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CADIA MINING PRECINCTPortable Relics - Conservation and Management

Volume ID

Prepared forNewcr~t~gLmnred

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January 1995

GODDENMACKAY

This is Volume Three of a six volume set of reports commissioned by Newcrest Limited toidentify and address the heritage issues associated with a proposed gold mining developmentcentred on the Cadia Valley. The set consists of five reports and a volume containing theinventory which is essentially a companion volume to the reports as outlined below.

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Volume I

Volume 11

Volume III

Volume IV

Volume V

Volume VI

Conservation Plan

Archival Recording

Portable Relics - Conservation and Management

Interpretive Advice

Archaeological Assessment

Cadia Mining Precinct Inventory ofHistoric Sites and Relics

GODDENMACKAY

CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Preamble 11.2 Introduction 11.3 Study Area 11.4 Author Identification 21.5 Methodology 21.6 Terminology 21.7 Limitations 31.8 Acknowledgements 3

2.0 CADIA THEMATIC HISTORY 62.1 Background 62.1 Copper Mining and Smelting as an Early Australian

Industry 62.2 The Introduction of Early Technologies Associated

with Social Origins 82.3 Iron Ore Quarrying and the Association with the First

Steel Works in Australia 122.4 Gold Mining as a Characteristic of the Orange District 182.5 Lifestyles Associated with the Mining Communities 192.6 References 22

3.0 RELICS COLLECTION POLICY 23

4.0 TABLES 254.1 List of Portable Relics and Associated Interpretive Themes 254.2 Relics Removal and Conservation Requirements 28

5.0 ADVICE ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS 325.1 Introduction 325.2 Archaeology 32

5.2.1 Preliminary 325.5.2 General 335.2.3 Archaeological Excavation 335.2.4 Cemetery 33

6.0 INVENTORY OF PORTABLE RELICS 34

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND

This report has been prepared as a preliminary document for a proposed interpretiveprogram based on the Cadia Mining Precinct.

It identifies the portable relics located on the Cadia Mining Precinct with potentialenvironmental heritage significance value and identifies the historic themes associated witheach item. The conservation requirements of each item in an interpretive program are alsoprovided.

Because of the partial and disturbed nature of most of the sites there are very few intactrelics associated with the historic occupation of the site.

Interpretive Themes

There are five principal themes associated with the Cadia Mining Precinct. They are:

1. Copper mining and smelting as an early Australian industry.

2. The introduction of technologies associated with social origins.

3. Iron ore quarrying associated with the first steelworks in Australia.

4. Gold mining as a characteristic of the Orange district.

5. Lifestyles of mining communities.

Each theme includes a number of related sub-themes which are identified in Section 4.0 andcould be expanded further if required.

Relics Collection Policy

A relics collection policy has been prepared in the Conservation Plan to guide thecollection, storage and care of relics identified on the precinct.

Collection of all the identified relics on the precinct and removal for interpretation in theone major operation is not appropriate as it is possible that the mining venture may notproceed as it is currently envisaged, and some sites earmarked for later development, mayin fact never be developed, for a variety of reasons which are not presently apparent.

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GODDENMACKAY

1. Relics should be left in situ where possible.

2. Collection of relics should be staged to occur just before an area is to be disturbed bymajor mining operations.

3. As each major development is confirmed and the operation is imminent, the identifiedrelics in the area should be carefully collected.

4. The area may then be cleared of vegetation and any additional relics exposed in thisprocess should be photographically recorded in situ, their location marked on a map andthen they may be carefully removed.

5. Items to be removed should be kept in the largest possible pieces, ie they should bedismantled as little as possible.

6. Items that must be dismantled prior to removal should be photographed to showconnections, sketched if appropriate and the parts carefully labelled prior todismantling.

7. After collection the relics should be labelled, catalogued and stored in a safe repositoryavailable for use in the interpretation centre.

Expert conservation advice should be sought if necessary.

Areas of identified archaeological potential should be subject to the recommendations of aqualified archaeologist and their archaeological potential should be realised prior to anymajor mining works in the area of the sites. Sufficient time must be scheduled forarchaeological investigations prior to the commencement of mining works.

Relics Collection

The portable relics are ultimately judged according to their significance and interpretivepotential out of context. Four categories result.

1. High Interpretive Potential - collect and incorporate in the interpretive program ifdisturbance is imminent.

ROl Cemetery monuments and cast iron fence

R02 Cornish boiler shell body

R03 End of boiler

R04 Pump remnant

R05 Bricks, fire and commons

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R06 Village relics

Rll Slag bucket

R12 1917-28 cable (representative length)

R13 Hoskins railway track

R15 Ten head stamper battery

R17 1941 BHP Fish plate

R18 Tommy Dodd Roller guide

R19 Cable roller

R23 Cable pulley wheel

R26 Curved track and rollers

R28 Ash or fireplace shovel

2. ModeratelLow Interpretive Potential - collect and incorporate an interpretive programonly if useful, subject to further research or excavation.

R07 Possible former stamper battery site

R14 Possible ore bin chute liner

R20 Possible rising rope controller

R21 Skip car

3. ModeratelLow Interpretive Potential - collect and incorporate in interpretive programonly if useful otherwise abandon.

R09 Stamping battery mortar

RIO Chimney stack, two pieces

R24 Detonator stores

R25 Pacific copper headframe

R27 Prospecting lease corner post Little Cadia

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R29 Wood and metal box

R30 Hold down bolts, smelter, Little Cadia

4. No Interpretive Value, out of context - abandon

R08 Five head stamper battery post

R16 Four ton side tipping ship (damaged)

R22 Possible ship chassis remnant

Required Conservation Actions

Conservation actions are recommended in Section 4.0. The required conservation actionsrange from interpret in situ with no preservation works to quite complex collection,relocation and care recommendations. The items with more complex requirements are:

R01 The Cemetery Monuments require expert advice from the Technical Advisory Groupon Materials Conservation of the Heritage Councii of New South Waies andcompliance with the Cemeteries-Guidelines for their Conservation, publication by theNew South Wales Department of Planning.

R15 The Ten Head Stamper Battery - excavate with care, label and re-erect under cover.

R04 Pump remnant - place on brick footings in existing location.

Items requiring coating with phosphoric acid (by brush) and exhibition under cover are:

R17 1941 BHP Fish Plate

R18 Tommy Dodd Roller Guide

R19 Cable Roller

R21 Ship Car

R23 Cable Pulley Wheel

R26 Curved Track and Rollers

R28 Ash or Fireplace Shovel

For all other items provision of security is a requirement and depending on the interpretiveprogram they may be located and interpreted as required.

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1.3 STUDY AREA

1.1 PREAMBLE

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Cadia Mining Precinct Inventory of Historic Sites and Relics

Archaeological Assessment

Archival Recording

Interpretive Advice

Portable Relics - Conservation and Management

Conservation Plan

The proposed mining operation has the potential to eradicate most of the existing physicalevidence of former mining operations on the site.

The Cadia Mining Precinct is identified as all that area under the control of NewcrestMining Pty Ltd with the potential to be affected by propo~edmining operations. Figure 1.1shows the location and context of the study area. The study area which includes land in theShire of Blayney and Cabonne is presented in Figure 1.2.

This report primarily addresses the conservation management of relics located on the CadiaMining Precinct. The precinct is currently undergoing a feasibility study for a major goldmining project which will consist of several major open pit quarries and massive rock wastedumps.

The general paucity of physical remnants of former operations is addressed in detail in theConservation Plan, Volume I.

GODDENMACKAY-

Volume VI

Volume IV

Volume V

Volume II

VolumeIII

Volume I

This report is Volume HI of six reports concerned with the conservation of the historicCadia Mining Precinct. The report is prepared by Godden Mackay Pty Ltd for NewcrestMining Pty Ltd. The set of reports prepared by Godden Mackay Pty Ltd are:

1.0 INTRODUCTION



GODDENMACKAY

1.4 AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION

This report was prepared by Jill Sheppard with expert analysis of the conservationrequirements of the various items and materials by Don Godden. Field survey andidentification was carried out by Don Godden, Jill Sheppard and Phillipa Newling withinvaluable assistance from Brian French, Chris Pratten and Gary Johnston. The report hasbeen reviewed by Richard Mackay.

1.5 METHODOLOGY

Based on analysis of historical maps and the knowledge of the study team, all known sitesin the study area were traversed and potential locations of former mining operations werevisited.

Relics identified as being portable, with interpretive potential related to former miningoperations, were tagged with numbered metal tags. Several items whose purpose wasunknown, which may have been associated with former mining operations, were initiallyincluded in this group.

Each item was photographically recorded and described on an individual inventory sheet.Recommendations for the conservation of items are made in general in this report and arepresented specifically to the individual items on each inventory sheet.

1.6 TERMINOLOGY

The terminology employed in this report is consistent with the definitions provided inArticle 1 of the Burra Charter for the words place, cultural significance, fabric,conservation, maintenance, preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation andcompatible use.

Place means site, area, building or other work, group of buildings or other works togetherwith associated contents and surroundings. (place includes structures, ruins, archaeologicalsites and landscapes modified by human activity).

Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific or social value for past, present orfuture generations.

Fabric means all the physical material of the place.

Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its culturalsignificance. It includes maintenance and may according to circumstance includepreservation, restoration, reconstruction and adaptation and will be commonly acombination of more than one of these.

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1.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1.7 LIMITATIONS

Adaptation means modifying a place to suit proposed compatible uses.

As vegetation is cleared, however, it is possible that additional sites will be exposed.

Newcrest Mining Limited


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John Holliday

John Thompson

Gary Johnston

The study team wishes to acknowledge the assistance given by the following individualsand organisations but particularly by Brian French who has kindly made availabledocumentation collected while researching a proposed social history of Cadia. Brian alsomade himself available to accompany the study team during field work and providedinvaluable insights about the former operations as well as revealing some overgrown sitesand relics to the study team.

The field work was carried out over a period of approximately 24 person days and isgenerally considered thorough. However, the considerable area of the site, complexity oflandform and variety of vegetative cover has the potential to have obscured former sites.All major sites indicated on historic maps and known to the study team were visited.

GODDENMACKAY

This report refers to the whole study area as the Cadia Mining Precinct and individual sitesare known by the former operation with which they are associated.

Compatible use means a use which involves no change to the culturally significant fabric,changes which are substantially reversible or changes which require a minimal impact.

Restoration means returning a place as nearly as possible to a known earlier state and isdistinguished by the introduction of materials (new or old) into the fabric.

Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retardingdeterioration.

Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric, contents and setting of aplace, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstructionand it should be treated accordingly.



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2.0 CADIA THEMATIC mSTORY

2.1 BACKGROUND

Cadia is a valley located approximately 30 kilometres south west of Orange in a districtcharacterised by former mining sites and settlements. Cadia is notable for the range ofmining activities carried out on the site which included copper mining and smelting, ironore quarrying and gold mining and some minor silver production.

There are five principal themes associated with the Cadia Mining precinct. They are:

1. Copper mining and smelting as an early Australian industry.

2. The introduction of technologies associated with social origins.

3. Iron ore quarrying associated with the first steelworks in Australia.

4. Gold mining as a characteristic of the Orange district.

5. Lifestyles of mining communities.

Each theme is briefly discussed in the following section to provide a context for the sitesand relics which are the subject of this report.

For a full history of the site refer to Section 2.0 of the Conservation Plan and a contextualanalysis of the site is provided in Section 4.0 of the Conservation Plan.

2.1 COPPER MINING AND SMELTING AS AN EARLY AUSTRALIANINDUSTRY

Copper being a pure, relatively malleable metal has a long history of being in demand forfabricating into both utensils and building and pipe materials. The discovery of the Cadiaand Little Cadia copper and iron deposits are credited to Stutchbury the first geologicalsurveyor of New South Wales in 1851. However, the find was almost instantly eclipsed bythe discovery of gold at Ophir approximately 50 kilometres to the north east.

Copper mining at Cadia commenced in the early 1860s and mining at Little Cadia isthought to have commenced in the mid to late 1850s. In the Australian continent the firstmajor copper mining development commenced at Kapunda in South Australia in 1844 andits success and that of its successors, Moonta and Wallaroo inspired exploration and anumber of optimistic ventures.

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GIRILAMBONE COPPER SMELTING WORKS.

(HcvcrhcrJ.tor.r fi"uruacc, showing l)..,,\wl moulds tillcu with matte.)

Figure 2.1 A cl880 reverberatory furnace at the Girilambone Copper Smelting Works reproduced fromCame, 1899.

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2.2 THE INTRODUCTION OF EARLY TECHNOLOGIES ASSOCIATEDWITH SOCIAL ORIGINS

The theme of copper mining and smelting as an early Australian industry is so intertwinedwith the technologies associated with the origins of the immigrants that they cannot bepresented separately. When copper was first discovered in Australia, the world leaders incopper smelting technology were Germany and Wales.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Cornwall and Devon constituted the largest copperproducing district in the world. Then the bottom fell out of the European market and as hasbeen described by Daphne du Maurier in Vanishing Cornwall.

".... there was no alternative to starvation for miners but mass emigration. A thirdof the mining population left Cornwall before the end of the century, taking theirskills to other continents."!

In Australia the Welsh reverberatory furnace was adopted in preference to the Germantechnology. The development at Cadia was a classic representation of the English originsof many of the miners and the technology. The construction of a Cornish Engine house atCadia commenced in 1861 under the supervision of Captain Josiah Holman. Holman wasborn in Cornwall in 1821 (died at Cadia 1893) but worked in a variety of countries, thePhilippines, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Malacca and New Zealand before coming toAustralia. Cornish beam engines which were housed in such structures had provedthemselves in England and were imported to "pump water to keep the openings dry forhaulage and ore and for operating crushers, stamps and ore dressing plant.

The term beam engine refers to a steam engine with a vertical steam piston pushing and/orpulling on one end of a beam, pivoted at its near centres, the rise and fall at the other endoperating a pump or other mechanical device. In 1862 a smelter arrived from Walestogether with experienced men and smelter works were constructed at the southern end ofthe property.2 By 1866 Cadia was a small but thriving town owned by the ScottishAustralia Mining Co. of some 600 persons and the recorded production was over 2000 tonsof 12.5% ore by 1867. In 1868 Holman described the smelting works as follows:-

Extracts from a report of Captain J. Holman on the Cadiangullong Copper Mines dated 11June, 1868 when the mine had ceased operations contained the following description:

"Smelting works - the large shed covered with galvanised iron is 125 by 60 feet,under which are three copper ore furnaces, one roas~ing furnace, and a refineryfurnace. One ore smelting furnace and the refinery are complete, the othershaving had the bottoms recently taken out, will require rebuilding above thefoundations. The ironwork of these is complete, and the whole of these furnacescould quickly be put in efficient working order. A detached galvanised ironcovered shed 60 by 50 feet, contains one new copper ore smelting furnace

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THE SMELTING COMPANY OF AUSTRALlA·S WORKS. LAKE ILLAWARRA.

NEAR CAPTO.

(Bla""t FUfll:lec.)

Figure 2.2A A cl880 blast furnace at Lake Illawarra near Dapto reproduced from Came, 1899.

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complete, by having a new bottom. A detached galvanised iron covered shed, 35by 25 feet, covers a calcining furnace. Detached is a smith's shop with forge,anvil, vice and tools, also sets of smelting tools for immediate resumption ofworks. An assay office built of slags, with shingled roof, 29 by 28 feet, containstwo furnaces, assay tools, scales, weights, crucibles, chemicals, and fluxes forassaying with office furniture, stationary &c., &c. One of Avery's largeweighing machines, and a weighbridge used for weighing the fuel for the works.

These works are capable of reducing over 300 tons of copper oresmonthly."3

However, success was sporadic. The mine closed in 1868 and was not sold at auction.During the 1870s the mine reopened periodically.

Copper extraction together with some gold occurred in the 1880s. Significant works did notrecommence until 1905 when gold prospects were good and a reverberatory furnace wasinstalled in 1906 to smelt the copper, 5000 tons were raised and 150 men employed. Areverberatory furnace is essentially a masonry hearth with a roof over it. Copper ore whichhas been finely crushed and concentrated is mixed with flux and spread on the hearth, andan intense fire is lit in a fire box at one end of the furnace so that the flame passes over thecharge on its way to the flue. The charge is heated by a combination of direct radiationfrom the flame, heat reflected (or reverberated) from the vaulted roof and radiation fromheat stored in the masonry at the end of the process copper matte and slag were tapped fromseparate openings.4

By 1907 there were three reverberatory furnaces, a fourth being installed in 1908.

Another slump followed until 1912 when a new blast furnace was installed. By 1900 theUSA led the world in copper production and had become the leader of the development ofcopper related technology. Experiments had begun in the 1870s to control the temperatureof blast furnace walls by the use .of water jacket and by the 1890s the tall rectangular allmetal water jacket blast furnace had reached its mature form.s Australia's first waterjacketfurnace was probably erected at Cobar in 1893.6

The waterjacket furnace was utterly different in appearance from the reverberatory. It was atall box, rectangular in plan and supported by a steel frame. The charge was loaded at thetop, and slag and matte were tapped at the bottom; both processes were normally carried outwhile firing continued. It was surrounded by pipes; large ones carrying the air blast frommechanical blowers, and smaller ones carrying the cooling water that circulated through thehollow steel jacket. The manufacturers supplied the furnaces in modular parts, so theycould be made larger by bolting on a new end section.

There were three features which endeared waterjacket furnaces to company directors. First,they were relatively light and portable; they could be taken anywhere and bolted togetheraccording to an instruction book. Although they still used firebricks, their demand for them

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GREAT COBAR COPPER MINE.

(Water Jacket Blast Fun",ec, SO-tOll.)

Figure 2.3A A c1880 80 ton water jacket blast furnace at the Great Cobar copper mine reproduced fromCame,1899.

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was slight in comparison with the tons of masonry that made up a reverberatory. Second,they were durable. Their wateIjacket cooling and robust steel body made for very littledown-time, unlike reverberatories they worked continuously, and in competent hands theycould be fired for years without ever cooling down. Third, they were far more forgivingabout their charge than reverberatories. Their chemistry was fundamentally different in thatthe fuel and air blast actively participated in the process, so that previously intractablesulphide ores could successfully be oxidised as part of the matter smelting process.?

However, copper mining was closed again in 1915 and the site was cleared of valuable orrecyclable equipment and materials. The site was not even subject to any major explorationfor copper again until the late 1960s when Pacific Copper commenced exploration and thenworked two adits and a single shaft over the following decade.

2.3 IRON ORE QUARRYING AND TIIE ASSOCIATION WITH TIIE FIRSTSTEEL WORKS IN AUSTRALIA

Phase 1 - 1918-1928

The iron resource was recognised at Cadia from 1851 in association with the copper.However, exploiting it was not viable until a steelworks located in geographic proximity(ultimately in Lithgow) were (a) capable of processing it; and (b) had no closer source. TheEskbank Iron Works Co. had commenced operations in 1874, owned and managed byRutherford with the works consisting of rolling mills to manufacture rails from scrap iron, ablast furnace and foundry to smelt pig iron from local ore which was in operation by 187879.8 The earliest sources of iron ore for the works were Clarence, above the Zig Zag, Mt.Wilson and Blayney.

The plant was subject to numerous operating difficulties and passed from Rutherford toSandford in 1892. It was Sandford who imported a 5 tonne Siemens Martin open hearthfurnace and manufactured the first steel in Australia in 1900. Sandford held the works until1907 and vastly increased the capacity of the works from 1900 to 1907. The operationgradually depleted the iron ore reserves which were located in close proximity to Lithgowthen he built a railway to Carcoar. Sandford activated a lease at Tallawang in 1913 andCadia was opened in 1918 when the Eskbank Steelworks were under the ownership andmanagement of G & C Hoskins. The approximately 12 mile railway between Cadia andSpringhill, the government line, was survey in 1915 and the line completed by 1918. Anaerial tramway completed the connection to the Iron Duke which was worked by open cut,employing 130 men.

The railway carried four trains daily except Sundays in 1921 and was worked by thecompany's locomotives. Railway a~d aerial tramway infra structure were the loading bins,powerhouse and watering facilities for the locomotives. .

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Figure 2.4 Iron ore quarrying Phase 1 1918-1928 using the overhead ropeway (photograph courtesy of theGeological and Mining Museum - Department of Mineral Resources).

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A contemporary report (August 17, 1923, PR?) about the working Iron Duke deposit statesthat:

Four working faces, roughly parallel, forming a series of benches varying from50 to 100 feet high have been opened, the maximum length of anyone facebeing 400 feet and the minimum some 80 or 90 feet. Drilling is carried on withIngersoll-Sargent piston drills, air being supplied by a small BelliesCompressor supplying air at 80 lbs per square inch pressure. in view of thesmall mains, absence of receivers other than one at the compressor, andcomparatively long distances between machines and receiver, very poorpressures are available, and high drilling costs must result. Drill steels are handsharpened. Explosives used are Lithite and 60% gelignite with time fuses andNo. 7 detonators. The ground is easy shotting and explosive costs arecomparatively low. The ore after blasting is spelled and loaded by hand into, atthe lower benches, horse drays carrying about 1 ton each, 'and at the upperbenches, small trucks of 1 ton capacity running on 30" gauge track. Thesetrucks are lowered by a small self acting incline to the crusher below the bottombench and the rays tip direct into the crusher hopper. The crusher, a jaw typeand small capacity, delivers on to a short conveyor belt which in turn feeds a100 ton capacity timber hopper, the discharge chutes of this hopper passing theore to the skips of an aerial ropeway - by Ropeways Ltd - with a daily capacity(83/4 hours) of 950 tons. This ropeway with a travel of three quarters of a mileand a total lift of 330 feets, feeds a 1000 ton crushed ore storage bin built oftimber and with steel chutes which in turn pass the ore into railway wagons ofthe ordinary coal hopper type, carrying 16 tons of iron ore. From here the ore isdespatched direct to the blast furnaces at Lithgow.

Other equipment consists of a small power station containing a pair of Hoskins'patent water tube boilers, hand fired, a Buckeys Compound steam engineexhausting to atmosphere and coupled direct to a 6600 volt alternator of 35amps rated capacity. There is also the necessary distribution and switch gearwith transformers at the Quarry about 3/4 mile distant. All mechanical plant ismotor driven.

A few staff and workman's cottages have been erected and there is quite aconsiderable township close to the mine.

Two small locomotives of standard NSW gauge with loco shed and coaling andwatering facilities, complete the equipment.

The 11 miles of single track from Cadia to Spring Hill were constructed and areowned by the State, which also receives a freight rate for iron ore shipped, thisfreight it is stated, being about 15% of the regular rate. The railway ismaintained and operated by Hoskins Ltd. and the rolling stock other thanlocomotives, is stated owned.

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Figure 2.5 The Eskbank Iron and Steelworks in 1905, from a publicity brochure. (Mitchell Library (ML),Small Picture File). (Reproduced from Australia's Age of Iron, Jack and Cremin Oxford University Press,1994 p. 105).

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In 1927, most of the 180,108 tons of ore used at the Lithgow works was recorded as beingsupplied from Cadia, but the following year the blast furnaces were closed due to thecompany's relocation to Port Kembla. This resulted in a drop in production of ore from theIron Duke 84,206 tons being recorded as won in 1928, and 874 tons in 1929.

Phase II - 1943-1945 - Australian Iron and Steel

The Iron Duke Quarries Re-OpenThe onset of the Second World War caused a renewal of activity in the mining for all threemajor metals found at Cadia - iron, copper and gold.

Between 1940 and 1942, Cadia Gold Mines Pty Ltd treated 8,660 tons of ore from the IronDuke quarries to obtain 691 oz of gold. From the old Chillcott Copper Mine 59 oz of goldwas extracted from copper ores sent to Port Kembla. It seems, however, that iron wasregarded as being more important than gold for the war effort, as the Department of Minesrecords that in 1943 the areas held by the Cadia Gold Mines Pty Ltd were worked byAustralian Iron and Steel, and no gold was produced.

The Cadia iron deposits were opened up by Australian Iron and Steel Ltd following aninspection of all iron ore deposits in New South Wales. Seven quarries in all were openedin the early 194Os, the others being at Crookwell, Breadalbane, North and South Michelago,Tirtanna and Herrawa, but Cadia was the biggest. Although the New South Wales oreswere of lower grade than those from South Australia, shipping shortages and interruptionscaused by wartime conditions resulted in a serious restriction in the supplies of high-gradeore from Whyalla to the Port Kembla and Newcastle blast furnaces. This shortfall had to bemade up from deposits in New South Wales.

As the rails on the old Hoskins' line between Spring Hill and the terminus above Rodd'sCreek had not been lifted after operations had ceased in the late 1920s, it was possible torehabilitate the track, the line being re-opened in August, 1941. A company locomotivewas sent from Port Kembla to assist repair the track, but the actual haulage of ore trains inthe Word War II phase of the line's operation was carried out by hired NSWGRlocomotives.

The aerial ropeway was considered too expensive to reclaim, and in this operation duringthe war years the ore was conveyed from the quarry faces on the Iron Duke to the railwayby means of a new two line continuous skipway incline, the terminus of the railway beingextended at this time westward to the site of the ore bin at the top of the incline. The widthof the old formation today in front of the site of the new loading bins indicates that theextension of the line ended in a short section of double tra.ck. Presumably a run-round loopwas provided for locomotives.

A contemporary description of the operations at Cadia during World War II states that thedeposit was originally worked by six quarries or benches extending from the lower level upthe face of the Iron Duke. Mining is now being carried on in Nos. 7 and 8 quarries, which

16


Figure 2.6 Formal opening of the blast furnace, 13 May, 1907. (ML, PXA149). (Reproduced fromAustralia's Al:e of Iron. Jack and Cremin, Oxford University Press 1994 p. 112).

Figure 2.7 The enlarged plant in 1915. (Hoskins' "Blue Book,,). ReprodUced from Australia's Al:c of Iron.Jack and Cremin, Oxford University Press 1994 p. 117).

17


GODDENMACKAY

will take in the cap on the top of the hill. The nearest practicable loading point for therailway terminal is distant one mile by skipway from the quarries, at approximately thesame level, but separated by Cadiangullong Creek, which flows 400ft. below the quarries.A two-line skipway has been installed to transport ore from the quarries to the loadingstation, using an endless haulage rope, 11/8 in. in diameter, and 4-ton side tipping skips ona 3 ft. 6 in. gauge.

"Ore has been won during the past year from the two benches of Nos. 7 and 8quarries by standard quarry methods, and hand-loaded into one yard side-tippingskips by which it is led on 24 in. gauge tracks to the loading and surge bin abovethe skipway terminal. Horses and drays were used in the quarries during thedevelopmental period, and more recently a one yard Marion steam shovel hasbeen installed in the No. 7 quarry, and provision made for it to load ore directfrom the face into the 4 ton transport skips."

This report, originally appearing in the BHP Review, noted that the haulage capacity of theinclines was 800 to 1000 tons per day. A 200 hp electric motor, whose concrete mountingblocks may still be seen at the top of the incline, drove the haulage rope, electric powerbeing obtained from the Orange Council. The average grade of the skip\vay on the IronDuke side of the creek was 1 in 4, and on the side leading to the railway loading bins it was1 in 8.

The change of direction of the skipway, and the reversal of grade at the crossing ofCadiangullong Creek, presented difficult problems. The report noted that an installation of"Tommy Dodd" rollers guided the skip-laden rope around the change of direction on thelower slope of the Iron Duke. At the creek the rope was restrained to skipway level at thereversal of grade by a series of rising rope controllers located on both sides of the bridgecrossing. Evidence of both these features remain in situ today.

The quarrying of iron ore from the Iron Duke finally ceased in 1945 and the private railwaywas closed on August 29, 1945 and the track was subsequently lifted.

2.4 GOLD MINING AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ORANGE DISTRICT

Major gold bearing areas accessible from Orange include Ophir, Tambaroora (Hill End),Sofala 1851, Wattle Flat, Stuart Town 1875-1914, Abercrombie Caves, Lucknow,Lyndhurst, Junction Reefs (1868) and Cargo Common.

The notion of a California style gold rush had became attractive to the impoverishedcolonial government in 1851 and a reward was offered for the first person to find a payablegold field. Four ounces of gold found at Summer Hill Creek by Edward Hargraves,William Tom Jr. and John Lister were proof of a payable gold field and the site renamedOphir became the focus of Australia's first gold rush.

18


GODDENMACKAY

The April 1851 rush centred on Ophir Junction with miners working up Lewis Ponds Creekand down Summer Hill Creek. The rush lasted only until August 1952. In 1865 a quartzreef mining phase began at Ophir temporarily reawakening the site.

By comparison Cadia's gold bearing deposits have been sporadically exploited and includeno major finds. They are overshadowed by the major copper and iron deposits. A vein ofgold bearing quartz was noted at Cadia in 1868 but gold was not known to be activelypursued until 1889 when the Scottish Australian Mining Company had a small existingmining operation and were searching for gold and copper, 58.5 ounces of gold and 50 tonsof copper were raised in 1889 and gold production was sporadic and small scale insubsequent years. Several times optimistic plans were made for instance in 1904 the CadiaGold Syndicate was preparing to work a low grade proposition and by 1905 eighty menwere employed working an open cut with a 4000 ton and a work treatment plant proposed.However, by 1907 the Syndicate was reduced to prospecting. The 1908 District Guidenoted that large nuggets had been found in the locality but no deposit to any extent. CadiaHill Gold Mining Co. was reported as working a low grade deposit S.E. of Cadia from 1908to 1909.

The final resurgence of the copper mine in 1913 was accompanied by production of silverand gold and the mine closed in 1917.

In 1933 Cadia Hill Gold Deposits NL was reported to have commenced work on a largedeposit of low grade ore but they appear to have only sunk several test drills, beforeabandoning the operation in 1934. A Mr Tinnock appears to have been the most consistentgold miner of the site for about a decade (c.1935 on) although his operations were smallscale, he consistently won small amounts of gold. In the late 1930s Mylecharane workedthe Iron Duke deposits by open cut with a small five head battery. The prospect waspurchased by Cadia Gold Mine Pty Ltd who installed a fifteen head heavy stamp battery.Between 1940 and 1942 Cadia Gold Mines Pty Ltd treated 8,660 tons of ore to obtain 691ozs of gold. From the old Chilcott Copper mine 59 oz were extracted from the copper oresent to Port Kembla. However, iron was give priority over gold and in 1943 the Cadia GoldMines area was given over to iron quarrying. Mter the war, gold mining was desultory andthe Cadia Gold Mines plant was dismantled in 1952. In the 1960s and 70s Pacific Copperinstituted a series of exploratory drills, however, after more than a decades work on drillingtwo adits and a single shaft, the site was abandoned. The site is now being assessed byNewcrest Mining (VIA) Limited for a low grade large scale open cut gold mining operation.

2.5 LIFESTYLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MINING COMMUNITIES

A village reserve on the east bank of Cadiangullong Creek in what appears to be the site ofCadia Village is shown on Baker's 1843 map of the County of Bathurst when none of thesurrounding land was taken up. It is not known why a village reserve was set aside so earlyin what was then such a remote and unsettled district. However, by 1859 the landholdingson both the east and west sides of Cadiangullong Creek had been taken up.

19

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Figure 2.8 Cadia Village in the background with the smoke from Smelter No. 3 blowing across the village in the period 1907-1915. (photograph courtesy of the Geologicaland Mining Museum - Department of Mineral Resources).

20


GODDENMACKAY

In 1861 Sydney Mail's Wandering Reporter describes the settlement as divided in two partsby the creek and consisting of miners huts, stores and shops arranged in somethingapproaching a row and describes the somewhat fancifully the noise of the steam engine,operating machinery and furnaces permeated by the "unmistakably sulphury odour".

Bailliere's NSW Gazeteer of 1866 reported that Cadia was a private postal township where"the Cadiangullong Consolidated Copper Company have extensive workings in theneighbourhood, which employ a large number of hands". The Gazeteer continued, in amore restrained style than the press, but no less helpfully descriptive:

There is no hospital in Cadia, but there is a resident medical man, and thegreater proportion of the population being employed by the copper miningcompany pay a weekly subscription which entitles them to gratuitous medicalassistance when needed. There is one hotel in the township. Cadia being theprivate property of the Cadiangullong Mining Company, all residents aresubject to the control of the board of directors of that c;ompany, who have, asyet, granted no definite leases, or disposed ofallotments in the township to anyof the business residents. There are at present 4 general stores, a post office,and other shops usually found in small towns....The population numbers about600 persons.

The Gazeteer noted that the Cornish Engine was "one of the largest and finest pieces ofmachinery out of Sydney, the building enclosing it being substantially erected of stone."

Holman in 1868 reported that the "irregular township" consisted of a 30 by 60 feetmanager's house, upwards of 60 huts, a few built of slabs with shingled roofs and theremainder of slabs with bark roofs, two hotels and three stores, "chiefly the property of thecompany". Completing the village were a chapel and the Government school on its oneacre block.

The school was constructed between 1864 and 1865 with 12 pupils enrolled in 1865 and 81pupils in 1866. The numbers were to ebb and flow in contrast with the success and declineof the mining operations, but the school functioned for 75 years.

The Depression years 1930-1940 must have been very tough for an isolated village likeCadia reliant on mining. However, it is recorded that the post office and school, oneboarding house, one store and a hairdresser kept going through the decade.

The most evocative record of the village life and its hardships is perhaps found in therecords for the cemetery where approximately 75% of the 103 purials were for childrenwhose lives ranged from several hours up to four years. In more recent years a significantproportion of the graves are thought to have eroded into the creek. Life in the village musthave improved dramatically with the decrease in isolation after 1918 when the Iron Dukewas quarried for iron ore and there were four trains a day except Sundays.

21

2. McCarthy & Connell Cadia Conservation Study, June, 1989 p. 75.

8. Jack & CreminAustralia's Age ofIron Oxford University Press 1994 pp 98-99.

1. R. Prain Copper, The Anatomy of an Industry, Mining Journal Books Ltd, London1975, pp 21-22.

4. Bell & McCarthy The Evaluation ofEarly Copper Smelting Technology in Australia,1994 p. 3.

22

GODDENMACKAY

7. ibid, p. 4.

5. ibid, p. 4.

6. ibid, p. 4.

3. ibid, p. 78.

2.6 REFERENCES

The large scale mining or quarrying on site ceased in 1945 and the village is thought tohave subsequently been cleared. Historic photographs show the buildings to have beenmostly timber framed corrugated iron or weatherboard clad structures with brick chimneystacks. Because it was not freehold the residents had no security of tenure and moresubstantial buildings were too risky. There is virtually no visible fabric evidence of theformer village site left.

Cadia township at that time had a magistrate, post office, public school, billiard saloon,boarding house, hotel, hairdresser, mercer, public hall, two stores and an agent for theGovernment Savings Bank of NSW. By 1925, the village had grown to a population ofabout 300, and the businesses recorded had increased to three boarding houses and threestores in addition to a butcher.

1921 was to be a sad year of the people of Cadia and district when the worst disaster in thehistory of the mines of the Cadiangullong valley claimed the lives of nine men. At a littleafter two o'clock on the afternoon of Thursday, March 10th, seventy out of the total numberof 160 men employed at the quarries were working on the top bench of the Iron Duke. Onthe face of the bench, William Taylor, powder monkey, was preparing a hole which hadbeen previously enlarged by small charges to take a large charge. A piece' of still-lightedfuse from the smaller charges remaining in the hole is believed to have prematurely set offthe major charge, with the result that an estimated 300 to 400 tons of ore slid to the foot-ofthe face trapping the men below. Six of the nine miners killed came from Orange.

~----~~----------------------------------------.,


~-- ~-----------------------------------------I


GODDENMACKAY

3.0 RELICS COLLECTION POLICY

A relics collection policy has been prepared to guide the collection, storage and care ofrelics identified on the site. It is reproduced below from the Conservation Plan. This policyshould form part of the overall site development strategy

Collection of all the identified relics on the precinct and removal for interpretation in theone major operation is not appropriate as it is possible that the mining venture may notproceed as it is currently envisaged, and some sites earmarked for later development, may infact never be developed, for a variety of reasons which are not presently apparent.

1. Relics should be left in situ where possible.

2. Collection of relics should be staged to occur just before an area is to be disturbed bymajor mining operations.

3. As each major development is confirmed and the operation is immanent, the identifiedrelics in the area should be carefully collected.

4. The area may then be cleared of vegetation and any additional relics exposed in thisprocess should be photographically recorded insitu, their location marked on a map andthen they may be carefully removed.

5. Items to be removed should be kept in the largest possible pieces, ie they should bedismantled as little as possible.

6. Items that must be dismantled prior to removal should be photographed to showconnections, sketched if appropriate and the parts carefully labelled prior todismantling.

7. Mer collection the relics should be labelled, catalogued and stored in a safe repositoryavailable for use in the interpretation centre.

8. Expert conservation advice should be sought if necessary.

Areas of identified archaeological potential should be subject to the recommendations of aq"¥lified archaeologist and their archaeological potential should be realized prior to anymajor mining works in the area of the sites. Sufficient time must be scheduled forarchaeological investigations prior to the commencement of mining works.

23


GODDENMACKAY

The above policy is provided to guide all future collection and handling of portable relics.It is recognised that relics in addition to those identified during the field study may bediscovered when the vegetation is cleared prior to the development of an area, so some timeshould be scheduled for possible relics handling prior to the development of any area.

It is also recognised that many of the identified relics have relatively low interpretive value.However depending on the focus of the interpretive program some relics for which therecommendation is "abandon", may in fact proove useful depending on the finalarrangement and choice of display themes at the interpretive centre. To take this possibilityinto account all the relics identified as portable have been listed and their associated themesare provided below.

24

Name Tag No Associated Interpretive Themes Sub-Themes

01 Cemetery Lifestyles in mining communities. Hardship and healthMonuments

02 Cornish Boiler Copper mining and smelting as an HoskinsShell Body early Australian industry. The Cadia Engine House

The introduction of technologies Scrap Collectionassociated with social origins.

03 Boiler End Copper mining and smelting as an Hoskinsearly Australian industry. The Cadia Engine HouseThe introduction of technologies Scrap Collectionassociated with social origins.

04 Pump Remnant 114 Copper mining and smelting as an Copper smeltingearly Australian industry. technology

05 Bricks (common Copper mining and smelting as an Copper smeltingorfumace) early Australian industry. technology

06 Village Relics Lifestyles in mining communities. Village amenities.(bottles, caskhOOps etc)

07 Possible Former Copper mining and smelting as an TechnologyStamper Battery early Australian industry.Site Gold mining as a characteristic of

the Orange District

08 Five Head Copper mining and smelting as an TechnologyStamper Battery early Australian industry.Post Gold mining as a characteristic of

the Orange District

09 Stamping Battery Copper mining and smelting as an Gold mining technology.Mortar early Australian industry. Stamper battery

Gold mining as a characteristic of technology in particular.the Orange District

10 Chimney Stack Copper mining and smelting as an Copper smelting(2 pieces) early Australian industry. technology


4.0

4.1

GODDENMACKAY

TABLES

LIST OF PORTABLE RELICS AND ASSOCIATED INTERPRETIVETHEMES

25


GODDENMACKAY


11 Slag Bucket Copper mining and smelting as an Copper smeltingearly Australian industry. technology

Contemporary life

12 1917-28 Cable 117 Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.the first steel works in Australia. Circulation of ore on the

site.

13 Hoskins Railway 115,116 Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Track the first steel works in Australia. Circulation of ore on the

site.

14 Possible Former Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Ore Chute Liner the first steel works in Australia. Circulation of ore on the

site.

15 Ten Head 56,129, Gold mining as a characteristic of Gold mining technology.Stamper Battery 130,131 the Orange District. Stamper battery

132,133 technology in particular.

16 4 ton Side Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Tipping Skip the first steel works in Australia. Circulation of ore on the

site.

17 1941 BHP Fish 103. Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Plate World War n. Circulation of ore on the

site.

18 TonimyDodd 102 Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Roller Guide World War IT. Circulation of ore on the

site.

19 Cable Wheel none Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Guide World War n.

Circulation of ore on thesite.

20 Possible Rising 105 Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Rope (Cable) World War n. Circulation of ore on theController site.

26


GODDENMACKAY


21 Skip Car Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.World War H. Circulation of ore on the

site.

22 Possible Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Remnantofa World War H. Circulation of ore on theSkip Chassis site.

23 Cable PulleyWheel

24 Detonator Store 118 Iron ore quarrying associated with Quarrying techniques.World WarH. The explosives disaster of

(2) March 10, 1921whichreulted in the loss of 9men.

25 Pacific Copper Lifestyles in mining communities. Exploiation as aExploration shaft component of miningheadframe Pacific Copper

26 Curved Track & Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.Rollers, Iron World War H. Circulation of ore on theDuke site.

27 Prospecting Lifestyles in mining communities. Making do, using availableLease Corner items.Post (LittleCadia)

28 Ash or Hearth 101 Iron ore quarrying associated with Ore circulation technology.shovel World War H. Circulation of ore on the

site.

29 Wood & Metal Lifestyles in mining communities. Available levels ofBox technology

30 Hold Down Bolts 127,129 Copper mining and smelting as an Copper smeltingSmelter Little early Australian industry. technology.Cadia

27

IIIIII 4.2

GODDENMACKAY

RELICS REMOVAL AND CONSERVATION REQUIREMENTS

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

No. Name Tag Relics Removal Relics Removal & ConservationNo. Requirements Requirements Recommendations

01 Cemetery Remove under archaeological Move to nominated site in CadiaMomuments & supervision and relocate, Engine House Permanentcast iron fence handle carefully. Conservation area, seek expert

advice from TAGMA£ and complywith Cemeteries -Guidelines fortheir Conservation NSW Dept ofPlanning

02 Cornish Boiler 1. Leave in situ 1. No conservation works requiredShell Body 2. If site is to be disturbed: 2. No conservation works required.

Remove with care- Relocate to Cadia Engine

House pca area, in or closeto the former Boiler House

03 End of Boiler Leave in situ No conservation works required

04 Pump Remnant 114 Handle with care Place on masonry footings inexisting location

05 Bricks, (Fire & Collect from sites, those Move to Interpretive Centrecommon) reasonably intact&/or

marked with makers names.

06 Village Relics Should be subject to Move to Interpretive Centre and(bottles, cask examination by a qualified display as required.hoops etc) archaeologist in the first

instance. The archaeologistwill hand the collection overto the Interpretation centre.

O? Possible Former Excavate with an excavation Actions subject to findingsStamping Battery permit and industrialSite archaeologist in attendance

08 Five Head Abandon AbandonStamper BatteryPost

28

II

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY


09 Stamping Battery Requires heavy lifting Move to Interpretive Centre only ifMortar equipment. Shaft must be required for interpretive purposes.

made safe after removal.

10 Chimney Stack Careful handling Move to Interpretive Centre only if(2 pieces) required for interpretive purposes

and otherwise abandon.

11 Slag Bucket Not fragile, acquire intact Move to Interpretive Centre, placeslag shell too if possible under cover and secure.

12 1917-28 Cable 117 Not fragile Move to interpretive Centre, secureunder cover: representative length eg10 metres only

13 Hoskins Railway 115,116 Not fragile Move to interpretive Centre, secureTrack under cover,

14 Possible Ore Bin 108 Damaged/partial, consult More research, then abandon orChute Liner interpretive manager, gather remove to the Interpretive Centre.

only if useful for interpretivepurposes.

15 Ten Head 56,129, Consult with interpretive Move to interpretive Centre, andStamper Battery 130,131 manager. Remove all display under cover

132,133 required portablecomponents, especiallymetal, but may includetimber if required. Prior toremoval excavate site withcare. Photographicallyrecord. Measured drawingsor sketches if required for re-erection purposes. Labelcarefully.

16 4 ton Side Damaged AbandonTipping Skip

17 1941 BHP Fish 103 Not fragile Move to interpretive Centre, securePlate under cover, apply phosphoric acid

(by brush)

29

GODDENMACKAY

No. Name Tag Relics Removal Relics Removal & Conservation,No. Requirements Requirements Recommendations

18 TommyDodd 102 Select one or several, not Move to interpretive Centre, secureRoller Guide fragile to prevent theft, apply phosphoric

acid (by brush)

19 Cable Roller none Not fragile. Select one or Move to interpretive Centre, secureseveral under cover, secure to prevent theft,

apply phosphoric acid (by brush)

20 Possible Rising 105 Requires heavy lifting Subject to more research, abandonRope (Cable) equipment. Not fragile or move to the Interpretive CentreController

21 Skip Car 110 Handle with care Further research - if required. Moveto Interpretive Centre, place undercover, apply phosphoric acid (bybrush)

22 Possible Skip 106 Not fragile AbandonChassisRemnanat

23 Cable Pulley 116 Excavate carefully and gather Move to interpretive Centre, securewheel any artefacts discovered under cover, secure to prevent theft,

during the excavation apply phosphoric acid (by brush)connected with or possiblyrelated to the pulley wheel.Sketch & pb,otographrelationships if any.

24 Detonator Store/s 118 Remove detonator store Abandonsuperstructure in one piece ifpossible. Include fallen door.Buried posts may beexcavated and removedseparately but should belabelled for re-erection inoriginal locations..

25 Pacific Copper Not significant. Only acquire AbandonExploration if required by interpretiveHeadframe program.

30


GODDENMACKAY


26 Curved Track & Clear area. Photograph and Move to interpretive Centre, secureRollers, Iron prepare a measured drawing. under cover, secure to prevent theft,Duke Label for re-erection prior to apply phosphoric acid (by brush)

dismantling. Dismantlingshould be minimised.

27 Prospecting Cut at approximately 30 cm AbandonLease Corner below ground level with carePost (Little to provide a good base for re-Cadia) erection. Transport with

care.

28 Ash or Fireplace 101 Not fragile Move to Interpretive Centre, placeshovel under cover, secure to prevent theft,

apply phosphoric acid (by brush)

29 Wood & Metal Gather and identify if AbandonBox possible. Consider for the

interpretive program.

30 Hold Down Bolts 127,129 Keep it in one piece as much AbandonSmelter Little as possible. Excavate &Cadia photographically record

relationships, labelcomponents. Remove beamsand bolts taking care torecord relationships by sketchplans prior to and duringremoval for reassembly.

31

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 ARCHAEOLOGY

5.2.1 Preliminary

5.0 ADVICE ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS

The archaeologist should formulate a programme of excavation and/or collection of theitems. This programme should form part of the submission to the Heritage Council, asset out below.

Newcrest should provide to the archaeologist a detailed list and map of the worksproposed in opening up Cadia Hill for development. This list should include atimetable of proposed works, the development boundary and detail any infrastructureand associated works to bring the area into commission. This list will enable thearchaeologist to assess the impact of various works on the archaeological resource anddetermine a timetable to respond to the various requirements of the work.

32

Newcrest should formally commission the recommended archaeological work for CadiaValley.

•

•

•

The following advice is predicated upon the understanding that "Cadia Hill" will be the firstpart of the development to commence and that some aspects of the associated infrastructurefor this work is likely to impact upon other areas with archaeological significance. Allexpectations regarding impacts are based upon the plan of works provided by NewcrestMining Ltd at September 1994.

GODDENMACKAY

The development of Cadia Hill and the construction of the road to this area is expected toimpact on several sites identified in the archaeological assessment and relic inventory.These include: the cemetery, the school house, west Cadia Village and industrial relics atthe eastern end of the P.C.O area. However it is possible that additional archaeologicaldeposits or relics will be affected depending on the scope of the proposed works.

Newcrest Mining Ltd has proposed Imillng work within the valley formed byCadiangullong Creek near Orange. Godden Mackay has recently completed a detailedHeritage Assessment and Conservation Plan for the area known as Cadia which included anArchaeological Assessment of the area. This advice seeks to clarify some of therecommendations provided in that report and sets out a series of steps associated with thearchaeological requirements.

III,

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

5.2.2 General

5.2.3 Archaeological Excavation

5.2.4 Cemetery


•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

GODDENMACKAY

Newcrest should submit to the NSW Heritage Council, through the projectarchaeologist, the Archaeological Assessment and Research Design for Cadiaaccompanying an excavation permit under s60 and s140 of the NSW Heritage Act,1977. The two applications are required as the opening up of Cadia Hill is expected toimpact both the PCO area and areas not under any Conservation Orders.

Newcrest should allow 4-6 weeks for processing and issue of the permits by theHeritage Council.

A minimum of four weeks notice is required prior to commencement of thearchaeological excavation. This period is required for recruitment of excavation staff,purchase of stores and contract finalization.

During excavation all relics collected (excluding the cemetery remains) become theproperty and responsibility of Newcrest Mining Limited. Curation and storage of theseitems is also the responsibility of Newcrest Mining Limited.

Newcrest should allow 5-6 weeks for the excavation of the identified archaeologicalsites (excluding the cemetery) and the collection of the affected relics.

Post excavation analysis of artefacts and production of the excavation report for thesesites is expected to take 10-12 weeks.

Other works can commence at the completion of the excavation.

Newcrest should liaise with qualified consultants regarding the incorporation andinterpretation of some of the excavated material into the exhibition/interpretation centre.

Consultation with the Health Department and the archaeologist should determine thepreferred method of identification of individual graves and the preferred meth,od ofexcavation. This should enable determination of the amount of time required for theexcavation and removal of the remains and the specific requirements of the' HealthDepartment.

During this time liaison should be maintained with both the Heritage Branch and theHealth Department regarding the excavations at the cemetery.

33


GODDENMACKAY

6.0 INVENTORY OF PORTABLE RELICS

The following inventory shows a photograph of each item, the associated history whereknown and the location. Each inventory contains recommendations specific to the item.The 28 Items considered suitable for relocation and use in the interpretive program are:

ROl Cemetery monuments

R02 Cornish Boiler Shell (Body)

R03 Cornish Boiler Shell End

R04 Pump Remnant (Plunger & Gland)

R05 Bricks

R06 Village Remnants

R07 Possible Former Stamper Battery Site, subject to excvation findings.

R09 Stamping Battery Mortar

RH Slag Bucket

R12 Cable

R13 Hoskin's Railway Line

R15 Ten Head stamper Battery Remnant

R17 1941 BHP Fish Plate

R18 Tommy Dodd Roller Guides

R19 Cable Rollers

R20 Possible Rising Rope Controller subject to further research

R21 Skip Car

R23 Cable Pulley wheel

R26 Curved Track, Tommy Dodd rollers & Guides

R28 Ash or Fireplace Shovel

R29 Wood and metal box

R30 Smelter hold down bolts

34

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811

Recorded by: Don Godden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

Recommendations: Relocate to a new cemetery, conserve and interpret under supervision of a qualifiedarchaeologist. Advice of TAGMAC should be sought in relation to preservation and protection.

1994

Overall SignificanceAssessment5 Outstanding4 High3 Moderate2 Low1 Noneo Detracting

No.: ROl

Date

Map Ref. FC850960 (WDAL 8631 - 1 + 1111:50:000)

Photo Roll: 1.14,15

Interpretive Potential: High

Statement of SignificanceThe cemetery monuments are important physical remnants of the once busy mmmgcommunity and have strong associations with Josiah Holrnan who was a very significantlocal figure.

Informants:

Description, Operations, Condition and History - See Over

Photographs

Developmental Phase: c1860 to 1950

Associated Items:

Location: Cadia cemetery

Name: Cemetery Monuments

CADlA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS


"----------------------_ -

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Assoc.

No. ROl

Repre.RareSocialTech.

Interpretative Potential: High

Other

2

4 ./ ./

Aesth. Hist.

1

3 ./

5

Si nificance Assessment:

History:The most southerly monument is for Josiah Holman who died in 1893 and his wife Elizabeth who died in 1898.Josiah was the mine captain at Cadia during the 1860s and brought a considerable amount of mining expertise basedon Cornish techniques with him when he came to Cadia in 1861. He spent the rest of his life associated with theCadia district and owned land there. The northern monument is to Emily Louisa Blood, the wife of William G.Blood who died of tuberculosis, aged 33 years. Nothing is known of the history of the Blood family.

Item Name: Cemetery Monuments

Description, Operation and Condition:There are only two monuments left in the Cadia Cemetery. They are both marble and approximately 1200 high.Both are showing signs of deterioration due to exposure to the weather and lack of maintenance. The pair ofmonuments are surrounded by a single rail pipe fence.

I

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ---- -- ~ -

GODDEN MACKAY P'I'Y LID, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

Recorded by: Don Gadden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

1994

Overall SignificanceAssessment5 Outstanding4 High3 Moderate2 ww1 Noneo Detracting

Date: 1865-1880

No.: R02

Map Ref. Approx 97310N 99360E

Photo Roll: 4.30


Recommendations: Leave in situ unless disturbance is imminent, then excavate and remove with care. Relocate toCadia Engine House in or close to the former boiler house location (west of Engine House) - no conservation worksrequired.

Statement of SignificanceThe Cornish Boiler is a rare remnant of nineteenth century Cornish mining technology whichevidences the high capacity of the Cadia engine house. It also has the ability to demonstratenineteenth century wrought iron fabricating technology and boiler technology.

Informants: J.P. McCarthy and J.E. Connell, Cadia Conservation Study 1984.


Photographs

Developmental Phase: ('.-opper mining early phase

Associated Items: Cadia Engine House

Location: Cadia Road to Carcoar over Hoares Creek

Name: Cornish Boiler Shell (Body)

CADlA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS


Item Name: Cornish Boiler Shell (body) INo. R02

Description, Operation and Condition:The boiler house was built onto the western wall of the Cadia Engine House in a skillion roofed wing. CaptainHolman in his report of June 11, 1868 refers to the Cornish condensing engine of 25 inch cylinder with 10 ton boiler.The boiler was 31 feet (9.45m) long and 7 feet (2.14m) in diameter with a 4 feet (1.22m) diameter flue. This boilerwas larger than most Cornish boilers which were 24 feet (7.32m) long and 6 feet (1.83m) diameter with 3 feet0.915m) flues. The boiler is constructed of wrought iron.

History:The Cadia engine was built in 1859 in the Charlestown Foundry in Cornwall which was owned and run by JohnThomas from 1835 to 1866. The engine was inspected by James Sims prior to despatch to Sydney in 1859. Theengine was intended for the Good Hope Mine near Yass also owned by the Scottish Australian Mining Co. when itlanded in Australia in May 1860. The engine was moved from Yass to Cadia in 1861 but not installed. Under thesupervision of Captain Josiah Holman from Cornwall, the engine was finally erected in its current site in 1865.Rated at 50 hp, the 25 inch rotative engine hauled from a shaft 232 feet (71m) deep and operated on a 7 inches(178mm) (178mm) Cornish pump as well as driving a crusher and jigging and sawing machinery. The main periodsof operation were 1865-1868, 1870-1871 and 1876-1878. The engine was dismantled for scrap this century.

Si2nificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Ability Ability5 ./ ./ ./

4 ./ ./ ./

3 ./

2 ./ ./

1 ./

Interpretative Potential:

OtherThe shell of the boiler is constructed of conic or telescopic strakes composed of five plates each. This method ofmanufacture differs from the later method of boiler fabrication where the strakes were of two different sizes eachalternate one was slightly larger diameter than its neighbours. The telescopic method of manufacture used on thisboiler meant that only one template for setting out was needed as each section was identical.


GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY ffiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811


Recommendations: To be left in situ - no conservation works required.

1994


Date 1865-1880

No.: R03

Map Ref. 97460N 98590E

Photo Roll: 5.7


Statement of SignificanceThe Cornish Boiler is a rare remnant of nineteenth century Cornish mining technology whichevidences the high capacity of the Cadia engine house. It also has the ability to demonstratenineteenth century wrought iron fabricating technology.

Informants: J.P. McCarthy and J.E. Connell, Cadia Conservation Study 1984.

Description, Operations, Condition and History. See Over

Photographs

Developmental Phase: Copper mining early phase


Location: South of Ore Dressing Floor

Name: End of Boiler

CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY· PORTABLE RELICS


IIItem Name: End of Boiler INo. R03

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe boiler end plate is thought to be the front or fire door end of the boiler. The fire tube which was four feet (1.2m)in diameter ran the length of the boiler and was below the boiler centre line. The fire grate was arranged within thistube or flue and the heating surface completely surrounded the fire. This arrangement typified the Cornish boiler Iwhich developed from the egg-ended boiler which was a less efficient design. The end was made of 3 plates. Alljoints were lapped and single riveted with a scarfed mid plate where the 3 plates came together at the junction of thelongitudinal and circumferential joints. The former fire door and the fire tube are missing. The diameter is 7 foot,

Iplate thickness 3/8 inches and the joint to the shell or body is riveted angle iron.

IHistory:

ISignificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment: IAesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Ability Ability5 ./ ./ ./ I4 ./ ./ ./

3 ./

2 ./ ./ I1 ./


II

Other

IIIIIII

Recommendations: To be left in situ. Place on low masonry blocks to suspend above ground.

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY lULLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811



Date: c.1865-1880

1994

No.: R04

Map Ref. 97450N 98590E

Photo Roll: 5.13


Statement of SignificanceThe pump plunger and gland is a rare remnant of Cornish pumping technology. The piecedemonstrates the technological skills of the period and its strong association with the historicoperation of the Cadia Engine House.

Informants: J.M. McCarthy and J.E. Connell and Cadia Conservation Study 1989.


Photographs

Developmental Phase: Cadia Engine House

Associated Items: Cadia Engine House and Boiler

Location: South-west of Engine House

Name: Pump Remnant (plunger and Gland)

CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS

rJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Item Name: Pump Remnant (plunger and Gland) INo. R04

Description, Operation and Condition:The pump plunger and gland is 7 inches in diameter. The pump cylinder is missing. It is believed that this is part ofthe original pump used to raise water draining into the mine. The water was then available for re-use feeding theboiler, washing and treating ore, cooling the condensers and supplying other mine requirements while the balance randown the gully (Bell and McCarthy, 1989).

History:Captain Holman reported on 11 June, 1868 that Phillips engine shaft served by the Cadia engine had a column of 8inch pumps down to the 26 fathom level. The auction of mine equipment advertisement in 16 June 1868 quotes thediameter as 9 inches in two lifts. The Cornish mining engineers developed particular pumps to suit the Cornishengine. The pump rod which extended down the shaft adjacent to the engine house was usually Oregon ranging from10 to 24 inches square in lengths up to 70 inches strapped together with wrought iron strapping plates. Attached tothe pump rod by offsets were a series of plunger pumps. The first pump in a sump at the bottom of the shaft was asuction pump which raised water to the first cistern on the up stroke of the pump rod. On the down stroke, theweight of the pump rod forced the several plungers into their respective barrels displacing water into the rising mainand the cisterns above.

Significance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Ability Ability5 ./ ./ ./

4 ./ ./ ./ ./

3 ./ ./

2 ./

1Interpretative Potential:

Other

[1

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811


Recommendations: Collect, intact or near intact bricks particularly those with makers names. Remove tointerprative centre.

1994


Date

No.: R05

Map Ref. In the vicinity of 97800N 99400E

Photo Roll: 2.35


Statement of SignificanceThe bricks found on the site have the ability to identify local manufacturers and importedbricks used for the furnaces. The fire bricks have strong associations with the early furnacebuilding technology.

Infonnants:

Photographs

Developmental Phase: From 1860's to c.1920

Description, Operations, Condition and History * See Over

Associated Items: Village, reverberatory furnaces.

Location: Varies - includes Little Cadia, Cadia Villageand former reverberatory furnace sites

Name: Bricks Firebrick,>, Sandstocks and dry present bricks

CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY * PORTABLE RELICS


Item Name: Bricks - Firebricks, sandstocks and dry present bricks INo. R05

Description, Operation and Condition:Bricks utilised in the Cadia Mining precinct were either of local manufacture used in chimney pieces for domesticresidences, or were imported firebricks for industrial buildings. Firebricks identified on the site are Dewar's ofBathurst while some are from Lithgow. (Jack RI 1991) ("SDIVE" 1876 - 1914 manufactured in Botany).

History:Reverberatory furnaces which were essentially an arched brick masonry hearth with a roof over it were introduced toCadia c.1862. The process of alternatively heating or cooling a masonry structure is very damaging to the masonryfabric. Skilled bricklayers and good quality firebricks were crucial to the durability and efficiency of a reverberatoryfurnace and both were in short supply in Australia. Bricks with brand names such as Cown, Gartcraig, Glenboig andLachmannan are found on mine sites all over Australia. Even as late as the turn of the century, firebricks cost £11per thousand at the wharf and Australian made ones £5 or more per thousand (Mayes 1908:96). However, in earliertimes transport costs to remote locations could raise the price tenfold (Bell and McCarthy: The Evolution of EarlyCopper Smeltin~ Technolo~y in Australia, 1994.)


Integ. Ability Abilitv54 ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/

3 ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/

2 ,/


Other


GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

Developmental Phase: Early copper mining phase 1. Date c1860-1928

Recommendations: Excavate under the supervision of an archaeologist. Relics should be incorporated in theinterpretive program where appropriate. They will be handed over by the archaeologist on completion of postexcavation analysis.

1994


No.: R06

Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

Photo Roll: 4-26

Recorded by: Don Godden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling



Statement of SignificanceThe archaeological deposits on site have strong associations with the former village and havehigh potential to provide educative information about the site not available from any othersource.

Informants:

Photographs

Associated Items: Former village

Name: Village Relics

Location: Former residential sites, Village & Little Cadia. Map Ref. In vicinity of 97800N 99400E



-----~------------------~- --------

I

Description, Operation and Condition:Located around the known site of the former village there are a number of surface disturbances which indicate formerstructures. There are also likely to be several pits into which rubbish was dumped. There are currently a few itemsin the form of bottles and barrel hoops visible on the surface.

Item Name: Village Relics No. R06III

History:The village was established in the 1860s and was continuously occupied by fluctuating numbers of residents until atleast 1928 when the Iron Duke first closed. It is not known whether the village continued to be occupied after theclosure or not. Certainly many of the workers who came to the site during the 1942-1945 period of operation lived ina camp on the north slopes north-east of the Iron Duke.

Si nificance Assessment: Varies accordin to itemsAesth. Hist. Tech. Social

5 N/A N/A N/A N/A4

N/A

Repre.

N/A

Assoc.

N/A

IIII

3

J-=-2-+----+---I---+----+------1f----I----+-----+---+--.411Interpretative Potential: Varies according to individual items.

IIIIIIIII

Other

IIL..- ---J

I

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY fiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811


Recommendations: Under the supervision of an industrial archaeologist with an Excavation Permit, this site shouldbe excavated and based on the findings of the excavation, components may be included in the interpretive program ifrequired.

1994


Date c1860-1868

No.: R07

Map Ref. 97600mN 99112mE

Photo Roll: 4-3

Interpretive Potential: Low. This site requires further research.

Description, Operations, Condition and History - See Over (Note description on tape)

Statement of SignificanceThis site is associated with the early period of mining at Cadia but more research is requiredto established its purpose and significance.

Informants:

Photographs

Developmental Phase: Early copper mining phase.


Name: Possible Former Stamper Battery Site

Location: East of Cadia Engine House on the banks ofCadiangullong Creek



Item Name: Possible Former Stamper Battery Site INo. RO?

Description, Operation and Condition:This site consists of a series of flat surfaces bordered by timbers set in the ground. A number of former componentsare scattered on the site, but they are partial. There is a single cast iron pipe close to the creek which may beassociated with former water pumping activities.

History:This site does not appear in any history and is not specifically mentioned in any of the mining reports. Its age isindeterminate because of the lack of artefactual material. Artefacts which would help date the principal period ofoccupation, may have been deposited on site at a later period.


Integ. Abilitv Abilitv543 ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

1 ./ ./ ./

Interpretative Potential: Low

Other


Statement of SignificanceThis remnant of a stamper battery is associated with gold mining on the site. It has strongassociations with the village site by its proximity.



1994

Overall SignificanceAssessment5 Outstanding4 High2 Low1 Noneo Detracting

No.: R08

Date pre 1900


~-~~-----------------'


Recorded by: Don Gadden, Jill Sheppard, PhilIipa Newling

Recommendations: Abandon.

Interpretive Potential: Low

Informants:

Photographs Photo Roll: E.14

Developmental Phase: Early Copper mining Phase

Associated Items: Former village and nearby shafts

Location: Adjacent to Cadiangullong Creek, East bank.

Name: Five Head Stamper Battery Post


II

Item Name: Five Head Stamper Battery Post INo. R08

Description, Operation and Condition: IAll that remains of the stamping battery is the two main posts, their supporting stays and the iron base or girdlewhich surrounded the base of the posts and held the mortar in place. There is no sign of the former engine that drove

Ithe battery and it is likely that the engine was a portable one. No other surface remains are evident.

History: IThe history of this site is not known. Gold had been known to exist at Oidia as early as 1868 and the ScottishAustralian Co. were raising copper and gold by 1889.

ISignificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:

Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc. IInteg. Ability Ability54 I3 ./ ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

1 ./ ./

IInterpretative Potential: Low

II

Other

IIIIIIIIII

CAD!A MINlNG PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LID, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

Recorded by: Don Godden, JiIl Sheppard, Phillipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994


1994

Date cl900

No.: R09


Photo Roll: 4-34

Recommendations: Collect and incorporate in the interpretive program only if required.


Statement of SignificanceThis starnper battery mortar is associated with the gold extraction which has been a minorindustry at Cadia since c1880.


Photographs

Infonnants:

Developmental Phase: Not known

Associated Items:

Name: Stamping Battery Mortar (Manual Feed)

Location: East of Cadiangullong Creek in the formervillage area.


Item Name: Stamping Battery Mortar INo. R09

Description, Operation and Condition:The mortar is a standard cast iron one for a five head stamper battery. This mortar has been removed from itsworking location (which is unknown) and has no makers name stamp visible in the fabric. No other componentshave been found.

History:Gold has been mined at Cadia since at least 1889 when the Scottish Australia Co. was raising copper and gold. Asmall five head battery was being operated by Mylecharane in the late 1930s. This prospect was then purchased bythe Cadia Gold Mine Pty Ltd who installed a fifteen head heavy stamp battery with bins and automatic feeders,amalgamating tables and classifiers.

Si2Dificance Assessment: I OversU Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Ability Ability543 ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

1 ./

Interpretative Potential: Low

Other

----_._..._~-----------


GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY fiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811

Name: Chimney Stack - 2 pieces INo.: RlO

Location: Lower eastern slopes of the Iron Duke IMap Ref. Approx 98250N 99500E

Developmental Phase: Copper mining - phase II IDate c.1905

Associated Items: Shafts at the base of the Iron Duke - eastern slope.

Photographs Photo Roll:

Informants


Statement of Significance Overall SignificanceThe chimney evidences the scale of operations located at the base of the Iron Duke early this Assessmentcentury. It represents sheet steel fabricating technology of the period and is associated with 5 Outstandingthe last major phase of copper mining on the site. 4 High

3 Moderate2 Low1 Noneo Detracting

Interpretive Potential: Moderate

Recommendations: Determine condition. May be removed and interpreted if appropriate, otherwise abandon.

SEE OVER FOR PHOTOGRAPHS

Recorded by: Don Godden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling IDate of Survey: June/Sept 1994 .


CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS 1994

Item Name: Chimney Stack - 2 pieces INo. RIO

Description, Operation and Condition:The lapped, rivetted sheet metal chimney stack tapers from the top to the base. It is though to have been fabricated intwo halves and the present break occurred at the former junction of the two pieces. The stack is from a former boiler.

History:The Cadia Copper Mining and Smelting Syndicate leased the Cadia Mine from the Scottish Australian Mining Co.Ltd in 1904 and the erection of a furnace was planned. By 1907, 190 men were employed producing ore some ofwhich was treated on site in three reverberatory furnaces using wood fuel and a fourth reverberatory furnace had beencommissioned by 1908. The former boiler chimney is thought to be associated with this phase of operations.


Integ. Ability Ability5 ./

4 ./ ./ ./

3 ./ ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./


Other



Developmental Phase: Copper mining - phase H. Copper smelter No. 3. Date 1904-1918.

Informants: Interview with Mr Vyvien Plumb, age 91 years on 27 February, 1994 by Mr Brian French.

1994


No.: RH


Photo Roll: 4.16

Recorded by: Don Gadden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling


Recommendations: Incorporate in interpretive program.

Statement of SignificanceThe slag bucket demonstrates an essential part of the smelting process. It also demonstratesthe relatively simple technology applied to that part of the process. It has strong associationswith the last period of copper mining at Cadia.

Photographs


Associated Items:

Name: Slag Bucket

Location: South east of the Iron Duke adjacent to the Map Ref. Approx 98100N 99285ECopper Smelter No. 3 Slag Heap



Item Name: Slag Bucket INo. Rll

Description, Operation and Condition:The slag bucket is a tapered circular section shape about 800mm diameter at the lip diminishing with depth. It isabout 700mm deep. It is a cast iron form with trunnions on either side which were used to rotate the bucket. Thisexample was the only one left on site and shows signs of pitting and deterioration from its operations.

History:Mr Vyvian Plumb, at age 91, described the tipping of the slag which he had witnessed as a boy when his father wasthe Manager of the wateIjacket furnace. "They used to drain the slag from the furnace into big pots - there were twoon each truck and they would pull them out on a little railway track right to the edge of the slag dump by horse.They would tip the slag over the side and it lit up the whole town with a very bright orange light. When they hadfinished pouring out the slag from the buckets there was a certain amount of it stuck to the side because it cooled off,so what they used to do was to give it a bang and this big shell of slag used to fall out over the side. This would goon all night".


Integ. Ability Ability5 ./ ./

4 ./ ./ ./

3 ./ ./ ./ ./

2 ./

1Interpretative Potential: High

Other




Statement of SignificanceThe cables have strong associations with the former iron ore mining operations of the site.They illustrate the relatively simple technology applied to circulation of ore within the site.

1994


Date 1918-1928.

No.: R12

Map Ref. 98475N 99250E

Photo Roll: 7-29

Recommendations: Incorporate lOm length in interpretive program if required.


Informants: FR? writing to the Manager of the Newcastle Steelworks, August 17, 1923.


Photographs

Developmental Phase: Iron Ore quarrying - Phase 1

Associated Items:

Name: Cable (1918-1928)

Location: Bench E


flIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

II

Item Name: Cable (1918-1928) INo. R12

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe cable is part of the infra-structure associated with the movement of ore on the site.

IHistory:Between 1918 and 1928 the Iron Duke was worked by Hoskin's Ltd under royalty conditions from the ScottishAustralia Mining Co. The total tonnage won during this period was 1,166,446 tons. During this period, four Iworking faces forming a series of benches had been opened up. The benches were worked by drilling and explosives.The ore after blasting is spelled and loaded by hand into, at the lower benches, horse drawn drays carrying about oneton each and at the upper benches, small trucks of one ton capacity running on 30 inch gauge tracks. The trucks are

Ithen lowered by a small self acting incline to the crusher below the bottom bench. This cable was used on thatincline.

ISi2l1iticance Assessment: I OveraU Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

IInteg. Ability Ability54

I3 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

21 ./ ./ ./

Interpretative Potential: IIIOther

I

IIIIIII

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO S1', SURRY illLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811

Recorded by: Don Gadden, Jill Sheppard, PhilIipa Newling Date of Survey: June!Sept 1994


1994


Date 1918-1928

No.: R13

Map Ref. 98475N 99130E

Photo Roll: 6.34

Recommendations: Incorporate in interpretive program.

Statement of SignificanceThe sections of railway track have strong associations with the Hoskins period of operationof the Eskbank steelworks. The coincidence of the opening of the quarry and date ofmanufacture has strong interpretive value.

Informants:


Photographs

Associated Items:

Location: Bench C

Name: Hoskins Railway Line

Developmental Phase: Iron Ore quarrying - phase I.



Item Name: Hoskins Railway Line INo. R13

Description, Operation and Condition:These are several sections of rail line in the quarry at Bench C. One has the inscription NSWGR 60LBS HOSKINSLD, LITHGOS 2-1918. This section was part of the 3 foot 6 inch (l006m) gauge track which formed part of thesecond incline ore transport system.

History:The GC Hoskins company were able to take over the Eskbank Works at Lithgow built up by Sandford as a result ofSandford's under capitalisation. The Eskbank works were the location of the first steel tapping in Australia in 1900.They commenced operation in 1874 and despite early difficulties and changes of ownership operated unti11928 whenthey were moved to Port Kembla. Hoskins was the most financially astute of the owners and he supervised theremoval of the plant to a more commercially viable site. Cadia was the third iron ore quarry activated for theEskbank works and it commenced operation in 1918. The section of railway track must have been fabricated aroundthe time the quarry came on line and was evidently used as part of the infra-structure required for the circulation ofthe raw ore from the Iron Duke to the Spring Hill railway line connection with a line to Lithgow.


Integ. Abilitv Abilitv5 -/ -/ -/

4 -/ -/ -/

3 -/ -/ -/ -/

21Interpretative Potential: High

Other


GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY fiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811


Statement of SignificanceThis remnant is damaged and partial and although it is thought to have associations with theearly phases of copper mining it has little interpretive value.

1994


Date pre 1900

No.: R14

Map Ref. In the vicinity of 97795N 99325E

Photo Roll: 5-16




Photographs

Informants:

Developmental Phase: Copper mining early phase.

Associated Items:

Name: Possibly an Ore Bin Chute Liner Remnant

Location: East of Cadiangullong Creek near the formerStamper Battery post.

CADIA MINING PRECINCI' INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS


IIItem Name: Possibly an Ore Bin Chute Liner Remnant INo. R14

Description, Operation and Condition: IThis is a riveted plate structure which is partial and damaged. It is not possible to ascertain its former role from theremaining evidence but it is thought to be associated with the end of the first phase of copper mining.

IIHistory:

This remnant is thought to be associated with the early phase of copper mining on the site pre 1900.

ISi2Diflcance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:

IAesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.Inte~. Ability Ability

5

I432 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

1 ./ ./ IInterpretative Potential: Low

II

Other

IIIIIIII·II

--~._~~----~--------------~

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY ffiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

Recorded by: Don Godden, JiIl Sheppard, PhilIipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

1994


Date c1930.

No.: R15

Map Ref. 98245N 99200E

Photo Roll: 3.35

Interpretive Potential: High.

Recommendations: Excavate carefully, photograph in situ, sketch and label components. Re-erect as appropriate aspart of the interpretive program.

Statement of SignificanceThis stamper battery represents the largest known gold extraction development on the site todate. It is no longer intact but contains sufficient remnants to demonstrate the formerarrangement and aspects of the operations.

Photographs

Infonnants:

Associated Items:


Developmental Phase: Last major phase of gold mining.

Location: North of Smelter No. 3, south-east slopes ofIron Duke

Name: Ten Head Stamper Battery Remnants

CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE REUCS


II

Item Name: 10 Head Stamper Battery Remnants INo. R15

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe former stamper battery is now derelict and semi submerged although a number of the major components areextant. The mortars are still bolted to their beds. The mains shaft has been removed as have the post and bearings,the carns from the shaft have also been stripped. The main shaft appears to have been dismantled prior to relocation, Ibut has been left adjacent to the mortars with its driven wheel intact. Skree has been pushed down from the benchabove the battery and now partially obscures it. The present road divides the site in two, the concrete dressing floorand cyanide tracks are on the southern side of the road. There is also evidence of a former sluice way. IHistory:

ICadia Gold Mines Pty Ltd purchased Mylecharanes prospect and installed a 15 head stamper battery in the late1930s. Stamper batteries generally are sets of five and these remnants are thought to be part of the 15 headinstallation. Cadia Gold Mines extracted 691 oz of gold from 8660 tons of ore in 1940-1942. However, this area

Iwas then taken over by Australian Iron and Steel and iron ore quarrying had priority. Gold mining thereafter wasrelatively desultory.

ISignificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Intej;1;. Ability Ability I54 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/

3 0/ 0/ 0/ I2 0/

1Interpretative Potential: High. I

IIOther

IIIIIIII



Interpretive Potential: Moderatelhigh

1994


Date c.1942-1945

No.: R16


Photo RoU: 3.6

Recommendations: Incorporate in interpretive program if required, otherwise abandon.

Statement of SignificanceThe skips represent the important role of the ore transport infrastructure in surmounting thedifficult topography of the site. It also illustrates the level of technology used in addressingore movement.


Photographs

Informants:

Developmental Phase: Iron Ore Quarrying - phase H.

Associated Items: Two line skipway.

Location: Base of the former Iron Duke incline.

Name: Four Ton Side Tipping Skip


IIIIIIIIIIIIII:1II~!I

III

II

Item Name: Four Ton Side Tipping Skip INo. R16

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe former skip has been damaged by impact. However, it was clearly a rectangular shape approximately 1.5m x.9m and it is a riveted plate structure. A curved attachment on either end with pin fixtures indicates a side tippingarrangement. IHistory:

IWhen the Iron Duke was re-opened for iron ore mining during Word War II c.1942-45 mining on levels 7 and 8 atthe summit commenced. A two line skipway replaced the former aerial ropeway and ore was conveyed from thequarry faces on Iron Duke to the railway terminal in 4 ton side tipping skips on a 3'6" gauge. Ore was won by

Istandard quarrying methods and hand loaded into the side tipping/yard ships by which it is lead on 24" gauge tracksto the loading and surge bin above the two line skip way terminal.

ISi,gnificance Assessment: I OveraU Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

IInte,g. Ability Ability54 ./ ./ ./

3 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ I2 ./ ./

1

IInterpretative Potential: Moderate/high

IOther

III

III

Informants: Iron ore mining at Cadia NSW - Chemical Engineering and Mining Review, March 10, 1943.

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY IDLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

Recorded by: Don Gadden, JilI Sheppard, Phillipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

1994


Date c1942-1945

No.: R17


Photo Roll: 2-34

Recommendations: Incorporate in interpretive program - apply phosphoric acid by brush.

Interpretive Potential: Moderatellow


Statement of SignificanceThis fish plate has strong associations with the re-opening of the Iron Duke iron quarriesduring World War 11. It represents an important part of the infra structure (the two lineskipway) installed to connect the quarries with the railway line.

Photographs

Developmental Phase: Iron Ore Quarrying - phase 11.


Location: Approximately half way up the incline to therailway terminus.

Name: 1941 BHP Fish Plate



IIItem Name: 1941 BHP Fish Plate INo. R17

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe fish plate connected two sections of railway line. It is a relatively small component stamped with the letters 35or 85 BHP X 1941 OH NZR7 This plate was evidently manufactured for New Zealand railways but ultimately usedat Cadia. IHistory:

IThe two line skipway was installed c1941 to re-open the Iron Duke ore quarries during World War H. During thisperiod quarries No. 7 and 8 near the summit were worked. The two line skipway transported ore from the quarries tothe loading station using a 1 1/8 inch diameter endless haulage cable and 4 ton side tipping skips on a 3'6" gauge

Ilines.

ISienificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Ability Ability

I543 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./ I1Interpretative Potential: Moderatellow

I

IOther

IIIIIIIII

Informants: Iron ore mining at Cadia NSW. Chemical Engineering and Mining Review, March 10, 1943.


Recorded by: Don Godden, JiII Sheppard, PhilIipa Newling Date of Survey: June!Sept 1994

1994


Date c1942-1945

No.: R18


Photo Roll: 3-2

Recommendations: Incorporate in interpretive program - apply phosphoric acid by brush.



Statement of SignificanceThis single Tommy Dodd roller is a component of a former set installed to overcomeproblems associated with the change in direction of the two line skipway. It represents aninteresting technological solution to a practical problem.

Photographs

Developmental Phase: Iron Ore Quarrying - phase II

Associated Items: Two line skipway, change of direction and reversal of grade.

Location: On the two-line skipway north ofCadiangullong Creek bridge

Name: Tommy Dodd Roller Guide



Item Name: Tommy Dodd Roller Guide INo. RI8

Description, Operation and Condition:A cast iron cable guide wheel utilised to confine the cable during the change of direction at the creek. This smallwheel like component is a remnant of a larger arrangement.

History:The Cadia iron ore quarry was the largest of seven iron ore quarries re-opened c1942 when increased demand for ironand steel to meet war requirements and difficulties with transport from the Iron Knob in South Australia arose duringWord War lI. The former aerial cable way was no longer operational and a two line skipway was installedconnecting the quarries with the ore bin, at the rail head. The Tommy Dodd rollers were installed to facilitate thechange of direction where the skipway decended the Iron Duke hill.


Integ. Ability Ability543 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

2 ./ ./

1 ./


Other


Recommendations: Collect, incorporate in the interpretive display - apply phosphoric acid by brush.


Recorded by: Don Godden, JiII Sheppard, Phillipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

1994


Date c.1942-1945

No.: R19


Photo Roll: 2-35


Statement of SignificanceThe cable rollers are significant components of the former two line skipway whichtransported ore from the quarries to the railway line.


Infonnants:

Photographs

Developmental Phase: IronOre Quarrying - phase n.Associated Items: The Iron Duke Quarries, the railway terminus, the interchange.

Name: Cable RoUer

Location: The incline connecting the Iron Duke with theRailway Terminus



II

Item Name: Cable Roller INo. R19

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe cable guides are simple roller arrangements which guided the continuous cable within the incline route. Theguides were possibly formed by casting and finished by a lathe.

IIHistory:

Increased demand for iron and steel to meet war requirements combined with difficulties in the transport of a greatertonnage of iron ore from Iron Knob, South Australia to Port Kembla and Newcastle in NSW led to the re-opening Iand mining of ore from seven deposits of which Cadia was the largest. The aerial ropeway had been dismantled orwas unusable by c1942 and was replaced by a new incline consisting of a two line skipway. The two line skipwaytransported the ore from the quarries to the loading station using an endless haulage cable. 1 1/8 inch in diameter

Ihauling 4 ton side tipping skips and 3'6" gauge line. The line operated from c1942 to 1945.

ISi2lliticance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Inte~. Ability Ability

I543 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

2 ~ ~

1Interpretative Potential: I

IIOther

IIIIIIII


III

Name: Possible Rising Rope Controller

Location: North-east of Cadiangullong Creek adjacent tothe former bridge site.

No.: R20


1994

IDevelopmental Phase: Iron Ore Quarrying phase 11.


Date c1942-1945


II

Photographs

Infonnants:

Photo Roll: 3-3

IIIIIIIII

Statement of SignificanceIf this remnant is part of rising rope controller than it is an interesting technological answerto the problem of locating a skipway on steep terrain with changing grade and direction.


Recommendations: Subject to further research abandon.


III

Recorded by: Don Gadden, JiIl Sbeppard, PbiIlipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

GODDENMACKAYPTYLTD,56WATERLOOST,SURRYIDLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02)3194811

Item Name: Possible Rising Rope Controller INo. R20

Description, Operation and Condition:This is thought to be a rising rope controller base plate and is all that remains of that system. It is a very heavy pieceof welded metal apparatus approximately 1.8m x 1 m. It exhibits a clear cable track down the centre and bolt holesin brackets on either side of the central line and possibly formerly held a cable roller arrangement of some sort.

History:The two line skipway connecting benches 7 and 8 with the railway line was installed c.1942 and operated until 1945.It is known that rising rope controllers were installed to restrain the cable to skipway level at the turn and on bothsides of the bridge. They were invented by a local person described in an interview between Mr Royale Baker whoworked on the old Cadia railway between 1935 and 1939 and Mr Brian French as "a cripple from town, they alwayscalled him 'the zambuck' as he always carried something in case there was an emergency, sickness or accident. Heinvented something to overcome the problem (the rope kept jumping off the reels) - they gave him five pound."

Significance Assessment: I OveraU Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Ability Ability54 ./ ./

3 ./ ./ ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./

1Interpretative Potential: Moderate - more research is required.

Other


GODDENMACKAYPTYLTD,56WATERLOOST,SURRYIDLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02)3194811


Recommendations: Further research required. May be incorporated in interpretive program - apply phosphoric acidby brush.

1994


Date Post 1940

No.: R21


Photo Roll: 1-5

Interpretive Potential: ModeratelIow.

Statement of SignificanceThe provenance of this ore skip is not known and it is thought to be associated with PacificCopper.

Photographs

Informants:


Developmental Phase: Not known

Location: West of the farm shed on the entrance road tothe Newcrest site office

Associated Items: Not known

Name: Skip Car



IIItem Name: Skip Car INo. R21

Description, Operation and Condition: IThis is a riveted metal skip with an intact chassis. A side tipping function is clearly apparent. This skip is clearlydifferent to those remnants found near the bridge crossing of Cadiangullong Creek. It is possible that it is a c1942

Ivintage side tipping skip but it appears more modem and not as rusted as one would expect. It may have beenbrought to the site as part of the Pacific Copper works.

IHistory:Pacific Copper put down its first drill on "E" bench in March 1968 sinking about 40 holes. Late in 1968 drilling nearCadiangullong Creek a fault discovered by Sir Harold Raggatt in the 1920s was struck. This turned out to have Ispectacular gold values. A shaft was then proposed, the cost of which was to be paid for by the gold. It is possiblethat this truck was brought in for those works.

ISh~nificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:

IAesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.Integ. Ability Ability

5

I43 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

I1Interpretative Potential: Moderate/low. More research required.

II

Other

III

11

11

11

11

I1I

CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTAIJLE RELICS

III

Name: Possibly a Remnant of a Skip Chassis

Location: Adjacent to Cadiangullong Creek

No.: R22


1994

Developmental Phase: Iron ore quarrying phase H.


III

Associated Items: Two line skipway

Photographs

Informants:

Photo Roll: 3-5

Date c1942-1945

IIIIIIIIIIII

Statement of SignificanceA remnant thought to be associated with the former skipway, this piece has the ability todemonstrate c.1940s technology.

Interpretive Potential: Low - requires further research.



III


GODDEN MACKAY PTY LID, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY fiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

II

Item Name: Possibly a Remnant of a Skip Chassis INo. R22

Description, Operation and Condition: IThis pair of 'C' section steel is joined by a riveted central connecting piece. The 'C' section flare outwards from thecentral connecting piece and have welded flanges with bolt holes at both ends. This may be part of the chassis of atipping skip which it lies adjacent. IHistory: IThis remnant is thought to be associated with the skip lying beside it which was part of the c1942 to 1945 infrastructure installed to transport ore from the quarry to the railway line. The iron ore was required because ofadditional demand brought on by the war and difficulties in transporting ore from Iron Knob in South Australia toNSW.

ISignificance Assessment: I OveraU Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

Integ. Abilitv Ability

I543 -/ -/

I2 -/ -/ -/ -/

1 -/ -/ -/ -/

Interpretative Potential: Low. Additional research required.

IIIOther

IIIIIIIII

---- - -~ ------~-----~---~-

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LID, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY fiLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

Recorded by: Don Godden, Jill Sheppard, PhiIlipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994


Date c1942-1945

1994

No.: R23

Map Ref. 98620N 98900E

Photo Roll: 7-10

Interpretive Potential: High - subject to further research.

Recommendations: Collect in conjunction with any sub-surface connections and incorporate in the interpretiveprogram.

Statement of SignificanceThe cable pulley wheel was part of a relatively complex arrangement for turning the end ofthe endless haulage rope and reversing the 4 ton side tipping skip traffic. It is of hightechnological interest.

Informants:

Photographs


Associated Items: Rock platform, bench No. 7, skip incline.

Developmental Phase: Iron ore quarrying phase II

Location: Adjacent to bench B (level 7) on the Iron Duke

Name: Cable Pully Wheel



II

Item Name: Cable Pully Wheel INo. R23

Description, Operation and Condition: IThis cast iron cable pulley wheel is approximately 30cm in diameter. It is partly buried and appears to be associatedwith the drum of the endless cable of the two line skipway adjacent to bench No. 7. On the northern side of thewheel is located a rock platform on which a number of former sleepers are visible. The current road appears to have Icut through the former arrangement and a platform, level with that on the northern side of the road, can be seenadjacent to the entrance to bench B, which is south of the current road.

IHistory:A two line skipway connecting the quarries with the railway line was installed c1947 as part of the infrastructure

Irequired in the re-opening of the quarry to supply Newcastle and Port Kembla as part of the war effort. The skipwayoperated until 1945 when the quarries were again closed.

ISi2nificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Struct. Operat. Interp. Rare Repre. Assoc.

IInteg. Ability Ability54 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

3 ./ ./ I2 ./ ./

1

IInterpretative Potential:

IIOther

IIII

IIII

---------~~-~---------------

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILlS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811


1994


Date: Post 1942

No.: R24


Photo Roll: 7-15


Recommendations: Incorporate one in the interpretation program (the most intact one) if required, otherwiseabandon.

Statement of SignificanceThe detonator stores are an integral component of the former working of the site. They showthe relatively primitive infra structure on the benches and are an indicator of the workpractices of the period.

Infonnants:

Photographs

Description, Operations, Condition and History. See Over

Location: Bench C.

Associated Items: Iron Duke benches and infrastructure.

Developmental Phase: Iron Ore Quarrying - phase II

Name: Detonator Store/s

CADIA MININGPRECINCf INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS


III

III

No, R24Item Name: Detonator Store/s

Description, Operation and Condition:The detonator stores are timber boxes sheathed in flat sheets of galvanised iron with a shallow corrugated ironskillion roof mounted on elevated timber frames. They originally had doors and are likely to have been locked toprevent unauthorised access.

Aesth. Hist. Tech. Social Rare Repre. Assoc.

I---+----+---+---+-----+------,-,---+----'",--+--",--+-----+----+------I I5

History:The quarrying of the iron ore deposit is usually described as using "standard" open cut methods. Little is knownabout the blasting except from a couple of contemporary descriptions. In 1921 when the mining catastrophe occurredat Cadia, caused by explosives, the normal practice was described. "Where a hole has been drilled to the requireddepth, it is "bulled" that is dynamite is employed in small quantities in order to make a cavity at the base largeenough to receive up to 1301bs of powder. When everything has been made ready for receiving the explosive, atamping rod is left in the hole for half an hour so that the presence of any stray fuse used with the dynamite may be Idetected." In 1923 Hoskins states that "explosives used are Lithite and 60% gelignite with time fuses and No. 7detonators. The ground is easy shooting and explosives costs comparatively low."

1---------.--------11Si 'ficance Assessment:

4

IIIIII1...- .....-.....-..;.,:,.:._.....-.....-.....-.....- ----'

I

1-~-=----+-./---+-./-:---+-./-;----1"----+-::---+----+----1--;---I-----+-----I I1Interpretative Potential: High I

I1---------------11

Other

I




1994


Date 1968

No.: R25



Photo Roll: 4-7

Recorded by: Don Gadden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling

Statement of SignificanceThe exploration shaft headframe is associated with the modern Pacific Copper period ofexploration (1960s and 1970s). The headframe is a rough and ready structure of lowsignificance.

Informants:


Photographs

Developmental Phase: Pacific Copper

Location: South east slopes of the Iron Duke Bench G.

Associated Items:

Name: Exploration Shaft Headframe



Item Name: Exploration Shaft Headframe INo. R25

Description, Operation and Condition:The Pacific Copper Exploration shaft headframe is a steel framed structure about 7m high with an approximately 4msquare base. It is made predominantly of angle iron sections bolted together. There is a steel chute on the west sideand remains of a timber platform on the east side. There is a small winch operators cabin on the platform. There isno indication of the power source although it is likely to have been a small diesel generator set.

History:Pacific Copper acquired the Cadia area in early 1968 and initiated diamond drilling and associated exploration at theIron Duke, later extending the program to Little Cadia and the surrounding area. Significant tonnages of copper -gold ore were identified during this process.

In March 1968 Pacific Copper put down its first drill on E Bench and working to a rigid 100' grid pattern sank about40 holes, few going deeper than 400'. Just before Christmas in a fault identified by Sir Harold Raggatt in the 1920s,they found a good gold show. However, after more than a decade of drilling two adits and a single shaft, PacificCopper abandoned the site in the late 1970s.


Intee;. Ability Ability54 ./

3 ./ ./

2 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

1 ./


Other


GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY IDLLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811


Recommendations: Collect all items in this section (rails, rollers and guides etc) and incorporate in the interpretiveprogram - apply phosphoric acid by brush.

1994


Date c1942-1945

No.: R26


Interpretive Potential: High.


Statement of SignificanceThis is a rare intact section of the former two line skipway which illustrates its layout andoperation.

Informants:

Photographs Photo Roll: 4-8

Associated Items: Two line skipway

Developmental Phase: iron ore quarrying Phase n.

Location: North east slopes of Iron Duke

Name: Curved Track, Tommy Dodd roller and guides



r------- ---------------------------~--------

II

Item Name: Curved Track, Tommy Dodd rollers and guides INo. R26

Description, Operation and Condition: IThis curved section of track was designed to negotiate the change in direction up the Iron Duke. The central flatplate anchored a series of rollers interspersed with bolted anchor blocks. A pair of 3'6" gauge rails run on either sideof the central rollers. In addition, a series of cut and shaped rail tracks appear to have been used as car guides to Iassist cars in moving around the corner.

IHistory:The two line skipway was installed as part of the c1942-1945 World War II works. It is acknowledged to haveovercome difficult changes in direction and reversal of grades using Tommy Dodd rollers and rising rope controllers. ISignificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:


5

I4 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

3 ./ ./ ./

2

I1Interpretative Potential: High.

II

Other

IIIIIIIII

--------I


Statement of SignificanceThe prospecting lease corner post is a nice example of the "making do" approach used by theminers in the bush. It has strong associations with the ongoing prospecting at Little Cadia.

CADlA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY - PORTABLE RELICS 1994


Date

No.: R27


Map Ref. Refer to specific inventory for Little Cadia.

Photo Roll: 2-18,19



Recommendations: Photographically record prior to disturbance - abandon.


Photographs

Informants:

Developmental Phase: Not known.

Associated Items: The prospecting lease.

Name: Prospecting Lease Corner Post - Little Cadia

Location: The corner post is south west of the formersmelter site.


IIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIII

Assoc.Repre.RareSocialTech.

Other

Interpretative Potential:Moderate associated with the photographic record of the post and associated history of Little Cadia.

Aesth. Hist.

1

5

Si nificance Assessment:

History:Little is known of the history of this post, but Little Cadia has been of interest to miners and prospectors since theearly 1850s. The major period of workings at Little Cadia were very early in the 1850s-1880s. Since then LittleCadia has been sporadically worked and prospected.

Item Name: Prospecting Lease Corner Post - Little Cadia No. R27

Description, Operation and Condition:The corner post consists of a tree stump from which the branches have been trimmed and to which a timber piece likea piece of timber packing box has been nailed. The timber notice board is so weathered that no paint or writing isvisible. On the other side in a split in the trunk the letters relevant to the prospecting lease have been carved"P?6??Z".

IIL- ---'

I



Developmental Phase: Not known. Date --

1994


No.: R28

Photo Roll: 2.24

Recommendations: Incorporate in interpretive program - apply phosphoric acid.


Statement of SignificanceThis shovel has strong associations with the operation of the site during its later phases. Thisshovel demonstrates the high level of manual involvement in many of the operations.

Informants:

Photographs


Associated Items:

Location: Northern end of the site adjacent to the two line Map Ref. Approx 99000N lOO280Eincline.

Name: Ash or Firebox Shovel



Item Name: Ash or Firebox Shovel INo. R28

Description, Operation and Condition:This somewhat crude iron or steel ash shovel is fabricated from two plates bent into shape and riveted together. Theshovel is thought to have been used to clean boilers and may be associated with the steam engines associated withcopper mining.

History:This shovel was located adjacent to the two line skipway which was constructed c1942 when the iron quarry was re-opened as part of the war effort.


Inte);!. Ability Ability5432 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./


Other


CADIA MINING PRECINCT INVENTORY· PORTABLE RELICS

Developmental Phase: Early copper extraction

IIIII

Name: Wood and metal box.

Location: Little Cadia

Associated Items:

Photographs

Informants:

Photo Roll: 15-10

----_._ _ -

1994

No.: R29

Map Ref. Refer to specific inventory for Little Cadia.

Date cl900


DEN MACKAY PTY LTD, 56 WATERLOO ST, SURRY IDLl.S NSW 2010 PH: (02) 319 4811

mmendations: Photographic recording prior to disturbance - abandon.

orded by: Don Godden, Jill Sheppard, Phillipa Newling Date of Survey: June/Sept 1994

ription, Operations, Condition and History· See Over

ment of Significancebox is weathered and deteriorating. It may be a relic of the turn of the century works.ever it bears no evidence of former associations and is constructed of simple materials

standard unspohisticated technology.

rpretive Potential: Low

Desc

I StateThis

I Howusing

II Inte

Reco

IIIIIIIIIII

Rec

GOD

I

IIIII

Item Name: Wood and metal box INo. R29

Description, Operation and Condition:About one hundred metres east of Shaft A on one of the old roads there is a box, which is about 1.2 metres long,400m wide and 500mm high. It is made of hardwood boards and is lined with flat galvanised sheet steel. Most ofthe nails used in this are of the clout type and are of indeterminate age. There are two nails visible which hold thehardwood sideboards to the endboards, which appear to be of the rosehead type, which would possibly put the box'sdate of manufacture at about the turn of the century. The lid of the box was originally sheathed in flat galvanisedsheet steel. The use of the box is unknown, but being found in this location, it was possibly a detonator box or anexplosives magazine box. There were no letters on the box, either on the inside or the outside. The lid was attachedto the sides by a pair of strap hinges.

IHistory:Unkown but it may be as early as cl900.

ISignificance Assessment: I Overall Assessment:


54 I32 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./

1 ./ ./ ./ ./ IInterpretative Potential: Low

II

Other

I11

11

11

nIIJI

GODDEN MACKAY PTY LTD, S6 WATERLOO ST, SURRY HILLS NSW 2010 PH: (02) 3194811

Interpretive Potential: Moderate.

Recommendations: Abandon (considered too fragile to move).

1994


Date cl908

No.: R30


Map Ref. Refer to Specific Inventory for Little Cadia.

Photo Roll: 15-18


Statement of SignificanceThe blast furnace introduced to the smelting process at Little Cadia has strong associationswith the increasing sophistication of the processing technology utilised in the area anddemonstrates the optimism associated with the development of the prospect. The site hashistoric and associative value.


Informants: NIA

Photographs

Location: Little Cadia

Associated Items: Slag, elevated tramway, well

Developmental Phase: Early copper mining - blast furnace c.1908

Name: Blast Furnace Smelter site. Engine hold down bolts and beams.



No. R30

Ir-----~_:______:___:___=_:____:__:_:__:____:"~----___,__--___.I

Item Name: Blast furnace smelter site. Enigne hold down bolts and beams.

Description, Operation and Condition: IThe furnace site measures about twenty five metres rougWy north to south, and fifteen metres eastwest, and very fewrelics remain on the site from the 1904/1908 operations. The site was formed by cut and fill and the south boundaryis the collapsed excavated wall and the north boundary the four metre high, 60 degree slope of slag from the blastfurnace. The elevated tramway (LC3) stopped just beyond the cut and fill platform and ran past the probable locationof the ore bins at the head of the platform. Immediately to the west of the furnace platform there is an areameasuring about seven metres north south and five metres east west roughly marked out in stone and brick whichmay have been the base of a wall. This area contains a scatter of bricks and two large 300mm squared beams.Through the beams, a 25mm diameter bolt passes. The beams are perpendicular to each other and as the boltsprotrude by about 250mm can be assumed to be an engine bed or part of an engine bed.

Between the cut and fill and the engine bed platform, there is a depression in the ground heading directly uphill(south) past the line of the overhead tramway to a disturbed square brick chimney base. The depression, which isabout 500mm deep and about 800mm across is uneven and collapsed sides and is overgrown, but is almost certainlya chimney flue. The probable location of the boiler was below and to the east of the engine bed. One broken pieceof cast iron fire bar and two bricks cut with chamfered edges, which formed part of the brick bed for a firetube boiler,are the only remnants on the site. Ten metres south east of the engine bed is a shaft, about 1.5 metres square linedwith timbers and about five metres deep. The horizontal timbers are wedged and joined in place without the use ofnails. There is no mullock associated with the shaft and it was probably a well dug to supply water to the boiler andto the waterjacket blast furnace.

There are no remains whatever of the blast furnace or the blast furnace building. The building would have beenconstructed about ten metres from the lip of the present slag face and would have been made of local and importedmaterials. It is likely that when the operations closed the blast furnace and infrastructure was moved to another site.

Scattered around this site there are numerous bricks of the sandstock type, some of them bearing the inscription MSor SW. The latter is the most likely. There are other bricks with the typical Cadia-formed frog, which is arectangular indentation with filleted edges.

There are several large lengths of timber which could have been associated with a head frame or with anotherstructure such as an ore bin. However, they are out of context and their use cannot be known. Two of the pieces oftimber are bolted together in the typical propped inverted Y shape. The longer piece is about six metres and theshorter about four metres long.A reverbatory furnace was reportedly under construction in 1861.

History: A blast furnace was in the process of erection in January, 1908 by the Cadia Extended Mining andSmelting Co. Nothing is known of the period and extent of operation. The waterjacket blast furnace was developedas a result of experimentation in the USA to control the temperature of the blast furnace walls. Australia's firstwaterjacket blast furnace was probably erected at Cobar in 1893 (Carne 1908:230). The waterjacket furnace was atall box, rectangular in plan and supported by a steel frame. The box was surrounded by pipes; large ones carryingthe air blast from mechanical blowers and smaller ones carrying cooling water circulating through the hollow steeljacket. The charge was loaded at the top and slag and matte were tapped at the bottom; both processes normallybeing carried out while firing continued. The waterjacket blast furnace had a number of features which made itparticularly suited to sites like Little Cadia:• they were light and portable;• came in modular parts;• were bolted together;• were very durable;• easier to operate than reverberatory furnaces. (McCarthy and Bell, 1994).

II



Integ. Abilitv Ability54 v'

3 v' v'

2 v' v' v' v'

1 v' v' v'

Interpretative Potential: None

Other

,

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