Definitions of abnormality

Learning objectives

• All: To develop knowledge and understanding of the three definitions of abnormality by being able to identify and describe at least 3 definitions (grade E).

• Most: To be able to explain using examples/evidence (grade C/D).

• Some: To be able to analyse the definitions with reference to strengths and weaknesses (Grade B+).

DSN-Deviation from social norms

• Behaviour that deviates is not always psychopathology.

• Varies over time.• Cultural relativism.

FFA – Failure to function adequately

• When someone deviates from their normal pattern of behaviour we might argue this is FFA.

• Rosenhan and Seligmann (1989) have suggested some characteristics of abnormal behaviour related to FFA.

• Observer discomfort• Unpredictability• Irrationality• Maladaptiveness: behaviour that interferes with

someone’s normal routine.

Deviation from ideal mental health (DIMH)

• Jahoda (1958) listed a number of characteristics she felt indicated ideal mental health.

• Individual should be in touch with their identity and feelings

• They should be resistant to stress

DIMH

• This approach emphasises a positive approach to human behaviour and experience.

• The DIMH has value as a tool for defining normality but as a means of defining abnormality it has severe limitations.

So what is abnormality?

• Abnormality is associated with certain signs or symptoms. These maybe reported by the person or by others.

• Signs and symptoms that occur together are referred to as syndromes. So depression is a syndrome characterised by apathy, sleeping problems etc.

• This model sees syndromes as distinct and it tries to develop explanations and treatments for them.

Review of L/obs…Do I get it?

• All: To develop knowledge and understanding of the three definitions of abnormality by being able to identify and describe at least 3 definitions (grade E).

• Most: To be able to explain using examples/evidence (grade C/D).

• Some: To be able to analyse the definitions with reference to strengths and weaknesses (Grade B+).

Modern approaches DSM IV and ICD-10

• The dominant approach to Psychopathology is the biological or medical model. It uses the model of physical illness the disease model and applies it to psychological disorders.

• This approach has several elements

FFA Limitations

• It can depend on the context e.g. hunger strike

• FFA may not be linked to psychological disorder. Holding down a job due to bad economic conditions

• People with disorders maybe able to function adequately

• Culture

(DIMH) Limitations

• They should be focussed on the future and self actualisation

• They should function as autonomous individuals, recognising their own needs and with an accurate perception of reality.

• They should show empathy and understanding towards others.

Problems with DIMH

• The characteristics listed by Jahoda are rooted in Western culture. The goals autonomy and self actualisation would not be recognised by collectivist cultures. Severely culturally restricted.

• DIMH represents deviation from an ideal mental state. Very few people would match Jahoda’s criteria and so would be classified as abnormal!

ICD/DSM

• There are two systems in psychiatry for defining and classifying psychopathology into separate syndromes.

• The international classification for disease (ICD) is mainly used in Europe.

• In the US it is the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). This has an international usage.

Continued

• Both the DSM and ICD have evolved over the years and at present we have the ICD 10(10th version)

• DSM IVR (DSM 4th version revised)• The DSM also uses with it the GAF

global assessment of functioning scale with it to rate the impact of the disorder on the patients daily life.

Look at the case study on Jenny

• Read through the case study and assess Jenny’s case with each of the three definitions of abnormality.