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Delhi Metro

Delhi Metro blue line train at New Ashok NagarStation.

Background

Locale NCR, India

Transit type Rapid transit/metro

Number oflines

6 lines, plus Airport Express line

Number ofstations

135,[1] plus 6 Airport Expressstations

Dailyridership

2.4 million[2]

Chiefexecutive

Mangu Singh, MD[3]

Headquarters Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road,New Delhi 110001.

Website Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.(http://www.delhimetrorail.com)(English)

Operation

Beganoperation

24 December 2002

Operator(s) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd(DMRC),

Number ofvehicles

208 trains[4][5]

Train length 4/6/8 coaches[5][6]

Technical

System length 190.0 km (118.1 mi)[4]

Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) (Indian gauge)1,435 mm (4 ft 812 in) (Standardgauge)

Delhi MetroFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Delhi Metro (Hindi: ) is a metro system serving Delhi,Gurgaon, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region ofIndia.[7] Delhi Metro is the world's thirteenth largest metro system interms of length.[citation needed] Delhi Metro is India's first modern publictransportation system. As of September 2013, the network consists of sixlines, plus a seventh Airport Express line, with a total length of 190.0kilometres (118.1 mi),[4] serving 141 stations (135 Delhi Metro stations,[1]plus 6 Airport Express stations), of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the rest are elevated.[citation needed] All stations haveescalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired fromstation entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, andunderground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rollingstock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi Rotem broadgauge, Bombardier Movia, Mitsubishi Rotem standard gauge, and CAFBeasain standard gauge.

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned companywith equal equity participation from Government of India andGovernment of National Capital Territory of Delhi built and operates theDelhi Metro. However, the organisation is under administrative control ofMinistry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besidesconstruction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in theplanning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed railprojects in India and providing consultancy services to other metroprojects in the country as well as abroad.

As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between06:00 and 23:00 running with an interval of 2 minutes 40 secondsbetween trains at peak frequency.[8][9] The trains are usually of four andsix coaches, but due to increase in the number of passengers, eight-coachtrains are added on the Yellow Line (Jahangirpuri to HUDA city centre)and Blue line (Dwarka Sector-21 to Noida City Centre/Vaishali).[10]

Yellow line being the first one with eight coach trains.[5][6][9][11] Thepower output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50-hertz alternating currentthrough overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of2.4 million commuters,[2] and, as of August 2010, had already carriedover 1.25 billion commuters since its inception.[12] The Delhi Metro RailCorporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro railand rail-based system in the world to get "carbon credits for reducinggreenhouse gas emissions" and helping in reducing pollution levels in thecity by 630,000 tonnes every year.[13]

Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi DevelopmentAuthority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal fordeveloping a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Governmentof India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro RailCorporation (DMRC) registered on 3 May 1995 under The CompaniesAct, 1956. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the RedLine, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the BlueLine in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010,and the Delhi Airport Metro Express in 2011.

The recently opened Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon, whilst linked to it by theYellow Line is a separate metro system, although tickets from the DelhiMetro can be used in its' network.

Coordinates: 283653N 771243E



Electrification Single phase 25 kV, 50 Hz ACthrough overhead catenary

Delhi Metro Rail Network (2013)

The voice overs for the Delhi Metro have been given by Rini SimonKhanna and Shammi Narang.

Contents1 History

1.1 Background1.2 Construction1.3 Construction accidents

2 Network2.1 Current routes

2.1.1 Red Line2.1.2 Yellow Line2.1.3 Blue Line2.1.4 Green Line2.1.5 Violet Line2.1.6 Airport Express

2.2 Planned extensions2.2.1 Phase III2.2.2 Phase IV

3 Finances3.1 Funding3.2 Revenue and profits

4 Operations4.1 Security4.2 Ticketing & Recharge4.3 Issues4.4 Ridership

5 Rolling stock5.1 Broad gauge5.2 Standard gauge5.3 Airport Express

6 Signalling and telecommunication7 Environment and aesthetics8 See also9 Notes10 References11 Further reading12 External links

History

Background

The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which wascarried out in the city in 1969.[14] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of governmentdepartments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction.[15] In1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmentingthe city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[16]

While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantlyresulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[16]Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with theexisting bus system unable to bear the load.[14] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compoundedthe problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in



Network map

long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[17] To rectifythe situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro RailCorporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[18]

Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as MD, DMRC to Shri Mangu Singh on 31 December 2011.

Construction

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998.[19] After the previous problems experienced by theKolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems andbureaucratic delays",DMRC is a special purpose organization vested with great autonomy and powers to execute this giganticproject involving many technical complexities, under a difficult urban environment and within a very limited time frame.DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[20] The DMRC then consulted the HongKong MTRC on rapid transit operation and construction techniques.[21] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, exceptfor one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC'spreference for standard gauge.[22]

The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India, on 24 December2002,[23] and thus, it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase ofthe project was completed in 2006,[24] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described byBusiness Week as "nothing short of a miracle".[25]

Construction accidents

On 19 October 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar,East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridgewith the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34-metre (112 ft) long span of the bridge on top of aBlueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[26]

On 12 July 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was beingerected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15others injured.[27] The following day, on 13 July 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pineffect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[28] On 22 July 2009, a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.[29] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work onthe metro began in 1998.[30]

NetworkMain article: List of Delhi metro stations

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 58 stations and 65.0 km(40.4 mi) of route length,[31] of which 13.0 km (8.1 mi) is underground and 52.1 km(32.4 mi) surface or elevated.[citation needed] The inauguration of theDwarkaBarakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of PhaseI on October 2006.[24] Phase II of the network comprises 124.6 km (77.4 mi) of routelength and 85 stations,[31] and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.[32] Phase III (103 km, 69 stations)[4]

and Phase IV (113.2 km)[4] are planned to be completed by 2016[4] and2021[citation needed] respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) bythen.[citation needed]

Current routes

As of September 2013, with the completion of Phase I and Phase II, the Delhi Metro network comprises six lines (plus theAirport Express line), serving 135 metro stations[1] (plus 6 Airport Express stations, for a total of 141), and operating on a totalroute length of 190.0 km (118.1 mi) (including the Airport Express line).[4]



Red Line

Yellow Line

Line FirstoperationalLast

Extension Stations[1][33] Length

(km)[33] TerminalsRollingstock Gauge Power

Red Line 24 December2002 4 June 2008 21 25.09DilshadGarden Rithala

26trains[34]

1676mm 25kVOHE

YellowLine

20 December2004

3 September2010 35 44.65 Jahangirpuri

HUDA CityCentre

60trains[8]

1676mm 25kVOHE

Blue Line

31 December2005

30 October2010 43 49.93

Noida CityCentre

DwarkaSector 21 70

trains[9]1676mm 25kVOHE

7 January2010 14 July 2011 7 8.74

YamunaBank Vaishali 1676mm

25kVOHE

GreenLine

3 April 2010 14 15.14 Inderlok Mundka15trains[35]

1435mm 25kVOHE27 August

2011 [1] 3.32Ashok ParkMain Kirti Nagar 1435mm

25kVOHE

VioletLine

3 October2010

14 January2011 15 20.04

CentralSecretariat Badarpur

30trains[36]

1435mm 25kVOHE AirportExpress

23 February2011 6 22.70 New Delhi

DwarkaSector 21 8 trains 1435mm

25kVOHE

TOTAL 141 189.61

Red Line

Main article: Red Line

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in thewest to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres(15.59 mi).[34] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna Riverbetween Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[37] The inauguration of the firststretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketingsystem to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizenseager to have a ride.[38][39] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on 4 October 2003,[40] Inderlok Rithala on 31March 2004, and Shahdara Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008.[41] The red line has twointerchange stations, the first being Kashmere Gate with the yellow line and the second Inderlok with the green line.Startingfrom 24 November 2013 six coach trains will be inducted in a phased manner in red line.[42]

Yellow Line

Main article: Yellow Line

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground lineto be opened.[43] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south andconnects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon. The northern andsouthern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of themost congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between VishwaVidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on 20 December 2004, and the subsequentsections of Kashmere Gate Central Secretariat opened on 3 July 2005, and VishwaVidyalaya Jahangirpuri on 4 February 2009.[41] This line also possesses thecountry's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) belowground level.[44][45] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar toHUDA City Centre was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this lineopened on 26 August 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completelyof steel.[46][47] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010.[48]Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv ChowkStation, Violet Line at Central Secretariat,Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon at Sikandarpur and with the Indian Railways network at



Yellow Line

Blue Line

Blue Line

Violet Line

Chandani chowk Delhi Junction Railway station and New Delhi New Delhi railway stations.[49][50] Yellow line is the firstline of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four coach trains with six and eight coach configuration. The Metro Museum atPatel Chowk Metro station is a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits, traces the genesis of the DelhiMetro.

Blue Line

Main article: Blue Line

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connectareas outside Delhi.[51] Mainly elevated and partly underground,[52] it connectsDwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering adistance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[51] The first section of this line between Dwarkaand Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 31 December 2005, and subsequentsections opened between Dwarka Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006, BarakhambaRoad Indraprastha on 11 November 2006, Indraprastha Yamuna Bank on 10 May2009, Yamuna Bank Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and Dwarka Sector9 Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010.[41] This line crosses the Yamuna Riverbetween Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[37] and has India's first extradosedbridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[53] A branch ofthe Blue line, inaugurated on 8 January 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station andruns for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[54] It was furtherextended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on 14 July 2011.[55][56] A smallstretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 wasinaugurated on 30 October 2010.[57][58] Interchanges are available with the YellowLine at Rajiv Chowk station,[52] Green line at Kirti Nagar and with the IndianRailways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT.[59]

Green Line

Main article: Green Line

Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the DelhiMetro.[35] The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15.1kilometres (9.4 mi) mostly along Rohtak Road with a branch line connecting the line'sAshok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line. The line consistsof 17 stations including an interchange station covering a total length of 18.46 km. Theline was opened in two stages, with the 15.1 km Inderlok - Mundka section openingon 3 April 2010, and the 3.5 km Kirti Nagar - Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011.[60] An interchange with theRed line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse.[61] This line also has the country's first standard-gaugemaintenance depot at Mundka.[62]

Violet Line

Main article: Violet Line

The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the secondstandard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 20.2 km (12.6 mi) long lineconnects Badarpur to Central Secretariat, with 9 km (5.6 mi) being overhead and therest underground.[36] The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Viharwas inaugurated on 3 October 2010,that just hours before the inaugural ceremony ofthe 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, whichwas the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.[63] Completed injust 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railwaysmainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational roadflyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions, and a major industrial estate



The interior of a Delhi Metro AirportExpress train

Delhi Metro map with Phase I, phaseII & proposed phase III routes

along its route.[36] Services are provided at intervals of 5 min.[63] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at CentralSecretariat through an integrated concourse.[36] On 14 January 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur wasopened for commercial service, adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line.[64]

Airport Express

Main article: Delhi Airport Metro Express

The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway Stationto Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line wasoperated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary ofReliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line till 30 June 2013 and is nowbeing operated by DMRC.[65] The line was constructed at a cost of 57 billion(US$930 million), of which Reliance Infrastructure invested 28.85 billion(US$470 million) and will pay fees on a revenue-share model.[66] The line has sixstations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011),with some featuring check-in facilities, parking, and eateries.[67] Rolling stock consistsof six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speedof 135 km/h (84 mph).[67] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on 24 February 2011, after adelay of around 5 months. After 16 months of commencement of operations, the line was shut down for repairs of the viaductson 8 July 2012.[68][69] The line reopened on 22 January 2013.[70] On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimatedDMRC that they are unable to operate the line beyond 30 June 2013. Following this DMRC took over operations of AirportExpress line from 1 July 2013 with an Operations and Maintenance team of 100 officials to handle the line.[71]

Planned extensions

Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over around 20 years as witheach phase having a target of five years and end of one phase marking the beginningof another. Phase I (65 km) and Phase II (125 km) were completed in 2006 and 2011,respectively, and Phase III and Phase IV are scheduled for completion in 2016 and2021, respectively. Work on Phase III has already started while planning for Phase IVhas begun. Ex-chief of DMRC hinted that by the time Phase IV is completed, the citywill need Phase V to cope with rising population and transport needs.[72]

Phase III

Out of 2 new lines and 10 route extensions proposed for Phase III, cabinet approvalshave been obtained for 2 new lines and 7 line extensions totaling 160.27 km, with anestimated cost of 350 billion (US$5.7 billion).[73] Construction has already begun onmany of these. These approved lines are:



Line Stations Length(km) TerminalsNo. of

interchangesplanned

Yellow Line extension 3 4.48 Jahangirpuri Badli 0

Violet Line7 9.36 CentralSecretariat Kashmere Gate 2

11 13.875 Badarpur YMCA chowk,Faridabad 0

Blue Line branch 4 5.5 Dwarka Najafgarh 1 Green Line 6 11.182 Mundka Bahadurgarh 0 Magenta Line-Inner Ring Road Line (Line7)[74]

37 58.40 Mukundpur Shiv Vihar 10

Brown Line-Outer Ring Road Line (Line8) 26 37.25 Janakpuri West Botanical Garden 4

Red Line 6 9.6 DilshadGardenNew Bus Stand,Ghaziabad 0

Airport Express 5 11.63 Dwarka Sector21 IFFCO Chowk 1

Total 98 161.277 24

Other than these approved lines, there are several other proposed lines which are awaiting approval for inclusion in PhaseIII.[75] These line extensions are:

Line Stations Length(km) TerminalsNo. of interchanges

planned Blue Line branch 5 6 Noida City Centre Noida Sector 62 0 Red Line 6 12 Rithala Bawana 0

Total 39.23 1

Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41 km.[76] More than 20 tunnel boring machines are expected to besimultaneously used during construction of Phase III.[77] Delhi Metro is expecting a ridership of 4 million after completion ofPhase III. DMRC has decided to use communication based train control (CBTC) for signaling which will allow trains to run ata short headway of 90 seconds.[78] Keeping this in mind and other constraints, DMRC changed its decision to build 9 car longstations for new lines and instead opting for shorter stations which can accommodate 6 car trains.

For the first time Delhi Metro will construct ring lines in Phase III. Till Phase II, Delhi Metro focused on expanding the reachof metro and thus built long radial lines. However, in Phase III, Delhi Metro is aiming to interconnect existing lines by ringlines to improve connectivity. This will not only help in reducing distances but will also relieve radial lines of some congestion.

Phase IV

Phase IV has a 2021 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Burari, Mukundpur, Reola Khanpur,Palam, Najafgarh, Narela, Ghazipur, Noida sector 62, extensions of Violet line, Green line, Line 8, having a total length ofover 100 km.[31][79][80] There might be some changes in plan before actual construction starts on these lines.



Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to GreaterNoida which will intersect Indraprastha Noida Sector 32 line.[81] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning toextend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad through extension of the Blue Line from Vaishali to Mehrauli viaIndirapuram. The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, work on which is going on and has a deadline of 2013, will alsointerchange with the Delhi Metro at Sikandarpur station on Yellow line.[82] For the year 2012-13, Noida developmentAuthority has allocated Rs 5 billion for Metro extension, with City Center Metro line being extended till the crossing of Sector71 and 72.[83]

Finances



Inside the Ajmeri Gate metro station.

Funding

The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be 144.30 billion (US$2.4 billion) at 2004 prices.[84] However, morerecent estimates have placed the cost of construction at 2 billion (US$33 million) per kilometre.[85] Thirty percent of the totalinvestment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government ofDelhi contributing equal shares,[84] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinatedebt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[86] The rest of the investment is proposed to berecovered from internal revenues through operations and property development.[84] The Metro also received 19143 million(US$312.0 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009.[87] As of 7 August 2010,Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of 5676.3 million (US$93 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interestamounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[88]

[89] Delhi Metro's implementation of Phase-I, which connected 65 km in the national capital, has been rated as "excellent" bythe project's funding agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[90]

Revenue and profits

Delhi Metro is one of the few metro systems in the world having an operational profit from the first day. In 2007, the DelhiMetro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. Thiswas enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and propertydevelopment, apart from ticket sales.[91][92] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for filmshoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filminglocation for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board.[93][94] Producers have to pay aminimum of 1 lakh (equivalent to 2.1 lakh or US$3,400 in 2014) for every hour of filming, excluding taxes, security depositand insurance.[93]

For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of 3.053 billion (US$49.8 million) and aprofit before tax of 199.8 million (US$3.3 million),[95] which rose to 7237.7 million (US$118.0 million) and 904.3 million(US$14.7 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009.[87]

For the financial year ended March 2011, DMRC reported operating revenues of 16.08 billion (US$262.1 million), a lossbefore tax of 130 million (US$2.1 million), and EBITDA (operating income before interest and depreciation) of 7.68 billion(US$125.2 million). Property development (advertising and retail) contributed almost 980 million (US$16.0 million) to therevenue. Ticket sales fetched 9.38 billion (US$152.9 million), with the remainder coming from consultancy for other Metroprojects in the country and miscellaneous sources. DMRC made an operating profit of 0.48 (0.78 US) per traveller. In thesame period, "core" revenues were 9.39 billion (US$153.1 million) and EBITDA 4.89 billion (US$79.7 million), with theremainder coming from external projects (e.g. Jaipur Metro), real estate, and consultancy.[96]

OperationsTrains operate at a frequency of 2 minutes 40 seconds to 510 minutes between 6:00and 23:00 depending peak and off-peak time. Trains operating within the networktypically travel at speed up to 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop for about 20 seconds at eachstation. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Manystations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafs, convenience stores andmobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in theentire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advancewarning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on thepremises of stations.[97] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[98]

The first coach of every train is reserved for women.[99][100] To make travelling bymetro easier Delhi metro has launched an app for smartphones(iPhone and Android)that will provide information on various facilities like nearest metro station,fare,parkingavailability,tourist spots near metro stations,security and emergency helpline numbers.[101]

Security



HUDA City Centre metro station

Train at HUDA City Centre metrostation

Metro station and train entering.

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the systemever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[102] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations,and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.[103] Over3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-raybaggage inspection systems, and dog squads which are used to secure the system. About 5,200 CCTV cameras have beeninstalled, which cover every nook and corner of each Metro station. Each of the underground stations has about 45 to 50cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each. Themonitoring of these cameras is done by the CISF, which is in charge of security of theMetro, as well as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.[104] Intercoms are provided ineach train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the trainoperator.[105] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensurepreparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[106] DMRC is also lookingat raising the station walls and railings for the safety of passengers.[107]

Ticketing & Recharge

For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices forticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day ofpurchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a singlejourney ranging from 8 (13 US) to 30 (49 US). Fares are calculated based on theorigin and destination stations using a fare chart.[108] A common ticketing facility forcommuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro wasintroduced in 2011.[109] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are mostconvenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date ofpurchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of 100(US$1.60) to 800 (US$13.00). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[110]A deposit of 50 (82 US) needs to be made to buy a new card which is refundable onthe return of the card any time before its expiry if the card is not physicallydamaged.[108] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metronetwork over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for oneand three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is 100 (US$1.60) and that of a three-day card is 250 (US$4.10),besides a refundable deposit of 50 (82 US) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[108]

Issues

As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains have led to increasinginstances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[111][112] To alleviate theproblem, 8 coach trains have been introduced in yellow line and Blue line and anincrease in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[111] Infrequent, overcrowdedand erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also beenreported as an area of concern.[113][114] In 2010, severe overcrowding on the YellowLine, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reportedto be a reason for students missing or reporting late for classes.[115]

Ridership

Delhi Metro recorded its highest ever ridership figure of 2,606,364 on 19 August 2013which surpassed the earlier record set on 8 August 2013, when 2,504,900 peopletravelled by the Metro.[116]

Currently, DMRC has a pool of 200 train sets with 69 of these being six coachformations. At present, the Delhi Metro is operational on six lines where more than2500 train trips are made each day traversing over 69000 km in a day. With Phase-IIIof the network expected to cover about 108 km, the Delhi Metro network will become 295 km by 2016, making it one of thefastest expanding Metro networks in the world carrying about 40 lakh (4 million) passengers.[117]

Rolling stock



A Phase I broad gauge train, suppliedby Hyundai Rotem-BEML.[118]

A Phase II broad gauge train,supplied by Bombardier.

One of the new six coach trains.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm(5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm (4.708 ft)standard gauge rolling stock.[119] Trains are maintained at seven depots at KhyberPass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh andYamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line, and Sarita Vihar forthe Violet Line.[36][120][121][122][123]

Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Phase 3, but DMRC decidedto continue with conventional rail in August 2012.[124]

Broad gauge

The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the PhaseI, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising HyundaiRotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built inSouth Korea by ROTEM,[125] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technologytransfer arrangement.[126] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainlesssteel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their lengthand can carry up to 1500 passengers,[127] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengersper coach.[128] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors,microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[129] and are capableof maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km(0.68 mi).[128] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have beendesigned accordingly.[127]

The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, whichhas received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US$ 1100 million.[130] Whileinitial trains were made in Grlitz, Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built atBombardier's factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[131] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable ofaccommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phonesand laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heatersfor winter.[132]

Standard gauge

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with acapacity of 1506 commuters per train,[133] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[128] Thesetrains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles andlaptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[134] and will be capable of maintaining an averagespeed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[128]

Airport Express

Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imported from Spain.[135] CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project,Reliance Infrastructure holds the remaining 95%.[136] The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to theexisting metro trains and have in-built noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screensfor entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fittedwith an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubricationsystem for less noise and better riding comfort.[99]

Signalling and telecommunicationThe Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic trainoperation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[137] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radiocommunication system from Motorola is used on all lines to carry both voice and data information.[138] For Blue Line SiemensTransportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the



Inside a Metro coach.

A typical signal used in the Delhimetro

automation control system LZB 700 M.[139] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and acentralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[140]For Red and Yellow lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line Green and Voilet Bombardier Transportationhas supplied CITYFLO 350 signalling system.

The Airport Express line has introduced WiFi services at all stations along the route on13 January 2012. Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is expected inthe future. The WiFi service is provided by YOU Broadband & Cable IndiaLimited.[141] The service makes Delhi Metro the second metro in India to provideWiFi services to passengers after the Namma Metro in Bangalore.

A fully automated, operatorless train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by theFrench defence and civilian technologies major Thales.[142]

Environment and aestheticsThe Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices fromorganisations including the United Nations,[143] RINA,[144] and the InternationalOrganization for Standardization,[144] becoming the second metro in the world, afterthe New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendlyconstruction.[145] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwaterharvesting as an environmental protection measure.[146] It is also the first railwayproject in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the UnitedNations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[147] and has so far earned 400,000carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on itstrains.[148] In order to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy,DMRC is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels at theKarkardooma and Noida Sector-21 metro stations.[149]

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, andcommunity artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display atstations.[150] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals atMetro stations,[151] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have beendecorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.[152] The Metro stationat INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,[153] while all stations on the CentralSecretariat Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage ofDelhi.[154] The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India: RabindranathTagore, CV Raman, Hargobind Khorana, Mother Teresa, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Amartya Sen and VenkatramanRamakrishnan and provide details about their contribution to society and a panel each on Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes.

See alsoTransport in DelhiDelhi Suburban RailwayNational Capital Region Transport CorporationRapid transit in IndiaList of rapid transit systemsList of metro systems

Notes

1. ^ a b c d "Metro Station Numbers" (http://www.delhimetrorail.com/station-numbers.aspx). DMRC. Retrieved 2014-03-02.2. ^ a b http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-metro-sets-ridership-record-with-over-26-lakh-commuters/415854-3-244.html. Missing or

empty |title= (help)3. ^ "Mangu Singh to be next Metro chief" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/delhi/30302246_1_e-sreedharan-

metro-man-dmrc-employee). The Times Of India. 20 October 2011.4. ^ a b c d e f g "Annual Report 2012-2013" (http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/DMRC_Annual-Report-2012-2013.pdf)

(pdf). DMRC. 30 September 2013. pp. 56. Retrieved 2014-03-02.



(pdf). DMRC. 30 September 2013. pp. 56. Retrieved 2014-03-02.5. ^ a b c "DMRC To Induct Two Six-Coach Trains By The End Of This Month On Line-3"

(http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DiJlX4UgMBMlld). Press Release. DMRC. 3 December 2010. Retrieved2010-12-07.

6. ^ a b "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches" (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/delhi-metro-to-add-extra-coaches-to-trains/356346/). Business Standard. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-06.

7. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-metro-marks-11th-anniversary/article5500373.ece8. ^ a b "Delhi Metro Operations Update" (http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DxsisLpwLn09clld). Press Release.

DMRC. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-07.9. ^ a b c "More trains from Dwarka to Noida" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-27/delhi/28224888_1_metro-trains-

automatic-train-operation-noida-city-centre). The Times of India. 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-07.10. ^ name="8coach">"Eight-coach train on Blue Line from today" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-

newdelhi/eightcoach-train-on-blue-line-from-today/article5036907.ece). 19 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-19.11. ^ "Metro starts shift to six-coach trains to boost capacity" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Metro-starts-shift-to-six-coach-trains-

to-boost-capacity/687516/). Hindustan Times. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-29.From June onwards the metro will have 8coach trains plying in yellow and blue lines, due to the increasing rush

12. ^ "Delhi metro's total ridership since 2002 crosses the total population of India"(http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=FzMnclfd2o1oMlld). Press Release. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 23August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-27.

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99. ^ a b "Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms). The Times of India. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

100. ^ "Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Women-get-exclusive-coach-in-Delhi-Metro/Article1-607431.aspx). Hindustan Times. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-02.

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103. ^ "Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV cameras" (http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-parking-areas-to-be-bought-under-cctv-cameras_1361509). Daily News and Analysis. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-15.

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115. ^ Vatsala Shrangi (7 December 2010). "Many compelled to miss classes ahead of crucial exams" (http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/dec/071210-News-Delhi-Metro-traffic-miss-classes-crucial-exams.htm). Mid-day. Retrieved 2010-12-07.

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118. ^ Reuters Hyundai Rotem gets m order to supply trains (http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-30371920071107).In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-24.

119. ^ "Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/03/18/stories/2009031850811500.htm). TheHindu Business Line. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-02.

120. ^ Sweta Dutta (13 May 2009). "Eight depots for Metro as it chugs along ever-widening network"(http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Eight-depots-for-Metro-as-it-chugs-along-ever-widening-network/458341/). The IndianExpress. Retrieved 2009-09-26.

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150. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284151. ^ Anuradha Mukherjee (13 December 2002). "Vibrant murals bring cheer" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-

13/delhi/27289557_1_murals-station-shahdara). The Times of India. Retrieved 2009-11-30.152. ^ Preeti Jha (10 October 2007). "Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road"

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153. ^ "At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/at-ina-metro-station-a-gallery-for-traditional-art-crafts/676125/0). Indian Express. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-21.

154. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2 September 2010). "Delhi metro gets a handicrafts gallery"(http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090252320200.htm). The Hindu. Retrieved 2010-09-21.

ReferencesSiemiatycki, Matti (June 2006). "Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India"(http://web.iitd.ac.in/~tripp/delhibrts/metro/Metro/message%20in%20a%20metro%20-%20Matti.pdf). InternationalJournal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (2): 259277. Retrieved 2009-09-17.

Further readingRashmi Sadana (30 May 2 June 2012). Metrocity Journal: Up, Up and Away(http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/02/metrocity-journal-up-up-and-away/). The Wall Street Journal.Rashmi Sadana (13 November 2010). On the Delhi Metro: An Ethnographic View 45 (46). Economic and PoliticalWeekly. pp. 7783.G. S. Dhillon (29 January 2004). "Trenchless tunnelling" (http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040129/science.htm#1).The Tribune.A dream revisited: an archival journey into the making of the Delhi Metro Rail. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2003.OCLC 54073649 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54073649).A journey to remember. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2008. p. 94. OCLC 300027063(//www.worldcat.org/oclc/300027063).

External linksOfficial site (http://www.delhimetrorail.com/)



Real distance map of the Delhi Metro Network (http://www.cityrailtransit.com/maps/delhi_map.htm)Photo Essay on the Yellow line of Delhi metro (http://ameliebenoist.com/gallery.php?gid=45/)Delhi metro images & information (http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi-metro/)Delhi Metro News (http://www.delhimetro.net/)

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