dep final project

7/29/2019 DEP Final Project

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The First Two Years

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social Development

Developed Skills

Major Risks


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in Infancy andNewborn States

Newborn states consist of particularneonate sleeping patterns:

Regular Sleep

Irregular Sleep

Drowsiness

Alert Inactivity

Waking Activity

Crying


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in Infancy andReflexesReflexes are involuntary reactions, and serve asgood indicators of neurological development ininfants:

Reflex action and Reflex arc

Coughing, Blinking, and Yawning

Blinking and Sucking reflex

Rooting reflex

Moro reflex

Palmar grasp and Tonic neck

Stepping and Swimming

Babinski reflex

Gag reflex and Simple reflex


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Specific Language

ImpairmentsCognitive delays and specific languageimpairments can occur in infants. Thesedelays can be developed after birth or

present at birth.

Specific language impairments, or SLIs,can include hearing impairments, deafness,

mental retardation, neglect or caretakerdeprivation and abuse, and autism.

Genetics plays a specific role in locating thechromosomes responsible for various SLIs.

Evaluation methods include speech-language therapy, audiologist appointments,

craniosacral evaluation and other therapymethods.


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Social Development in Infancy

The Ten FundamentalEmotions in Infancy The Course ofAttachment

-Interest -Enjoyment

-Surprise -Sadness

-Anger -Disgust

-Fear -Shyness

-Shame -Guilt

The Three Stages of Developing

Social Responsiveness:

-Infants are aroused by all parts oftheir environment

-Infants display indiscriminate

attachment

-Babies show signs of specificattachment


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Developed Skills

and Infancy

Infants will learn visual acuity,

contrast sensitivity, eyecoordination, ability to follow

(tracking), color vision, object andface recognition, visual constancy,and depth perception throughout

the infancy period.

In the sense of physicaldevelopment, the muscles of the

anal and urinary tract aredeveloping so that the skill of toilet

training may ensue.


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Major Risks during

Infancy

Premature Birth

Post-mature Birth

Infants Born with Drug Exposure

Babies Born with HIV

Babies Born with Fetal AlcoholSpectrum Disorder (FASD)

Babies with Prenatal Exposure toChemical Toxicants

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS)

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)


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Early Childhood: Ages 2-6



Social Development

Developing Skills

Major Risks


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Physical Developmentin Early Childhood

Children are becoming bettercoordinated physically

Gross motor skills like running andjumping are continually developing

Fine motor skills like painting,writing, and getting dressed are alsodeveloping, albeit at a slower rate than

gross motor skills

Continued brain growth is anotherhallmark of the early childhood period


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Cognitive Development inEarly Childhood

According to JeanPiaget, early childhood isthe preoperationalperiod, where theprincipal achievement isa childs development of

the capacity to representthe external worldinternallythrough theuse of symbols.

Piagetian Conservation of

Number Task


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Preoperational

Difficulties

Conservation problems tend to lend

themselves to characteristics thatinhibit logical thought, such as

Centering

Transformation

Reversibility

Egocentrism


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Social Development in EarlyChildhood

Parallel Play, an Exampleof Play Behaviors

Play BehaviorsPlay behaviors are predictable stages that apreoperational child will use to display their emotions,cognitive skills, physical feats, and communicationstrategies.

Functional Play

Constructive Play

Parallel Play

Onlooker Play

Associative Play

Cooperative Play


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Developing Skills in EarlyChildhood

Emotional self-regulation

Gender identification

Acquiring emotional understanding

Responding to the emotions of others

Forming emotional awareness

Developing a greater sense of self


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Major Risks and the

Importance of EarlyIntervention

Congenital Birth Defects

Autism and Aspergers Syndrome

Behavior Problems

Chemical Exposure (i.e. lead

Poisoning)

Nutritional Intake

Safety Practices (a.k.a. accidental

injury)


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Middle Childhood:Ages 7-12



Social Development

Developing Skills

Major Risks


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Physical Development inMiddle Childhood

Typically, middle childhood children grow slowerthan early childhood or adolescent children

Baby teeth dislodge to make way for permanent,adult teeth

Body proportions change, due to height increase

Muscles are becoming bigger and stronger

The speed and efficiency of the childs mentalprocesses increase during this period


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CognitiveDevelopment in

Middle Childhood

Middle childhood is known as theperiod of concrete operations

Appreciation of the appearance-reality distinction

Developing metacognition andstrategy skills

Conservation tasks are no longera difficulty

Children are beginning to makepsychological inferences aboutother people

Vocabulary is rapidly increasing


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Social Development inMiddle Childhood

Fear and anxiety play a role in

influencing social behavior

Public policy, family resources, and

family living arrangements affect

the emotional-social relationship

that children have with their families

Peer relationships play a vital role

in social development

School attendance and facilities

also plays a part in social growth

School and Peer Influenceon Social Growth


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Developing Skillsin Middle

Childhood

Learning social rules regarding

emotional displays

Learning to read facial

expressions

Learning to redirect emotional

states

Acquiring a better understanding

of how people feel and why they

feel as they do

Learning to separate internal

emotion from external action


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Major Risks of MiddleChildhood

Stunted brain development due to childneglect

Undiagnosed or untreated dyslexia

Lack of enrichment for gifted children

Injuries from sport-related activities,especially trampolines

Increased risk of obesity

Motor vehicle and traffic accidents

Unintentional injury


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Adolescence: Ages 13-18



Social Development

Developing Skills

Major Risks


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Physical Development ofAdolescent Children

The long and complex process of maturation, known aspuberty, becomes more dramatic in change

The adolescent growth spurt occurs, yielding an increasein height andweight

Physically growth is asynchronous at times, resulting inclumsiness and distance misperception

Development of the reproductive system, leading tomenarche in girls and mature sperm ejaculation in boys


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CognitiveDevelopment in

Adolescent ChildrenJean Piaget describes this period as

the period of formal operations, which is

the highest stage in the development ofcognitive functioning from infancy toadulthood

Scientific reasoning is observed in theformal operational period

A new form of egocentrism is formed,where the adolescent feels that their

thoughts and feelings are equallyinteresting to others

Adolescents are developing moralthought and political thinking, which are

both dependent on cognitivedevelopment


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Social Development inAdolescent Children

Development of Identity

Asking Who am I?

Stage of storm and stress

The identity crisis

The four types of identityformation are diffusion,foreclosure, moratorium, andachievement

Cultural pubescent rites of

passage


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Developing Skills inAdolescent Children

Showing signs of altruistic values

Exhibiting a greater sense of social responsibility

Advocating for concerning issues

Renewing emphasis on manners, modesty, andcourtesy to others

Demonstrating ambition, drive, and a strong work ethic

Showing signs of rising achievements

Taking more (and less scheduled) time for themselves


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Major Risks in

Adolescent ChildrenLearning disabilities

ADHD

Mental, emotional, or behavioralproblems

Nutrition and eating disorders

Obesity

Use of tobacco products/smoking

Alcohol use

Sexually transmitted diseases

Teenage Pregnancy


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Nicole Groditski on

Parenting

You don't really understand human

nature unless you know why a child

on a merry-go-round will wave at hisparents every time around - and why

his parents will always wave back.

~William D. Tammeus


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www.images.google.com

Zanden, James W. Human Development. New York: The McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc., 2007

References
http://www.images.google.com/http://www.images.google.com/

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