day7 protein synthesis · 2019. 2. 25. · day7_protein synthesis author: wai created date:...
TRANSCRIPT
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS2/21/19
PAGE 104
DO NOW▸What are 3 differences between DNA and
RNA?
▸What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
AGENDA▸ Transcription
▸ Translation
▸ Summary
PROTEIN SYNTHESISCORNELL NOTES TITLE (PAGE 105)
PAGE 105
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS▸ Process of assembling proteins using the
information encoded in DNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESISThe Steps of How to Make Proteins
Genetic info only flows from:
DNAà RNA à Protein
DNA RNA PROTEIN
!8
Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription
2. Translation
Transcriptioncomes from the word transcribe.
To transcribe something means to copy it in another way.
Hint: Court transcriber
DNA RNA PROTEIN
DNA à RNA = Transcription
Transcription
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TRANSCRIPTION▸ Genetic information is passed from DNA in
the nucleus to mRNA
▸ Transcription: DNA -> RNA
But why do we need to make a new copy?
*DNA always stays in the nucleus!
*Ribosomes, the protein-making machines, are in the cytoplasm!
Nucleus
DNA à RNA = Transcription
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TRANSCRIPTION STEPS▸ RNA Polymerase (enzyme) unwinds DNA and makes
a matching mRNA
▸ T->A, A->U
▸ pre-mRNA: introns (“useless” code) + exons (codes for gene)
▸ Introns get spliced out, so the final mRNA has exons only
▸ mRNA leaves the nucleus out into the cytoplasm, to a ribosome.
Step 1: RNA Polymerase (enzyme) unwinds DNA.
T A T A
TA TA
A G C T C G A A C G G A
TCCGTTCGAGCT
A G
C
TC G A A C G G
A
TC
CGTTCGAG
CT
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
RNA polymerase
DNA à RNA = Transcription
Step 2: RNA Polymerase also makes a matching messenger RNA (mRNA).
T A T A
TA TA
A G
C
TC G A A C G G
A
TC
CGTTCGAG
CT
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
UCCGUUCGAGCRNA polymerase
mRNA
Note:
It matches A to U (uracil)
instead of T (thymine)!!
DNA à RNA = Transcription
* There are useless DNA codes called INTRONS that get spliced out. The pieces that are left, called EXONS, form the actual mRNA.
Pre-mRNA:UCCGGAG UAACAG U GG A
intron intron
exonexon exon
GAG UAA
mRNA:
UCCG C
Exons are expressed!
DNA à RNA = Transcription
Step 3: mRNA leaves the nucleus out into the cytoplasm, to a ribosome.
T A T A
TA TA
A G
C
TC G A A C G G
A3’ 5’
5’ 3’
UCCGUUCGAGC
mRNA
TC
CGTTCGAG
CT
A G C T C G A A C G G A
TCCGTTCGAGCT
DNA à RNA = Transcription
Translationcomes from the word translate.
To translate something means to change it into another language.
translationHey, what’s up?
What do you want to eat?
Hola, que tal?
Que quieres comer?
DNA RNA PROTEIN
Translation
RNAà Protein = Translation
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TRANSLATION▸ Genetic information is passed from RNA to
make proteins in the ribosomes
▸ Translation: RNA -> protein
But why do we need to translate RNA?
RNA
A,U,G,C (nucleotides)
Pro, met, ser, val, leu, met…
(amino acids)
PROTEIN
RNAà Protein = Translation
!22
NUCLEOTIDES AND AMINO ACIDS ARE COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT MOLECULES!!!
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TRANSLATION STEPS▸1. Ribosome reads every 3 nucleotides,
called CODONS (1 codon = 3 nucleotides)
▸Ribosomes starts translating when it reads the codon “AUG.”
▸2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings an amino acid for each codon.
▸ tRNA has an anticodon that matches the codon
*tRNA has an ANTICODON that matches the codon on the mRNA.
amino acid attachment site
U A C
anticodon
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TRANSLATION STEPS▸ 3. Amino acids connect to make a Protein!
▸ 4. Ribosome stops translating at a STOP codon (UAA , UAG , or UGA ).
Step 1. Ribosome (rRNA) reads every 3 nucleotides, called CODONS.
(1 codon = 3 nucleotides)
ribosome
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
RNAà Protein = Translation
mRNA
Step 2. It starts translating when it reads the codon “AUG.”
ribosome
RNAà Protein = Translation
START
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
Step 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings an amino acid for each codon.
ribosome
START
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
Step 4. Amino acids connect to make a Protein!
ribosome
tRNA
met
RNAà Protein = Translation
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
ribosome
met
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met
tRNA
pro
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met pro
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met pro
tRNA
ser
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met pro ser
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met pro ser
tRNA
gly
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met pro ser gly
STOP
5. Ribosome stops translating at a STOP codon (UAA , UAG , or UGA ).
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
ribosome
met pro ser gly
STOP
RNAà Protein = Translation
START
5. Ribosome stops translating at a STOP codon (UAA , UAG , or UGA ).
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
A protein is made!met pro gly val
STOP
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
What happens to the protein, after it is made?
• It travels in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) (Hallways)
• Then gets packaged & delivered in Golgi Apparatus (Office Aides)
VIDEO
▸ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM
▸
-VIDEO SHEET-SUMMARY
-TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION: ANALOGY STORY - PART 4 ONLY
ILLUSTRATIVE SUMMARY
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ILLUSTRATIVE SUMMARY▸ At least 4 colors
▸Must LABEL
▸Must include ALL terms
▸ If you’re doing a diagram or flow chart, you must EXPLAIN the flow chart