day 22 december 2 chapter 15
TRANSCRIPT
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Day 22 December 2 Chapter 15
Dr. Amy B HollingsworthThe University of Akron
Fall 2014
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15.9 Interacting species evolve together.
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Natural Selection Causes organisms to become better adapted
to their environment
Does not distinguish between biotic and abiotic resources as selective forces
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15.10. Each species’ role in a community is defined by its niche.
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More than just a place for living, a niche is a complete way of living.
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“You can’t always get what you want.”
Fundamental niche• the full range of environmental conditions under
which a species can live
Realized niche• where and how a species is actually living
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15.11 Competition can be hard to see, but it still influences community structure.
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Why is competition hard to see in nature?
The “ghost of competition past”
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15.12 Predation produces adaptation in both predators and their prey.
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Predation
One of the most important forces shaping the composition and abundance of species in a community
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Why do exotic species often flourish when released into novel habitats, even though natural selection has not adapted them to this new environment?
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Prey Adaptations for Reducing Predation
There are two broad categories of defenses against predators:
• Physical
• Behavioral
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Physical Defenses
Include mechanical, chemical, warning coloration, and camouflage
mechanisms
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1. Mechanical Defenses
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2. Chemical Defenses
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3. Warning Coloration
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4. Camouflage
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Behavioral defenses
Include both seemingly passive and active behaviors: hiding or escaping,
or alarm calling or fighting back
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Predator adaptations for enhancing predation
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Why don’t predators become so efficient at capturing prey that they drive the prey to extinction?
The “life-dinner hypothesis”
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Parasite Predators
Parasites have some unique features and face some unusual challenges:• The parasite generally is much smaller than its host
and stays in contact with the host for extended periods of time.
• Complicated life cycles as means of getting from host to host.
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Case 1: Parasites can induce foolish, fearless behavior in their hosts.
Toxoplasma
Rats and cats
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Case 2: Parasites can induce inappropriate aggression in their hosts.
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Case 3: Parasites can induce bizarre and risky behavior in their hosts.
The lancet fluke
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15.14. Not all species interactions are negative: mutualism and commensalism.
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15.15–15.16 Communities can change or remain stable over time.
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15.15. Many communities change over time.
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Secondary Succession
Much faster than primary succession• life and soil are already present
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15.16. Some species are more important than others within a community.
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Chapter 16: Conservation and Biodiversity
Human influences on the environmentLectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College
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16.1–16.4 Measuring and defining biodiversity is complex.
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16.1 Biodiversity benefits humans in many ways.
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Consider also the following:
Vinblastine and vincristine
Ancrod
Epibatidine
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16.2 Biodiversity is not easily defined.
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16.3 Where is most biodiversity?
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Why are there more species in an acre of tropical rain forest than in an acre farther from the equator, such as in a temperate forest or prairie?
Latitudinal Biodiversity Gradient
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