Daw San San Myint

Lecturer and Head

ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT

University of Medicine

Magway

Compartment system

I. Class Work

II. Final Theory

III. Final Practical Exam

Class Work = 30 % (13.8)

Final Theory = 50 % (23)

Final Practical Exam = 20 % (9.2)

-----------

100 %

Class work (30%)

Test I + II + III = 18%

Practical test I + II = 12%

-------------

30%

.

Pass marks ------------------------- = 50

Moderation marks ---------------- = 46

Distinction marks ----------------- = 80

F system ----------------------------- = 2F

If fail 3 (subjects out of 7) students who failed in Zoology will have to sit

F supplementary Zoology paper.

Debar (1Fail)

Under 75% of Attendance

.

Notic board

Departmental notic board

.

Question Format Time allowed Three hours.

Section (A) 40 Marks ( Time: 1 hour)

Answer All Questions

20 MCQ --- Multiple response ---- 1 stem 5 items

Section (B) 60 Marks ( Time: 2 hours)

4 Multiple short questions ( 5 marks for each)

1. (MSQ)

2. 4 Medium Essay types questions (10 marks for each) (MEQ)

Teaching method

Active Learning( Student based

Learning)

Small group discussion

Student presentation

Aim

Acquire prerequisite knowledge ,skills

and attitudes for basic medical studies

and

develop learning behavior

suitable for continuing medical

education.

Departmental Objectives

At the end of the course in Zoology, the

learner should be able to:

Knowledge

1. describe some organisms causing

health problems in community.

2. explain the structures and functions

of mammalian body systems.

Skill

1. identify some patho- genic parasites and common vectors affecting the health of man

Attitude

1. Establish a habit of scientific approach on accurate observation and drawing of valid conclutions.

2. Develop learning behavior suitable for continuing medical education.

Big-bang theory

HOW TO DEFINE LIFE

All living things are comprised of the

same chemical elements that make up

nonliving things,

The same chemical elements

Ancient molecular origin

(i) Atoms Gases

C CO, CO2 ,CH4,

H H2, H2O

O NH3, N2

N HCN

Monomers(ii) CH4 + H2O = Sugar, fatty acids, glycerin

CH4 + H2O + NH3 = Amino acids

CH4 + H2O +NH3 + HCN = Nitrogen bases

Polymers(iii)

Sugars +Sugars = Polysaccharides

Fatty acids + glycerin = Fats

Amino acids + Amino acids = Proteins

Nitrogen bases +Sugars +Phosphates =

Nucleotides and Nucleic acids

(iv)

Aggregates of proteins Coacervates

( Protobionts)

(v)

Origin of first cell Anaerobic

chemoheterotrophs

Origin of Photoautotrophs Photosynthesis

release O2

It led to oxidising atmosphere, aerobic respiration and formation of Ozone layer.

They obey the same laws of physics and

Chemistry as nonliving objects do.

So, what is special about living things?

Fortunately, all organisms share certain

common characteristics.

Fortunately, all organisms share certain common characteristics.

These characteristics give us

insight into the nature of life and

help us distinguish living things from nonliving things.

The Common Characteristics of Life

1. Living things are organized

2. Living things acquire Materials and Energy

3. living things are homeostatic.

4. living things grow and develop

5. Living things respond.

6. Living things reproduce themselves

7. Living things have the capacity to evolve

1. Living things are organized

The Levels of Biological Organization

Cells Tissues Organs

Organ systems Organisms (individuals) Populations Communities Ecosystems

(The Biosphere)

Living things are organized

Hierarchical organization

1. The Cellular Level

2. The Organisamal Level

3. The Populational Level

1. The Cellular Level

Atoms

Molecules

Organelles Cells

Population of rabbits in a forest

Population

Habitat

Individual

A group of individuals of a species living in a habitat.

Population interact with other populations and

with their physical environment.

A group of individuals of a species living in a habitat.

Population interact with other populations and

with their physical environment.

All plants and animals live in the same habitat

interact with one another.

ECOLOGY

Communities of Organisms

Mountains, Deserts, Forests, Grasslands, Lakes

Rural, Urban

The blanket of living things

that surrounds the substratum of the earth.

living organisms + physical environment

Land + Water + Air

BIOSPHERE

+ Organisms

Hierarchical organization

The Cellular level

The Organismal level

The Populational level

The Cellular level

Atom , Molecules , Organells, Cells

The Organismal level

Tissues , Organs , Organ systems, Organism

The Populational level

Population

Community

Ecosystem (ecological system)

2. Living Things acquire Materials and Energy

Without an outside source of materials & energy

cannot maintain their organization

cannot carry on life’s activities

1. Food +O2 = CO2 + H2O + Energy

(nutrient molecules)

2. Food Building blocks

Metabolism = all the chemical reactions that

occur in a cell

Photosynthesis = a process that transforms

solar energy into chemical energy

6CO2+6H2O+Light energy= C6H12O6+6O2

Energy = The capacity to do work

takes

1.to maintain the organization of the cell

2.to maintain the organization of the organism

Cellular respiration

Heat

C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + Energy Muscle

contraction

ATP

ADP

3. Homeostasis maintains relatively constant

Internal conditions

Homeostasis = ?

internal conditions =?

Homeostasis

The maintenance of internal environment

In a steady state.

The organisms must keep the conditions

Within their bodies fairly constant.

Eg.1. regulation of Body temperature

( warm-blooded animals)

cold weather generate heat

hot weather sweating

Maintaining homeostasis is accomplished

by a variety of automatic mechanisms.

Systems

4. Growth is a property of all living organisms

becomes larger

( eg , single-celled bacteria)

Materials acquired from the environment

convert

specific molecules of the organism’s own body

5. Living Things respond

Unicellular organisms

Multicellular organism

Appropriate responses help

1. ensure survival of the organism

2. allow it to carry on its daily activities.

Response the behavior of the organism

Unsuitable environment

Sperm

Eggs

Two - celled

Four- celled

Eight- celled

6. Living things reproduce themselves

Asexual reproduction New individuals

from one parent

in aquatic sessile or drifting forms

(cnidarians , sponges, tunicates,polychaetes,

planarian worms)

in the protists

derive

Found

predominant

When an organism reproduces,

it passes a copy of its DNA to

its offspring.

DNA = a more stable genetic molecule

Replaced RNA as the carrier of genetic information

Errors in the copying of RNA variation

(the diversity of Life)

Mutation = the occasional errors and

accidental changes in the DNA

Errors in the copying of RNA variation

(the diversity of Life)

Mutation = the occasional errors and

accidental changes in the DNA

7.Living Things have the capacity to Evolve

Evolution = Gradual development

Gradual changes

Natural selection = Struggle for existence

Survival for fittest

7.Living Things have the capacity to Evolve

Natural selection (survival of the fittest)

Natural selection ( struggle for existence)

predator

Human Evolution

Gomphotherium (teeth of ancestor of elephant)

Pliocene Fossils

GomphotheriumMollusk shells

Cretaceous Fossils

Anapachydiscus (ammonites)Echinoid (Echinoderm)

Turtle & Fishes

Geocoma (Echinoderm)

Jurassic Fossils

Aeger

(Crustacean)Stenophlebia (insect)

Horseshoe crab

Carboniferous Fossils