day i prepositions, conjunctions and discourse...

Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua

Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -

Gramática II

Day I – Prepositions, Conjunctions and Discourse Markers

Container, Flat surface or Point?

• a room

• the beach

• a plate

• a bowl

• a platter or a tray

• a roof

• a river

• a shelf

• a cabinet

• a bank

• a company

• a tree



Gramática II

Container, Flat Surface or Point?

• Christmas

• Weekend

• Easter

• The winter, spring, summer, fall

• Sunday

• Carnival

• A fortnight

• January



Gramática II

Guess the preposition

• You can buy batteries …… the corner shop.

• David is studying ……. university

• What's on ………. the cinema tonight?

• Is Sam …… the basketball team?

• The library is not ……. this side of the street

• We sat …. the living room and watched a great classic movie.



Gramática II


• Mike worked ……… the airport for six years

• Go back ………… bed! You should be asleep.

• David is ……….. He is not at home

• The burglar climbed …….. the fence and into the garden.

• It's not far. We're getting …….. to the station



Gramática II


• Jack was leaning ………. the wall

• I was …………. the impression that you liked it.

• You are liable ………. your son's debts as he is under age

• My mum went ...... hospital last week.

• Traveling …….. your own car is better than going …….. foot.



Gramática II

Some simple prepositions raise a few doubts as to usage

• Above X Over

• Below X Under

• Underneath X Beneath

• Between x Among

• Next to X Close to X Near

• To X For

• At X To

• In X Inside

• Near X Nearby

• By X Until



Gramática II

Under, underneath, beneath

• Beneath and underneath can occupy final position in a sentence:

– Who knows what lies beneath/underneath?

• Beneath, under, and underneath function as the head of a prepositional phrase:

– I can't find anything underneath/under/beneath all that mess.

• Under can appear in final position when the accompanying noun phrase is omitted, but implied:

– I come from the land down under.



Gramática II

Between X Among: two or more referents

• There is no difference between one and the other

• It would seem we have a traitor among us.

• Mastering a language can be the difference between landing a well-paid job, achieving job stability, working in a dead-end job or furthering a career.



Gramática II

Next to X Close to X Near

• Next to means the same as "at the side of", close to and near imply an indefinite proximity:

– Come sit near /close to me (anywhere in the vicinity of)

– Come sit next to me = Come sit beside me

• Close to implies a more intimate position than near; near usually refers to buildings or locations

– The closer I get to you, the more you make me feel.

– The new mall is near the old train station



Gramática II

In X Inside

• Inside can be used in final position of a sentence with the noun phrase omitted:

– That's a big box. I wonder what's inside (it).

– That's a big box. I wonder what's in it.

• In can only be used at the end of the sentence if it precedes a noun phrase , NOT a pronoun:

– Are you coming with us to the market? Hop in (the car)!

• Inside is usually more specific or emphatic than in:

– Get inside the house now! You could get shot!



Gramática II

Near X Nearby

• Near is only used as a preposition or adverb e.g. Is there a post office near here?

• Nearby is an adverb, e.g. After the play, we can do some shopping nearby.

• Nearby is also used adjectivally e.g. I'm trying to find a nearby service station.

To x For

– Could you send this invite out to everyone for me? Thanks so much

– Could you send this invite out to everyone by the end of the day?

– The notions of cartoon are important to Elena Sisto, in that images from popular illustration and comics come up in her paintings …

– Dr. Benton claims that breakfast is extremely important for the elderly.

– See here for more examples and further discussion.



Gramática II

http://www.sk.com.br/sk-tofor.html

At X To

– At: final point of movement, aggression: Don't raise your voice at me young man!

– To: direction, destination, cooperation: Throw the ball to me, will ya?



Gramática II

By X Until

By

• The last moment in which something has to be done.

• An ultimatum

• At or prior to a given time.

• The deadline itself.

Until

• The total amount of time to accomplish something.

• A grace period

• Prior to a time that follows

• Lead-up to the deadline

Any difference?

• You have to get to school by 8:00 a.m.

• You have until 8:00 a.m. to get to school. (until = no later than)

• I am to finish a task by sundown.

• I can finish a task until sundown.

Simple prepositions – formation

• Prepositions formed by prefixing a-: aboard, above, about (from Old English abutan), across, against (from Old English gean, from the verb gan "to go"), along, amid, amidst, among (from Old English onmang, from the verb gemengan "to mingle"), amongst, around, athwart

– amid = amidst = among = amongst (the first two are more formal and more literary)

– Athwart = in opposition to, contrary to; from side to side



Gramática II


• Prepositions formed by prefixing Old English be-: before (replacing the older afore and tofore), behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, betwixt, beyond

– Please find the aforementioned list in the attached file

– Betwixt (in an intermediate position, indecisive or middle position): She found herself caught betwixt her loyalty to her friend and the need to do the right thing.



Gramática II


• Prepositions formed by compounding two prepositions, or a preposition and an adverb: into, throughout, toward, towards, underneath, until, unto, upon, within (also inwith in older works), without (also outwith in older works)

– He climbed upon his horse and rode off into the horizon

– Upon seeing her (When he saw her) after all these years, he burst into tears

– Once upon a time = There once was a time (on the occasion of)



Gramática II


• Participles that became prepositions: bating, barring, concurring, during, excepting, notwithstanding, regarding, respecting, touching, considering, excluding, failing, following, pending, and saving, concerning, considering, given, granted, pending, including

– Given the time it will take to thaw we can run off to the store and get the wine.

– Barring the Supply Manager, everyone seems to be in agreement about the campaign .



Gramática II

Complex prepositions

• Adverb/Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for, away from, out of, up to

• Verb/Adjective/Conjunction + Preposition: owing to, due to, because of

• Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in comparison with, in front of


• Imperative verbs used as prepositions: save, except

– The trip went smoothly, save the airport delays (but for)

• Adjectives used as prepositions, implying a following to: nigh, near, next, opposite

– Repent for the end is nigh.

• Conjunctions used as prepositions: but

• Loanwords used as prepositions: vis-à-vis, anti, versus

– Vis-à- vis the current economic storm, cutbacks will have to be made



Gramática II


• In the interest of

• In the interest

• In need of

• In lieu of

• In quest of

• In place of

• In respect of

• In search of

• In settlement of

• In spite of

• In view of

• In accordance with

• In aid of

• In line with



Gramática II


• By courtesy of

• By dint of

• By means of

• By permission of

• By reason of

• By virtue of

• In consideration of

• In danger of

• In favor of

• In front of

• As well as

• Thanks to

• In addition to

• Due to

• Contrary to

• Owing to



Gramática II

Why treat them as semantic units?

• Direct equivalence, e.g. I'm in!

• Transferred meanings e.g. Are we on for tonight?

• Possibility of compounding e.g. He was up and about soon after the surgery.

• Incorporation of verb meaning e.g. Up from down Under

• Idiomatic nature e.g. I'm into you, I'm on the case

• Lexicalizing nature e.g. The firefighters had some trouble outing the fire.



Gramática II

Exercise: prepositions and meaning A) ending B) reducing C) improving D) solving

• I'm taking evening classes to brush up on my Spanish.

• Turn down the music, will you? It's way too loud.

• When I figured out how much I owed my best friend, it really hit me.

• It's taking much longer to do up the house than I expected.



Gramática II

Exercise: prepositions and meaning A) ending B) reducing C) improving D) solving

• I was just about to finish the deal with the delegates on the phone when the call was cut off.

• My dad's got a job now, so now things are probably going to pick up again.

• The USA has broken off relations with Cuba since the Bay of Pigs incident.

• We need to sort out this problem soon



Gramática II

Syntactic function

• Many prepositions function as other parts of speech in English, in particular as adverbs.

• When a word is functioning as a preposition, it is followed by a noun phrase.

• When used by itself, this word is able to inform us how, where and when. In other words, it works as an adverb of manner, place or time.

In English, the same word can function as

preposition and adverb, depending on its position

in the sentence

• Delegates were asked to kindly wait outside the

hall before being called.

•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside

the hall

• It’s 5 p.m. and there are still more than 40

candidates waiting outside.

•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside

Exercise 4: adverb or preposition?

• Have you ever seen a live college basketball game before?

• A sign outside the arena said my two favorite teams were playing inside.

• Come along; let's get to our seats before the game.

• The teams came out to warm up before the game.

• Two aggressive players fouled each other throughout.



Gramática II

Exercise 4: adverb or preposition?

• At half time, one team was ahead by eight points.

• A player threw the ball in from the sideline.

• We talked around during halftime.

• After the game, the winners were given the championship trophy inside the locker room.

• Despite losing in the playoffs, that team had a winning record for the season.



Gramática II

Dependent prepositions

• Like in many languages, the use of a given preposition is determined by other word classes, namely verbs, adjectives and nouns

• The choice of a given preposition is generally semantically driven, although the relationship between the word and its corresponding preposition may not be clear, e.g. worried about



Gramática II

Dependent prepositions

• From one language to another, there is no guarantee of direct equivalence, which calls for more attention on the part of the learner

– Get married to »» se casar com

– Fall in love with »» se apaixonar por

• There are several combinations that seem to come naturally and the learner intuitively tells whether the form is corect or not. This so-called knowledge comes with practice and exposure to the language



Gramática II

Exercise 4: Adjective + preposition

• My granddad is very dependent _____ my parents.

• The film is based _____ a novel by Virginia Woolf.

• I know it's rusty and everything, but I'm so attached ____ it.

• Bill is emotionally detached ________ his parents. He hardly chats with them.

• MacDonald's has become synonymous ________ an unhealthy diet.



Gramática II

Exercise 4: Adjective + preposition

• The employees kept quiet _______ the case of creative accounting that was unearthed last week.

• You can't say anything to her. She's impervious _____ any sort of criticism.

• The working hours are incompatible _______ family life.

• His unruly behavior at school is indicative ______ a deeper psychological problem.

• It is the teacher's duty to be concerned ________ the weak students.



Gramática II

Exercise 5: Forming three-word phrasals

• I think we've just run out _____ coffee. We will have to get some in the morning.

• Does anybody feel up _____ Mick's party tonight?

• My boss asked me to stand in _____ him during his week off from the office.

• Being a father has helped him learn to face up _______ his responsibilities.



Gramática II

Exercise 5: Forming three-word phrasals

• The Chief of Staff has been coming in _______ a shower of criticism for the way he has tried to make little of the accusations against him of fraud and embezzlement.

• I don't really go in ________ team sports; give me a tennis racket or a pair of trainers any day!

• The troops plan to pull out _______ the occupied territories for economic reasons.



Gramática II

Verb + preposition

• The state-funded health service accounts ________ 85% of public spending.

• In times of trouble, you can always turn _________ a friend.

• His conviction for reckless driving counted _____________ him when he tried to renew his car insurance.

• Sometimes it seems almost impossible to keep up ______ the latest news.



Gramática II

Prepositions in compound adjectives

• We had lunch at a _______-market restaurant the other day. Not surprisingly, the food was horrendous.

• Renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky is now a very _______spoken critic of the government's foreign policies.

• The army has been accused of using ______whelming force to quell the protests.

• After the corruption scandal that rocked the market, the company now faces a (n) ______hill struggle to avoid further losses.



Gramática II

Prepositions in compound adjectives

• I just received a _______dated pay award, so this month's salary is a little larger than usual.

• Could you provide some ______ground information on the company?

• Stop behaving like a (n) _________grown boy, act your age!

• She had the nerve to accuse me of stealing her purse. The very thought is _____right outrageous!



Gramática II

Prepositions in idioms

• As mentioned before, several idiomatic expressions are catalogued based on the head preposition e.g. at, in , on

• It would be best to learn them as chunks, although the semantic content may/may not be evident to or felt by the user



Gramática II

Exercise 6 – Use the words in brackets to make idioms for the underlined words

• He claimed he hadn't done it intentionally. (purpose)

• We admire her because of her intelligence. (account)

• I don't want you to sympathize with me. (sorry)

• If you're not sure about what to write, it's best to make notes beforehand. (doubt)



Gramática II

Exercise 6 – Use the words in brackets to make idioms for the underlined words

• Love letters will never be outdated because people will always feel enamored. (fashion, fall)

• I know the person from appearance but not from what he/she's called. (sight, name)

• She's working much too hard causing harm to her health. (expense)

• I wonder if you know what's on at the cinema, perhaps? (chance)



Gramática II

Exercise 7 – Form idioms with the parts underlined and the preposition "at"

• The winners are selected without any plan by a computer.

• It was a wonderful show – anyway I enjoyed it.

• It was a difficult problem and I was uncertain what to do.

• I'm sure that our friends will arrive very soon – anyway I hope so.

• If you need to stay overnight, please book a hotel room and we will pay.



Gramática II

Exercise 8 – Form idioms with the parts underlined and the preposition "at"

• The hero was rescued a moment before it was too late.

• The show closed because it was running without making a profit.

• We were talking about different things but didn't realize it.

• It's impossible to get tickets for such a popular show without previous warning- you need to book no less than six months in advance.



Gramática II

Exercise 8 – Form idioms with the parts underlined and the preposition "on"

• (At a restaurant) There are so many desserts ___________________ but I won't have anything because I'm ____________________.

• I would like to thank you ______________________ the entire sector and the board.

• He promised to help me ________________________ I returned the favor some other time.

• It was a long drive so we stopped ________________________ to have a meal.



Gramática II

Exercise 8 – Form idioms with the parts underlined and the preposition "on"

• How much does a bus driver earn ______________________ in your country?

• Did you see the news ___________________ last night?

• Trains leave every hour _______________________.

• It takes much longer to get there _________________ than by bus.

• No, I don't dislike Chaplin at all; ________________________; I admire him greatly.



Gramática II

Conjunctions

Syntactic (grammatical) elements used to link ideas in a particular so as to portray contrast, coordination, explanation, concession etc.

Elements that link ideas beyond the scope of the noun or prepositional phrase, i.e. sentence, paragraph and whole text

Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas

Tecnologias - Gramática II

Coordinators and Subordinators

• For (Reason)

• And (Addition)

• Nor (Negative Addition)

• But (Contrast, concession)

• Or (Choice)

• Yet (Contrast with unexpected result)

• So (Result or consequence)

• Because (Reason) • While

(Simultaneity/Contrast) • If (Condition) • Although (Concession) • Since (Explanation) • Unless (Negative

Condition) • Whereas (Contrast) • Whether (Condition)

Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - Gramática II

Coordinators

• Linking of elements of same syntactic status (nouns, adverbials, adjectives)

Paul and David cold and wet

tired but happy slowly but surely

tea or coffee hot or cold


Coordinators

• This also applies to longer units

We can eat now or wait till later

I love tennis but (I) don't play well


Coordinators

• Must appear between the elements coordinated: Paul plays football and David plays chess

• Can have the order of the coordinated elements reversed, without changing meaning: David plays chess and Paul plays football


And x But x Or?

• To join a final thing to the rest of a list.

– When I visited India, I went to Mumbai, Delhi … Bangalore.

And x But x Or?

• To join two ideas, opinions or facts which are different in a sentence.

– I’ve been to Thailand, …. I haven’t been to the Philippines.

And x But x Or?

• To join two adjectives which seem to be opposite in meaning.

– My hotel room was clean … uncomfortable.

And x But x Or?

• To connect different possibilities, or the last thing in a list of possibilities

– I don’t know why Sayed hasn´t come to class; he may be ill, …. he may be too busy.

And x But x Or?

• To mean one thing and also not the other in a negative sentence

– I haven’t been to Korea …. Thailand.

Correlative conjunctions

• Both . . . and . . .

• Either . . . or . . .

• Neither . . . nor . . .

• Hardly . . . when . . .

• If . . . then . . .

• No sooner . . . than . . .

• Not only . . . but also

• Rather . . . than

• Scarcely . . . when

• What with . . . and

• Whether . . . or

• Hardly had the men started training than they were sent out to fight.

• Hardly had she opened her mailbox when she got a notification of the message.

• No sooner had I walked the door than the phone rang.

• Not only can he make people laugh but can also do very dramatic roles.

• Not only can he make people laugh but he can also do very dramatic roles.

• (What) with one thing and another, I didn’t go to bed till after two in the morning.

• He was determined both to beat the record and to win over the crowd.

Subordinators

• Linking of unequal syntactic status I left early because I had an interview early the next day. We visited Madame Tussaud while we were in London


Subordinators

• Do not need to occur between the connected items: Because I had an interview the next day, I left early.

• When there is a change of order in the connected items, there is either a change in meaning or a dubious sentence: I had an interview the next day, because I left early.


As head of the subordinate clause

• She used to call me "Tiny" although I was as tall as she was.

• Three more nuclear stations were built despite/in spite of widespread opposition

• Even though I have a degree in Business Administration, I can't fill out a tax form.

• Much as she loved her son, she could not accept his choice of career.

• Doctors' salaries have risen considerably whereas/while nurses' pay have dropped.



Dependent on punctuation

• Car crashes have become rare; even so, there should be stricter safety regulations

• Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, however, that this increase is going to continue for long.

• It is a grueling competition. Nevertheless, thousands of runners take part every year.

• Urban expansion would be a good thing. On the other hand, it would be sad to lose the countryside atmosphere.



Revise the following sentences.

• The last storm to come through the area ripped galvanized sheets off of houses like someone tearing pieces of paper. Residents visited hardware stores and invested in storm-proofing materials.

• Enrollment in universities has been increasing steadily. Facilities have been lacking proper maintenance.

• Plans for renovating downstairs into an upscale shopping center were finalized. Discussions began on budgeting city funds for the project.

• Vincent had prepared and practiced for the presentation thoroughly. The projector died and the presentation was a complete flop.

• I had to hand the project over to Max. You didn't respond to any of my e-mails.

Discourse markers

• Show relationships between what is being/will be said and what was said.

• Reveal the speaker’s attitude and/or intentions

• Connect at sentence, paragraph and text level

• Can be words (like adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions) phrases or idiomatic expressions

• Can be organized according to the relationship/function they perform: see this site here.



http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html

day i prepositions, conjunctions and discourse...

Documents