democracy - onlyias · •east europe came under communism. ... •e) democracy needs to be valued...
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DEMOCRACY
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What is Democracy?
• Can be understood in broad sense means in normative science democracy is a way of life it is a way of life based on particular value system.
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What is the value of Democracy?
• Empowerment of masses as expressed by Gandhi in terms of Swaraj.
• Gandhian Swaraj was based on the idea of empowerment of individual.
• He supported the view that society should be based on the concept of “oceanic circle of power ethics”.
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Features of Democratic way of Life-
1. Democratic society is non coercive society.
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Features of Democratic way of Life-
2. In democratic society Power is not concentrated in the hands of few.
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Features of Democratic way of Life-
3. Power is dispersed throughout the society.
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Features of Democratic way of Life-
4. Power is for the empowerment rather than of coercion.
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• The concept of human dignity provide the normative basis of the idea of democracy.
• Thus, democracy means giving power to powerless and voice to voiceless.
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Explanation (Narrow Sense)
• Indian arrows is democracy is a form of Government as a form of government is provide space for the participation of people whether directly or indirectly in governments.
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One of the most well-known definition of democracy as a form of government
is the definition given by Abraham Lincoln.
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Expansion of Democracy
• According to Winston Churchill democracy is the worst form of Government.
• However, it is the best form of Government till we do not find a better form of government.
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Expansion of Democracy
• Thus we can say that democracy is the best practicable form of Government there has been continuous expansion of democracy around the Global.
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Samuel P Huntington has described the expansion of democracy in the
form of 3 waves.
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Expansion of Democracy in the Form of 3 Waves
I Waves Started in late 17th
century
II WavesAfter Second World War till end of the
cold war
III Wave (II Half of 1930's)
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I Waves (17th Century)
• Started in Late 17th Century
• In the first wave Western Countries like Britain, USA, France become democratic they are called as matured democracies.
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I Waves (17th Century)
• I Reserve Wave
• Interwar period
• Democracy collapse in some of the European countries like Germany, Italy, Portugal.
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II Waves (Second World War)
• After Second World War till end of the cold war.
• Democracy return to the European countries like Germany Italy.
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II Waves (Second World War)
• Democratic governments where is established in former colonies result of decolonization.
• East Europe came under communism.
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II Waves (Second World War)
• II Reserve wave
• Democracy continue in western Europe.
• With the exception of India democracy collapse in the third world.
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III Wave (II Half of 1980's)
• With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe the third wave of democracy started.
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III Wave (II Half of 1980's)
• With the exception of Arab world democracy become almost a Universal phenomenon decide Arab world, we can also mentioned communist China and North Korea Cuba.
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Present age can be called as the
Age of Democracy.
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• We can add fourth way of Huntington Model the spring started in Tunesia in 2010 can be considered as the beginning of the fourth wave, Arab Spring Challenged Western discourse of Arab expansionism.
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• However, unfortunately because of the involvement of Foreign state and non state actors, terrorist group, Arab Spring has changed into Arab summer.
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WHAT IS ARAB EXCEPTIONALISM?
• It is of discourse by western scholars according to which democracy can exist anywhere except in the Arab world.
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Why
According to the Islam is not
comfortable with democracy.
Western world never recognize Iran as a
democracy and from their perspective Iran is totalitarian regime.
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WHAT WAS THE REASON BEHIND THE DISCOURSE?
• Provided opportunity to justify USA support to Gulf monarchies and dictatorship in North Africa, the easiest way to control the resource of the region was by maintaining clientalist regime.
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Question
• Relationship with democracy and development or whether democracy is suitable for third world countries?
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Answer
• It is a matter of academic debate whether democracy is suitable for third world countries or not.
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Why there is a debate?
• The priority of third world countries is development and there are Scholars who believe that democracy is not conclusive for development.
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What is the basis for argument?
• Comparison between China and India.
• The question is whether third world should follow Chinese model or Indian model.
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China Model
• China has preferred authoritarianism.
• China has much better record with respect to physical and social infrastructure.
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India Model
• India adopted a democracy India has a very disappointing scenario as far as physical and social infrastructure is concerned.
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India Model
• In terms of Human Development, India is behind even another South Asian countries like Bangladesh one of the poorest countries in the world and Sri Lanka which has suffered one of the longest civil war.
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There are two schools of thought
Lee Kuan yeu Amartya Sen
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1) FIRST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- LEE KUAN YEW
• Represented by LEE KUAN YEWalso known as Lee thesis.
• i) LEE KUAN YEW is a critic of Indian model.
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1) FIRST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- LEE KUAN YEW
• Represented by LEE KUAN YEWalso known as Lee thesis.
• ii) He calls India as a nation with unrealized potential.
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1) FIRST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- LEE KUAN YEW
• Represented by LEE KUAN YEWalso known as Lee thesis.
• iii. He blames democracy in India because following reasons-
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He blames democracy in India
because
A. It results into populist policies
B. Extraordinary delay in policy
making.
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1) FIRST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- LEE KUAN YEW
• He believes that Indian Bureaucracy does not have the right mind set required for development.
• He believes that democracy (Liberal Democracy) is a western obession not suitable for non Western societies.
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1) FIRST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- LEE KUAN YEW
• He talks about the suitability of “Asian Values” based on communitarianism discipline and social solidarity.
• These Scholars and leaders prefer semi authoritarian, guided democracy over liberal democracy is the biggest problem of democracy is in discipline which is the precondition for development.
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2) SECOND SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- AMARTYA SEN
• i) Amartya Sen believe that democracy and development are not exclusive rather interdependent.
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2) SECOND SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- AMARTYA SEN
• ii) He emphasize on the need to redifine development and development can not be equated just to economic growth.
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2) SECOND SCHOOL OF THOUGHT- AMARTYA SEN
• iii. He also suggest that not only development and democracy are independent there is a need that a development should be democratized.
• It means the benefit of development should reach to all sections of the society.
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Amartya Sen acknowledges Chinese achievements with respect to Physical infrastructure as well as in terms of life
expectancy Literacy nutrition health and eradication of poverty.
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However according to Amartya Sen, performance of China has nothing to
do with the form of government.
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Performance of China has happened because
of
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Performance of China has happened because of
• A) Political will of Chinese leaders to invest in infrastructure.
• It shows the intelligence of Chinese Leaders because they understood that without development of capabilities china would not be able to take benefit of economic reforms.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• He quotes Adam Smith.
• Adam Smith suggested that the rate of economic growth is directly proportional to quality of labour.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• B) Favourable economic environment
• He give the example of Botsbana.
• Botswana has show me the final rate of economic growth despite being democratic country.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• Lee Thesis is based on questionable assumption and lack of sufficient imperical evidence.
• Authoritarianism eats itself is not a precondition of development.
• There are so many examples where authoritarian States have no encouraging record in any dimension of development.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• C) Democracy is not the only factor behind the poor performance of India authoritarianism.
• He is not the only factor behind the performance of China.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• D) In One way “democracy is preferable to authoritarianism” and that is crisis management please give the example of India.
• India has not suffered from any femines after independence there are 30 million people died in China in 3 years of famines.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• Similarly large number of people died in famines in Cambodia, Sudan and other countries.
• Democracy is better in Crisis management Because of freedom of press Government can not neglect the concern on such crisis situation.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• Even corrective measures can be taken faster.
• We can also add example of poor crisis management a former USSR after “ChenobylNuclear Disaster” and earthquake.
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Performance of China has happened because of
• E) Democracy needs to be valued on its own.
• Democracy has following values
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Democracy has following
Values
1. Instrumental
Values
2. Intrinsic Value
3. Democracy has Educated
Values
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1. INSTRUMENTAL VALUES
• As a means to certain ends
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2. INTRINSIC VALUES
• It is a source of well being to a Person he does not accept the argument that poor will bargain their political rights for other economics games according to political freedom , economic freedom, social freedom all are independent political rights like right to vote is itself is a source of well being it is necessary for human dignity.
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3. DEMOCRACY HAS EDUCATED VALUES
• It makes citizen responsible participation of students in governance to make them aware of the practical problems thus democracy needs to be valued he needs own rights.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMOCRACY
AND GLOBALIZATION
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Question
• Whether globalization had strengthen democracy or weakened democracy?
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Answer
• The relationship between democracy and globalization is a matter of academic debate.
• On one hand Scholars believe that globalization has expanded democracy and strengthen democracy.
• On the other hand Scholars believe that globalization has weakened democracy globalization is Janues Faced it has strengthen as well as undermine democracy
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STRENGTHENING OF DEMOCRACY
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Strengthening of Democracy
1. Number of democracy has increased phenomenally it has almost become universal.
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Strengthening of Democracy
2. It has strengthened the democratic consciousness, consciousness about human right.
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Strengthening of Democracy
3. It has resulted into the emergence of global civil society and civil society activism.
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WEAKENING OF DEMOCRACY
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Weakening of Democracy due to Globalisation
• 1. Though number of democracy is has increased the world order has not become more democratic.
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Weakening of Democracy due to Globalisation
• 2. The Institution of global governance like IMF, World Bank, UN Security Council, Regional organization continue to suffer from democratic deficit.
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Weakening of Democracy due to Globalisation
• 3. The present globalization neoliberal ideas has undermine social and economic rights of poor.
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Weakening of Democracy due to Globalisation
• 4. With the exception of European Union there is no regional Parliament elected by the people policymaking has been entirely in the hands of Executive
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Weakening of Democracy due to Globalisation
• 5. The highest democratically elected representative institution is nation-state globalization has also weaken the nation-state.
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Weakening of Democracy due to Globalisation
• Above discussion show that globalization has increased in democratic consciousness but in concrete turns, it has adversely affected by the majority on the globe.
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David Held has propose cosmopolitan model of democracy.
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In Context of Globalization, It is necessary that we start
thinking about some Cosmopolitan model so that the
policy making can reflect the wishes of the people, He has suggested certainly reforms.
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Reforms
1. In long term we should think about establishing world government.
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Reforms
2. In short terms there is a need to establish regional parliament elected by the people like in European
Union.
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Reforms
3. in immediate there is a need to reform UN security council make it more representative.
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Reforms
4. There is a need to bring transparency and accountability in IMF world bank.
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Reforms
5. There is a need to strengthen following things-
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There is a Need to Strengthen
A. Freedom of Press
B. Independence of Judiciary
C. Right to Civil Society like RTI.
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Reforms
Thus, globalization and localization has to move together.
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THEORIES
OF
DEMOCRACY
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CONTRIBUTION
OF
CRAWFORD BROUGH MACPHERSON
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INTRODUCTION
• Macpherson has been done one of the most exhaustive work in the field of theory of democracy.
• He has critically examine the existing model and has given his own model.
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School of Thought
1. He is known as critical liberal.He is a liberal yet critical of
inegalitarian liberal societies.
2. He is called as egalitarian thinker like John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Dowrkin.
He is concerned with equity.
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His Contribution
He has classified model of
democracy as following.
Theories or Model
1. Classical 2. Modern
Theories or Model
1. Classical 2. Modern
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Theoriesor
Model
1. Classical Protective Developmental
2. Modern Elitist Pluralist
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1. CLASSICAL MODEL
• i) Type of Theories
• A) Normative Theories or Philosophical Theories -
• Focus on Idea of democracy or values of democracy.
• they focus on the substantive aspect of democracy.
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Protective Model Scholar
John Locke Jeremy Bentham
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• According to Locke and Bentham the values of democracy lies in the protection it gives to right and liberty.
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DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL- SCHOLAR JS MILL
• Democracy is necessary for development. only democracy protect or give rights which are conditions for development.
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Scholar
Harold Laski Thomas Hill Green
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Question
• Critical examination of classical theory by C D Macpherson
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CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CLASSICAL THEORY
• 1. Classical theory is removed from the real world of democracy.
• 2. However the strength is that it gives importance to the substance to aspect of democracy.
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2. MODERN THEORIES
• i) Type of Theories
• Empirical
• and so disruptive focus is on the procedural aspect of democracy.
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Elitist Theory Scholar
1) VilfredoPareto
2) Robert Michells
3) C. Wright Mills
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Elitist Theory Scholar
Theory of circulation of Elite.
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Elitist Theory Scholar
Iron law of oligarchy.
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Elitist Theory Scholar
Studied democracy in USA and give concept of power Elite.
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Others Elitist Theory Scholar
• Max Weber, Schumpter, Anthony Downs
• Their theories are known as “Market Model of Democracy or Economic Theory of Democracy".
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What is Market Model?
• Democracy is a Marketplace leaders are entrepreneurs. Voters are consumers.
• Voters choose the party leader who gives maximum satisfaction.
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What is Market Model?
• According to his theory democracy is nothing more than set of procedures.
• It is enough to call a country democracy if it has free and fair electoral system.
• This theory is called “Minimalist Theory”.
• According to them any bigger roll other than election of elites is neither possible nor desirable.
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OTHERS SCHOLARS
• RAYMOND ARON
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Elitist Theory Scholar
He suggested that whether country is liberal or socialist power always lies
with elites still Western countries are most democratic.
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Why?
1) In western countries Elite
structure is fractured multi parties.
2) In communist countries we have
Monolithic Elite single party.
3) At least people have choice among
elites.
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MACPHERSEN'S VIEW ON “ELITIST DEMOCRACY”
• It takes narrow view of democracy as is democracy is nothing more than procedure of elections it means the substantive to expect.
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PLURALIST THEORY
• Scholar Robert Dahl
• Dahl gave the Concept of Polyarchy.
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• According to him Western liberal democracy is are polyarchy which implies that power is not concentrating in the hands of few elites, power is fairly distributed among various associations of people.
• Thus pluralist theory focus on the role of pressure groups or interest groups.
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PLURALIST THEORY
• Robert Dahl latter on modified his ideas and accepted that polyarchy deform polyarchy is approximate democracy.
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Features of Polyarchy
• (All features of Democracy)
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Features of Polyarchy
1. Rule of Law
2. Fundamental
Rights
3. Freedom of
Press
4. Freedom to form
Association
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Features of Polyarchy
5. Independent
Judiciary
6. Separation of
Powers
7. Competitive Party System
8. Protection to Opposition
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Features of Polyarchy
5. Independent
Judiciary
6. Separation of
Powers
7. Competitive Party System
8. Protection to Opposition
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MACPHERSEN'S VIEW ON “PLURALIST THEORY”
• 1) There is no big difference between elitist and pluralist.
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MACPHERSEN'S VIEW ON “PLURALIST THEORY”
• 2) Macpherson coins the phrase Dahl-scumpeter axis which suggest the common ground with focus on procedural aspects of democracy and undermine the substantive view of democracy
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MACPHERSON'S OWN THEORY
• Macpherson's model is called as Egalitarian Model.
• Macpherson is critical of liberal democracy is found in practice.
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Why?
According to Macpherson they are egalitaritarian in nature.
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Why?
According to Macpherson the objective of the political system should be provide opportunities for creative
freedom.
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WHAT IS CREATIVE FREEDOM?
• Macpherson's model is called as Egalitarian Model.
• Macpherson is critical of liberal democracy is found in practice.
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It means freedom to do what one wants to do his views comes near to
Amartya Sen's view "Development as Freedom"
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According to Macpherson, there are two dimensions of power
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Two Dimensions of
Power
1. Extractive
Power
2. Developmental
Power
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• It means coercive power forcing someone to do even against his wish.
1. Extractive Power
• power to do what one wants to do it is linked to creative freedom.
2. Developmental Power
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Question
• What is the distribution of power in western countries according to Macpherson?
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Answer
• We can present Macpherson’s view with the help of matrix
• (DIAGRAM)
• This shows that and distribution of power is not equitable
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Answer
Macpherson does not accept the claim of western countries that liberalism has monopoly over and democracy.
Western countries do not acknowledge any other model of
democratic.
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Answer
According to Macpherson more to do with substance in substantive terms
which means empowerment of masses western democracy is
themselves do not qualify.
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Answer
Macpherson suggest that we can acknowledge alternative model
answer democratic subject to certain conditions.
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For Example
1. Socialist Model of Democracy
2. III World Countries
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1) SOCIALIST MODEL OF DEMOCRACY
• Socialist countries having single party can be considered as democratic subject to the condition there is "Intra Party Democracy"
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2) III WORLD COUNTRIES
• Many third world countries have one party dominance system.
• We won the system will qualify to be known as a Democratic.
• Subject to the condition there is a must support to the political program of the party.
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Macpherson proposes that Western countries should modify the existing
system to make it equalitarian.
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2) III WORLD COUNTRIES
• He gives following ideal.
• (DIAGRAM)
• In equalitarian society no one should have extractive power over the other.
• All should have equal maximum opportunities.
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WHAT IS DEMOCRACY?
• The social political system which maximization opportunities for creative freedom.
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Model of Democracy
1. Representative Democracy
2. Participatory Democracy
3. Deliberative Democracy
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1. Representative Democracy
1. Indirect Democracy
2. Modern Idea
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1) REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• 1) It is Indirect Democracy
• Where people elect their representatives.
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1) REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• 2) It is a Modern Idea
• Why?
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1) REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• Why?
• With increase in population size of state and complex way of life direct democracy becoming possible and representative democracy become an inevitable.
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John Locke in his theory of social contract theory of the earliest formulation of representative
democracy.
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JS Mill has also written on a representative government. according to mill representative government is the second best form of government.
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Representative democracy can be
of two types
1. Majoritarian Model
2. Consociationalism
Model
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1) REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• Since electoral system is the heart of representative democracy.
• The nature of representative democracy will depend on the nature of electoral system.
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There are Two Types of
Electoral System
1. Majoritarian Type
2. Proportional Representation
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Considered as more democratic,Mill believe that through proportional
representation we can protect democracy from turning into tyranny
of majority.
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1) REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• Though representative democracy becomes in inevitable yet it is not enough.
• Hence it is recommended that attempt should be made to make democracy more participating representative democracy will be preferred more by elitist Scholars as they do not have faith in capacity of masses.
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Scholars have given Two Model of
Representation
1. Delegate Model 2. Enlightened Model
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1. Deligate Model Scholars
Locke Bentham
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• According to this model representatives cannot be given freedom to take decisions.
• They should stick to the original mandatory one by the voters in the election.
• According to Locke government does not have original powers it enjoy only daligated power.
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2. EnlightedModel Scholars
JS Mill Edmond Burke
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According to JS Mill,our representatives have better
understanding and experience than us hence they should enjoy more freedom for flexibility in taking
decisions.
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According to Edmund Burke, Parliament is the Assembly of nation
rather than place for promotion of narrow constituency interest.
Hence representatives should have flexibility in taking decisions
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2) PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
• 1) Original democracy is participating the idea of democracy is based on the participation of people.
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2) PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
• 2) One of the earliest scholar supporting participatory democracy was Aristotle.
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According to Aristotle policy is the best practicable form of government.
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In Aristotle's polity decisions are taken by active participation by the citizens
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2) PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
• 3) Another exponent of direct democracy is Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
• He was impressed with the system of “Direct Democracy found in Switzerland, Geneva”.
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Rousseau remark that Englishman are free only ones in the 5 year.
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2) PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
• For Rousseau precondition for freedom is participation in the formulation of laws which govern us.
• This is the best way to Reconcile liberty and equality in contemporary times.
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2) PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
• Scholars like Hannah Ardent, Habermas, Carole Pateman are the advocates of direct democracy.
• In India leaders like Gandhi, JP Narayan and M N Roy favored the idea of partyless democracy.
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Why Scholars recommended people's participation in Governance?
1. It is widely accepted that good governance is not possible without transparency and accountability.
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Why Scholars recommended people's participation in Governance?
Hence good governance require citizen centric governance. (II ARC Report)
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Why Scholars recommended people's participation in Governance?
2. Various policy documents like agenda 21 brought at “First Earth Summit at Rio Brazil in 1992” acknowledge
that you cannot achieve sustainable development without people's participation.
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Scholars like Amartya Sen believe in the positive correlation between
development and democracy. Democratic decentralization is
necessary to achieve the ideal of inclusive growth.
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Why Scholars recommended people's participation in Governance?
3. Participation has a Great educative Value by which we transfer persons into responsible citizen.
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Why Scholars recommended people's participation in Governance?
Participation is a training exercise it makes people conscious of their responsibilities as a citizen and
understand the practical problems in administration
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Methods of Direct
Democracy
1. Referendum
2. Initiative 3. Recall 4. Social Auditing
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Methods of Direct
Democracy
5. Citizen Charter
6. Right to Information
7. Watchdog Bodies like
Lokpal, NHRC.
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Thus democracy is not just participation for Once in election it is
to be a continuous participation
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WHAT IS REFERENDUM?
• Plebisite is not the Institution of democracy, it can be exercise in democracy as well as non democratic countries.
• It is taking opinion of the people on particular issue.
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WHAT IS REFERENDUM?
• Referendum it's a Institution of democracy it is linked to law making.
• When any bill of amendment is referred to people verdict it is called as referendum.
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WHAT IS INITIATIVE?
• When bill is initiated by the people it is a regular practice in Switzerland.
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WHAT IS RE-CALL?
• Calling back the elected representatives
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Views Of Scholars on participatory democracy?
1) Aristotle 2) Hannah
Arendt3)
Hobermas4) Carole Pateman
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1) ARISTOTLE
• Common man deliberating can arrive at better decision then exports acting alone.
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2) HANNAH ARENDT
• Dissipation in quality in human condition because a man is Zoon Politikon.
• The only way to avoid totalitarianism.
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3) Habermas
• The only bases to treat a particular policy legitimate is it policy is outcome of people's participation in the state of 'Ideal speech situation' and 'communicative action'.
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4) CAROLE PATEMAN
• 1) Participation has educator value.
• 2) Makes democracy inclusive.
• 3) This is the way to realise the ideal of popular sovereignty.
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In participatory model of democracy there is a leftist model which is called as radical democracy.
• In India, M N Roy was advocate of radical democracy the term radical comes from the term radix means root.
• Thus radical democracy means participation by the lowest section which means the subaltern and marginalized section of the society.
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• Radical Democracy focus on Grass root movement.
• Movement by the most marginalized sections theory of years root movement of influence by Habermas.
• The prominent Scholars include Jacques Ranciere, ChantleMouffe,, Nancy Faiser, Seyla Benhabib
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3) DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
• What is Deliberation?
• Deliberation means debate or discussion but not any debate.
• It has to be informed debate should be involving formulation of views after proper comprehension and reflection.
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3) DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
• What is Deliberative Democracy?
• Democracy has to be deliberative there is no need of hyphenation on adding the prefix deliberative.
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Why this deliberative
word is added?
Democracy
Law by People
Theocracy
Laws by Religion
Autocracy
Law by one Person
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3) DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
• In recent times we have forgotten the sense of democracy democracy is understood as Tyranny of majority democracy is not game of number.
• Democracy is about the right argument in most of the democracy is the idea of deliberation has been overshadowed by majoritarianism.
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3) DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
• There is a worldwide decline of the deliberative Chambers.
• Hence the need was failed to resize on the delivery system effect of democracy.
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3) DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
• Democracy is not about choice it is about voice democracy means giving power to powerless and voice to Voice less.
• Deliberative democracy give special consideration to the representation of voice of marginalised sections like poor memories women in the policy making.
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3) DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
• Theocracy people are under the laws made by god or revealed by God.
• Autocracy people are under the laws made by one person.
• Only in democracy people are under the law which are the product of rational deliberation.
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Reasons for Emphasis on Deliberative Democracy
1. In contemporary times we have forgotten the essence of democracy.
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Reasons for Emphasis on Deliberative Democracy
2. There is a decline of deliberative chambers like parliament.
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Reasons for Emphasis on Deliberative Democracy
3. There is a decline of public sphere. Public sphere is a concept given by Habermas which
suggest that people come together to deliberative on issue of common concern according to her Habermas
this is a precondition for legitimacy of any policy.
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Scholars
1) Pericles 2) Aristotle 3) JS Mill4) John Rawls
5. AmartyaSen
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Scholars
6. Hannah Ardent
7. Dworkin8.
Hobbermas9. Nancy Fraiser
10. Joshua Cohen
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1) PERICLES
• Athenian statement in ancient Greece discussion is never a stumbling block it is essential prerequisite for any wise action.
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2) ARISTOTLE
• Common people deliberating can arrive at better decisions rather than individuals acting alone.
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3) JS MILL
• Mill has emphasise on the importance of freedom of speech and expression.
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4) JOHN RAWLS
• He has given the concept of public reasoning for a democratic decision making.
• Public reasoning is a mode of deliberation.
• It is a way of justifying particular position by use of reasoning it is providing set of arguments which makes any decision acceptable to the others.
• It is a condition for well order society.
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5) AMARTYA SEN
• Only when a particular issue becomes a matter of public debate, government took the issue seriously.
• In his book 'uncertain Glory' he has shown that the major reason for the neglect of health issues in India is lack of debate.
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Amartya Sen suggested Three Conditions for the Public Reasoning
1. The idea of public reasoning should exist
2. Public sphere should exist
3. People should have capacity to debate.
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6) HANNAH ARDENT
• Also believes that participation in public sphere is a condition for democracy.
• She believes that action and speech are interlinked and are the conditions for freedom and equality.
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7) DWORKIN
• Democracy cannot be reduced to 'Head Counting Principle'.
• Majoritarianism cannot be the fundamental rule fairness is the fundamental rule of democracy.
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8) HABERMAS
• Also suggest that to establish political choice as a legitimate it should be result of 'Ideal speech situation' and 'communicative action'.
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Ideal speech situation is a situation where
1. No other force exist accept the force of argument.
2. Where all have equal right to speak.
3. All have equal chances to present their thoughts.
4. Whatever ideas are Express should be honest and natural.
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8) HOBBERMAS
• Communicative Action-
• When people communicate with each other in ideal speech situation understand each other hand or accountable to each other.
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9) NANCY FRAISER
• She modified Habermas view of the public sphere. she suggested the marginalised sections of the society should form their own public sphere she uses the term 'CounterPublic' for the alternative public sphere.
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10) JOSHUA COHEN
• Joshua Cohen explain five characteristic of deliberative democracy.
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Joshua Cohen explain five characteristic of Deliberative Democracy
1. An independent and ongoing Association of people with expected continuity.
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Joshua Cohen explain five characteristic of Deliberative Democracy
2. People accept that deliberation is the deciding factor in formulation of policies.
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Joshua Cohen explain five characteristic of Deliberative Democracy
3. Non-corrosive environment where each person recognize the capacity of others to speak.
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Joshua Cohen explain five characteristic of Deliberative Democracy
4. There is a respect for pluralism of values.
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Joshua Cohen explain five characteristic of Deliberative Democracy
5. Deliberation is a Source of Legitimacy.
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
JEREMY WALDRON
• He support majoritarian model
• Why- It is practical to go for decision by majority when morally and political equal persons disagree.
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Dworkin suggest that virtues of majoritarianism have been unnecessarily exaggerated
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
• Majoritarianism does have some really was but it is not the essence of democracy.
• Any idea of democracy has to be based on the idea of rights. deliberative democracy fulfills the substantive aspect of rights.
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Scholars like Joshua Cohen, Nancy Fraser, Ammy Gutman give following advantages of
Deliberative Democracy
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
1. Best way to deal with disagreements
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
2. Best way to secure the legitimacy of collective actions.
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
3. Encourage public perspective on public issues.
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
4. Better Policies
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
5. Public Education
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
6. Development of Trust
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
7. A way to known our Genuine Performance
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
8. Strengthening Democracy
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
9. Make democracy Consosiational
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
10. Enlarge our understanding of issues.Thus, deliberative democracy is based on justice,
fairness, human dignity it gives priority to voice over choice debate over voting.
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Advantages of Deliberative Democracy
11. Decision should be result of "Authentic Decision" rather than "Aggregation of Preferences" in voting
procedure.