incremental refinement of production or

manufacturing processes to reduce waste and its byproducts.

(pollution prevention)

Cleaner products : use of recycled products and environment friendly materials

Fundamental product designs are still dynamic. Takes into

account all stages of the product life cycle, from material

selection to end-of-life use and recovery. (environmental

responsibility)

Sustainable resources use : industrial ecology

Evaluate product and production system as a whole.

Includes supplier and customer impacts on resource

consumption

2. Product Life Cycle Perspective

Consider all of the aspects of this chart and the potential impact on the environment within

your design process

- raw materials / products used,

- manufacturing and assembly operations,

- product use by customer, and

- fate of materials / substances at the end of life of the product

Part / ProcessDesign Hazardous & Industrial Waste Disposal External & Internal Material Recycling System Use

Acknowledge that most product design effort is usually focused on the product performance

during the “System Use” Stage

3. Integrated Cross-Functional Product Development

DfE Enablers in Product Development

– Integrated product realization process

– Concurrent development of product and production processes

– Environmental performance metrics

– Analysis methods for comparing and selecting alternatives

F. Motivation

1. Reduced Future Liability

Informed decisions during the design stage can avoid costly future liabilities

Eliminating toxic materials and designing more recyclable products can reduce product

disposal responsibility

Reducing toxic releases during processing helps eliminate later treatment of

contaminated water or soil

2. Reduced Regulatory Impact

DfE enables anticipation of future trends in environmental regulations and standards

Proactive approach incorporates future environmental demands and regulations into

current product and process designs

Early cooperation with regulatory agencies can be beneficial by allowing influence on

implementation timing and/or metrics

3. Reduced Time to Market

Hazardous or regulated substances in products and production processes often require

permits and elaborate control systems to meet regulations

Permits and controls take time and resources to obtain and establish

By designing out such substances wherever possible, time to market can be reduced

4. Reduced Cost

Reduced production cost

(by re-using or recycling content)

Reduced waste management cost

(less waste = less cost)

Reduced product cost

(through simplification and component integration)

Reduced usage cost and end-of-life costs

5. Corporate Image and Market Position

Consumers are increasingly conscious of environmental issues

Perceptions about environmental responsibility of a company may affect consumer and

government purchase decisions

Environmental quality can be an effective marketing tool

Governments and large corporations wishing to appeal to these consumers will establish

purchasing standards regarding environmental friendliness and corporate environmental

policies and management systems. Unless these organizations and individual consumers are

convinced of a company’s proficiency in the area of environmental quality, sales to them will be

difficult to maintain. On the other hand, if the company is able to demonstrate its environmental

performance adequately, it can be an effective marketing tool to increase sales to those same

consumers.

6. Enhanced Profitability

Studies have shown that environmentally responsible companies have:

16.7% higher operating income growth

9.3% higher sales growth

3.9% higher return on investments

2.2% higher return on assets

1.9% higher asset growth

NB: Not only is environmental responsibility good for corporate image, but it can enhance a

company’s profitability.

G. Design Guidelines for

1. Product Structure

Locate unrecyclable parts in one system that can be quickly removed.

Locate parts with the highest value in easily accessible places.

Access and break points should be made obvious.

Specify remanufactured parts.

2. Material Selection

Avoid regulated and restricted materials.

Minimize the number of different types of materials.

Mark the material on all part.

Use recycled materials.

Avoid composite materials.

Hazardous parts should be clearly marked and easily removed.

3. Labelling and Finish

Ensure compatibility of ink where printing is required on parts.

Eliminate environmentally incompatible paints on parts.

Use unplanted metals that are more recyclable than plated.

Use electronic part documentation.

H. Example program

1. EPA

Is a United States Environmental Protection Agency program, created in 1992, that

works to prevent pollution and the risk pollution presents to humans and the environment

(responded to Eco-Efficient Approaches). The EPA DfE program provides information

regarding safer electronics, safer flame retardants, safer chemical formulations.

EPA program that distinguishes safer chemical products. EPA uses rigorous criteria to

ensure that Design for the Environment-labeled products are safe for human health and

the environment. The Design for the Environment label makes it easy for purchasers and

users to quickly identify safer chemical products that do not sacrifice quality or

performance.

• Assists companies to integrate health and environment considerations into business

decisions. This is aimed at prevention before pollution is created.

• Examines the hazards of chemicals used in an industry and pollution prevention.

• Assesses alternative processes, formulations, and emerging technologies.

• Promotes risk reduction through cleaner technologies and safer chemical choices.

I. Case Study

XEROX (Doc.Company)

Xerox Corporation is engaged in the global document market selling equipment and providing

document solutions including hardware, services and software world-wide. The Company's

activities encompass developing, manufacturing, marketing, servicing and financing of a

complete range of document processing products, solutions and services designed to make

organizations around the world more productive.

The environmental Performance :

Customer Environmental Satisfaction

Eco-Efficiency

Clean Air and Air Emissions

Waste Recycle

Energy conservation

Water conservation

Waste to landfills

Saving in recycle

Sources : MPD575 Design for X by Jonathan Weaver

J. DFE Successes

1. XEROX

Goal – zero materials to landfill

Set trends to reuse, recycle and remanufacture their products

Take accountability for products to end-of-life

New copiers have easily removed components

Disposable fuser rolls now made re-usable

Result - saved $100’s of Millions to-date

2. IBM

Their goal is to extend product life beyond just production, and to use reusable and

recyclable products. This means that IBM is currently working on creating products that can

be safely disposed of at the end of its product life. They are also reducing consumption of

energy to minimize their carbon footprint

Goals – reuse, recycle, less energy

On/off power programming

Coding of plastic parts for recycle

Improved acoustic foam removal

Recycled plastic in many product lines

Plastic kept free of paint & label contamination

Upgradeable printing systems

Powder coating of components

3. GM

Goals – up-front DfE design, reuse and recycle

Developing energy & environmental impact software with University of Tennessee

Track energy & environmental impact of every part during cars life-cycle

Redesign parts to better reuse or recycle

Analyze environment component of every design decision

4. Ford

Goals – 100% recyclable vehicle

Cross-functional recycling team since 1991

Plastic car bumpers recycled into tail lights – Taurus/Sable

2nd hand tires used to make parking brake pedal pads

Makes use of non-auto end-of-life materials

o Household carpet recycled into air cleaner housings & fan modules –

Ford/Mercury/Lincoln

o Soda bottles into grille reinforcements & padding

Recycling saves Ford $8M annually

5. Hewlett Packard (HP)

HP is working towards reducing energy used in manufacturing, developing materials that

have less environmental impact, and designing easily recyclable equipment

Goals – reuse, recycle, less energy

Recycle plastics

Plastic parts marked & identified for recycling

Thin-walled molding process uses less plastic

Modular architecture

Few permanent screws

80% less power than dot matrix models

50% less power than other ink jet models

REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment

http://www.epa.gov/dfe/faqs.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/design-for-environment.html

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