8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

1/43

Please introduce yourself as per guidelines below:

Name Qualification Professional Experience in years/months (if applicable) Name of the previous company (if applicable) Tenure in previous company (if applicable)

Name of the Institute/University Year of passing What is your AIM in life Expectations from this company Expectations from this course

Introduction

Decorum of the course to be maintained by:

Keeping your mobiles in Switched-off or Silent mode. Doing one discussion at a time. Following the timings strictly as per schedule for Breaks. Making the course interactive by asking questions and by giving suggestions.

DAILY LUNCH BREAKS (13:15 14:00)

DAILY RECAP (17:45 18:00)

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

2/43

Welcome to all of you toworld of TELECOM by:

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

3/43

Opportunities in Telecom GSM Network Architecture, Evolution

Typical Career Paths - Technical Manpower Requirement of Indian Telecom

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

4/43

BTS Microwave Link

) ) ) ) ) ))

) )) ) ) )

)

) ) ) ) ) ))

) )) ) ) )

)

BSC

Transcoder

MSC, VLR, HLR,EIR

BSS

NSS

Increasing Level of Complexity

Architecture of a GSM Network

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

5/43

rojected Growth in Sites

resulting in an increase in the workforce requirement by a factor of 2.5, thusnecessitating a revisit of the current service delivery model

Site numbers based on Industry Projections.

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

6/43

very Site = Employment Opportunity

Planning Deployment Operations

Radio Network Planning(Team Activity)

RF Site Surveys (1 personcan survey 1 site / day)

LOS Surveys (1 person cansurvey 1 site / day)

Drive Testing (1 person candrive test 2 sites / day)

Network Benchmarking(Simlar to Drive Testing)

Network Audits (Similar toDrive Testing)

Transmission NetworkPlanning (Team Activity)

Core & IP NetworkPlanning

Network Optimization

Installation of BTS Site (4installers can complete 1

BTS site in 1 week). Installation of BSC Site (4

installers can complete 1BSC Site in 1 week)

Commissioning of BTS Site(1 Engineer needs 2 daysto commission 1 BTS Site)

Commissioning of BSC Site

(1 Engineer needs 2 weeksto commission 1 BSC Site)

Commissioning on MediaGateway and MSC sites (1Engineer can commission 1MSC site in 3 weeks time)

All Operations activities areon the total installed base

(not only on theincremental network).

Most of the activities are 24X 7. Work continues inshifts. 4 persons areneeded to fill each of 24 X7 roles.

Alarm Monitoring (4

persons for 300 sites) First Line Maintenance.

Work in 3 shifts (4 personfor 30 BTS sites, 4 personfor every BSC Site andevery MSC site)

Technical Support (Teamactivities)

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

7/43

ypical Career Path Network Planning

RF SurveyEngineer

Drive TestEngineer

LOS SurveyEngineer

IP PlanningEngineer

RF PlanningEngineer

OptimizationEngineer

TransmissionPlanner

Sr. IPPlanner

Sr. RFPlanner

Sr. Optimizer Sr.Transmission

Planner

NetworkPlanningDirector

Category Managers(RF, Trs, Opt.)

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

8/43

ypical Career Path Network Deployment

Sr. EngineerBTS & MW

ProjectCoordinator

Sr. Engg. BSCComm. & Int

Sr. Engg Core Comm

& Int

FieldManager

Team Leader- BSS

Team Leader -Core

RegionalProjectDirector

Managers(Project, BSS,

Core)

Site SurveyEngineer

BTS & MWCommissioning

Engineer

Core Comm& Integration

Engineer

BTS & MWInstallationSupervisor

BTS SiteInstallation

Planner

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

9/43

MODULE - I

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

10/43

Telecommunication Engineering

What do we mean by Tele-Communication in relation to what havewe studied in last four years?

DREAM of many

What efforts have we made till time to fulfill our dream?

LEARNING for all

What do we look forward to achieve in future in the world ofTelecom?

Aim toACHIEVE in life

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

11/43

Why Electronics and Telecommunication?

Why we dont have Electrical & Telecommunications OR Mechanical& Telecommunications?

Because Electronic components have following characteristics:o Lower power consumption with round the clock operationso Miniaturization resulting to small and handy products

o Highly efficiento Easily upgradeableo Long lifeo Easy interfacing with Software platformo High level of automation possible

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

12/43

BASIC ENGINEERINGFUNDAMENTALS

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

13/43

Transferring informationfrom sender to receiver

Speech/voice is used forcommunication, which is

an analog signal

Communication..

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

14/43

Wavelength: Distance betweenrepeating points of apropagating wave

Measured in mm, cm, mtr.

Frequency: Number ofcomplete cycles per second inalternating current direction

Measured in Hz, KHz, MHz,GHz

Signal

Analog Signal is a continuous signal

Digital Signal is a discrete signal

Amplitude: Denotes thestrength in Volt, Amp, Watt, dBetc.

Time: in sec, millisecond etc.

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

15/43

Analog (continuous) Bandwidth (20Hz-

200KHz) Transmission can be

analog or digital

Digital (discrete) Variable bandwidth (Few bps

to 10 gbps and beyond) Transmission can be analog or

digital

Analog (Continuous) High bandwidth (5 MHz) Transmission can be analog

or digital

Signal Types

Voice

Data

Video

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

16/43

Voice traffic

Voice Traffic in Telephony measured

in Erlangs Received Voice quality measured by

signal to Noise ratio (SNR) in dB Data traffic

Measured by Bit rate in Bits persec/Kbps/Mbps

Received data Strength is measured

by Bit Error Rate

Signal Traffic

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

17/43

Analog to digital Converter (ADC)o Converts analog signal to digital signal

o Eg. Codec is used in computer and mobile phones to convert analogsignal to digital signal

Digital to analog Converter (DAC)o

Converts digital signal to analog signalo Most common application are generating sound and video

o Eg. Modem converts digital signals from computer into analog signalswhich telephone line can carry

Signal Converters

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

18/43

Electric and magnetic componentoscillate in perpendicular direction

to each other and to the direction ofpropagation

Electromagnetic Waves (EM waves)

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

19/43

Electromagnetic Waves (EM waves)

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

20/43

EM Wave Spectrum

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

21/43

RADIO WAVES

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

22/43

EM Wave Propagation

Basic components for EM wave propagation

Sourceo EM frequency generation sourceo Type varies from one frequency band to other

Transmission lineo Carrier of generated signal transmitted via some wired or wireless mediao Is a set of connectors, wires, surge arrestors etc.

Antenna systemo A system to provide direction for transmitted wave to ensure reliable

communication between source and destination

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

23/43

Impedance Match OR Mismatch

Impedance of Transmission line & Antennao A proper Impedance Match is essential formaximum power transfer.o The antenna must also function as a matching impedance for the Transmitter

(50 ohms).

o Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), is an indicator of how well an

antenna matches the transmission line that feeds it.o It is the ratio of the forwardvoltage to the reflectedvoltage.o The better the match, the Lower the VSWR, better is power transmission.

o Value ofVSWR between 1 & 1.3 is what industry accepts as practical limit,where 1 being ideal value or theoretical value.

o Return Loss is related to VSWR, and is a measure of the signal power

reflected by the antenna relative to the forward power delivered to theantenna.

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

24/43

VSWR Plot

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

25/43

Losses in transmission

Factors contributing Energy Loss:o Cabling, connectors, lightening arrestors as component insertion loss.o Bad workmanship resulting high VSWR as transmission lines reflection

loss.o Air Medium loss due to Reflections, Refractions, Shadowing etc.

3 dB rule:o For every 3 dB gain/loss you will either double your power (gain) or lose half

your power (loss)

-3 dB = 1/2 power -6 dB = 1/4 power +3 dB = 2 x power +6 dB = 4 x power

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

26/43

Transducer which transmit or receives EMwaves Converts EM waves into electric current and

vice versa

Antenna

Tx refers to the transmitted power and Rx to

received signal Measured in Watt ordBm dBm is relative power level (logarithmic way to

represent very low power levels) with reference

to 1 milliwatt input power:- dBm = 10 xlog[Power in Watts / 1mW]

W is linear power level referred as Watts

The amount of energy antenna can boost the sent

and received signal is antennas Gain. Measured in

o dBi: relative to an isotropic radiatoro dBd: relative to a dipole radiator

0 dBd = 2.15 dBi

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

27/43

Antenna Parameters

Common parameterso main lobe (boresight)o half-power beamwidth (HPBW)o front-back ratio (F/B)o pattern nulls

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

28/43

Polarizationo An antennas polarization is relative to the E-field of antenna.o If the E-field is horizontal, then the antenna is Horizontally Polarized.o If the E-field is vertical, then the antenna is Vertically Polarized.

Horizontal

Vertical

Antenna Parameters

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

29/43

Antenna types

Isotropic Anisotropic

Omni directional Directional

Antenna Types

Radiates equally in all directions (360 degree) It has a wide beamwidth With power being more spread out, shorter distances are

achieved but greater coverage attained

Radiates in a particular direction Narrow beamwidth Greater distances are usually achieved

but area coverage is less

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

30/43

Omni Directional Antenna systems

Dipole Antenna

Random wire Antenna

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

31/43

Directional Antenna systems

Yagi Antennao Better suited for shorter linkso Lower dBi gain; usually between 7 and 15 dBio Used at frequency between 30 MHz and 3 GHz

Parabolic Antennao Used in medium to long linkso Gains of 18 to 28 dBi

Terrestrial TVantenna

Used as a Dish antenna Frequency around 12.5 GHz

Used as Wi-Fi/WLANantenna at 2.4GHz

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

32/43

Radiation pattern for Yagi Antenna

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

33/43

Radiation pattern for Parabolic Antenna

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

34/43

Message can be analog or digitalSo

Modulation is also ofanalog ordigital types

When the distanceincreases the signal cannottravel and eventually diesout

For transmission of signal overlong distances we use the

Modulation technique

Modulation Techniques

Sender Receiver

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

35/43

Analog modulation

Phase modulationFrequency modulation

Modulation Techniques

Amplitude modulation

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

36/43

Digital modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Quadrature PSK (QPSK) Gaussian MSK (GMSK)

Modulation Techniques

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

37/43

TwistedPair

Transmission Media

Coaxialcable

FiberOptics

Transmission Media

Guided (Wire line) Unguided (Wireless)

RadioWaves Microwave Infrared

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

38/43

Transmission Media

Guided Mediao Twisted pair

Used in telephone lines to provide voice and data As the frequency increases attenuation increases

o Coaxial cable

Used in Ethernet LAN and telephone networks Higher bandwidth

High attenuation

o Optical fiber Found in backbone network High bandwidth, less attenuation, light weight

Costly, unidirectional

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

39/43

BASIC COMMUNICATIONFUNDAMENTALS

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

40/43

Telecommunication means Communicate over a distance with the help of someCommunications Network.

Communications

Network

Communication Network

Purpose: To exchangeinformation (data) reliablybetween sources anddestinations, over inherentlyunreliable circuits.

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

41/43

Manual exchangeStrowger telephoneexchange

First automatic

switching usingelectromechanicalswitch

Human operators werereplaced by automaticswitch

The customer asks theoperator to connect the callto requested no

Operator connects the call byplugging into switchboard

corresponding to line

Manual Exchange

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

42/43

Consists of threecomponents:

1. Local loop2. Switching Office3. Trunk line

Sets up a path(circuit)

between thecalling and the

called party,and maintains it

for the durationof the call

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

8/9/2019 DAY 1(2.0)

43/43

Time to Summarize for what allhave been learnt till now