design and construction of a digital relay for multi

8/22/2019 Design and Construction of a Digital Relay for Multi

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL RELAY FOR MULTI-

CIRCIUT USE

BY

EKUNKE DENNIS E.

FPN/2010/2011/HEET/388

OGAR OLIVER ERUNKE

FPN/2010/2011/HEET/389

SAIDU SAMAILA

FPN/2010/2011/HEET/390

ABDULLAHI MUSA OTARU

FPN/2010/2011/HEET/391

SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE RE!UIREMENT FOR THE AARD

OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA "HND# IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

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CERTFICATION

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APPROVAL PAGE

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

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CIRCULATION OF INFORMATION

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DEDICATION

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ACKNOLEDGEMENT

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viii



ABSTRACT

Advancement in technology using microprocessor has led to many improvement in

generating systems as well as distribution systems in electric power stations. This facilitates lower installation and maintenance costs, better reliability of the

system, improved protection and control, and quick restoration of power outage.

Microprocessor-based relay control provides technical improvement and cost

saving in several ways, one of which is the use of microprocessor programmable

logic to reduce and simplify wiring in the power station. The relay also provides

protection of bus Faults, circuit breaker failure and high-side transformer blown

fuse detection at no or minimal additional cost. The relays also have metering

functions. The digital relaying system presented in this study utilies !"#$

microcontroller %processor& to provide digital relaying in a pre-determined power

station. The !"#$ microprocessor is interfaced with relay drivers consisting oftransistor of transistors that amplifies the current to drive the relays. The relays

are used directly to perform control functions. The micro-controller is also

interfaced with A'("!") analog to digital converter that converts the analog

inputs %voltage*current& in to digital output. The !"#$ is then interfaced finally

with an +(' that serve to display the output information on the screen. t is

epected. that at the end of the study, the system developed would effectively

control power station with four generators, provide protection from faults, and

give the operational condition of power station on an +(' screen.

ix



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CHAPTER THREE

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REFERENCES

xi



xii



CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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xvii



CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

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xviii



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xix



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xx



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xxi



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xxiii



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xxv



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xxvi



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xxvii



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xxviii



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xxix



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E#%) A''(%% T* I&*+-#"*&

xxxii



4' , ((',7 $4'%& +,6% %<%'(,77* ($&%,% 4& ,$$% '

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%$4&('* , ,)%'* $, ,77 ,=% 4% ) '+% ()&,'( )& '+% 5%&

*'% ((',7 $'&7 *'%. T+% ,6,(7,(7('* ) ()&,'( ,=% ('

%,(%& ' ,,% , ),$(7('* %))($(%'7* , %$($,77*.

U7(=% ,,7 *'%; ((',7 $'&7 *'% &6(% &%,7 '(% ','4 ) ,77

,& $%' 5('+( '+% *'%.

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T+( ((',7 &%7,*( *'% %(% ( '+( $'%<' ( , *'% %(% '

,4','($,77* $'&7 '+% %&,'( ) '+% &%%'%&(% 5%& ','(. T+%

((',7 &%7,* *'% ('& '+% %'(&% 5%& ','( %&,'( , 4'(7(%

'+% &($(7% ) %<%&' *'% ( ,&'()($(,7 ('%77(%$% ' ,4','($,77*

('& '+% 5%& ','(. T+% *'% +, '+% )775( )%,'4&%.

1. A(7('* ' $'&7 '+% %&,'( ) '+% )4& %%&,'& $%$'% ' '+%

*'% , *$+&(% 75 %&,'( %%&,'& )& , 6(4,7 (7,*

)& '+% ','4 ) '+% 5%& ','(; (7,* ) 67',% 4'4' ) '+%

*'%.

2. P&6(% &'%$'( )& 67',% 4&% ,$& '+% 5%& ','(.

3. P&6(% )& %))($(%' %&,'( ) '+% 5%& ','(.

xxxiii



2.5 M*'#"*&% F+*- O",(+ R((/( S)%"(-

T+% ((',7 &%7,*( *'% %(% ( '+( '4* +, '+% )775(

()($,'( 6%& '+% *'%.

,. I' ( (7%%'% 5('+ %,(7* &&,,7% 801 ($& $'&77%&

%&6%&.

. I' &6(% 6(4,7 (7,* ) '+% ','4 ) '+% 5%& ','( , LCD

$&%%.

$. I' &6(% *$+&(,'( ) '5 %%&,'& ,' , (' ( '(% )& ,

$(,'( ) )4& %%&,'&.

xxxiv



CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

T+% %'+ 4% )& '+% (7%%','( ) '+% ,( , %$'(6% ) '+(

'4* ,&% %$&(% , )775

3.1 A'<%"*& O R(%(#+', M#"(+#$%

T+% ,', )& '+% &%%,&$+ ) '+( '4* 5%&% ',(% '+ )& &(,&* ,

%$,&* 4&$%. P&(,&* ,', 5%&% $77%$'% )& 6,&(4 =57%%

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3.2 P+*=('" D(%!&

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T+%% 4 4(' ,&% %(% %,&,'%7* , 7,'%& ($&&,'% ' ,=% 4'+% $7%'% *'%.

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xxxv



4-%$'(( '+% *'% (' )4$'(,7 4(' '+,' 5(77 ,=% 4 '+% %'(&%

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5%& 47* 4(' $, % (774'&,'% , )775J

xxxvi

POWER

SUPPLY UNIT

INPUT

SOURCE

(Generator)

ADC(Analog to

Digital

Converter)

MICRO-CONTROLLER

(!"#)

LCD

DISPLAY

RELAYINGOUTPUT UNIT

CONSUMER

OUTPUT



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B4' ! IT .."(6#

xxxvii



+%&% I C4&&%'

T T(%. A7 T $*f

+%&% ) )&%:4%$* 0H

T $*#" "."0#S%$.

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&%7,*. T+% $(&$4(' (,&, )& '+% &%7,*( 4(' )& %,$+ ) '+% &%7,* ( ,

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xxxviii



3.3.3 T,( O"" D%$#) U&"

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4(' )& '+% &% '4* ( ' % %(% 5('+ , 2 < 1 LCD "L(:4(

C&*',7 D(7,*#.

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T+% )4$'( ) '+% ADC ( ' $6%&' ,,7 (,7 '+,' ,&% (676% ( '+%

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' '+% 801 ($&$'&77%&. I' &6(% '+% ($&$'&77%& 5('+ '+% (4'

&%:4(&% ' (7,* '+% 67',% '+% LCD $&%%.

3.5 THE FLOWCHART

xxxix



CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 C*&%"+'"*& T(%"% R(%$"% #& D%'%%*&

4.1 C*&%"+'"*&

T+% $'&4$'( ) '+( &%$' 5, $4$'% ( 6,&(4 +,% )

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'+% )775( +,%

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xl



,%7% ,&' * ,&' %)&% '+% %( 7,*4' ) '+% &%$' 5,

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xli



xlii

RELAY1

RELAY4

RELAY2 RELAY3

RELAY5 RELAY6

RELAY DRIVER TRANSISTOR

NETWORK

RELAY DRIVER

RESISTOR

8051

MICROCONTROLLER

5V REGULATOR

ET

CLK

AD!UST

A"LE

RESIST

OR

#OWER

SU##LY

#ULL U#

RESISTOR

ADC 0804 UNIT



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xliii



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xliv



S',&'

C+%$= %%&,'& ','4

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xlv



4.2.1 C*&"&") T(%"

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xlvi



' '+% ($&$'&77%& ( )4$'(( , &%:4(&%. T+% '%' (

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LCD; '+% (' %&,'( 4' % '%'%. T+% %&,'( ) '+% LCD

( $4$'% * 4( '+% $(77$% ' (6%'(,'% '+% %+,6(&

xlvii



) '+% %,7% (; '+% &%('%& %7%$' ( , '+% &%, 5&('% ( )

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4.3.2 P*/(+ S$)

T+% )775( &%47' 5%&% ',(% '+% 4'4' ) '+% 5%&

47*

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xlviii



- A4',7% &%47,'& "LM 31# 4'4' 12.2V$

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F(..1 A$ (4' /T&,)&%& O4'4' 5,6% )&

xlix



F(. .2 R%$'()(%& 4'4' 5,6% )&

l



F(..3 F(7'%&% 4'4'

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li



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(,7 '+% ,% ) %,$+ ) '+% &%7,* &(6%& T&,('&; '+% &%7,*

5%&% &%%$'(6%7* %%&(% 5+($+ $)& 5('+ '+% ('%%

%(;

4.3.@ T,( *"" %$#) "(%"

T+% &%47' )& '+( '%' ( '+% (7,* ) '+% 4'4' ) '+%

%%&,'& ','( '+,' ( %&6% '+% LCD (7,*. T+% LCD

(6% , 6(4,7 (7,*. I' (6% '+% 6,76% ) '+% V7',%; '+% 5%&','( ','4; '+% ','% ) %&,'( , ),47' ,,7*( ) '+% 5%&

','(.

4.3. T,( ADC '*&(+%*& "(%"

lii



O '+% %,4&%%' ) '+% 4'4' '+% ((',7 47'(%'%& )& '+%

ADC $6%&( '%' ,&% , )775.

INTR 47% ) V '+% (

VREF 3.V

CLKR 2.2V

CLK IN 1.9V

4.4 C#%&!

T+% $,( &%)%& ' '+% %<'%&,7 +4( ) '+% &%$'. T+% $,(

4% )& '+( ( , 5+('% 7,'($ $,( '+,' ( ( '+% (% 12<12

($+% , , +%(+' ) 3 ($+% '+% $,( 5, ,7% '

,$$,'% $)&',7% '+% %'(&% &%$' , ( '+% C,(

;&%& 6%'(7,'( 5, &6(%.

4.5 C*%" A&#$)%%

T+% $' (7($,'( ) '+% &%$' $, % 4,&(% * '+% (77

) %(%%&( %,4&%%' , E6,74,'( "BEME# +5 ( '+%

',7% %75.

liii



S$NO

COM#ONEN TS$ ITEMS

%UANTIT Y

UNITCOST

TOTALCOST

1 10&' 2 10 20

2 4()&' 10 10 100

3 1&' 2 10 20

4 100' 2 10 20

C*+*,i-./

5 10+R 2 30 60

6 4)0+R 2 80 160

) 0(1+R 4 30 120

8 30+ 4 30 120

Di.

10 IN400) 10 10 100

C/-*l

11 12M7 2 250 500

KS.,&-

1220 +i.,&- 2 100 200

1340 +i Di+.,&- 2 250 500

Rl*

14

30A 12 V

,.il 8 400 3200

1530A,.-*,-./ 8 3000 24000

S.l/i9

16.l/i9i/. 1 1200 1200

liv



1).l/i9l* l* 1 1000 1000

18 il 1 300 300

1 :,&- 1 350 350

V/.;.*/

20li ;.*/<;i9= 1 150 150

21 ,*i9 6000 6000

22 >:?+/ 380 380

23 ,.,-./ 1200 1200

24,.,-i.,*;l 600 600

25 @i-, 300 300

26 ?/,illi.: 1000 1000

TOTAL 41B620

4.@ D%'%%*&%

I '+% $4&% ) '+( &%$' %(% , $'&4$'(; ,*

$+,77%% 5%&% ),$%; '+%% $+,77%% +5% 4 ( '+ '+%

%( , $'&4$'( +,% ) '+% &%$'. T+% $+,77%% ),$%

'+% %( 5, ,(7* +5 ' 4% '+% &%:4(&% 4%& )

&%7,* ' % 4% ' ('%&),$% '+&%% +,% %%&,'&. T+( &7%

5, 7,'%& $&&%$'% * '+% 4% ) $',$'& 5+($+ $, % (&%$'7*

$%$'% ' '+% '+&%% +,% %%&,'& (&%$'7*. A'+%& &7%

%$4'%&% ( '+% $4&% ) '+% %( ) '+( &%$' 5, 4&(

'+% )'5,&% %6%7%'. T+( &7% 5, 7,'%& ',$=7% *

)775( '+% ,7&('+ )& '+% &%$' ' *'%,'($,77* 76% '+%

&7% %$4'%&%. T%'( 5, ,7 % ) '+% ,& %',$=

( '+( &%$' $'&4$'(. T+( &7% 5, ',$=7% * ',=(

'(% ' 7$,'% '+% (7% 4&$% ) %&&& , 76( '+%%

&7% '% * '%.

lv



5.0 CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

T+% ((',7 &%7,* ( ,($,77* , ($&&$%& ,% $'&7 *'% '+,'

4'(7(% ,&'()($(,7 ('%77(%$% &($(7% ' ,,7*% 5%& *'% 67',% ,

$4&&%' )& '+% 4&% ) %'%$'( ) ),47' ( , %7%$'&($ 5%& *'% ,

5%77 , %&)& $'&7 )4$'( , 5('$+( %&,'( ( '+% 5%&

*'%.

M,* 4'(7('(% ,&% 5 ,7*( ($&&$%& ,% &%7,* ('&(4'(

$(&$4('. T+% ($&$'&77%& ,% ((',7 &%7,* ( , 5%& *'% %:4(%'

'+,' 4% '+% &($(7% ) ,&'()($(,7 ('%77(%$% ' %&)& $'&7 ,

&'%$'( ) %7%$'&($ 5%& ','(.

lvi



C$74(6%7*; +,6( $4$'% , %<$74(6% &%%,&$+ '+( '4*; 5%

'+%&%)&% &$7,( '+,' '+( &%$' , ,&6% )& $'&4$'( +, 5&=%

, %(% ( '+% $'%<'.

5.3 R('*--(&#"*&

H,6( 4$$%)477* $7%'% '+% $'&4$'( ) '+( &%$'; 5% +%&%* &,5

'+% )775( &%$%,'(J

• S($% ((',7 $'&7 ) %7%$'&($,7 5%& *'% ( &%$%'7* ,%

((',7 *'%; 5% +%&%* &%$% '+,' '+% '4* ) ((',7 $'&7 ) 5%& +47 % %$4&,% ( '+% %,&'%'.

• B,% 4& &%47'; 5% +%&%* &%$% '+% &%$' )& )4&'+%&

(&6%%' 5+($+ ,* ($74% '+% 4%& ) *'% $'&77% 4$+

, '&,)&%&; %%&,'&; 5('$+ %,& , '+%& %6($% '+,' (

$'&77,7% ( , 5%& ','(. A ,7 ($74% %6($% '+,' $,

&6(% &'%$'( )& 6%&67',%; 6%& $4&&%' , 67',% 4&%.

• % ,7 &%$% '+,' '+% &%$' , '+% ,'%&(,7 ,$(,'% 5('+ ('

' % ,% ,6,(7,7% )& ,* % '+,' ( 4%&( '+( =( ) &%%,&$+

5&=.

lvii



REFERENCES

310 IEEE D&,)' S',,&; IEEE S',,& I6%&'. T(% C+,&,$'%&('($

E:4,'( )& O6%&-$4&&%' R%7,*.

311 ( I. "2002#. +('% P,%& , D((',7 C'&7 T%$+7*J C4(

P5%& G%%&,'(.

312 K,&7 . "2008#. M($&&$%&-,% ('&(4'( &%7,* ,7($,'(J

S$+5%('%& E(%%&( L,&,'&(%; I$ B%77%6(7%. USA.

313 M,&= L. 1998 D((',7 L5 I%,$% B4,& ())%&%'(,7 P&'%$'(.

A&'($7% O &%6(%5 ) &($(7% , ,&,$+% ( ((',7 &%7,*(.

31 55.5(=(%(,.$/((',7&%7,*(/,7($,'(.

design and construction of a digital relay for multi

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