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Page 1: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Depósito de Capa Atómica

(Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD)

Page 2: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

¿Qué es ALD (Atomic Layer deposition)?

Similar al Depósito por Vapor Químico (CVD), pero se divide la reacción en dos medias reacciones. Los precursores químicos están separados y solo se encuentran en la superficie.

Page 3: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Características del Método ALD

•Una reacción saturada en la superficie.

•Depósito de átomos capa por capa en forma auto-limitada. => la cantidad del material depositada en película en cada ciclo de reacción es constante.

•Control atómico del depósito de películas con una precisión de 0.1-3 Å por monocapa.

•Típicamente con dos químicos precursores.

•Gas inerte (N2 o Ar) de arrastre, típicamente a 1 mbar, para evitar el crecimiento de “parásitos” en el substrato como en el caso de CVD.

Page 4: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Ventajas

•Control preciso del espesor.El espesor de la película sólo depende del

número de ciclos de reacción.

•excelente conformidad y reproducibilidad.Menos problema de homogeneidad en flujos de

reactivos como en el caso de CVD, y simplifica el uso de precursores sólidos.

•Fácil de hacer multicapas.Atractivo para futuras generaciones de circuitos

electrónicos.

Page 5: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Ventajas

• Un amplio gama de materiales para depositar con alta densidad y baja nivel de impureza.

a) Oxides: Al2O3, HfO2, La2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Ta2O5, In2O3, SnO2, ITO, Fe2O3, MnOx, Nb2O5, MgO, Er2O3

b) Nitrides: WN, Hf3N4, Zr3N4, AIN, TiN, NbNx

c) Metals: Ru, Pt, W, Ni, Fe, Co

• Baja temperatura de depósito (< 400 °C).

Page 6: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Limitaciones

•Lentitud en el depósito (cada ciclo puede variar entre 0.5 a varios segundos). Afortunadamente, para futuras generaciones de circuitos integrales solo se requieren capas muy delgadas.• Algunos materiales no se pueden depositar de bajo costo, tales como Si, Ge, Si3N4, algunos óxidos de multicomponentes, algunos metales.•Riesgo de espape de residuos químicos, como cualquier método químico.•El nivel de impureza de las películas depende de la completación de las reacciones. (Puede tener el nivel de 0.1-1 porcentaje atómico)

Page 7: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

ALD en microelectrónicas(Wikipedia).

Page 8: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Gate oxides

Deposition of the high-k oxides Al2O3, ZrO2, and HfO2

has been one of the most widely examined areas of ALD.

The motivation for high-k oxides comes from the problem of high tunneling currents through the currently used SiO2 metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) gate dielectric when it is downscaled to a thickness of 1.0 nm and below. With the high-k oxide, a thicker gate dielectric can be made for the required capacitance density, thus the tunneling current can be reduced through the structure.

Intel Corporation has reported using ALD to deposit high-k gate dielectric for its 45 nm CMOS technology.

Page 9: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

DRAM capacitors

The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar to that of gate dielectrics: SiO2 has been widely used in the industry thus far, but it is likely to be phased out in the near future as the scale of devices are decreased.

The requirements for the downscaled DRAM capacitors are good conformality and permittivity values above 200, thus the candidate materials are different from those explored for MOSFET gate dielectrics. (For example, Al2O3, ZrO2, and HfO2).

The most extensively studied candidate has been (Ba,Sr)TiO3. ALD is a very promising method, which can satisfy the high conformal requirements of DRAM applications. A permittivity of 180 was measured for SrTiO3 and 165 for BaTiO3 when films thicker than 200 nm were post-deposition annealed, but when the film thickness was decreased to 50 nm, the permittivity decreased to only 100.

Page 10: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Transition-metal nitrides

Transition-metal nitrides, such as TiN and TaN find potential use both as metal barriers and as gate metals.

Metal barriers are used in modern Cu-based chips to avoid diffusion of Cu into the surrounding materials, such as insulators and the silicon substrate, and also, to prevent Cu contamination by elements diffusing from the insulators by surround every Cu interconnection with a layer of metal barriers. The metal barriers have strict demands: they should be pure; dense; conductive; conformal; thin; have good adhesion towards metals and insulators. The requirements concerning process technique can be fulfilled by ALD.

The most studied ALD nitride is TiN which is deposited from TiCl4 and NH3.

Page 11: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Metal films

Motivations of an interest in metal ALD are:

•Cu interconnects and W plugs, or at least Cu seed layers for Cu electrodeposition and W seeds for W CVD,

•noble metals for ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) and DRAM capacitor electrodes.

•high- and low-work function metals for dual-gate MOSFETs.

Page 12: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Necesidades de usar capas delgadas de Óxidos metálicos en

celdas solares fotovoltaicas

Page 13: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Caso 1: Bloqueadores de electrones (MoO3, etc)*

Reducción de corriente de saturación en obscuridad (JS) para aumentar el VOC:

Cuando:

𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 𝑛𝑘𝑇

𝑞𝑙𝑛

𝐽𝑝ℎ

𝐽𝑆+ 1 −

𝑉𝑂𝐶

𝑅𝑝 𝐽𝑆 .

.

.

𝐽𝑝ℎ

𝐽𝑆≫ 1, 𝑉𝑂𝐶~𝑙𝑛

𝐽𝑝ℎ

𝐽𝑆 .

*Open circuit voltage enhancement due to reduced dark current in small molecule photovoltaic

cells, Ning Li, Brian E. Lassiter, Richard R. Lunt, Guodan Wei, and Stephen R. Forrest, Applied

Physics Letters 94 (2009) 023307.

Page 14: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Introducción de capas bloqueadores de electrones y huecos de unos nm de espesor en los electrodos correspondientes. Por ejemplo, MoO3 de 10 nm.

*Open circuit voltage enhancement due to reduced dark current in small molecule photovoltaic

cells, Ning Li, Brian E. Lassiter, Richard R. Lunt, Guodan Wei, and Stephen R. Forrest, APL 94 (2009)

023307.

Page 15: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Table I. Performance of SnPc solar cells at 1 sun, AM1.5 illumination.

Voc

(V)FF

Jsc

(mA/cm2)ηp

(%)Js

(mA/cm2)n

Rs

(Ω cm2)Rp

(Ω cm2)

CalculatedVoc

(V)

No blocker 0.16 0.44 6.4 0.45 5.1×10−2 1.5 0.19 2.9×103 0.19

30 Å MoO3

0.37 0.62 7.4 1.7 1.2×10−3 1.7 0.19 1.1×105 0.39

100 Å MoO3

0.40 0.63 7.6 1.9 6.0×10−4 1.7 1.2 1.6×105 0.42

300 Å MoO3

0.42 0.61 7.4 1.9 5.5×10−4 1.8 2.2 3.5×105 0.45

20 Å SubPc

0.40 0.62 8.4 2.1 5.9×10−4 1.7 0.17 1.4×105 0.42

40 Å SubPc

0.41 0.55 8.8 2.0 3.1×10−4 1.8 0.14 1.4×105 0.44

40 Å CuPc 0.41 0.58 7.9 1.9 9.8×10−4 1.9 0.27 1.4×105 0.44

Page 16: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

El bloqueador de electrones no mejora la eficiencia cuántica, por lo tanto el

aumento de la eficiencia se debe a la reducción de corriente de saturación en

obscuridad.

Page 17: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Depósito de MoO3:

•Por RF magnetron sputtering o por evaporación térmica. Ref. J.Phys. D: Appl.Phys. 44 (2011) 045101.

•Por ALD:

Ref. J. Mater.Chem. 21 (2011) 705.Precursor: Mo(CO)6, ozono, agua 152-172 °C.

Page 18: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Caso 2: Bloqueador de recombinación de cargas.*

capa de HfO2 y/o Al2O3 por ALD como bloqueadora para reducir el proceso de recombinación bajo iluminación en la interface TiO2/Tinte/electrolito.

*Effect of atomic layer deposited ultra thin HfO2 and Al2O3 interfacial layers on the performance

of dye sensitized solar cells, Mariyappan Shanmugam, Mahdi Farrokh Baroughi David Galipeaua, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 2678.

Page 19: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Schematic representation of carrier recombination at TiO2/dye

and TiO2/electrolyte interfaces through the electronically active

surface defects on mesoporous TiO2.

Page 20: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

A photograph of the

fabricated DSSCs.

ALD processed metal oxide

layer (Al2O3 or HfO2) on

mesoporous TiO2

photoelectrode

Page 21: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar
Page 22: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

DeviceDevicephotoelectrode

JSC (mA/cm2) VOC (mV) FF η (%)

Reference TiO2 10.5 730 0.55 4.2

Device 1TiO2/HfO2

(5 cycles)17.5 745 0.55 7.1

Device 2TiO2/HfO2

(10 cycles)15.6 765 0.49 5.8

Device 3TiO2/HfO2

(20 cycles)14.2 611 0.61 5.3

Device 4TiO2/Al2O3

(5 cycles)14.7 708 0.42 4.2

Device 5TiO2/Al2O3

(10 cycles)17.4 700 0.40 4.9

Device 6TiO2/Al2O3

(20 cycles)11.4 684 0.64 5.0

Page 23: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Caso 3. Encapsulación de celdas solares orgánicas

con películas ultradelgadas de Al2O3, HfO2, depositadas por ALD, para evitar el contacto con el ambiente.*

*Encapsulation of pentacene/C60 organic solar cells with Al2O3

deposited by atomic layer deposition, W. J. Potscavage, S. Yoo, B. Domercq, and B. Kippelen, APL 90 (2007) 253511 .

Page 24: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Electrical characteristics measured in the dark (circles) and under

illumination (squares) for the same pentacene/C60 solar cell before (filled

shapes) and after (empty shapes) deposition of a 200-nm-thick layer of Al2O3

by ALD. Inset: overlap of electrical characteristics for six devices produced in the same batch before (dashed

line) and after (solid line) Al2O3 deposition in the dark and under illumination.

Page 25: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar
Page 26: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Un proceso típico de ALD

Precursores:Para Al2O3: (1) Trimetil-aluminio (TMA), (2) H2O.Para HfO2: (1) Tetraquis(dimetilamido)-hafnio (TDMAHf), (2) H2O.Temperatura de depósito: 140-150 °C.Presión de la cámara: 0.1 Torr.Gas de arrastre: Alta pureza de N2 (flujo = 20 sccm)

Un ciclo de ALD produce 1 Å de Al2O3 (o 1.2Å de HfO2), determinado por un elipsómetro:

Un pulso de 0.03 s de TMA (o 0.1 s de TDMAHf);Un pulso de 5 s de limpieza con N2;Un pulso de 0.02 s de H2O;Un pulso de 5 s de limpieza con N2.

Nota: TMA (o TDMAHf) antes que H2O para prevenir la incursión de moléculas de H2O en los dispositivos.

Page 27: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Typical ALD process cycle to deposit 5 cycles (a cycle provides approximately one

atomic layer) of HfO2 on mesoporous TiO2 which shows the pressure variation of

the chamber versus process time.

Page 28: Depósito de Capa Atómica (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) · 2011-03-25 · DRAM capacitors The development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectrics has been similar

Conclusión

•El equipo ALD puede ser útil para la mejora en la

eficiencia de conversión de celdas solares.

•Costo de equipo más básico (modo térmico): cerca de

160,000 USD.