debate introduction

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BENEFITS OF

DEBATING Cultivates quick and multi-dimensional,Cultivates quick and multi-dimensional,logical thinking.logical thinking. Enhances the ability to developEnhances the ability to develop

reasoned opinions.reasoned opinions.

Gives a better understanding of theGives a better understanding of thecurrent events and the world aroundcurrent events and the world aroundus.us.

Improves self-condence, speakingImproves self-condence, speaking

style and command of language.style and command of language. Enriches your overall leadershipEnriches your overall leadership

qualities.qualities.

Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM


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S eech & Inter ersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM

GOOD DEBATERS

POSSESS Good knowledge of current issues.Good knowledge of current issues. !bility to generate ideas.!bility to generate ideas.

!bility to think critically and logically.!bility to think critically and logically.

!bility to present the ideas!bility to present the ideassystematically.systematically.

!bility to handle culturally diverse!bility to handle culturally diverse

and challenging situations with greatand challenging situations with greatease and to one"s their #own$ease and to one"s their #own$en%oyment.en%oyment.


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DIFFERENT FORMATS OFDEBATES

&arliamentary ' (on-parliamentary&arliamentary ' (on-parliamentary Parliamentary debates allow Points of Information

(POI) while Non-Parliamentary debates do not.

)alaysian Conventional)alaysian Conventional

3 members to a teamTopics i!en in ad!ance

POIs not allowed

!merican &arliamentary!merican &arliamentary " members to a team POIs are allowed



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DIFFERENT FORMATS OFDEBATES

*oyal )alaysian+ !sian*oyal )alaysian+ !sian 3 members to a team

POI# are allowed.

ritish &arliamentary #orldritish &arliamentary #orldebates$ebates$

" member to team and $ teams in adebate

POIs are allowed

Opening Gov.

Opening Opp.Closing Opp.

Sp

eake

r/

Ch

airp

er

so

n

A

uien

ce

Set up in a

!ritish"arliamentar#

$ormat o%

e'ate

Closing Gov.



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A DEBATE IS JUDGED

ON THE BASIS OF:/. )atter0

What you present (i.e. the

content)1. )anner0

How you present (i.e. the style)

2. )ethod0Organisation/ structure of yourpresentation



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ELEMENTS OF

MATTER/. enitions0- Set up of the debate

1. !rguments0- Must be logical- Must be relevant

2. Evidences0- Must be relevant

- vidential value (strength)

3. *ebuttals0- Must be logical

- Must be relevant

- Must be pro!pt



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TOPIC

E4plain the key-words inE4plain the key-words inthe topic.the topic.

Identify what you want toIdentify what you want to

prove and what is yourprove and what is yourstand. 5his is called thestand. 5his is called thetheme of your team.theme of your team.

If there is a measurementIf there is a measurementinvolved, set up theinvolved, set up theyardstick or criteria foryardstick or criteria forsuch measurement.such measurement.



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DEFINITION

It m%st bear a close relation to the motion.

It m%st not be tr%istic.

It m%st not employ time or place settin.

It m%st not be based on o!erly speci&c 'nowlede

Characteristics of a &roperenition0

( )iteral *ith ke#+*ors e%inition.( Metaphorical e%inition.( Issue 'ase &/or speci%ie e%inition i%%erent

%rom time+place setting-.

6inds of

enitions0



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o% can only challene a de&nition if it !iolates any of the criteriastated earlier. re*%ently %sed terms in challenin de&nitionsare+ wholly %nreasonable, s*%irrel, time-place set, tr%istic.

o% cannot challene a de&nition simply beca%se yo% ha!e amore reasonable or better de&nition.

Grounds forChallenge0

DEFINITION



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DEFINITION( Challenge must come %rom the leaer o% the opposition, not

later.( )eaer o% the opposition must provie an alternativee%inition.

( In most o% the cases, the teams must introuce an 'even ifargument.

( An `Even if' argument is not possi'le in some cases. e.g.truistic e%inition & e%inition running counter to theresolution i.e. *here govt. has taken the oppositions case-.

( In a e%inition e'ate, all the speakers ecept the "M arguethe %ollo*ing0

( 1h# challenge2( 3aliit#/ invaliit# o% the t*o e%initions.( Even i% *e are to accept the other sie4s e%inition, these are the

*eaknesses o% their case.( "ositive case uner their o*n e%inition.



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irst, identify what yo% ha!e to pro!e %nder the topic.

Then, identify what helps yo% to pro!e it. P%t them in theformat of an ar%ment or a set of ar%ments.

Not e!erythin that yo% 'now on the s%bect is rele!ant.

nticipate the *%estions that may be raised aainst yo%rar%ments and see if yo% ha!e ood answers to them.

/loc' the opport%nity for those *%estions to be raised byaddressin them brie0y as yo% e1plain the ar%ment.

Present the ar%ments in order of their strenth.

!oid empty rhetoric and emotionalism - be rational.

ARGUMENTS



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ARGUMENT

"asic state!ent

#onclusion/ how it proves

your tea!$s the!e

%roofs/ evidences/ e&a!ples that factually

establish your basic state!ent

'ogical e&planations of why and how

the basic state!ent stands



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2o not reb%t the e1ample, attac' the !ery premise ofthe ar%ment of the other side. Only then contrarye1amples can be s%pplemented.

It is ad!isable to pro!ide m%ltiple reb%ttals to eachar%ment of the other side.

eb%ttals sho%ld also be in conformity with yo%r case. eb%t the reb%ttals of yo%r case by the other side in

order to defend yo%r case.

REBUTTALS

A t t a c k s

( R e b u t t h e A r g u m e n t s )

D e f e n c e

( R e b u t t h e R e b u t t a l s )

R e b u t t a l s



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MANNER/STYLE

espectable attit%de towards the %des and

the other team. 4ocal style+ !ol%me, clarity, pace, intonation

etc.

5se of notes+ not to read a written te1t.

6ye contact. /ody lan%ae+ hand est%res, pacin,

standin etc.

Impression of sincerity.

7%mo%r, wit, appropriate and healthysarcasm.



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ELEMENTS OF METHOD- 5eam structure5eam structure

- Continuity of team"s theme in all the speeches.

- Consistency among all the speakers #no contradictions$

- *einforcement of team members7 arguments

- Clear ' logical separation between arguments.

- Individual 8tructureIndividual 8tructure- !ttractive opening+ outline of the speech.

- &roper organisation ' priority of the arguments.

- 9rganisation of rebuttals.

- !ppropriate timing of the speech

-8ummary of the speech.

- *esponses to the dynamics of the debate*esponses to the dynamics of the debate- *ight thing at the right time.

- !bility to follow the progression of and changes in thedebate, and to re-act accordingly.


MODEL INDIVIDUAL


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MODEL INDIVIDUALSPEECH

efinitions/ the!e of thetea!

%resentation of your own argu!ents

eiteration and defence of your own tea!$s case

ebuttals (attac*s and defence)

#onclusion (why your tea!$s case

stands and other tea!$s case does not)



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%O%OS+,+O/%O%OS+,+O/

OM,0OM,0

AUSTRALS

5o support the motion which5o support the motion whichinvolves0involves0

ening the motion,

Constructing a positive

case in favour of themotion,

&roviding substantivematerials and argumentsin support of the case,

*esponding to anychallenges made to thatcase by the 9pposition.

O%%OS+,+O0O%%OS+,+O0

,o negate the !otion which,o negate the !otion whichinvolves0involves0

esponding to theovern!ent1s definition2

#onstructing a case inopposition to the !otion2%roviding substantive!aterial and argu!ents insupport of the (opposition)

case2esponding to the argu!entsdelivered by theovern!ent.



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- efines

- "uilds a positive case tosupport the !otion

- esponds to the Opp.$s case.

PARLIAMENTARY

- esponds to thegovern!ent$s case

- "uilds a case to oppose the!otion

- Supports the Opening ov.$scase2

- 3dds new di!ensions2argu!ents to furthersubstantiate thegovern!ent$s case.

- esponds to the Opp.$s case

- Supports the Opening Opp.$scase

- 3dds new di!ension2argu!ents in Opp.$s case

- esponds to govern!ent$scase

O%+ O.

#'OS+ O. #'OS+ O%%.

O%+ O%%.



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/st 8peaker +&rime )inister/st 8peaker +&rime )inister 2e&nes the topic.

8i!es the case str%ct%re and theme. Presents own ar%ments. Pro!ides a s%mmary of his speech. (9hat I:!e i!en % so far..).

1nd 8peaker1nd 8peaker eb%ts. eiterates and defends his &rst spea'er;s ar%ments. Presents own ar%ment. Pro!ides a s%mmary of his speech.

2rd 8peaker2rd 8peaker eb%ts s%bstantially. eiterates and defends his own team:s case.

Pro!ides a s%mmary of his speech. *eply 8peaker*eply 8peaker

Presents a comparati!e o!er!iew of the clash points in the debatePresents a comparati!e o!er!iew of the clash points in the debatepro!in why his team;s case standspro!in why his team;s case stands

%O%OS+,+O/%O%OS+,+O/

OM,0OM,0

AUSTRALS



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/st 8peaker +9pposition :eader/st 8peaker +9pposition :eader

esponds to the de&nition (i.e. ccepts, eects oresponds to the de&nition (i.e. ccepts, eects or


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(POIs)

POI can be in a *%estion or statement form and sho%ld POI can be in a *%estion or statement form and sho%ld

not ta'e more than >? seconds.not ta'e more than >? seconds. 6ach spea'er sho%ld accept at least two POIs.6ach spea'er sho%ld accept at least two POIs.

ll three members of the team sho%ld try to i!e POIs,ll three members of the team sho%ld try to i!e POIs,b%t they m%st not be disr%pti!e.b%t they m%st not be disr%pti!e.

POIs are %ded on the basis of+POIs are %ded on the basis of+- the threat they pose to the strenth of the ar%ment of thethe threat they pose to the strenth of the ar%ment of the

debater.debater.

- !al%e of its wit and h%mo%r.!al%e of its wit and h%mo%r.

esponses to the POIs are %ded on the basis of+esponses to the POIs are %ded on the basis of+

promptness and con&dence in answerin.promptness and con&dence in answerin. strenth of the response.strenth of the response.

!al%e of wit and h%mo%r in the response.!al%e of wit and h%mo%r in the response.

Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit IIUM

debate introduction

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