desert operations red sea arabian sea persian gulf med. sea caspian sea indian ocean
TRANSCRIPT
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DESERT OPERATIONS
Red Sea
Arabian Sea
Persian Gulf
Med. Sea
CaspianSea
IndianOcean
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REFERENCES
FM 1-202, Environmental Flight
FM 1-230, Meteorology for Army Aviators, September 1982
FM 90-3, Desert Operations, August 1993
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OUTLINE
• Desert Weather• Desert Flying
• Density Altitude• Sand • Hazards to Flight
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DESERT WEATHERTemperature
• Max recorded: 136o F, (58o C). 160o inside a WW2 tank.• Minimum temperature in Siberian and Gobi deserts dive to -50o F (-45oC).• Day/night fluctuations reach as much as 72o F in the Sinai
Wind• Iran is known for its “wind of 120 days”. The wind blows almost constantly at velocities of up to 70 mph.• Sandstorms may develop to thousands of feet high and last for several days. They may form and stop suddenly.• Visibility may go from 30 miles to 30 ft. in minutes.
Precipitation• Lack of water is the most important single characteristic of the desert.• Annual rain fall may vary from 0 to 10 inches.• Severe thunderstorms may cause flash flooding.
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ACCLIMATIZATION
• Significant acclimatization can be attained in 4-5 days
• Full acclimatization takes 7-14 days , with 2-3 hours per day of exercise in the heat.
• Acclimatization does not reduce, and may increase water intake
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DESERT FLYING
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DENSITY ALTITUDE
• Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
• Altitude at which your aircraft will perform at.• As DA increases-------air density decreases
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As we increase in altitude-----the pressure around us decreases» At sea level/standard day (15oC.)
29.92 in = 14.7 psi.» At 18,000ft = 7.0psi.
As temperature increases-----the density (thickness) of the air decreases.
(air molecules move further apart.)
DENSITY ALTITUDE
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Sea Level
FL 180
DENSITY ALTITUDE
= Air Molecules
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Effects of DA on aircraft performance?
Reduced horsepower (Torque) available.» As DA incr. - air molecules spread out - less air
going into the engine = less horsepower (Torque) being produced.
Reduced wing efficiency» Less air molecules acting on the wings to
produce lift.
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RESULTS Increased takeoff roll Reduced climb performance (ft./min.) Increased landing distance (higher TAS,
higher GS) Decrease in the “excess power available” Aircraft response----more sluggish Deceleration effects (ability to slow down,
and not fall through)
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What to do about it
Plan ahead-----ppc, understand how DA will affect aircraft performance.
ANTICIPATE!!!
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Sand and the aircraft
• Engines/blades [blade erosion,wear on engine components(particle separator, filters,inlet and turbine blades)]» higher than normal oil temperatures
• Avionics» electricity will attract the dust» overheat of the black boxes» lead acid batteries more susceptible to overheating in
the desert
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HAZARDS TO FLIGHTSandstorms
• Altitudes up to 10,000 feet• Near zero visibility• High winds
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AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
Engine TGT
High TGT during engine start
Avionics
High humidity can subject electronics equipment to malfunction due to corrosion
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QUESTIONS??