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Devolution in Austria
EUROPEAN UNION
Committeeof the
RegionsCoR-Studies I 1/2005 14Brussels, January 2005
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Bund
Intermediate
level
Regional
level
Local
level
National
level
(Federationlevel)
1.5.1999Amsterdam Treaty enters into force
24.11.2002Federal elections
1.2.2003Entry into force of the Nice Treaty
29.10.2004Signature of the Treaty
establishing a Constitution for Europe
28.2.2003Second Schssel government
28.1.2005Last meeting of the
Austrian Convention; presentationof a draft Constitution and a reportto the federal President, the federal
government, the National Council, theFederal Council, the minister-presidents
of the n d e and the regionalparliaments and then discussed
in Parliament.
From late1990sadditional Euro-Regionsestablished comprising
regionsfrom theCzech Republic,
Slovakia,Hungary,Slovenia,Germany,Italy
and Switzerland
Devolution in Austria
volution process
19.12.1945TheFederal Constitution
isreinstated (B-VG)
26.10.1955Lawon Constitutional Neutrality:
Austriaregains itssovereignty
December 1955AustriajoinstheUN
1972Signatureof thebilateral freetradeagreement withtheEEC
1970Italo-AustrianPact
onSouthTyrol
12.11.1918Emperor Karl I abdicates: Thefirst Republicof Austriaisestablishedbytheaccessionof theLnder(regions)
13.3.1938Austriaisan nexed
byGermany
10.4.1938Austriabecomes the Ostmark
(EasternProvince of theThird Reich)
April 1945Austrialiberated
bytheAllies
15.5.1955StateTreaty: SecondRepublic
1962Amendment to
municipal legislation:revision of the
Federal Constitution:expansion of localself-government
in Austria
1862Imperial
egislation oncal authoritieseichsgemeinde-
gesetz )
1966The sterreichische
Gemeindebund(Association of Austrian
local authorities)can takepart in all
consultations onlawsand decrees
1972Cross-border cooperationworking party of Alpine
countriesu nder theauspicesofARGE-ALP(Germany/Italy/Austria/Switzerland)
1978Cross-border cooperationworking party under the
auspicesof ALPEN-ADRIA(Italy/Austria/Slovenia/
Hungary/Germany/Switzerland/ Croatia)
1998Agreement on cross-border
cooperation between theself-governing provinceof Bolzano-South Tyrol,
theself-governing provinceof Trient and the
Landof Tyrol (Euregio)
1980TheEuropean
Framework Conventionon cross-border
cooperation betweenlocal and regional
authorities
1992TheLnderand local authoritiesa re
associated with theEUinformation networks:theLnderplay aleading roleformulatingAustrian policy positionson all EUdraft
legislation which affectstheir areasof responsibility. TheLndercan acton behalf of thefederation in areas
for which they areresponsible
und
Bundesprsident(Federal president)elected by direct universal suffrage for a six-year term
Bundesversammlung(Federal Parliament)
Bundesrat(Federal Council) (legislature,upper chamber of parliament). 64 memberselected bytheLandtage (regionalparliaments) inproportion to thepopulationof eachLand. Haspowersof veto enablingit to delaylegislation. Hasto endorsedraftfederal legislation of concern to theLnder
Nationalrat(National Council)(legislature, lower chamber ofparliament) 183 memberselected bydirect universal suffrage, on aproportional basisfor afour-year term Verwaltungsgerichtshof
(Administrative Court).
The highest administrative judicial body.Task: ensuring that the governmentadministration acts within the law
Verfassungsgerichtshof(Constitutional Court).
Supervises the constitutionality ofgovernment administration, laws andregulations, the accountability of thehighest officers
Minister of the InteriorBundesregierung (federal government),consisting of theBundeskanzler(federal chancellor),vice-chancellor and federal ministers, appointed bythefederal president
9LnderViennais both aLandand alocal authority
Landtag (regional parliament)
Members elected by direct universal suffrage, undera proportional system fo r 5 or 6 years. Elects theLandeshauptmann(Minister-President) and the other
members of the regional government. Has genuinelegislative power for areas of relevance to the Land
Office of the regional government (administrative apparatus supporting the Minister-President and the regional government)
Landeshauptmann(Minister-President)Elected by the regional parliament and sworn in by the federalpresident. Responsible for external representation of theLandchairing the sessions of theLand government. He is an officerof the indirect, mid-level federal administration and, within thescope of indirect federal administration, is bound by theinstructions of the federal government and its ministers. He isempowered to issue instructions to the other members of the
regional government and subordinate authorities within the fieldof indirect federal administration.
Landesregierung (regional government)Two systems:Proporzsystem (proportional system):
each party with a certain percentage of the seats in theLandtag, has the right to nominate one or more ministersfor the regional government (Burgenlan d, Upper Austria,Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia,).
Government/opposition: government (possibly coalition)
with an opposition (Voralberg, Tyrol, Salzburg, Vienna).
Independent regional administrative senatesTake decisions on appeals in criminal and generaladministrative cases and on complaints againstacts of the direct executive authority.
Bezirkhauptmannschaft(district administrative authority)Monocraticadministrative authority on district level. Thedistrictcommissioner (Bezirkhauptmann) isappoin ted by theregionalgovernment and representsth efirst instancein matterscon cerningdirect and indirect federal administration and regional administration.Local responsibilititesmay be transferred by theGemeinden.
Brgermeister (mayor)Elected in mostLnderby direct universal suffrage, in theotherLnderby thelocal council. Amember of thelocalcouncil (although not necessarily in Viennaor Styria) andthelocal administrativeboard. Chairsmeetingsof thelocalcouncil and local administrativeboard. Officer of thelocalauthority in mattersfalling within theauthority's remit andof thenational administration for mattersfalli ng within theareaof devolved powers
Gemeinderat(local council)Electedb ydirect universal suffrageunderproportional representation. Themembershipreflectsthestrength of thevariouspoliticalgroups. Thememberselect the Gemeinde-vorstand(local administrativeboard).Highest local authority body for mattersfalling withinthe authority's remit.Not boundbyinstructions
2359 Gemeinden(local authorities)
Gemeindevorstand(local administrative board)Thepolitical partiesarerepresentedaccording their strength. Headed byamayor (Brgermeister). First instancefor all mattersfalling within theremitof thelocal council. Decision-makingpowersin financial,legalandeconomicmatters.
appointsand dismisses
responsible to theNationalrat
swearsin newofficeholders
hasgovernment delaying veto on thelawsof the Land
thefederal president can dissolvethe regionalparliament on aproposal from thefederal government,subject to theopinion of theBundesrat
carriesout ex post facto checks, supervisory authority
rulesoncomplaintsagainstindividualdecisionsafter proceduresvi s--visvarious local authoritybodieshavebeen exhausted
responsibleto theminister oftheinterior on policing matters
1989AustriaappliestojointheEEC
1.7.1934Adoptionof the Stndestaatliche Verfassung
(corporativestate constitution)
1929Consolidationof theduties
of thefederal president
1.10.1920TheFederal RepublicsConstitution isadopted
under theBundesverfassungsgesetz(B-VG)
1920Constitution of
the Federal Republic(amended in 1929).
The principle of localself-government isenshrined in the
Constitution
1994 + 1996Federal government
drafts on reformof the federal state
(not yet enactedby federalparliament)
1988Amendment to
the Constitution:theBundesrat(Federal
Council upper chamberof parliament) is given
extra powers -Lnder given the power to
conclude internationaltreaties
1985TheLndersubmit a
new list ofdemands
8.10.1992Political
agreement onreform ofthe federal
state
1984Amendment to the
Federal Constitution:consolidation of therole of theBundesrat
and the powers oftheLnder
1983Amendment
to the FederalConstitution: scaling
down of federalgovernment
influence on theLnder
1976Lndersubmit a
list ofdemands
1974Amendment
to the FederalConstitution;federalismenhanced
1938-45Lnder
(federal regions)replaced by
German Gaue(regions)
haspowerstodissolve
caninitiate dismissal
1988Amendment to theFederalConstitution empowerstheLnderto concludetreat ies
with statesbordering on Austria,or their constituent states
28.7.1914First World War
begins
Intermediate
level
Regional
level
Local
level
National
level
1814-1815Congressof Vienna
1867Austro-Hungarian
Empire
he role of local/regionaluthorities in Europeanntegration andross-border relationsexamples)
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
1960AustriajoinsEFTA
1.11.1993Maastricht Treatyon
EuropeanUnionentersintoforce
12.6.1994Referendum onAustrian accession
totheEU(66% in favour)
electsthemembersoftheBundesrat
15.1.1999Consultation mechanismand stability pact between
Bund(federation) andLnder.Principle: no transfer of
financial burdens betweenBund(federation) andLnder
without agreement "the purchaser pays"
1998Lnderdrafton reform of the
federal state (Landadministrative
courts)
99 Bezirk sverwaltungsbehrdenDistricts, decentralised administrativestructure of the Bund and the Land
situation as of January2005, updatedbyStudiesServiceof theCommitteeof theRegionswith theacceptanceof National Delegation
14 towns with their own charter + Vienna:local administrativematters arede alt withby themayor
1994Article23(d) oftheConstitution,participation oftheLnderandlocal authorities
in Europeanintegration issues
1995EuRegioSalzburg
BerchtesgadenerLand
Traunsteinfounded
January1995AustriajoinstheEU
derationlevel)
theregional parliament appointsthe governor and theregional government
supervisoryright
30.6.2003Establishment of a
Constitutional Conventionresponsible for drawing upa single text to replace the
variety of laws and constitutionalprovisions governing, and
revising the criteria for,the allocation of powers,tax mechanisms and the
federal and regionalsupervisory system
appoints thedistrict commissioner
23.9.1987Ratification of the
European Charter ofLocal Self-Government
(entered into force1 September 1988)
toricalkground
Own powers: general clause. The local authorities have general responsibility for issues which are exclusively orpredominantly local. Their main tasks are:
Devolved powers: the local authorities carry out the duties delegated to them by the federations and theLand. The localauthority implements state administrative tasks. The mayor is responsible for their implementation to the federalauthorities or the Land.
the appointment of localofficers and public servants
local police local traffic management
supervision of local planningregulations
local health regulations local spatial planning
measures to promote andsupport community activity:theatre, social services
regulations on public events
Responsibilities Article 10 of the Federal Constitution lists the reserved legislative powers of the federation; foreignpolicy,finances, trade policy,public safety,transport, labour law etc.
Sole legislative power and administrative authority on these areas.
Article 11 of the Constitution:legislation u n d (Federation) implementation Land (e.g. road traffic, citizenship,environmental impact assessments)
Article 12 of the Constitution lists the Federations legislative powers (framework laws) which each Landis empoweredto implement via implementing laws (services for the needy,young people, the public at large,land reform).
The overwhelming majority of legislative acts are carried out at federal level.
Article 11 of the Constitution:The Lnderare responsible for the implementation of certain federal laws.
Article 12 of the Constitution:Adoption and enforcement of implementing laws for federal framework laws.
Article 15 of the Constitution: general clauses:the Landis responsible for any area of legislation or implementationwhich is not specifically within the purview of the u n d (Federation), e.g. spatial planning, environmental protection,
planning law,transport. Indirect federal administration:Federal laws are implemented by the Minister-President and theauthorities subordinate to him. The Minister-President acts as an officer of the federal government and is bound by theinstructions of the federal government or minister.
Implementing powers. May issue decisions
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Devolution in Belgium
EUROPEAN UNION
Committeeof the
RegionsCoR-Studies I 1/2005 12Brussels, January 2005
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1893First revisionoftheConstitution
1921Belgium-Luxembourg
economicunion
5.2.1945Belgium fullyliberated asSeco nd
WorldWar approachesits end
26.6.1945Belgium joinsUN
April 1949Belgium
joinsNATO
1.8.1950KingLopoldIII
abdicates
toricalkground
1836Organisation
of theprovincesand
municipalities
1932Brusselsbilin gual,
elsewheremonolingual
1963Act concerningtheuseof the
national languages;establishment of four
language regions;moreuseof thesinglelanguageper region
principle
1962Language
frontierestablished
olution process
Role played by territorial authoritiesn promoting European integration
and cross-border relations (for information)
level
tary Belgian State
Senate(Upper House)
House ofRepresentatives
(Lower House)
Unitary Belgian state
Supervisorypowers
Supervisorypowers
Supervisorypowers
SupervisorypowersSupervisorypowers Supervisorypowers
Provinces Provinces Provinces
19Brussels
municipalities
Flemishmunicipalities
Walloonmunicipalities
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
GovernmentKing(pre-1970)
1919Straightforwarduniversal
suffragefor alladult malecitizens
level
level
level
level
4.10.1830Proclamationofgianindepende nce
7.2.1831New
Constitution
1908Belgium annexes
theCongo
12.3.1950Referendum onthereturnof
KingLopold III (57.6% yes)
1921Universal suffragefor women
inmunicipal elections
1948Universal suffrageforwomenin all elections
1948Benelux
CustomsUnion
1970Constitutionrevised.
Launchof thede-federalisationprocess.
Establishment ofthecommunitiesandtheregions
Devolution in Belgium1970
Belgium considersbecominga Federal State
1988Eighthgovernment under PrimeMinister Martens
(Christian-Social partiesin power)
July1999First Verhofstadt
government
March1992First Dehaenegove rnment(centre-left government)
Autumn1992Ratificationof
theMaastricht Treaty
31.7.1993Deathof KingBaudoinI;
Albert II crownedKing of Belgium
13.6.1999EU,regional and
communityelectionsHistoricalbackground
Devolution process
1975Cutbackinthe
number ofmunicipalities(mergingof
municipalities)
1977Egmont Pact:
Provincial arrangements threatened by
growthoffederalism
1980Constitutionrevised.Communitiesgiven
morepowers. Regionsgivenlegislative
powers
1983Reform of the
German-speakingcommunity
1984Establishment
of theCourt of
Arbitration
1988Constitutionrevised.
Regionsand communitiesgivenmorepowers.
Brussels-CapitalRegionset up
1989Regional and
community fundingact
1993Constitution
revisedtoroundoff theStates federal
structureandbicameral system
reformed
1993Special act finalisingthefederal structure:
joint municipal authorities(intercommunales ) placed
under theexclusivecontrol of the
regions
1970Mutual assistance
agreementsondisaster relief
withLuxembourg
1980MadridEU framework
agreementoncross -border
cooperationbetweenloca l
andregional authorities;thisagreement entered
intoforceon22.12.1982
1986Beneluxagreemen t
oncross-bordercooperation;
thisagreement enteredintoforceon
1.4.1991
5.5.1993Special act
placingforeignpolicy
onafederal footing
8.3.1994Cooperationagreement between
theFederal State,the communitiesandtheregionsontheproceduresforconcluding joint treaties; cooperationagreement onBelgian representation
at theEU Council of Ministers
30.6.1994Frameworkagreement
onhowtheFederal State,thecommunitiesandtheregionsaretoberepresentedoninternational
organisationsasregardsareasof joint responsibility
5.4.1995Cooperation
agreementbetweentheFederalStateandthethreeregionsof Belgium
oninternationalenvironmental
policy
18.5.1995Cooperationagreements
concerningthestatusof representativesof thecommunities
andregionsinBelgiandiplomaticandcons ular posts
Present Belgian Federal State
Senate (Upper House) House of Representatives (Lower House)150 directly elected members
Supervisorypowers
Supervisorypowers
Supervisorypowers
Supervisorypowers
Supervisorypowers
GovernmentKing
71 members (40 directly elected,21 community senators,
10 coopted senators)
German-speakingcommunity
Cooperationbetween
thegovernments
Cooperationbetween
thegovernments
Cooperationbetween
thegovernments
CourtofArbitration
thiscourtdealswithconflictsbetweentherespectivelegislativepowersoftheFederalState,
theCommunitiesandtheRegions
Brussels-Capital Region
5 Walloonprovinces
Possiblees tablishment ofjoint municipal authorities
Possiblees tablishment ofjoint municipal authorities
Supervisesthemunicipal
administration
Supervisesthemunicipal
administration
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
1989Threespecial actsonextendingthe
jurisdictionof the Courtof Arbitration
onthe Brusselsinstitutionson fundingtheregions
andcommunities
Parliament25 directly
electedmembers
Governmentthree
to fivemember s,including
thePresident
French community
Parliament94 members
(75 from theWalloon Parliament;
19 from theParliament of the
Brussels-Capital Region)
Governmentmax. eightmembers,including
thePresident
Joint Community CommissionCouncil: 89membersfrom theParliament
of theBrussels-Capital RegionCollege: 5members from the
Government of theBrussels-Capital Region
5 Flemishprovinces
ProvincialCouncil
Permanentrepresentation
Parliament75 directly
elected members
Governmentmax.nine members,
including thePresident
Parliament89 directly elected
members
Governmentfivemembers
Threeregionalsecretaries of State
Walloon Region
Commissionof theFrenchCommunity Commissionof theFlemishCommunity
Collegethreeministers
andtwo secretariesof State
Collegetwoministers
anda secretaryof State
FlemishCommunity
FlemishRegion
(nowmerged withtheFlemishCommunity)
Parliament124 directly
electedmembers
Governmentmax. 11 members,
includingthe President
Council72membersfrom the
Parliament of theBrussels-Capital Region
Council17membersfromtheParliament of
theBrussels-Capital RegionCommunity
level
Provincial
level
Regional
level
Municipal
level
National
level
ProvincialCouncil
Permanentrepresentation
May1993Belgium becomes
aFederal State
1.11.1993Entryintoforceof theTreatyon
EuropeanUnion (Maastricht)
1.5.1999Entryintoforceof
theAmsterdam Treaty
Government isanswerable totheHouse of Representatives
1957Belgium joins
theEEC
30.6.1960BelgianCongo
becomesinde pendent
21.7.1951KingBaudoinI
accedestothethrone
1952Belgium joinsthe European
Coal andSteel Community(ECSC)
Current situation asof January2005,updated byStudiesServiceof the Committeeof theRegions
18.5.2003Federal elections
29.10.2004Signatureof theTreaty
establishingthe Constitutionfor Europe
Walloon municipalities
262 Walloonmunicipalities(including the9 german speaking municipalities)
MunicipalCouncil
Collegeof mayorand aldermen Mayor
Brussels municipalities
19 Brussels municipalities
MunicipalCouncil
Collegeof mayorand aldermen Mayor
Flemish municipalities
308 Flemish municipalities
MunicipalCouncil
Collegeof mayorandaldermen Mayor
1960Benelux
EconomicUnion
1.2.2003EntryintoforceoftheTreatyof Nice
12.7.2003Second
Verhofstadt government
1980Establishment of
cross-border cooperationbetweenSaa rland,
Lorraine,Luxembourg,Rhineland-Palatinate
andWallonia
15.10.1985Signingof the
EuropeanCh arterof Local
Self-Government
1 senator 10 senators
10senators
2000-2001State reforms.
New powers for federatedpolitical authorities, new funding
arrangements for the communities,regionalisation of the law on the
municipalities and provinces(entry into force in 2002)
12August 2003Special lawamendingthe
special lawof 8 August 1980on institutionalreforms:
newpowersfor federatedpolitical authorities(import, export and
transit of arms)
19March2004Lawgranting
foreign nationalstheright to vote
in municipalelections
Federal responsibilities(Legislative power authority)
- Defence - Econo mic policy*- T he l eg al s ys te m - E ne rg y*- F in an ce * - E xt er na l t ra de *- S oc ia l se cu ri ty - A gr ic ul tu re *- Pu bl ic he al th * - Em pl oy me nt *- Monetary pol icy - Transpor t*- International relations* - Language use*- Ta xa ti on * - Ai d t o d ev el op in g c ou nt ri es *
(*Shared responsibilities)
Responsibilities of the communities(Legislativepower:thecommunitiesmayissuecommunitydecreeswhichhavetheforceoflaw; thereisnohierarchicalrelationshipbetweenthecommunitiesandthefederalauthority)
-Useoflanguages*-Protectionofpublichealth
andyoungpeople-Culture-Education andtraining
-International relations*-Themedia,includingradioandTV
-Social assistance-Research anddevelopmentis
theexclusiveresponsibility ofthecommunities,asis foreignpolicyon suchmatters
(*Sharedresponsibilities )
Responsibilities of the regions:economic areas
-Urbanpolicyandspatialplanning-Energy*-Publichousing-Environment-Economypolicy*-Publicworks(infrastructure)-Internationalrelations*-Taxation*- Supervision of municipal and provincial law
-Transport*-Employment*-Externaltrade*-Agriculture*-Researchanddevelopmentis the
exclusiveresponsibilityoftheregions,asis foreignpolicyonsuchmattersandtheimport,exportandtransitof arms
Administrativeresponsibilitiesof themunicipalities-Maintenanceofpublicorder-Organisationof elections-Registryofbirth,marriageanddeaths,
issuingad ministrativedocum ents-Planningpermission-Maintenanceofroadinfrastructures-Socialwelfare-Generalaffairsofthe municipalities
(*Shared responsibilities)
Administrative responsibilities of the provinces-Urbanplanning-Maintenanceofinfrastructure-Initiativepowersineducation,cultureandsport-Responsibleforimplementingallfederal,
communityand regionallegislationsandregulations-Generalaffairsofthe provinces
(Legislativepower: theregions mayissueregional decreeswhichhavetheforceoflaw;thereisnohierarchicalrelationshipbetween theregionsand thefederal authority)
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Devolution in Bulgaria
EUROPEAN UNION
Committeeof the
RegionsCoR-Studies I 1/2005 26Brussels, January 2005
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Regional
level
Local
level
National
level
|01/02/2003
EntryintoforceoftheTreaty of Nice
22/01/2002Georgi Parvanov,
President of theRepublic|
29/10/2004Signatureby25 Member Statesof the Treaty
establishingthe Constitutionfor Europe|
|10-12/12/1999
Helsinki EuropeanCouncil; EUaccessionnegotiationsopened withBulgaria
14/12/1995ApplicationforEUmembership
||
1994Associatemember of theWEU
(WesternEuropean Union)
Devolution in Bulgaria
toricalkground
|28/07/1913
Treatyof Bucharest;partition ofMacedonia; Bulgariareceivesthe westernpart of theterritory (Pirin)
1929Zvenogroupformedby republicanintellectualsandarmy
memberswhoadvocatedforminga federationwithYugoslavia.|
|19/05/1934
Zvenogroupcoupd'tat
05/09/1944Soviet troopsenterBulgaria
||
08/09/1946Referendum abolishes
themonarchy
15/09/1946Proclamationof thePeople's
Republicof Bulgaria(1947-1989)|
|02/1947
TreatyofParis;Bulgarialosesitsconquests, but maintainsits borders.
14/12/1955UNmembership
||
01/1990AmendmentstotheSocialist
Constitution
12/07/1991Current
Constitutionadopted|
|07/05/1992
Membershipof theCouncil of Europe
volution process
1995Law on
spatial planning(amended 2001)
02/06/1998Signature of theCouncil of Europeframework convention oncross-border co-operation (theso-calle d "Madrid Convention"
of 21/05/1980) (Entry into forceon 08/08/1999).
03/10/94Signatureof theCouncil of Europe'sCharter
for Local Self-Government(entry into forceon the 1st of September 1995)
President of the Republicelectedfor a five-year term bydirect universal suffrage
National Assembly (Narodno Subranie) (legislative power)
240 members elected for afour-year term by direct universalsuffrage with a secret ballot
President and Vice-President;elected by the members of theAssembly during the first sessionfollowing legislative elections;the President of the Assemblymay be assisted by a maximumof 5 vice-presidents.
17/09/1991Local self-government
and local administrationAct (amended several
times, notably in1995,1999,2003)
1996Law on
municipalproperty
Involvement of territorialauthorities in Europeanintegration and cross-borderrelations (for information)
situation asof January2005, updated byStudiesService of theCommitteeof the Regionswith acceptanceof theMission of Bulgaria to theEuropean Union
Government (executive power)
Prime Minister;elected anddismissed by theNational Assembly
Ministries,including one withoutportfolio; elected anddismissed by theNational Assembly onproposals from thePrime Minister.
Deputy Prime Minister(s);appointed and dismissedby the Prime Minister.
Constitutional Court;
responsible for checking the constitutionalityof laws. It comprises 12 judges, four of whomare appointed every three years for a nine-yearterm. Four judges are elected by the NationalAssembly, four are appointed by the Presidentof the Republic and four are elected jointly bythe judges of the Supreme Court of Appealsand Supreme Administrative Court.
28 regions (oblasti) (since the reform of 1 January 1999)
Decentralized state administrations responsiblefor implementing state policy at regional level.
Regional governor (oblastenupravitel), appointedby the government, overseesthe implementation of statepolicy at regional level
The Deputy regionalgovernors are appointedby the Prime Minister
264 Municipalities (Obstina )
Municipal council (Obstinski savet);elected for a four-year term by directuniversal suffrage with proportionalrepresentation.
The president of the municipalcouncil is elected by the membersof the municipal council
Mayor (Kmet);elected for a four-year termby direct universal suffragein a two-round system.
3,850 Mayoralties and districts
The sub-municipal level comprisesmayoralties and districts in the cities(24 in Sofia, the capital, 6 in Plovdivand 5 in Varna). Towns of more than100,000 inhabitants may establishdistricts.
Mayoralty Mayor(Kmet na kmetstvo);elected by direct universal suffrage,if inhabitance are over 250
District Mayor(Rayonen Kmet);elected by the MunicipalCouncil
level
level
level
TheNatio nal Assembly electsand dismissesthegovernment on proposalsfrom thePrimeMinister
Thegovernm ent appoints theregional governors
1995Local
Elections Act,amended in
1996
1996Consultation
of thePeople Act
1996Bulgarian
municipalities unitedin the National Association
of Municipalities inthe Republic of Bulgaria
(NAMRB)
2001Cooperation
Agreement betweenthe Council of Ministers
of Bulgaria and theNational Association of
Municipalities(NAMRB)
2002Starting of financial
decentralization aimingat increasing the
financial independenceof municipalities
(various legislativedocuments)
1998Municipal
budgets Act
1998Laws on
local taxes andlocal fees
1999National plan
of regionaldevelopment
2004Law for
the regionaldevelopment
01/03/1993EU/Bulgaria
AssociationAgreement|
The Bulgarian Constitution states that the "regions shall be an administrative territorial unit entrusted with
the conduct of a regional policy,the implementation of state government on a local level, and the ensuringof harmony of national and local interests" (art. 142).
Administration in the regions is provided by a regional governor, aided by a regional administration(art. 143.1). The regional governor ensures "the implementation of the state's policy" (art. 143.3).
Administrative responsibilities in Municipalities
Register of births, marriagesand deaths
Sewage Management of drinking
water Household waste
Public areas Cemeteries Roads and bridges of local
importance Urban public transport Housing
Spatial planning Education primary and
secondary schools Health municipal hospitals Culture and sport Social services
Mayoralties and districts
Mayoralties and districts are component of the administrative and territorial units of municipalities, createdby Municipal Councils.
The Mayor of a mayoralty or district shall:
Responsibilities
National level responsibilities in all areas.
implement the municipalbudget
organise public works appoint and dismiss municipal
staff improve and rehabilitate the
environment
maintain population and civilregisters
organise the provision ofadministrative services
preserve public order anddefence from disasters andaccidents
represent the mayoralty ordistrict
may be assigned otherfunctions by the municipalitymayor or an act of theParliament
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Devolution in Cyprus
EUROPEAN UNION
Committeeof the
RegionsCoR-Studies I 1/2005 16Brussels, January 2005
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Regional
level
Local
level
National
level
15.11.1983:Unilateral Declarationof independenceof thesocalledTurkish
Republicof NorthernCyprus(TRNC),tothis dayrecognisedby Turkeyandcondemned bythe UNSecurityCouncil (Resolution541/83)
14/7/2003:Ratificationof theTreaty
of Accessionto theEuropeanUnion2003
1.1.1988:2ndstage of theAssociation Agreement that referstothecompletionof the CustomsUnionwiththeEU
01.02.2003:entryintoforce
of theNice Treaty
16/02/2003:TassosPapado poulos,
President of theRepublic
16-17/04/2003:signatureof theTreatyof accession inAthens
29.10.2004:Signatureof theTreaty
establishingtheConstitutionfor Europe
1.05.2004:AccessiontotheEuropeanUnion
3.7.1990:CyprusappliestojointheEU
20.7.1974:TheTurksinvadeCyprus,fearing that it isto beannexed
byGreece (40,000Turksoccupy37% of theisland); Cyprusdividedbythe"Attilaline"alsoknownasthe"greenline"
13.2.1975:Thenorthof theisland,occupiedbyTurkey,is
declaredthe"TurkishFederatedStateof Cyprus"
Devolution in Cyprus
ogress of devolution
1999:Community Law No. 86(1)
of 1999 repealing and replacingthe Villages Law Chapter 243
and the Village AuthoritiesLaw Chapter 244
1964:Municipal
Corporations Law,Chapter 240 and
MunicipalitiesLaw No 64
1960:Adoption
of theConstitution
President of the Republicelectedfor 5 yearsbydirect universal suffrage,
power exercised throughthe Council of Ministers,investedby theHouseof Representatives
House of Representatives (legislative power)
Composed of 80 members,56 of whom are elected by theGreek Cypriot community and24 by the Turkish Cypriotcommunity
President;elected by the members andfrom among them
October 1985:Law
No.111 on municipalities,repealing and replacing the
Municipal Corporations LawChapter 240 and theMunicipalities Law
No 64
level
level
level
1571 - 1878:Ottomanrule
1878:TurkeycedesCyprustoGreat Britaininexchange
forBritishsupportagainsttheRussians
osition of regional and local authoritiesn European integrationnd cross-border relationsfor information)
situation asof January2005, updatedby StudiesServiceof theCommitteeof theRegions
1914:CyprusisannexedbyGreat Britain
whenTurkey alliesitself toGermany
1923:Treatyof Lausanne; Turkeygives
upall claimstoCyprus
1925:Cyprusisdeclared
aCrowncolony
1931:GreekCypriot uprisingdemanding
unionwithGreece(Enosis)
1878-1960:Britishrule
1915:Great BritainofferstocedeCyprustoGreece,on
conditionthat Greecejoins thewar against Germany
1950:Referendum; 96% of GreekCypriotsin favour of Enosis
1954:Greececallson theUNtoapplythe
principleof self-determinationin Cyprus
February 1959:ZurichandLondonagreements signed(betweenUK,
Greece,Turkeyandthe twoCypriot communities) rulingouttheannexationof theislandby athird countryor itspartition
16.8.1960:Withdrawal of Great Britainand Cypriot independence;
CyprusjoinstheUN (20.9.1960) andtheCommonwealth
20.5.1961:Cyprusjoinsthe
Council of Europe
1955-59:Anticolonial struggle
1963:TurkishCypriot uprising
againsttheState
Government (executive power)
Vice-President Ministers, appointedby the President of theRepublic Republic andthe Vice-President
Supreme Court (judicial power)
Composed of 13 judges, one of whom is thePresident of the Court; this court rules on theconstitutionality of legislation
6 districts
District Officer;appointed by the Public Service Commission,the District Officer is a public servant that represents the Statein the district
33 municipalities (covering approx. 65% of the population)
Municipal Council;elected for 5 years by direct universalsuffrage under a system of proportionalrepresentation, the number of councillorsvaries from 8 to 26 depending on thesize of the municipality
Mayor(executive body);elected directly for 5 years byuniversal suffrage by a one-roundsecret ballot; the Mayor chairs theMunicipal Council
Deputy Mayor;elected from the membersof the Council by secret ballot
353 Community Councils (covering approximately 35% of the population)
Community Council is made up of the Presidentof the Community, a Deputy President and threeto seven other members (depending on thepopulation of the Community), elected for 5 years
There are provisions for the creation of "complexof communities" and for the creation of twoseparate councils in those communities comprisingboth Greeks and Turks
19.12.1972:EEC/Cyprusassoc iation
agreement signed
Administrative Committee;members appointed by theMunicipal Council
25.6.1973:Foundingmembe r
of theOSCE
15.7.1974:Coupaga instPresident Makarios
organisedbytheGreekjunta
8.10.1986:Cyprus signs the Council of
Europe's Charter forLocal Self-Government
(entry into force 1.9.1988)
ThegovernmentisappointedbythePresident oftheRepublic
toricalkground
District officers are responsible for applying government policy at this level
Municip al resp onsibil ities
Public health Social, health and medical
services Water supply and management Maintenance and construction
of bridges and roads
Street lighting Sewage management and
treatment Waste management and
treatment Regulation of trade and business
Cemeteries and funeralservices
Abattoi r s Municipal markets
Public health Road construction and maintenance Waste management and treatment Road maintenance Street lighting
Community Councils' responsibilities
Responsibilities
National legislative powers in all areas
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|13-14/06/2003Referendum onEU
Accession (77,30% yes)
|29.10.2004
Signatureof theTreaty establishingtheConstitution for Europe
|12 March 1999Member of NATO
|30 June 1993
Member of theCouncil ofEurope
|1 January 1993Member of OSCE
16/17.4.2003Signatureof theTreatyof
accessioninAthens|
01.2.2003Entryintoforce
of theTreatyof Nice||
1.05.2004Signatureof theTreatyof
accessioninAthens|
1 January 1993"Velvet Divorce"; Czechand Slovak
federationsplits; CzechRep ubliccreated|
2 February 1993VclavHavel President of theCzech
Republic; re-electedon20January1998|
6 October 1993EU/CzechRepublic Association
Agreement signed|
|2003
President of theRepublic:VaclavKlaus
Regional
level
Local
level
National
level
toricalkground
|18 October 1918
Czechoslovak Republic(1918-1938) basedontheplesof thePittsburgh andCleveland agreements
29 February 1920Czechoslovak
constitutionadopted|
|1924
TwoFranco-Czechoslovak treatiessigned;Frenchmilitary aid
16 May 1935Soviet-Czechoslovaktreaty; Soviet militaryaid
subordinateto theFranco-Czecho slovakagreements|
|29-30 September 1938
MunichAgreement:SudetenlandiscededtoHitler
January 1945RedArmyliberateseasternSlovakia,pre-war Czechoslovak staterestored
||
24 October 1945Czechoslovakia founder
member of theUN
1946Communist
electionvictory|
|28 February 1948
Communist coupd'tat inPrague takesCzechoslovakiaintothe"easternbloc"
14 May 1955Founder member of
theWarsawPact|
|1960
Newsocialistconstitutionadopted
1968"PragueSpring"; Dubcek's
"Socialismwithahumanface"|
|August 1968
Assault of CzechoslovakiabyWarsaw Pact Tank
1969Federal system introducedgiving eachofthetwo republicstheir owninstitutions
||
November 1989 - 1993"VelvetRevolution"(collapse ofcommunism);
CzechandSlovakfederation
29 December 1989 -20 July 1992VclavHavel President of theCzech
andSlovakfederation|
|1 July 1992WarsawPact
dissolved
16 December 1992New
constitutionadopted|
|1992
AssociateP artner of theWesternEuropean Union
Devolution in the Czech Republic
cess of devolution
volvement of territorial authoritiesEuropean integrationd cross-border relationsr information)
President of the Republicelected by the two chambers ofParliament for a five-year term;
the President may not serve morethan two consecutive terms
situation asof September2003
6254 municipalities (obec)
Government (executive branch),the Senate cannot be dissolved
Prime Minister; appointed by the President ofthe Republic
Deputy Prime Minister(s); they are responsible forrepresenting the Prime Minister in his absence
Ministers (one without portfolio); appointed by the Presidentof the Republic at the proposal of the Prime Minister
Constitutional Court(judicial branch)
Comprising 15 judges appointed fora 10-year term by the President of theRepublic by agreement with the Senate,the Constitutional Court is responsiblefor ensuring that laws are in keepingwith the Constitution
1990Act No. 425on governingdistrict offices
1990Act No. 367
onmunicipalities
1990Act No. 418
on the capital,Prague
2003Abolition of the
76 district offices(okres)created
in 1990
1992New Constitution
adopted, Chapter VIIlaysdown the basicprinciplesof localself-government
1 January 1993Introduction of a local
tax system enablinglocal authorities toimpose and collect
local taxes
1998Adoption of
Constitutional ActNo. 347/1997
establishing higherlevel self-governing
territorial units (kraje)starting from
2000
Bicameral Parliament (legislative branch) ( Poslaneck snemovna)
Chamber of Deputies;elected under the proportionalrepresentation system by universalsuffrage for a four-year term, the200 deputies elect and can dismissa president (speaker) andvice-president (deputy speaker)
Senate;elected for a six-year term, onethird of its members are renewedevery two years; the 81 senatorselect and can dismiss a president(speaker) and vice-president(deputy speaker)
The 14 regions, including Pragcapital, have been set up by thevote adopting Constitutional ActNo. 347/1997 which came intoforce on the 1st of January 2000.
Regional Assembly:the deputies of the regionalassemblies are directly electedon a proportional basis for afour-year term. The deputieselect a Regional Executive.
The Regional Executive iselected and dismissed by theRegional Assembly.
Municipal council (decision-making body);elected by direct secret ballot for a four-yearterm. It decides how many members should siton the committee in accordance with the sizeof the population and area of the municipality.
Municipal committee (executive body);having between 5 and 55 members, itsmeetings are chaired by the mayor or thedeputy mayor. The mayor and the membersof the executive council are elected by themembers of the municipal council and fromamong them.
Municipal bureau;made up by the mayor and the municipaladministration (deputy mayor and secretary)
25 May 1998Signatureof theEuropean
Charter of Local Self-Government(cf. Council of Europe)(entry into forceon the1st of September 1999)
24 June 1998Signature of theEu ropean Outline
Convention on TransfrontierCooperation between territorial
Communities or Authorities(Council of Europe) (Entry into
forceon the21 March 2000)
1990Abolition of the8 regions (kraje)created in 1962
2000Act 129/2000
on establishmentof regions
2000Act 131/2000 onthe capital Prague
(replacingAct 418/1990)
2000Act 147/2000on governing
districts offices(replacing
Act 425/1990)
2000Act 248/2000on support to
regionaldevelopment
2000Act 128/2000
onmunicipalities
ThePresident of theRepublicappointsan d dismisses
thegovernment
TheParliament electsthepresident of theRepub lic
ThePresident of the Republiccandissolve theChamber of deputies
TheGove rnment isresponsibleto theChambe r of Deputies
ThePresident of theRepublicappointsthejudgesby agreement with the Senate
14 regions (kraje)
level
level
level
14 Regions (kraje)According to Constitutional Act 347/1997 regional responsibilities have to be set up by a specific law.
Municipalities (obec)
General municipal responsibilities
Water management and treatment Urban heating Waste processing Management and maintenance of open spaces Ceme ter ie s H ea lt h Social assistance and youth policy
Management of municipal infrastructures Management of municipal roads Economic promotion Environmental protection Spatial planning S po rt Fire-fighting and prevention
Responsibilities transferred by the State to certain municipalities
Education (pre-school and primary) Management of municipal transport
(urban, road and rail) C ul tu re
A gr icu lture Energy supply P ubl ic or de r H ou si ng
Responsibilities
National legislative responsibilities in all areas.
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25 Counties
The constitutional principle
of local autonomy was hardly
applied until the beginning
of the 20th century
Powers
wers
wers
volution process
King/Queen
1849Constitutional monarchy
1918Universal suffrage,
womengiven the right to vote
1949Founder member of NATO
Landsting(Upper Chamber =legislative power)elected by indirect universal suffrage
Folketing(Lower Chamber =legislative power)elected by direct universal suffrage
Parliament
25 Amtskommuner(Counties)
1388Kommuner (Municipalities)
Administrative differences betweenurban and rural bodies subsisted until 1970
Rural municipalities Urban muicipalities
1948Autonomouss tatus
for theFaroeIslands
1849Act strengthening
thepowersof local and
regionalauthorities
Beginningofthe20th century:
transfer ofpowersto
localgovernment
egional and locallevel
Nationallevel
1661olute monarchy
1944National referendum on independencefor Iceland, which becomes a republic
1948Autonomous status
for Faroe Islands
Government
appointed
answerableto
Parliament
considerable supervisory powers
ntral government in Denmark (pre-1953)
torical background
ore adoption of theernment act in 1970
ole played by territorialuthorities in promotinguropean integration and
ross-border relationsor information)
1962Treaty of Helsingfors:
providedthelegalbasisforco-operation between theNordic statesinthefollowingareas:legalmatters,
cultural affairs,physical infrastructureand environmental regulations
1970Establishment of aGerm an-Danish
committee for promotingcross-frontierco-operation
(thiscommitteeiscurrentlyresponsiblef or implementing
Interreg II)
Devolution in Denmark
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Devolution process
King/Queenwho appoints the Prime Minister
1959Member of EFTA
14.1.1972MargretheI I succeeds Frederik IX
1.1.1973Member of EEC
1985GreenlandleavestheEEC
following areferendum
27.2.198656.2% of electorateen dorses
theSingleEuropean Act
2.6.199250.7% of theelectoratere jects
theTreaty of Maastricht
18.5.1993SecondreferendumontheTreaty
ofMaastricht:56.7%sayyes
1953Revision of theconsti tution:
administrativef reedomfor thelocal authorities
becomesaconstitutional principle
1.4.1970Law on theseparation of localand regional authorities: mergers
Local government act:extension of thepowers
of local government
GovernmentMinister for Internal Affairs
Folketing(Parliament with legislative power)elected by direct universal suffrage
A finance committee(mandatory) chaired by
the mayor, presentsthe budget
General Council:members elected by direct universal suffrage,
chaired by a mayor (elected by members of the council)
14 Amtskommuner (Counties)
At least one additional standing committee,usually committees dealing with
healthandsocial welfare educationandsocial affairs public works hosp itals theenvironment servicesprovidedbythe county
Administrative department headed by a director
State county office:1 per county
268 Kommuner (municipalities)Municipal council (District Council): memberselected by direct universal suffrage; councils
headed by mayors (elected by council members)
At least one(usuallybetween4-6) additionalstandingcommittee,generallycommitteesdealingwith:social welfarepublic worksthe environmenteducation andculturalaffairs
A financecommittee
(mandatory), chairedby themayor,
presentsthe budget
Administrativedepartment headed bythedirector for administration
GREENLAND
OnethirdoftheDanishpopulation
Greenland Assemblylegislative power
se lf-governingCeased tobeamember of theEC in 198519 79: Self-governing status18 municipalities
FAROE ISLANDS Faroe islands Assembly Self-governing Non-member of the EC Self-governing since 1948 50 municipalities
1977Co-operation agreement
between theNordicstates,co-operation between
municipalities
1980ECFramework Agreement
on cross-frontierco-operation betweenterritorial authorities,
signed in Madrid
1992Act empowering thecountiesandmunicipalitiesto takepartin thedevelopment of industry
and commerce(inter aliathroughEUprogrammes) and in the
draftingof regional programmes
1994/1995Agroup of municipalities
set up thelocal governmentexport network (Det kommunale
Eksportnetvoerk) in responseto growing interest intechnical study visits
Defence policyand foreign policy
are theresponsibility
of thecentral government
City of FrederiksbergPowers and responsibilities
of the countiesand municipalities
City of CopenhagenPowers and responsibilities
of the countiesand municipalities
2 membersof theFolketing,elected bydirect universal suffrage
After the 1970 municipal code
Verification ofthelegalityofacts(aposteriori)
Verification ofthelegalityofacts(aposteriori)
Verification ofthe legality
of acts(aposteriori)
Verification ofthe legality
of acts(aposteriori)
Verification ofthelegalityofacts
(aposteriori)
Appointsoneprefectper county
Elects4
members
Counties
Prefect: officialappointed by the state
4 members elected fromamongst the membersof the County Council
Regional and locallevel
Nationallevel
Municipalities
1979Autonomy for Greenland
1.11.1993Entry into forceof the Treaty
on European Union (Maastricht)
28.9.2000Referendum on joining
theeur ozone: 53.2% say no
29.10.2004Signing of theTreaty establishing
theConstitu tion for Europe
1.5.1999Entryintoforceof
theAmsterdam Treaty
Current situation asof January2005, updated byStudiesService of theCommitteeof the Regionswith acceptanceof National Delegation
2.10.1972Referendum on
EECme mbership: 63.3% say yes
28.5.1998Referendumonthe
AmsterdamTreaty:55.1%sayyes
1.2.2003TheTreatyofNice
entersintoforce
29.5.200173.8% of theelectorate on
theisl and of Bornholm approvethemerger of the island'sfive
municipalities andonecounty
January 1993Theresun d region
isset up cross-bordercooperation between
Copenhagen andMalm (Sweden)
1.10.2002Thegovernm ent
establishesa"structurecommission"to producer ecommendations on the
shapeof theentirepublicsector(including thequestion of further
mergersbetw een counties andmunicipalities)
1.1.2003Themerger of
Bornholm's fivemunicipalities andonecount y takes
effect
2.12.2004TheGovernment
published theprop osalon structural reformof the publicsector
Spring 2003Changesinthelawconcerning
local governmentrule
3.2.1988Ratification of the
European Charter ofLocal Self-Government
(entry into force:1 September 1988)
March 1997Establishment of the
B7 Group - co-operationbetweenthe Balticislands
Present-day devolved Danish state (since 1953)
Historical background
Responsibilities:TheStatehasfull legislativepowers(exceptwithregardtoGreen-landandtheFaroe Islands,whichhavetheirownlegislativepower)Thestatehassole responsibilityformattersrelatingto:Police,defenseandadministrationofjusticeForeignaffairsanddevelopmentaidHighereducationand researchSickpay,childbenefitandoldagepensionsUnemploymentinsuranceandlabourinspectionCertain culturalactivitiesTradeandindustrysubsidiesTheStatehasresponsibilityfor administrationat nationallevel.
Administrativeresponsibilitiesofthe counties
HospitalsandhealthinsuranceSecondaryeducationandeducationleadingtotheHigher
PreparatoryExamination (hjereforberedelseseksamen)Careof mentallyandphysicallydisabledpeople
Certain culturalactivitiesRegionalpublictransportSpatialplanning(regionalplans)Protectionof natureandenvironment
Administrativeresponsibilitiesofthe municipalities
Childcareandcare ofelderlypeopleCheckingclaimsfor cashbenefits,earlyold-agepensionsand
certainother benefits,and disbursingpayment thereofPrimaryeducationLibraries,localsportsfacilitiesandotherculturalactivitiesJob placement(tvangaktivering)and employmentschemesfor
non-insuredunemployed personsPublic services:environmental measuresand emergencyservicesSpatial planning:(localplans)Receptionandintegrationofrefugees
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Regionallevel
Locallevel
Nationallevel
21 September 2001Presidential elections
(inauguratedonthe8thof October):ArnoldRtel President of theRepublic
01 February 2003EntryintoforceoftheTreaty of Nice
1.5.2004AccessiontotheEU
29.3. 2004Estonia
joinsNATO
16/17 April 2003Signatureof theTreatyof Accession inAthens
29.10.2004Signatureof theTreaty establishing
theConstitution for Europe
14.9.2003Referendum onEU Accession
(66.84% infavour)
September 1994Freetradeagreementsbetween
thethreeBalticrepublics
12.6.1995Signatureof theEU/Estonia
AssociationAgreement
13.11.1999WTOmembership
Devolution in Estonia
volution process
volvement of territorial authoritiesEuropean integration andoss-border relationsr information)
President of the Republicelected for afive-year term by secret ballot by the
Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament) or by an electoral college
November 1918Soviet invasionthat leadstothe War of Liberation
(1918-1920)
2.2.1920Russo-Estonianpeacetreaty(Treaty
of Tartu); Estonian independenceacknowledgedbySoviet Russia
1989Framework
legislation onlocal administrationadopted; territorial
authoritiesrestored
101memb erselected for afour-year term by freesecret ballot under aproportional representation system
Single-chamber Parliament(Riigikogu) (legislative branch)
appointsthePrimeministerand theminister s
elects
1992Art. 159 of theConstitutionempowersloc al government
to form unionsand jointagencies with other local
governments
Regionallevel
Locallevel
ationallevel
24.2.1918tonianindepende nce
March 1918Treatyof Brest-Litovsk; Russiacede s
thethreeBalticStatestoGermany
June 1920Adoptionof thefirst Constitution
1993Actson local
self-government,municipal budgets
and relationsb etweenthelocal and thenational budget
28.6.1992NewConstitut ion
adopted by referendum,introducing
single-tier localself-government
1994Local Tax Act
15 Counties (Maakonnad)
County Governorappointed for afive-year term by thegovernment at thepr oposalof thePrime Minister and following consultation with thelocalgovernment representativesof thecounty
241 municipalities, of which are 39 urban and 202 are rural municipalities
Mayor (executive function)elected by themunicipal council,themayor representsthemunicipality's executiveauthority
Municipal council (Volikogu ) (decision-making body)comprisingm inimum 7-31 members(depending on thesiz eof thepopulation; 63in Tallinn, thecapital), it iselected for athree-yearterm by universal direct suffrage(four-year term from 2005).Achairman iselectedby thecouncil members.
1993LocalGovernmentOrganisationAct,Article1 3: Local governmentshave
theright to becomemembersofcorresponding international
organisationsandtocooperatewithsuchorganisations
1993Establishment ofBalticSeaStates
SubregionalCooperation
(BSSSC)
1994Cooperation agreement
between Estoniaand Polishregionsand local
governments
1996Establishment oftheB7 Group -
BalticSeaSeven IslandsCooperation Network
appoints
March 1934Dictatorshipof
President K.Pts
October 1933Adoptionof
anew Constitutionbyreferendum
12.9.1934BalticEntente with
LatviaandLithuania
July 1937Adoptionof the
thirdConstitution
28.8.1939Soviet-Estonianassistance pact
17.6.1940Soviet occupation
(1940-1941)
6.8.1940Estoniabecomesa
Soviet republic
1941Estoniawas
occupiedby Nazi
22.9.1944RenewedSoviet occupation
(1944-1991)
16.11.1988TheSupreme Soviet of Estonia
(lemnukogu) declaresEstonian sovereignty
3.3.1991Referendum onindepende nce
(77.8% infavour)
20.8.1991ThesupremeSoviet of EstoniapassesthedecisiononEstonianindependence
6.9.1991Soviet UnionrecognizesEstonianindepe ndence
14.9.1991OSCE membership
17.9.1991UNmembership
6.3.1992Founder member of the
Council of theBaltic SeaStates
20.6.1992Introductionof theEEK
(Eesti kroon),Estonian currency
28.6.1992Present Constitution
adoptedbyreferendum
14.10.1992Signatureof the
Helsinki Final Act
14.5.1993Membershipof theCouncil of Europe
1994Associatemember of theWesternEuropean Union
26.7.1994Russian-Estonianagreement
towithdrawRussian troopsanddismantlethePaldiski nuclear base
2002Act on localgovernmentassociations;newact on
local elections
County answersto theMinistry of theCentral Government,whichorganisesandcoordinatestheiractivities
appointsthechairman and thejudgesof the SupremeCourt
4.11.1993Signatureof theCharter
of Local Self-Government(cf. Council of Europe)
(entry into force10.4.1995)
23.8.1939German-Soviet
Non-AggressionPact(Molotov-Ribbentrop)
Government (executive branch)
Prime Ministerappointed by thePresident of theRepublic, mustsecurethe support of at least amajority of votesin Parliament in order to form agovernment
Council of ministerstheministe rs(max. 15) areappointed bythePresident on theproposal of thePrimeMinister
1918First nationallawon local
self-government,two-tier systemwasintrodu ced
1934One-tier local
self-governmentwasestablished
1940-1990Different reforms
under Sovietoccupation
toricalkground
ituation asof January2005, updated byStudies Serviceof theCommitt eeof theRegions with acceptanceof National Delegation
Supreme Court (Riiggikohus) (judicial branch)
Comprising 19 judges divided between three chambers,it is the state's highest judicial institution. In additionto final review of cases, it also rules on theconstitutionality of legislation
Chairman of the Supreme Court appointed by theRiigikoguat the proposal of thePresident of the Republic
Judgesappointed for life by theRiigikoguon the proposalof the Chief Justice
County level responsibilities
Counties are administrative units representing the central government at local level. There is no electedregional level.
Municipal level responsibilities
Under the Constitution, all local issues are dealt with and resolved by self-governing territorial authoritiesunless assigned to other persons according to law. They operate their own budgets.
National level responsibilities
Legislative power rests exclusively withRiigikogu.
General administrative powers in areas of national sovereignity:justice, foreign affairs, national defence, finances, supervisory powers
E du cat io n (nursery, primary and secondary levels) Maintenance of public areas Social welfare and services Welfare services for the elderly Housing and utilities Water supply and sewer maintenance
Spatial planning Maintenance of local public roads Local public transport Maintenance of public order Municipal libraries and museums Sports and leisure facilities
Responsibilities
Maintenance of public order; fire fighting andrescue
Infrastructure development and maintenance Industry and commerce
E du cation Labour policy Health management M otor way s
Environmental management Economic and spatial development Supervision over single acts of local self-governments Coordination of emergency situations
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Devolution in Finland
Pouvoirs
Powers
Powers
Devolution process
Role played by territorial authoritiesin promoting European integrationand cross-border relations(for information)
1962Treaty of Helsinki
provided the legal basis for cooperationbetween the Nordic States on legal matters,culture, infrastructure and environmental
legislation
1977Cooperation agreement betweenthe Nordic States - cooperation
between municipalities
President of the Republicelected by direct universal suffrage for a six-year term
Government
Prime Minister
appoints
appoints
6.12.1917Finland declares
independence
17.7.1919Adoption of
Finnish Constitution
1961Finland becomes an associate member of
the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
1994Martti Ahtisaari elected President
by direct universal suffrage
16.10.1994Referendum on Finlands accession to the European Union;
57% of voters vote in favour of joining
1991Act 1144/1991
on the autonomy ofthe land Islands
1993Act 1135/1993
on regional development:establishment of 19 regional
councils, which areresponsible for overallregional development
1995Local Government Act
lays down powers,rights and obligations
of local authorities
1997Act 1159/1997 on the
division of territory intoregions with responsibilityfor regional development
and land use
1999Act 132/1999
on land use
2002Act 602/2002 on
regional development,amending Act 1135/1993
and introducingthe possibility of
establishing"sub-regions"
February 2003(in force as from January 1, 2005): The Act on the
regional self-government experiment in Kainuu A directly elected regionalcouncil granted administrative power that has traditionally been the domain of the
state administration and its regional representatives; the regional administration willdecide on the allocation of resources allotted to the experiment in the national budget;
responsibility for welfare policy transferred from the municipality to the regionwhile the responsibility for their financing will remain with
the municipalities.
Parliament(Eduskunta)
200 members elected bydirect universal suffrage for a four-year term
Government answerable to Parliament
Structure of regional cooperation between local authorities(municipal federations)
The councils have authority for regional development, and areresponsible for regional policy and planning. They are decision-makingbodies, composed of members elected by the municipalities ofthe regions in question. Members are local councillors. Their role is to promote regions in the context of economicdevelopment
They are responsible for regional planning and distributionof central government funds and structural funds
19 Regional councils (Maakunnan liitto)
Autonomousprovinceof land (1921)
Swedish-speaking
Provincial legislativeassembly (Lagting)elected by directuniversal suffrage,has legislative powersin certain areas suchas health and medicalservices, educationand culture
Executive Council(Landskapsstyrelse),full-scale regionalgovernment
16 municipalities
Municipal council (Kunnanvaltuusto)members elected by direct universal suffragefor a four-year term, under pro portionalrepresentation
Decision-making body
Municipal administration
Municipal board (Kunnanhallitus),members elected by the municipal council
Other standing or temporary committees
1865 and 1873Local Government Act,which forms the basis
of the currentlocal government
system
1917Direct universal
suffragefor municipalities
1976Local Government Act
strengthens localdemocracy andlocal government
1980Madrid European Outline Convention
on Transfrontier Cooperationbetween Territorial Communities
or Authorities
3.6.1991Ratification of the European Charter
of Local Self-Government(came into effect on 1 October 1991)
March 1997Establishment of B7 Group
- cooperation betweenthe Baltic islands
1994Regional Development Act,
section 3 of which gives regional councilsresponsibility for international affairs and
external relations
1.1.1995Finland joins theEuropean Union
Regional
level
Local
level
Nat
ional
le
vel
Powers
1991Finland joins the European Economic Area;
EEA Treaty comes into force in 1994
1.5.1999Amsterdam Treaty
comes into force
1982Mauno Koivistoelected President
1921London Convention:
land Islands become part of Finland
November 1939Soviet invasion and
strong Finnish resistance
1940Treaty of Moscow: Finland cedes
one-tenth of national territory
1941Second
World War
1956Urho Kekkonen
elected President
1944Juho Paasikivi
elected President
2000Tarja Halonen
elected President
29.10.2004Signature of the Treaty establishing
the Constitution for Europe
1989Finland joins
Council of Europe
1987Full member
of EFTA
1975First Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in Helsinki
1973Free Trade Agreement
with EEC
1955Finland joins UN
and Nordic Council
1947Paris
Peace Treaty
September 1944End of Second
World War
rrent situation as of January 2005, updated by Studies Service of the Committee of the Regions
Employment and BusinessDevelopment Centres
supervisedby national ministries
1.2.2003Nice Treaty
comes into force
Powers
432 Municipalities (Kunta)
Historicalbackground
Provincial state offices,the administration of which is entrustedto a governor (maaherra), who isappointed by the President of the Republic.These offices are devolved state bodies.
6 Provinces (Lnit),purely for the purposes of
central government administration
Responsibilities
State responsibilities
Legislative power rests exclusively with central government,
except for cases where it is shared with the autonomous provinceof land
General administrative powers in areas of national sovereignty:justice, foreign affairs, national defence and financeShared administrative powers in other fields:those in the area oflocal administration are strictly limited
Regional Councils
regional policy regional planning
Provincial state offices
Governors are responsible for overseeing provincial administration
Employment and Business Development Centres
Promote economic development in terms of use of labour andbusiness activities (devolved state bodies)
Responsibilities of local authorities
Statutory powers:
- health and social security- education (running of schools, adult education etc.)- youth work- land use- the environment
General powers within the local government mandate:
- culture- leisure and recreation- promotion of local econ omic development- maintenance of public roads,water supply, electricity etc.
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Devolution in France
EUROPEAN UNION
Committeeof the
RegionsCoR-Studies I 1/2005 2Brussels, January 2005
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18/60
1997L.JospinPrimeMinister
1.5.1999Amsterdam Treatyentersintoforce
June2001National Assemblya nd
Senateratify Treatyof Nice
17.6.2002J-P RaffarinPrime Minister
29.10.2004Signatureof theTreaty establishing
aCons titutionfor Europe
7.5.1995J.ChiracPresident
of theRepublic
1997Ratificationof
Amsterdam Treaty
September 2000Revisionof theconstitution byreferendum:
president'sterm reducedtofiveyears
5.5.2002J.Chirac re-elected
President of theRepublic
1.2.2003Treatyof Nice
entersintoforce
6.7.2003
Electorsin
Corsicavoteagainst
replacingthepresent
localauthorityandtwo
"dpartments"byasinglelocal
authority
Overseas
Actof21.7.2003
Promotese conomic
developmentovers eas
aroundthreemainprinciples:
encouragingjobcreation,
promotingtherevivalofprivate
investmenta ndstrengtheni ng
territorialcontinuitybetween
overseasauthorities
andmetropolitan
France
29.7.2004
Organiclawon
thefinancialautonomy
ofterritorialauthorities
(implementing provisions
introducedbythe
constitutionallaw
of28March
2003)
13.8.2004
Lawonlocal
freedomsand
responsibilities.The
lawlistsaset of
powerstransferredby
thestatetoterritorial
authorities.These
transfersofpowers
aretocomeinto
forceon1January
2005
Organic
Lawof1.8.2003
onlocalauthority
experiments: Authorises
localauthorities,
asanexperiment,to
waivethelegal
provisionsgover ning
theexerciseof
theirpowers
OrganicLaw
of1.8.2003on
localreferenda:Lays
downtheconditionsfor
organising"l ocal
referenda",alwaysatthe
initiativeofalocal
authority(muni cipality,"dpartement"orregion),
voters'responseto
havethenatureof
adecision
Actof
11.4.2003
ontheelection
ofregional
councillors, MEPs
andtheprovision
ofgovernmentaid
forpolitical
parties
Actof
28.3.2003onthe
devolvedorganisa tion
oftherepublic:
Enshrinestheprinciples
ofdevolutionandfinancial
autonomyforlocal
authoritiesinthenew
Article72ofthe
constitution
Actof
19.2.2003
onbudgetreform
andthe
accounting
rules
applyingto
"dpartements"
Acto f27.2.2002
on grass-rootsdemocracy provides
toolsforparticipatorydemocracy,improvesthestatusof electedpoliticiansand givesnewpowersto local
authorities,particularlythe
regions
Intermediatelevel
Regionallevel
Locallevel
Nationallevel
Devolution in France
termediatelevel
egionallevel
Locallevel
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
Powers
olution process
ationallevel
Role played by territorial authoritiesn promoting European integration
and cross-border relationsfor information)
13.10.1946FourthRepublic founded
1954Endof thewarinIndochina
4.10.1958FifthRepublic founded
18.3.1962Algeriagranted independenceunder theEvian Agreements
22.1.1963Signatureof theElyseTreatyon
Franco-GermanCooperation
May1968Widespreadsocialunrest inFrance
15.6.1969G.Pompidou
President of theRepublic
10.5.1981F.Mitterrand
President of theRepublic
8.5.1988F.Mitterrandre-elected
President of theRepublic
18.4.1951Signatureof theTreatyof Parisestablishing theEuropeanCoal andSteel Community(ECSC)
25.3.1957Signatureof thetreaties establishingthe European
EconomicCommunity (EEC) andEuratom (EAEC)
December 1958C.deGaullePresident
of theRepublic
28.10.1962Adoption by referendum of arevision of theconstitution, wherebythePresident of theRepublic iselected by direct universal suffrage
1966Francewithdraws from NATO's
integratedmilitaryco mmand
27.4.1969Failureof thereferendum onthe reform
of theSenate. President deGaulle resigns
19.5.1974V.Giscard d'Estaing
President of theRepublic
March1986J.Chirac
PrimeMinister
15.10.1985Signingof the
EuropeanCharter of LocalSelf-Government
6.2.1992Act settingout guidelines
for territorial administration(ATRAct),authorises
territorial authoritiestoconcludec ross-border
agreementsandtoset upcross-border structures
Circular of 26.5.1994Guidefor authorities
responsibleforcheckingthe legality
of devolvedcooperationagreements
LawNo.95-115of 4.2.1995settingguidelinesfor landuse
planningandlanddevelopment.Incorporatesthe legalprovisionsconce rning
devolvedcoop erationintothegeneral code for local
authorities(CGCT)
LawNo.99-533of 25.6.1999settingguidelines for sustainable
landuseplanningandlanddevelopment.Introduces greaterflexibilityintoArticle L.1112-4
of theCGCT concerningstakeholdings of Frenchlocalauthoritiesin organisations
governedbyforeignlaw
Act of 13.12.2000onsolidarityandurbanrenewal allowsforeign
(andnot just neighbouring)local authoritiesmore
flexibilityon stakeholdinginlocal mixedeconomy
companies(SEML)
OverseasGuidanc eAct of 13.12.2000
Allowscertain localauthorities(ROM andDOM) todeal directly
withneighbouringstatesunder certain
conditions
Circular of 20.4.2001Givesdetailsontheconceptsof powersandlocal interest
usedindevolvedcooperation,ontherespectivepowersof
municipalitiesand their groupingsasregardsagreementswith
foreignpartners,andon thelegaldevelopment of cross-border
devolvedcoope ration
Act of 2.1.2002modernisingthestatusof local
mixedeconomycompanies
volved unitary French state (post-1982)President of the Republic
National Assemblycomprising deputieselected by directuniversal suffrage
Senatecomprising senatorselected by indirectuniversal suffrage
Parliament with legislativepower
GovernmentConstitutional Council9 members;thePresident of theRepublicandthePresidentsof thetwo Assemblies(Senate and National Assembly)each appoint 3 members
22 regions (made up of several "dpartements")(21 metropolitan regions+ 1 "special status"region (Corsica) + 4 overseas regions)
Regional Councils Membersare electedfor six yearsby direct universal suffrageund er atwo-round mixed system:Thelist which hasreceived anabsolute majorityof thevotes cast isgiven anumber of seatsequal to aquarter of thenumber of seatsto befilled, roundedup to thenext highest wholenumber. Oncethis hasbeen done, theother seatsare
allocated amongall the listsby proportional representation according to the"highest average"rule. The president of theregional council (elected bythecouncil members from among their number) hasexecutive power in theregion and ishead of theregional administration
Regional administration
Departmental administration
Regional prefectstheregional prefect istherepresentativeof thestate intheregion. At thesametimeregional prefectshold thepost of departmental prefectof the "dpartement"representingthe capitalof theregion
96 dpartements+ 4 overseas dpartements
General councilsmemberselect ed for six yearsby direct universal suffrage. Every threeyears, half havetostand for re-election. Atwo-round majority vote system isused. Thegenera l council isheadedby apresident, elected by themembers of thecouncil from among their number.Executivepower in the "dpartement"is vested in thepresident,who isitsadministrativehead
36,763 municipalities
Municipal councilsmembers elected for six yearsby direct universal suffrage.In municipalitieswith lessthan 3,500 inhabitants councilsareelected by amajority vote. In thosewith more than3,500inhabitants,ahybridsystemapplies;halfoftheseatsarefilled by amajo rity vote, whilst theother half arefille dunder proportional representation with abonus for thelistwith themost votes
Themunicip al administration isheade d by thecouncil secretary-general, alocal authority officer
Corsicaspecial regionalstatuswithexecutivebodyresponsibletotheterritorialassembly
checks theconstitutio nality of legislation if necessary
appoints
appoints
areaau thoritieshave freedom of administration
areaauthorities havefreedom of administration
areaauthoriti eshave freedom of administration
retrospectiveverification
Retrospectiveverification
Power to annul administrativedec isions
Prefecttheprefect istherepresentativeof thestateatdpartement level; thereisoneprefect perdpartement ,appointed bythegovernment
Overseasdpartements:these areasare bothregions anddpartements
Municipal councilsareheaded by mayors, elected by themembersof thecouncil from amongtheir number; thema yor holdsexecutivepower and isthehead of themunicipaladministration and representativeof thestate when implementing laws
appoints
situation asof January2005, updated byStudiesService of theCommitteeof theRegions with acceptanceof National Delegation
New Caledoniaauthority with specialstatus with legislativeautonomy at local level
4 Overseas Authoritiestheyeachhavea differentstatuslaiddownbyan organiclaw
Public institutions for cooperation between municipalities" Communauts urbaines"for big cities(mo st integrated form)" Communauts d'agglomrations"for medium-sized towns" Communautsdecommunes"for rural municipalities;
no minimum population requiredMunicipal syndicates("syndicatesdecommunes");
singleor multi-purposebodies for providing variouspublicservicesfor several municipalities
Inter-city syndicates("syndicats d'agglomration");newbodiesset up to respond to theneedsof newtownsnotrequired to expand
Other groupingsof municipalities, such asthe "communautsdevilles"and "communautsdedistricts", will bephased outand incorporated into oneof the bodiesme ntioned above
Metropolitan cities:Paris, Lyon, Marseille(Law82-1 169 of 31 December 1982, amendedby Law2002-276 of 27 February 2002)M unicipal council headed by themayo rDi strict councilsconsulted by themun icipal
council onlandmanagemen t mattersNeighbourhood councils(set up by theGrassRoots Dem ocracyAct of 27 February 2002)
consulted at local level
Retrospectiveverificat ion
1.11.1993Treatyon EuropeanUnion
(Maastricht) entersinto force
1993E.Balladur PrimeMinister
ctof
1871
nisesthe
tement"ritorial
nit
Actof
5.4.1884
Establishesthe
electionofallmayors
bymunicipalcouncils.
Givesmunicipalcouncils
generalpowersfor
conducting
municipal
affairs
Actof
22.3.1890
Setsupmunicipal
syndicates,the
firstpublic
institutionsfor
cooperation
between
municipalities
Article72
ofthe1958
Constitutionperpetuates
theprinciplethatlocal
authoritiesmayberun
freely(byelectedcouncils
formunicipalities,"dpartements"andoverseas
territoriesunderthe
supervisionofa
representativeof
thestate)
Referendum
of27.4.1969
Failureofthe
constitutionalplan
forregionalisation
(andforturningthe
Senateintoa
consultative
assembly)
(Actof
31.12.1966
setsup"urbancommunities"
todealwithproblems
occurringinlarge
conurbations)
(Orderof
5.1.1959
authorisesthe
setting-upofmulti-
-purposemunicipal
syndicates(SIVOMs)
andsetsupurban
districts)
(Act of16.7.1971
on municipalmergers andregroupings.
Mergersremainlimited innumber)
(Act of5.7.1972
Establishmentof regional public
institutionswith limited
powers atregional
level)
Acto f2.3.1982 on the rights
and freedomsof municipalities,"dpartements" and regions
launches devolution,abolishes thesupervisory powers of the state
overtheactionsof local authorities,transfersdepartmental
and regional executivepowertothepresidentsof thegeneral councils
and regional councilsrespectivelyand turns the region into a
territorial authorityrun byanelected assembly
1982Many laws such as
theAct of 10July1982settingup regional audit boards;
theAct of 19 November1982which introduces,for municipalities
with 3,500inhabitantsand more,asinglemethod of votingcombiningfirst-past-the-post and proportional
representation;theAct of31 December 1982,known as the
PLM Act,which modifies theadministration of Paris,
Lyon and Marseille
Actso f7.1.1983
and 22.7.1983Allocation of
responsibilitiesbetween municipalities,"dpartements",regions
and thenationaladministration for
each fieldof action
Acto f26.1.1984Setsup a
territorial civilservicesubject
to specificregulations
(20.7.1998Constitutional
revisionconcerning
NewCaledonia)
16.4.1986First
election ofregional
councillorsbyuniversal
suffrage
Act of 6.2.1992Setsout guidelinesfor
territorial administration(ATR Act),encourages
cooperation between municipalities("communautsdecommunes"
and "communautsdevilles")andbetween regions.Strengthens localdemocracybyallowingconsultativemunicipal referenda and by granting
extrarightsto theoppositionin elected local authority
assemblies.Statedevolutioncontinued
(Agreementof 27.1.2000
on the future ofMayotte followed
of theAct of 9May 2000
organisingareferendum in
Mayotte shows thewill to move Mayotte
forward fromitsprovisional
status)
Acto f12.7.1999
simplifying cooperationbetween municipalities:
Abolishes"communautsdevilles" and "communautsdedistricts" and sets up
"communautsd'agglomration",intended forconurbationsof
at least 50,000inhabitantscentredon amunicipalityof 15,000
inhabitants.Financial incentivesto encourage the setting-up
of joint municipalbodies
(OrganicLawof
12.4.1996on the status
of French Polynesiaaimed at adapting
the conceptof "evolutionary
autonomy"to thestatusof Polynesia)
OrganicLaw2000-294and Ordinary
Law2000-295of5 April 2000
concern multipleoffice-holdingof
national andlocal elected
posts
(Act of6.6.2000 to
encourage the equalaccessof women and ofmen to electoral office:
Appliestheprincipleof parity enshrined intheConstitution since
the revision of8 July 1999)
17.10.2000Reportof
the MauroyCommission
ondevolution.
OverseasGuidance Act of
13 December 2000Overseas Departments
(DOM) allowed to developdifferently and hold local referendaon institutional organisation issues
and on theallocation of powersbetween the state and local
authorities.Act also includesanumberof economicandsocial provisionsto offsetemployment difficulties
in the DOM
toricalkground
Responsibilities of the stateSocialactionand health: Benefits(aid)involvingnational
solidarity;supervisionandchecking ofstate-run healthestablishments;universalsickness agreement(CMU);checkingof publichygiene
Furthervocationaltrainingand apprenticeships: Choiceofgeneralactions
Education: Developmentofprogrammes; staffpay andorganisationof studies;universities
Economicaid: Responsibilityfor economicdevelopmentTownplanning: Statecontrol;territorialdirectives;nationaltown
planningrules;protection ofthe architecturalheritage;nationalparks
Environment: NationalreservesCulturalaffairs: Statecontrol
Responsibilities of the regions under ordinary law (2003)
Furthervocationaltrainingand apprenticeships: Regionalvocationaltrainingdevelopmentplan; implementationofinitialand furthertrainingschemes foryoung peopleandadults;apprenticeships
Education: Creation,construction,maintenanceand operationofhighschools andestablishmentsfor specialisteducation
Planning,regionalplanning: Preparationof theregionaldevelopmentandland useplan; State-regionplanning contract
Schooltransport: Regionalplan;general interestlinksRailtransport: Regionalpassengertransport
Economicaid: Directaid (inaccordancewith EUrules); indirectaidfor companies;stakeholdingin regionaldevelopmentandregionalfinancingcompanies
Townplanning: RegionalnaturereservesEnvironment: Environmentalprotection;heritageand sitesboard;
listingof historicalmonuments;regionalair qualityplan;classificationof regionalnaturereserves
Culturalaffairs: Regionalarchives,regionalmuseums; protectionofheritage andlisting ofmonuments andartisticriches(2003:experimental)
Responsibilities of the municipalities under ordinary law (2003)
Socialactionand health: Optionalservices(e.g. daycare centres,sheltersforthe homeless);municipalhygiene offices
Education: Creation,construction,maintenanceand operationofprimaryschoolsand pre-schoolclasses
Planning,regionalplanning: Jointmunicipaldevelopmentcharters;jointmunicipal boundaryinitiatives
Schooltransport: Financingand organisationwithin themunicipalboundaries
Economicaid: Directaidcomplementaryto thatoftheregion(by
agreement);indirectaid forcompanies (includingloanandotherguarantees)
Townplanning: Preparationofterritorialconsistencyschemes(SCOTs);localtown planning;issueof buildingpermitsandotherauthorisationsconcerningoccupationof theland
Environment: Drainage;distributionof drinkingwater;collectionandprocessing ofhousehold waste
Culturalaffairs: Artisticteachingschools; municipalarchives;municipalmuseums;music academies
Responsibilities of the "dpartements" under ordinary law (2003)
Socialactionand health: Aidfor children;socialaid forfamilies;accommodationforpeople withdisabilitiesand elderlypeople;supervisionofsocial establishmentsinthe "dpartement"
Education: Creation,construction,maintenanceand operationofordinarysecondaryschools andcolleges
Planning,regionalplanning: Ruralequipment aidprogramme;associatedinstate-regionplanning contracts
Schooltransport: Financingand orga