Decolonization

Decolonization

• Imperialism: A large country takes over a small country, and takes its natural resources

• Colony: The small country, when run by a large country

• Decolonization: The large country no longer wants the small country and stops running it, allows the people to run it themselves

Steps for Chaos

1. Foreign government has a structure in place to run the country

2. Foreign government leaves the country, and takes its stability and power with it

3. Groups within the country fight for power

India• Ethnic Problems:– Two major groups in India• Hindus• Muslims

India• In an attempt to calm religious tension, India

broke into two parts– India: Hindu– Pakistan: Muslim

India

• England owned portions of India for over 100 years

• After WWII England no longer had time or money to run India

Problems After Decolonization

• Lack of leadership• Poverty• Caste System• Overpopulation• Lack of sanitation• Health concerns

19751955

Understanding the History of

South Africa & Apartheid

Early HistoryA Time Line

• 1806 – British take over Cape of Good Hope• 1867 – Discovery of Gold• 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds• 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers

fight over land)– English won

• 1902 – The beginning of apartheid• 1990’s – The end of apartheid

South Africa

• The Cape of Good Hope officially becomes South Africa

• The English instituted a policy of apartheid

Population by Race

• “Colored” is a term used for mixed black, Malayan, and white descent

• Asian population is mainly Indian ancestry

74%

14%

3%

9%

BlackWhiteAsianColored

World’s Largest Producer…

• Gold• Platinum• Chromium• Diamonds

Apartheid

Apartheid = “Separateness”

The separation of races

HendrikVerwoerd

•Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966•“Architect of Apartheid”

Rural vs. Urban

• Group Acts of 1950 & 1986• 1.5 Million Africans were

forced from urban areas to rural reservations

• 1961 – Pressure from UN

Homelands

“Reservations” or “Bantustans” Verwoerd forced Africans to

move onto these reservations Each reservation was to become a

nation Africans had rights and freedoms

only on the reservation Outside the homelands, treated as

aliens Poor quality land Completely incapable of

supporting large populations Lack of food and medicine

Houses in Soweto, a black township.

Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites

• No right to vote• No ownership of land• No right to move freely• No right to free speech• No right to protest the

government

Images of Apartheid

Apartheid separated

the whites from

the non-whites

The Pass Book

• Needed special permits to live outside of reservations

• Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest

• Curfew regulations

Resistance and Protests

Apartheid is Challenged

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.”

Thousands of other South African non-whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

1960 Sharpeville Massacre

• In 1960, during a peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed

• This massacre ignited additional demonstrations and protests against the unfair treatment of non-whites

1985 Demonstration

• The message was simple:

“Freedom in Our

Lifetime!”

1994• Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed

into the nation of South Africa• Apartheid caused major economic hardships on

South Africa• International sanctions• Decreased labor force• Cut investments from countries like U.S.A.

• First multiracial election• Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa

(1994 – 1999)

South Africa Today

• 1994 – The end of Apartheid• Today’s president: Thabo Mbeki • (16 June 1999)• Presidents serve 5 year term

Africa and Decolonization• Africa was the largest area of colonies in the

world• After WWII, most foreign governments left

Africa and gave control over to the Africans

Problems

• Lack of experience running a nation• Poor economies• Lack of technology• Multiple groups want power

• Algerian Civil War• Angolan Civil War• Burundi genocid• Burundi Civil War • Titanic Express Massacre• Itaba Massacre• Gautama Massacre• Civil war in Chad (1965–1979)• Civil war in Chad (1979-1982)• Chadian-Libyan conflict• Civil war in Chad (1998–2002)• Civil war in Chad (2005–2010• Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)• Congo (Brazzaville) Civil War• Kongo Civil War• Congo Free State• Congo Crisis June 1960 - November 1966

– Katangan Secession– South Kasai Secession– Simba Rebellion

• Shaba I 1977• Shaba II 1978• First Congo War• Second Congo War

– Ituri Conflict– Kivu Conflict

• Côte d'Ivoire Civil War• Arab-Israeli War (1948)• Suez Crisis• Six Day War• War of Attrition• Yom Kippur War• Libyan-Egyptian War• Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960)• Shifta War (1963–1967)• 2011–2012 Libyan factional fighting• Libyan civil war• Chadian-Libyan conflict• Libyan-Egyptian War• Tuareg Rebellion• Insurgency in the Maghreb (• Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)• Mauritania-Senegal Border War• Western Sahara War• Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–

present)• nsurgency in the Maghreb • Tuareg Rebellion• 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence• 2010 Jos riots• Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970• Nigerian Sharia conflict• Conflict in the Niger Delta

•Rwandan Civil War •Rwandan Genocide•Sierra Leone Civil WarSomali Civil WarWar in Somalia 2006–presentFirst Sudanese Civil War

Anyanya rebellionSecond Sudanese Civil WarDarfur ConflictChad-Sudan conflictTunisian independenceBizerte crisis2010–2011 Tunisian revolution1971 Ugandan coup d'étatOperation Entebbe (1976)Uganda-Tanzania War (1978 – 1979)

Fall of Kampala (1979)Uganda National Rescue Front (1980–1985)Ugandan Civil War (1982 – 1986)Uganda People's Democratic Army (1986–1988)Holy Spirit Movement (1986–1987)Lord's Resistance Army (1987–present)Allied Democratic Forces (1996-?)Uganda National Rescue Front II (1996–2002)Second Matabele War a.k.a. the First ChimurengaSecond Chimurenga/Rhodesian Bush War 1964-1979

The Rwandan Genocide1994

Imperialism• In the 1600’s Belgium

took control of Rwanda

• The Belgians decided that the Tutsis were the rulers of Rwanda

• Tutsis were the minority of the population

• When kings distributed the land, they gave it the to Tutsis who charged Hutus to live and work on the land

Hutu Tutsi Darker skin Shorter Wider noses Majority of

population

Lighter skin Taller and more

slender Thinner noses Minority of

population

Identification• The Belgians:– Issued passcards to Rwandans – Gave preferential treatment to Tutsis (“with the long nose”)

• Hutu’s had “blunt nose”

Decolonization

• Rwanda gains its independence from Belgium in 1961

Beginning of a Social Revolution

• Hutus begin to form a nationalist party (Parmahutu) to fight for their rights in 1959

• Began killings of Tutsi (20,000 the first year)

• 200,000 Tutsi refugees flee border

The Rwandan Civil War

• Conflict lasting from 1990-1993• Between the government of President Habyarimana (Hutu)

and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (Tutsi group in other country)– Tutsis were trying to take back the power in Rwanda– Peace agreements were signed, but Habyarimana (Hutu

President) will not step down

Habyarimana

The Catalyst

• On April 6, 1994,the airplane carrying Rwandan President Habyarimana and the Hutu president of Burundi was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali

• Both presidents died when the plane crashed. • Responsibility for the attack is disputed• In spite of disagreements about the identities of its

perpetrators, the attack on the plane is to many observers the catalyst for the genocide

United Nations

• The United Nations had officers in Rwanda, but they were not allowed to use force to stop the violence

• They tried to get Tutsi’s out of the country

Foreign Response

• All other nations:– France– US– Great Britain– Canada

• Sent airplanes to get anyone from their countries out– Tourists– Reporters– Aid workers

• Then they let the genocide begin

The Beginnings of Genocide• National radio urged people to stay in their homes• The government-funded-Hutu-station RTLM broadcast vitriolic attacks against Tutsis and anyone who protected them• A special “code” was announced on the radio when

the killings were to begin– Cut down the tall trees

Genocide

• This was a genocide– The deliberate and systematic destruction, in

whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.

The Killings• Killed in their villages or in towns, often by their neighbors

and fellow villagers• Militia members typically murdered their victims by hacking

them with machetes• The victims were often hiding in churches and school

buildings, where Hutu’s massacred them• Ordinary citizens were called on by local officials and

government-sponsored radio to kill their neighbors and those who refused to kill were often killed themselves

• Everyone killed so they weren’t killed themselves:– Mayors– Priests– EVERYONE

Refugee’s• Some were able to escape out of Rwanda and

to safety– Kenya – Congo– Tanzania – Zimbabwe – Uganda

• Most were only able to escape with help from friends who lived outside of Rwanda

Issues Post-Genocide• Two million Hutu fled from Rwanda,

to Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

• This has fueled wars in Uganda, Burundi, and the DRC

Questions Still Exist• Why didn’t the US do anything?• Why didn’t the UN listen to Daillaire?• How could people kill their neighbors?• How many actually died?• How can we prevent this from happening

again?