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ARCHIVAL AND' ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT

THE· KITCHEN ANNEXE TO THE MILITARY GUARDROOM

COCKATOO ISLAND

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I. I I I I i I I I I I I '1 I I I I I I I

ARCHIVAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT

KITCHEN ANNEXE TO MILITARY GUARDROOM

COCKATOO ISLAND

W.THORP

Prepared for the Department of

Housing and Construction.

November 1981.

I I I I I I I I I I

I I

I I I I I I I I 'I

1

INDEX ---SECTION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TE~

1.0 PREFACE TO THE REPORT:

2.0 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE:

SUB-SECTION PAGE

2

$

1.1 Location 4

1.2 Historic Significance

1.3 Archaeological Involvement

104 Objectives

1.5 Method 5

1.6 Constraints

2.1 General Development of Island 6

2.2 Convict Settlement

2.3 Gaol and Reformatory

2.4 Dockyard Utilisation

2.5 Development of Annexe

2.6 Utilisation

7

9

11

13

2.7 Architectural Development 14

2.8 Notes 16

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE KITCHEN ANNEXE AS OF 27.10.81 18

3.1 Plan and Dimensions

3.2 Elevations:~ternal/External

3.3 Doors 21

3.4 Wihdows 22

3.5 Floor 23

3.6 Roof

3.7 Fixtures

3.8 Wall Finishes 24

3.9 Evidence of Surrounding Structures

4.0 EVIDENCE RECOVERED ON SITE 25

4.1 Description of Schedule

4.2 Description of Materials

4.3 Additional Evidence

5.0 ASSESSMENT,RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Preamble

5.2 Assessment

27

32

5.3 Conclusions and Results 33

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Annexe Superstructure

6.2 Annexe-Guardroom Area

37

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

--- -------------------~ -~~- - -- ---

SECTION

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SUB-SECTION PAGE -------

6.3 Sub-Surface Structures 38

6.4 Additional Archaeological

Work in Annexe Area

6.5 Additional Recommendations

Cockatoo Island Site

7.1 Books and Theses 40

7.2 Reports,Registers and Returns

7.3 Journal and Press Articles 41

7.4 Correspondence 42

7.5 Plans

7.6 Plates 43

8.0 LIST OF PLATES AND PLANS:SOURCES

9.0 APPENDICES

10.0 PLATES

11.0 plbANS

Note to Plates

8.1 List of Plates

8.2 - 8.12 Index to

17

8.13 List if plans

Plates 7 -

44

45

46

60

List of Appendices 62

9.1 Precis of Half Yearly Reports

9.2 Work Schedule 1981 66

9.3 Report on Masonary

9.4 Report on Mortar

9.5 Artefact Register

68

70

72

73

92

I I I I I I I ,I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To the following people I am extremely grateful for

their assistance and their advice:-

Miss L.Newell who helped in the photographic record of

the site and gave advice on the soil conditions.

Miss G.Marsh who advised me on the type and condition

of the stone used in the construction.

Dr G.Gibbons and Mr R.Varman for their help in the

identification of certain elements used in the

construction.

Mr R.Muir of the G.A.B. for providing additional

documentary evidence.

Mr D.Elsmore of the G.A.B. for his assistance in

determining surface finishes.

Mr B.Roser also of the G.A.B. for his advice on

documentary resources.

Dr J.Kerr for allowing access to his thesis.

Mr J.Partridge of the Department of Corrective Services

who placed at my disposal valuable photographic

material.

Mr A.Wakeman of the Department of Lands who gave so much

of his time to help me find plans of the site.

The members of staff of the following organisations who

gave much time and effort to assist me in the

documentary research: Mitchell Library

N.S.W. State Archives

Maritime Services Board

R.A.R.S. Library

Sydney University Architecture

Library

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I· I I I I

An.Rep.

.ML

NTC

RAHS

SOBL

3

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE_TEXT

NSW Department of Public Works Annual Report

Mitchell Library

National Trust Centre

Royal Australian Historical Society

State Office Block Library

SPF Small Picture File

Stat.Reg. Statistical Records of NSW

SUA Sydney University Architecture Library

I I I I I I I "I I I I I I I I I I I I PREFACE

I


1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

4

PREFACE TO THE REPORT

LOCATION

HISTORIC

SIGNIFICANCE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

INVOLVEMENT

OBJECTIVES

The kitchen annexe is one part of

the Cockatoo Island Barracks

Precinct which crowns the ridge

of the island on the south-west

corner. Specifically, the kitchen

is on the extreme south-west tip

of this complex immediately above

Sutherland Dry Dock.

The kitchen annexe is part of the

original construction on the island

of c.1839 and it continued to be

utilised throughout the Biloela

Gaol and Reormatory period. It was

also in use during the early part

of the Government Dockyard phase.

It is unoccupied at the present

time.

The National Trust has registered

it,as part of the Prison Barraass

precinct,as "Classified". Items

221,222 and 224 of the Heritage

Commission Code of Significance

are applicable.

Following plans to demolish and

rebuild the southern wall of the

kitchen annexe as part of the

overall development of the

Sutherland Dock area (Burra Charter

Article No.9) an archaeological

report detailing the operation

was requested by the Commonwealth

Department of Housing and

Construction as per the Burra

Charter Articles 24 and 27. A

consultant was appointed and began

work on 27.10.81.

The primary objective of the

I I I I I I I I I I I I I "I

I I I I I I

1.5 METHOD

1.6 CONSTRAINTS

5

consultant was to record the

demolition operation and,in

doing so, retrieve any information

relating to the initial construction

or subsequent occupation. In

addition an archival search was

carried out to ascertain the

utilisation and architectural

development of the site.

For the permanent site survey a

detailed photographic record was

made of the building before,

duning and after demolition. This

was carried out using Kodacolour

II C135-24 film. Detailed field

and photographic logs were also

maintained. Some details were

recorded in Ilford FP4 black and

white film and all reproductions

of documentary evidence were

recorded with Ilford Pan F black

and white film.

At the time of the appointment of

the consultant demolition on the

southern wall had already begun

with approximately three courses

having been removed and all joinery

except for one section in the

northern window. Any conclusions,

therefore, in these areas must

necessarily be speculative. However,

with regard to the masonry, after

consultation with the stonemason

it would appear that the amount

lost was minimal. It was considered

that the same record could be

retrieved from the remaining lower

co~rses.

- - ---------

I I I

1I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

I


2.0

2.1

6

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISLAND

The general development of Cockatoo Island may

be divided into three phases with the provision

that there is considerable overlap between the

three. These are:-

a)Convict Settlement c.1839-1870

b)Gaol and Reformatory Occupation

c.1871-1909

c)Dockyard Utilisation c.1857-1981

Each of the above pbases is briefly discussed

hereafter to provide a contextual background for

the development of the kitchen annexe.


2.2

7

CONVICT SETTLEMENT ~1839-1870

Until approximately 1838 Cockatoo Island

appears to have been uninhabited/its name not even

appearing in the colony's records until that time.

In that year sixty prisoners were brought from

Norfolk Island and placed on Cockatoo Island under

military guard. They were employed in excavating

a number of underground grain silos (1).

At various times it has been suggested

that the initial settlement on the island was in

1833 (2). There is no documentary proof for this

assertion. None of the government despatches of

time refer to it and Gipps' statement that he had

"caused an.establishment to be formed here" (3)

would seem to indicate that this is the first such

settlement of its kind. It is possible that the

explanation for this uncertainty lies in the early

confusion over the name of this island with that

of Goat Island (4) which was settled in 1833 (5).

By November 1840 the silos had been

completed (6)/however/during the time of their

construction the closur~ of the Port Macquarie

establishment increased the pressure on the

already overcrowded alternative penal institutions.

The decision was made/therefore/to expand the

existing facilities of which the Cockatoo Island

settlement was one (7). By 1842 a total of 323 men

were settled on the island (8) and it ranked as one

of the pre-eminant penal settlements of the

colony.

The organisation and administration of

the penal establishment/even by the standards of

the day/was deplorable. Prisoners of all types

from the criminally insane to those less hardened

were indiscriminately placed together with no

attempt at separation. The administration was lax.

and quite often brutal. There is only one

successfully recorded escape.

By 1851 rumours were beginning to

emerge concerning the conditions on the island (91'

I I I I I I I I I I ,I

I I I 1 I I -I I 1

8

but no action was taken. Indeed,in 1856,

Cockatoo Island became the receptacle for all

prisoners sentenced to work on the roads and

public works of the colony (10).

At this time a number of serious

incidents occurred, including a riot,the effect of

which was to have a Committee appointed in 1861

to investigate conditions on the island. The

findings of the Committee (11) caused some

improvements to be made but, in effect, little

changed in the ensuing years. Finally,in 1870,the

penal settlement was disbanded (12) and the

prisoners taken to be housed at Darlinghurst.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 1 I

2.3

9

GAOL AND REFORMATORY OCCUPATION c.1871-1909

In 1871 with the change in function of

the establishment at Cockatoo Island the name was

also changed to "Biloela" in an attempt to rid

the place of its convict stigma. The name, however,

was not given to the entire island, only the

girls' school (13).

The first occupants of the new institution

came from the Newcastle Industrial School in the

S.S. Morpeth on May 27,1871 (14) and were housed

in the old convict buildings. It appears from the

records that there was a division in the

utilisation of the establishment at this time

between a reformatory and an industrial school, the

latter being the larger of the two. Indeed,in 1875

the Comptroller-General of Prisons described the

former as lithe small Reformatory School for Girls

at Biloela containing now only nine" (15). Peyser

stat~s that in this early period the Industrial

School enrolled between seventy and eighty while

the Reformatory had a maximum of seven (16).

In approximately 1879 the Reformatory

was closed (17) and the g~rls were transferred

first of all ~o the Shaftesbury Home on South

Head Road and then finally to Parramatta (18).

The Industrial School apparently carried

on until c.1886 when the island again reverted

to the prison authorities. This was due to a need

for further accomodation for prisoners caused by

extensive overcrowding in the available facilities

(19). Both male and female "petty habitual

criminals" (20) were housed here. The females

apparently continued to sew industrial clothing

for the government.

At the beginning of this century the

situation continued much as before with petty

criminals and vagrants occupying the buildings •

In 1906 it was said that "here in one of the

fairest spots on earth, with the pure air of


10

heaven around him, many a poor drink-sodden

wretch has for the first time for years tasted

of the pure joys of a healthy, clean life, and,

under the merciful treatment of'today,been

induced to mend hi s w,a,¥s 11 (21) •

In 1907,owing to the disrepair of the

men's accomodation,the male prisoners were all

removed from the island (22) leaving only the

women serving sentences of three to six months

(23). Finally in 1909 these women too were

removed to a newly completed wing at Long Bay (24).

During this same period of the island's

history, although completely separate from the

administration outlined' above,~nother organisation

was also in operation. Between 1871 and 1911 two

wooden sailing ships were anchored off the island

for the purpose of training boys in seamanship.

The original ship,the "Vernon",served until 1890

when it was scrapped and replaced by a larger

vessel, the "Sobraon". In 1911 this ship was taken

over by the Commonwealth Government for use as a

naval training ship and theboys were moved to

Gosford (25).

•


2.4

11

DOCKYARD UTILISATION 1857-1981

The need for docking and repair

facilities for the royal navy ships had been

recognized from an early period but it was not

until 1846 that Governor Gipps suggested

Cockatoo Island,with its abundance of good stone

and convict labour,as a likely site.

In 1847 approval for this work was

given by the Legislative Council and construction

of the dock on the south-east side of the island

began in 1851 (26). It took six years to. complete,

the first ship serviced in the Fitzroy Dock

being the brig HMS "Herald" in 1857 (27).

On completion the dock was

approximately 300 feet (71.44 metres) long. It was

lengthened on two later occasions to arrive at its

present length of 447 feet (116.2456 metres) (28) •

With the construction of the dock a number of

subsidiary structures were also built to assist

in the servicing (PLAN No.2) •

Towards the end of the nineteenth

century the Fitzroy Dock ha~ become increasingly

inadequate for docking ships which had grown

progressively longer over the years. Therefore,in

1880,approval was given for the construction at

Cockatoo Island of a first class graving dock.

Work began in 1882 and was completed in

1884. Like Fitzroy, Sutherland Dock was also

lengthened twice, in 1913 and 1927,giving its

present length of 690 feet (210.312 metres). It

was also widened once to 88 feet (26.8224 metres)

(29). In the course of construction of this dock

the prison cells on the cliff below ~he kitchen

annexe were destroyed.

In 1913 the dockyard was taken over by

the Commonwealth Government as a defence

establishment and extensions to the facilities

were carried out(30). -In 1921 the dockyard came

under the control of the Prime Minister's


12

Department and then in 1923 control and

management were vested in the Australian

Commonwealth Shipping Board (31).

By 1928 the dockyard was in serious

financial difficulties. It was decided in 1933

to lease it to a newly formed Australian'

company, the Cockatoo Docks and Engineering

Company Limited (32). In 1947 Vickers Limited

of London became the major shareholder in the

company. The establishment today remains a

wholly owned subsidiary of Vickers. The name was

changed in 1968 to Vickers Cockatoo Dockyard Pty

Ltd (33).


2.5

2.6

13

DEVELOPMENT OF THE KITCHEN ANNEXE

UTILISATION

The small building referred to as a

kitchen annexe is not mentioned in any of the

surviving contemporary records of the initial

construction on Cockatoo Island (APPENDIX I). It

is possible that it was constructed in 1842 at

the same time as the guardhouse if the half

yearly return for this year is indeed referring

to the adjacent building to the kitchen (1).

The earliest definite record of it being in

existence is from c.1845 when a plan of that

time (PLAN No.l) shows it as being part of the

"military guardhouse".

In the intervening years to 1854 there

is a similar dearth of references to the

structure and in this year there remains only a

rough sketch showing the same relationship of

the annexe to the guardhouse as described in 1845.

The sketch is not annotated (PLAN No.2) •

The first defintte statement that it

served as a kitchen is on a plan of 1861 which

shows it notated thus (PLAN No.3). At some time

in the Biloela period, probably in the later 1870s,

it was converted to a wash-house (PLAN No.6). By

1886 it was described as a sewing room (PLAN No.7).

In 1892 it is still shown as serving this function

(PLAN No.9).

By approximately 1900 it had become part

of the married officers' quarters of the Biloela

Gaol complex (PLAN No.l0). After the closure of

the gaol the building was used as a shed (PLAN

Nos.11-14). For at least the last twenty years,

and probably longer,it has been unoccupied.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I: I I I I I I

2.7

14

ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT

The earliest evidence for the style of

the building is the 1845 plan ~(PLAN No.1) which

defines a square ground plan with a hip roof and

apparently a central fireplace. It is completely

separate from the guardhouse and this arrangement

was maintained through to at least 1861 (PLAN No.

3) •

By the later 1870s and certainly by

1882 the space between the guardhouse and the

kitchen had been utilised as a laundry (PLAN No.

6). In addition a shed had been attached to the

western facade of the annexe (PLAN No.6). By

1886 this shed had been replaced by others and

a verandah had been placed along the northern

facade (PLAN No.7). One indistinct plan of later

1892 (not included but cf Plan No.NS 67/359)

indicates that a garden may have been added to

this verandah.

The plan of the building in c.1900

shows some kind of small extension on the south

eastern corner of the annexe (PLAN No.10) .This

was a feature in some of the earlier plans

PLAN Nos. 6,7,9) but it is impossible to

determine the nature of it.

A similar arrangement as that of the

nineteenth century prevailed in this century,

however,by c.1913 the verandah had ceased to

exist (PLAN Nos.11,12). At some time between

1916 and 1945 (PLAN Nos. 16,17) the sheds on the

western facade were demolished and the cable

support tower standing today erected.

The only surviving photographs of the

annexe in the nineteenth century are incidental

inclusions in those taken of- Sutherland Dock

(PLATE"Nos. 1,3). Even with enlargements the

details are too indistinct to be of much

assistance. The only practical value is in that

they serve as a confirmation of a central

chimney and what appears to be an iron roof.


15

Presumably in the earliest period it had shingles

or shakes.

The two enlargements (PLATE Nos.2,4) are,

however,quite helpful in detailing the room

created between the annexe and the guardhouse and

the shed on the western facade of the annexe. One

photograph from 1908 (PLATE No.5) shows the north

east corner of the annexe but it is again too

indistinct to be of any use.

Consequently all that the documentary

evidence provides in the way of information

relating to the style and appearance of the annexe ~

can be summarised as follows:that it had a square

ground plan with additions over the years on all

facades7that it had a central fireplace and a hip

roof probably originally shingled and then

covered in iron or tin.

Of the method of construction there are

no direct references. I~ would appear though from

the half-yearly returns that with very few

exceptions foundations for the buildings were not

dug, the structures being lain over the existing

soil (APPENDIX I) •

There is a solitary reference to the

construction of a lime kiln (Number 9 on PLAN No.

1) and to the whitewashing of one building (2),

also to the cutting of flagging (3). None of these

specifically apply to the kitchen annexe, however,

it is reasonable to assume that it also was

whitewashed and flagged. The limekiln may have been

used for burning shells used in the mortar. In

1874 the buildings are still referred to as

whitewashed and flagged. (4).

This lack of specific documentary .

evidence must necessarily make any conclusions

speculative and it was, therefore, left to

archaeological work on site to provide further

and more definite data.


2.8

. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11 ..

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

2G> •

21.

22.

16

NOTES TO SECTIONS 2.2-2.4

Parker,R.G., Cockatoo Island:A History., 1

For example cf. Cox,Tanner.,Cockatoo Island:

Alterations to Kitchen Annexe.

Muir,D.W., An Investigation of the , History,Present Condition and Possible Future of

Cockatoo Island.,4.

Gipps to Glenelg. July 1839.

H.R.A. Series I Vol.XX.,217

Parker,R.G., Loc.Cit,..

Reynolds,P., Goat and Cockatoo:Two Islands off

Balmain.

Leichhardt Historical Journal No.9.,1980.,21

Gipps to Glenelg.

Loc.Cit..

Muir,D.W., ~Cit.,12-15

Parker,R.G., Op.Cit.,3

Ibig.,4

Ibid.

Select Committee on Public Prisons 1861.

Parker,R.G., ~Cit.., 5

Ibid .. ,15

Ibid.

Muir,R., Notes From Thesis.,68

Peyser,D., History of Welfare Work in Sydney.

R.A.H.S. Journal Vol.XXV.,186

Muir,D.W., Loc.Cit.

Evening News.,17.6.1908

Ibi~,18.9.1909

Muir,D.W., Loc.Cit.

Wickham,H.Fi, Cockatoo Island and the Docks of Sydney.

Red Funnel April 1906.,240

Evenin~News.,18.9.1909


23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

2.9

1.

2.

3.

17

Ibid.,17.6.1908

Parker ,R.G., 0]2 Ci t., 8:-:-9

Ibid.,10

Reynolds, P., ~Cit.,25

Parker,R.G. , ~Cit.,.25

Ibid.,15

Ibid., 16-17

Ibid.,25

Ibid.,.33

Ibid.,41-2

IbiQ.,70

NOTES TO SECTIONS 2.5-2.7

Col.Sec.Letters Received from Col.Eng.

Half Yearly Return April-September 1842

S]2ecial Bundle 4/2571.2

Ibid.,S]2ecial Bundle !L2609.1

Ibid.,Special Bundle 4/2647~

4. Royal Commission into Public Charities., 133

I I 3.0

I I I

! I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I -

DESCRIPTION OF SITE

I

I I I I I I


3.0

3.1

3.2

18

DESCRIPTION OF THE KITCHEN ANNEXE AS OF 27.10.81

The following is a statement of the building as it

was found on the above date after some initial

demolition had taken place. No interpretation is

included. This is left to Section 5.0.

PLAN AND DIMENSIONS

Plan Nos. 17-22

The Annexe is aligned roughly on an

eastern axiS. Hereafter,for convenience,the

elevations will be designated north,south,east

and west. The building has a square ground plan

measuring 5.9 metres per side (external

m~asurement) and has an extant standing height of

3.95 metres.

It stands on a stepped plinth and the

coping for the roof 15 largely extant. There are

two windows, one in the north. and one in the south

elevation and two doors one each in the east and

west elevations. The entire building has thickness

only of one block (approximately 460mm). There is

no roof.

ELEVATIONS:INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

Plan Nos. 18-22

A. NORTHERN EXTERNAL Plan No.18

The plinth at its greatest height is

500mm and at its least 200mm. It has suffered some

damage on the NE and NW corners due to weed

growth and exfoliation.. In addition some damage,

on the NW corner,may be attributed to the \J

demolition of sheds (Plate No.11:3:D).

Above the plinth are eleven courses of

mason~y' the lowest of these also being slightly

stepped out by approximately 60mm (Plate No .• 13 : 5:

A-B). The. blocks a~e set in ashlar style and

I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

19

closely bedded in mortar. They vary considerably

in length but are generally 290mm wide with the

exception of the first course which is 350mm. The

mortar bedding averages in thickness between 10-

25mm (Plate No.8:3:C-E). Each block has been

sparrow pecked, some to form a rough border (Plate

No.8:5:D;...E) •

A breach has been made in the wall in

the 'third course apparently to admit a pipe (Plate

No.8:3:F). Another breach has been made in the

coping on the extreme western tip, presumably for

a drain pipe (Plate No.8:5:F). A square section

has been cut in the tenth course on the eastern

extremity to take a timber purlin (Plate No.8:3:A

B). One. metal spike remains embedded in the wall

adjacent and slightly below the northern'window

(Plate No.8:4:C-D).

B. EASTERN EXTERNAL Plan No. I~.

The plinth in this elevation is obscured

due to the build-up of concrete between the

mlli·tary guardroom and the ·annexe. Only the top

200mm of the first course of masonry~? is

visible (Plate No.7:1:A-D). There is some fretting

and exfoliation along. the lowest course ,

particularly in the SE corner (PLate No.8:1:A-D).

In.the extreme NE corner,cut into the plinth,is a

IIpost hole ll 200mm wide (Plate No.8:2:A-B).

The eleven course of mason1t~·.· are still

extant and the dimensions for these and the mortar

bedding are similar to those discussed in Section

3.2A. Between the tenth and elev~nth courses .lead

flashing protrudes (Plate No.7:5:A-F) and there are

eight rectangular breaches cut into the area

bounded by the eigth,ninth and tenth courses which

supported timber purlins (Plate Nos.7:5:A-F17:6:A

C). Some timber is till extant. On the southern

extremity of the eigth course a small breach had

been made in the past and refilled with a shell


20

mortar (Plate No.7:6:C).

C. SOUTHERN EXTERNAL Plan No.20

It was not possible to photograph'the

southern elevation in detail due to the impossibility

of gaining the necessary distance. In addition

demolition had already begun on this section, six

courses and the coping having already been removed.

Those courses remaining 'followed the same pattern

as described in Sections 3.2A and B with a stepped

plinth,partially obscured, and ashlar masonry,~ The

plinth appears to have had a step cut into it

(Plate No.13:3:C-D). Photographs were taken from

Sutherland Dock during the demolition to detail its

progress (Plate Nos. 8:6:B-F;9:1:B-F;9:2:~-E).

D. WESTERN EXTERNAL Plan No. 21

By 27.10.81 this elevation had already "

lost two coping stones and approximately eight

building blocks «Plate No.11:4:A-F) in the

current programme. It fulfills the same design as

outlined in Sections 3.2A-C though there is more

damage to the plinth due to the demolition of the

sheds.

The stone also demonstrates more

damage and fretting and is considerably more

stained than the other elevations. There is a large

section of coping removed on the 'southern side,

apparently to allow a drain pipe. On the southern

side of the door graffitti is scratched into the

stone. It appears to be "S.C.? W?_".

E. NORTHERN INTERNAL, Plate Nos. 7:3:B-F

The elevation is flat,lackin9 the stepped

out lower course of the external elevation. There

is some evidence of wall finish on the lower

courses (Plate No.7:3:B) and there is a large

patched area using shell mortar in the NE corner

(Plate No.7:4:A).

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I

3.3

21

Between the tenth and eleventh courses

is a row of fairly regularly spaced metal nails

or spikes set into the mortar bedding. There are

two small metal "spikes" on either side of the

window.

F. EASTERN INTERNAL Plate Nos. 10:2:B-E

Similar to 3.2E though there is some

fretting of the lower courses, particularly in the

SE corner (Plate No.11:5:C-D). Some evidence of

wall finish survives on the central courses of

the northern side (Plate No.9:4:E-F). At irregular

interva.ls timber plates may be seen embedded in

the mortar. The largest observed in 150mm long

(Plate No.9:5:C-D).

G. SOUTHERN INTERNAL Plate Nos. 7:4:B-E.

Similar to 3.2E-F with some fretting in

the SW corner and evidence of wall f.ini sh around

the lower courses (Plate Nos.11:6:B).

H. WESTERN INTERNAL Plate Nos.7:2:C-F

, Similar to 3.2E-G.

DOORS

A.QEASTERN Plate Nos.9:5:E-F~9:6:A-F~10:1:A-E

This is the original entrance to the

Annexe. It is in the centre of the eastern

elevation and is 1050mm wide and 2323mm high (this

is measured from the top of the present concrete

surface) •

The door jamb is 150mm wide. On the

south side it is sqUare cut for the internal return

(Plate No.10:1:B). On the north, however, there is

a chamfered edge to the internal return (Plate No,

9:6:B) and this would suggest that the original

door opened inwards and to the north.

There are two "cuts" on either side of


3.4

22

the door on the internal elevation (Plate Nos.

9:6:A-B;10:1:B-C) and these may have been

utilised in supporting an architrave. All the

wooden joinery had been removed as of 27.10~81

though presumably a similar construction to that

used for window joinery was applied (cf Section

3.4A)

B. WESTERN Plate Nos.10:5:E-F;10:6:A-D

Similarly to the eastern door it is

situated in the centre of the elevation though

this is not an original opening. Logically it

was opened when access was needed to the area

beyond the western facade and presumably this

was when sheds were constructed here in the later

1870s or early 1880s.

To achieve this the wall was simply

cut through, the blocks levelled off,a metal

frame inserted (though this may be a I,later addition

again, wooden architraves apparently added (Plate

Nos. 11:1:E-F;8:1:C-E1. It is impossible to

determine the swing of the door. It is 900mm

wide and 2200mm high.

WINDOWS

A. NORTHERN Plate Nos. 8:4:C-F;8:5:A-C,;10':4:D-F

This was part of ,the original

d,esign centred in the northern ,elevation. It is

900mm wide and 1500mm high. The internal jambs

ar~ cpamfered (Plate No.10:5:A). Only one

section of joinery was in situ, the upper section

of the jamb (Plate No.8:4:E-F) which displays a

dowelling type construction for the lateral

jamb components.

There is no evidence for the type of

window used and it is considered possible that

there may have been none, that two shutters may

have closed the opening on the inside, and been

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------


3.5

3.6

3.7

23

fastened open to the metal cauches (partially

intact) inside the annexe.

B. SOUTHERN

At 27.10.81 this section of the southern

elevation had already been demolished. After

consultation with the mason it is apparent that

it was the same in detail as that described in

Section 3.4A. Sections which had been removed and

could be identified were identical to those in

situ in the northern window (Plate No.12:5:A-C).

FLOOR

Both the internal floor of the Annexe

and the area between the Guard Room and the

Annexe were covered in concrete, generally in

good condition. There was no apparent evidence

of a hearth.

ROOF' --"

The roof was not extant, all that

remained were timber plates ~ttached to the

coping (Plate No.10:3:A-F). The 'coping projected

over the walls and the exposed sections were

badly stained (Plate No.7:5:A;12:1:A). The

sections slopin9 obliquely inward were clean.

FDITURES

The large breach in ,the lower northern • I' I •

elevation suggests the admission of some kind of

pipe, and the breaks in the'coping on the eastern,

western and northern elevations suggest the same.

The two mortar patches in the northern

and eastern elevations may have been caused by

cutting for pipes b~t this is far less certain.

. The timber 'plates' mentioned in Section

3~2F may demonstrate evidence of shelving.


3.8

3.9

24

WALL FINISHES

The walls at present are virtually

bare sandstone, howev;e:E,·there are patches

remaining showing former surface finishes.

Predominantly these are numerous coats of white

wash applied to the bare wall. The final layer is

~ ~aint of a type of ox-blood red (Munsell 5R 2.5/4)

Mr D.Elsmore is of the opinion that this dates

from approximately the turn of the centmry.

EVIDENCE OF SURROUNDING STRUCTURES

A. HUTS ON THE WESTERN ELEVATION Plate No.11:3:B-C

The area at present is much overgrown

and severely disturbed by the construction of

the cable support tower, however, there is clear

evidence of the structures built onto this facade

from the 1870s onwards.

B. NORTHERN VERANDAH Plate No.13:1:F;13:2:A

There is abundant evidence visible on ,"

the surface' of the structure of' the verandah and ,

the steps extending along the northern facade of

the Annexe and the Guard Room. It would appear

that there is some damage but primarily the

structure would appear to be intact.

C. CELLS TO THE SOUTH Plate No.13:3:C-D

As Plans 1.4 and 6 'indicate the cell

block was in close proximity to the Annexe and a

single line of remaining bricks on the southern

side of this building would appear to relate in

some way to this structure destroyed during the

construction of Sutherland Dock.

~-- -~-

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I

I I EVI DE NC,E RECOVERED

I

I I I I I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4.0

4.1

4.2

25

EVIDENCE RECOVERED ON SITE

DESCRIPTION OF DEMOLITION SCHEDULE

The current programme was carried out

by a maximum of three masons during the period

24.10.81 and 16.11.81. The work was primarily

manual, demolition of the wall and a section of

the flagging, rebuilding and repointing and

~emoving concrete screed from the rest of the

floor in the Annexe and the area between the

Guard Room and the Annexe. A precis of the work

programme is included .as APPENDIX 9.2.

(Plate Nos.12:6:A-F;13:6:A-B;14:3:B-F)

DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

A. STONE

The basic building material involved

in the construction is local island sands~one . Hawkesbury). It is grey/white with some streaks

of red and oxidizes to a light yellow. It has a

coarse g~ain size with a high percentage of

quartz.

In general the blocks are well cut

though some have been cut against the grain of

the bedding. Despite being exposed to the

atmosphere and salt spray on all sides the

structur~ is in generally good condition with

only a few areas of fretting, exfoliation and

weed damage. Most of the walls are rain washed

and clean, though the western elevation is an

exception. This is probably due to the close

proximity of the Power House. Exposed sections

of the coping are also stained as are some

sections of the lower plinth, the latter due to

humic action. (Cf.APPENDIX 9.3 Report on Masonary).

B. MORTAR

With some exceptions of small areas of

patching the mortar is pale creamy-buff in colour,


26

sound and fairly hard with ten percent shell

fragments. In general it may be termed a silty

sand type. The approximate proportions after

testing indicate a 3:3:1,lime/pand/shell mix.

Following analyses it was considered

that the lime-rich mortar (taken from between the

sixth and seventh courses of the southern wall) is

typical of the period 1830-1850. Within the

structure it appears to have acted as a

IIsacrificialll mortar, drawing water away from the

stone and hence weathering more rapidly than the

surrounding blocks. In general, however, the condition

is good. (Cf. APPENDIX 9.4 MORTAR ANALYSISl

c. TIMBER

As it has been stated in previous sections

the majority of the timber joinery had been

removed. The only largely extant examples of timber

were the roof plates still in situ on the walls.

Samples were taken and analysed.

Although many were decomposing enough

were intact to determine that the timber used was

tallow wood (Eucalyptus Mi'crocorys). This was often

'used in early construction practice for members

intended to last and to be weather resistant.

(Cf. Plate Nos. 17:1:D-F~17:2:A-E~17:4:D)

D. METAL

It proved to be impractical to analyse

every piece of miscellaneous metal inherent in

the structure,'hence only the following examples

were considered.

~The flashing,clearly seen on the eastern

external elevation,is of lead and must logically

be of the initial construction period. Also

considered to be of the initial construction are

the nails found in situ in the timber plates on

the walls. They are hand forged, made of nail rod


4.3

27

iron and are of local production. They are very

weathered but it is still possible to observe

that they have been placed in a bore which ,

therefore, gives a post-Macquarie period date

(personal communication Mr R.Varman).

In the same plates a number of metal

spikes may be seen that anchor the timber to the

coping. Within the stone and wrapped around the

spikes are sheets (?) of lead. The split end of

the spike is hammered flat onto the timber thus

securing it. No other examples of this technique

have been observed to date and it is considered

to have been part of the original construction.

(Cf Plate Nos. 12:2:B-Ci17:1:A-Fi17:2:A-Bi17:3:E-F)

ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE RECOVERED

During the programme four areas yielded

information which, until this time,was unknown.

These were:- A. The deposit under the flagging.

B. The flagging and hearth area.

C. The area between the kitchen and

guard room.

D. The stone hlocks with regard to

construction techniques.

Each of the above is considered

separately in the following pages.


28

A. THE DEPOSIT UNDER THE FLAGGING

With the removal of a small section of

flagging on the southern side of the Annexe it

was possible to determine the nature of the

underlying deposit.

The material is very shallow being no

more than 150mm and lies immediately on the cliff

top. It is very moist and there is some evidence

of recent plant root activity. It has a gritty

quality due to a large percentage of sand

contained within it.

There is no stratigraphy'as such,a darker

sand mix (Munsell 10YR 3/3) and the finer sand are

intermittently mixed. ,The darker material is very.

similar to the lighter sand and may in fact be

the same, the colouration being due to humic

activity.

The moet remarkable quality associated

with the deposit is its extremely high PH reading

(8-9). The extreme alkalinity of the soil may be

due to a burn off of the site as part of the

preparation for the initial construction but it

is considered to be more likely that it is due to

, rain water seeping through the lime-rich mortar,

leaching into the soil.

The flagging is laid directly over the

soil. The deposit was sterile with the exception

of a black grog bottle base recovered from under

the wall in the extreme sw corner.

Cf. Plate Nos. 14:3:D-E

14:4:A-D

14:5:A-E

14 :'6:A-F

18

Plan No. 23

APPENDIX 9.5


29

B. THE FLAGGING AND HEARTH AREA

During the last stages of the programme

the concrete screed was removed from the kitchen

annexe floor. This revealed sandstone flagging

over the entire area.

The flagging was in good condition

generally though it was uneven and showed evidence

of wear patterns particularly in the SE corner near

the door. In addition it could be confirmed that

a hearth had been present 'in ,the centre of the rooom,

this area being unflagged and deposits of ash and

charcoal could be observed on the surface of the

underlying deposit. It was not possible to determine

the ;style of the hearth.

Cf. Plate Nos. 11:1:C-D

14: 1 :A-F.

14:2:B-F

15:1:A-F

15:2:A-F

16:4:C-E

I 30

I I I I I , I

I I I I

C. THE AREA BETWEEN THE KITCHEN AND THE GUARDROOM

As part of the current programme it had

been proposed to remove the concrete screed from

this area as had been done inside the Kitchen

Annexe. A small test trench (PLAN NO. 16) was

opened by workmen and excavated by the consultant.

It was found that at least two layers

of concrete were present overlying a thick (300mm)

layer of sandstone rubble. Below this, along the

wall of the guardroom,a shallow dish drain was

revealed and sandstone paving. This is undoubtedly

of the original construction.

Between the paving and the drain a

shallow depression contained a deposit of silty

-material (similar to that discovered below the

flagging in the Annexe),very dark in coiliour

(Munsell 10YR 2/1). It is probably stained by

humic activity. Small pieces of charcoal were also

present. Some small artefacts were also L

recovered but are not of identifiable date.

Cf. Plate Nos. 15:3:A-F

I 15:4:A-F

I I I I I I I I

Plan No.

15:5:A-F

15:6:A-F

16:1:A-F

16:2:A-D

16:6:B-F

16,22

APPENDIX 9.5


-- ---

31

D. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

During the course of demolition it

became apparent that evidence of initial

construction techniques were to be observed in

the blocks being demolished. Later on

corroborative evidence was found from those

stones still in situ.

It was found that on the uppermost side

of each block, in the centre,"wedges" had been cut

of uniform length (100mm) and generally uniform

depth (also 100mm). These are also to be found

on the coping stones.

It is reasonably certain, therefore,

that this must be evidence of either the

technique used to place the large and heavy blocks

in position, using the wedges as a grappling

point probably with a .pulley system or, it has

been suggested alternatively, that the wedges may

have served as a bedding point for mortar ,

similar to the use of frogs on bricks.

It is considered that the latter is less

than likely as the coping stones which received

no mortar had similar wedges cut into their

upper surfaces.

Cfd Plate Nos. 12:1:D-F

12: 2:A

12:3:Co.;F

12:5:F

13:6:C-D

17:4:D

I I

:1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

ASSESSMENT iCONCLUSIONS ' , r


5.0

5.1

5.2

32

ASSESSMENT,RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

PREAMBLE

The following sections assess the

archaeological involvement on site and presents

the information and conclusions reached using

the combined resources of archival research and

on-site archaeological work.

ASSESSMENT

It was unfortunate that some

demolition had already begun on-site' before the

consultant was commissioned. The major loss

resulting from this was the lack of documentation,

primarily pictorial, of the complete standing

southern elevation. However,it is considered that,

despite this loss, the maximum amount of evidence

was retrieved.

The objectives set out in Section 1.4

were successfully achieved. A complete record of

. the site before, during and after demolition was

obtained and evidence available through no other

means than on-site supervision was recovered and

recorded (Section 4.0).

In addition, by working on a small scale,

it has enabled the consultant to appreciate in a

microcosm the archaeological problems and

objectives pertinant to the larger site of

Cockatoo Island.

This was conElidered a relevant factor

when it was found that further work already in

progress on the island at the time of the

appointment of the consultant was threatening

other structures of similar historic significance.

As a result of the experience gained and the

documentation assessed during the work on the

Annexe a~section of recommendations has been

included in Section 6.0 that relate to areas


5.3

33

wider than the immediate environs of the Annexe.

CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS

As a result of the archaeological work

on the Kitchen Annexe it is now possible to

relate in far more detail than previously possible

the construction/history and significance of the

structure. This is as follows.

A. INITIAL CONSTRUCTION

It is evident that the preparation of

the site for the initial construction of the

Kitchen Annexe was minimal. Given that the areas

open for inspection were minimal it still seems

likely that after a superficial clearance and

levelling the foundations for the Annexe were

laid directly on top of the soil deposit on the

cliff/no foundations being dug.

, The flagged floor was also constructed

on this deposit and simply butted the four walls.

Similarly the hearth 'in the centre of the room

was laid on the soil depositiit is still not

possible to determine the style of the hearth/

whether single or double backed. Indeed/it was

considered unusual to find it' placed in the

centre of the room thereby cutting down an already

small working space.

Three openings were let into the

superstructure/the door in the eastern elevation

and two windows/one each in the nOEthern and,

southern elevations. The door apparently opened

inwards and to the north and was presumably of

timber. The windows/the primary source of light

and ventilation/were mos~ likely only closed by

double timber shutters opening and fastening on

the inetrnal elevations. The walls were whitewashed

and it is probable that some form of shelving

was arranged around them.

I I I I I I I I I I I ,I il

I I I

! I

I I I

=

34

The roof was of the hip type with the

chimney opening into the centreiit is likeLy that

there was a stone capping around this. Originally

the ro.of. was probably shingled though later this

was replaced by tin.

Internally it cannot be positively

determined whether the rafters were exposed or

not. It would seem unlikley that the extra

effort and expense involved in providing a ceiling

would be 'expended for this relatively small' and

unimportant building. However/the line of

regularly placed spikes between the tenth and

eleventh courses would seem to suggest that perhaps

a ceiling had been supported at this level.

The materials and techniques used in the

construction were all apparently local. The stone

was quarried on the island and the mortar also

probably originated here/a limekiln was constructed

not far from the Annexe. It is possible, though

less defin.;lte/that the timber was also locally

sawn. The marks of the pit sawing are still

evident. The metal was produced by a local, if not

island/smithy.

It is obvious that very little mechanical

assistance was given to the convict workmen

responsible for the building. The blocks of stone

were manhandled into place and those used in the

walls and coping appear to have been put into

position by means of a pulley system and manual

labour.

. It is probable that the Kitchen Annexe

was set at a slightly (perhaps one step) higher

level to the outside paving. The level. of the

paving block discovered in the test trench is

lower than that uncovered in the Annexe. Likewise

it is probable that a dish drain, similar to the

one seen in the test trench and just visible to

the south of the Guard Room designed to carry run-

*

I I I 'I I I I I I .1 I I I I I I I I I I

35

off water from the roof, is also to be found

around the perimeter of the Annexe.

B. LATER DEVELOPMENTS

It is considered likely that the ceiling

was added later in the century as the building

changed functions and owhers. Walls continued to

be whitewashed though by the turn of the century

they had begun to be painted. The shelving had

obviously been removed during the later

n~neteenth century. Also during this century

another door had been opened into the western

elevation to allow access to the sheds constructed

on this side.

It is probable that the area between

the Annexe and the Guard Room and possibly the

Annexe itself was first covered in concrete in the

later 1870s or early 1880s when this space was

utilised as a laundry and wash-shed. A second

pouring in the Annexe-Guard Room area brought

this to the same level 'as the Annexe. This most

likely occurred at the turn of the century when

the space was utilised as married officers'

quarters in the Biloela Gaol complex. There is

still evidence of the drainage facilities for

a sink noted in the plan of the Gaol '(PLAN No.10)

on the extreme NW external corner of the Guard

Room.

. At the same time that a new floor was

being prepared for the space between the Annexe and

the Guard Room provision was made for a gable roof

to bridge the space. The purlin breaches made in

the eastern elevat±on~ of the Annexe are evidence

of this and PLATE No.2 provides some detail.

Evidently corner uprights were also required as the

"post holes" on the NE corner of the Annexe and

the NW corner of the Guard Room, demonstrate.

With the change to a tin roof and the

I I I I I I

i I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

36

loss of the external ground drain (covered by

concrete) new drainage facilites were required

and the sections cut through the coping suggest

that a guttering and down pipe system was used.

Very little evidence of the verandah

along the northern facade is visible, though it

is considered likely that there is considerable

sub-surface remains. In the last thirty years at

least the building has been abandoned and all the

fixtures,ninishes and roof have been lost, though

very little vandalism has taken place. Until

the current programme the superstructure has

remained virtually intact.

In terms of historic significance

the building is minor in relation to other

monuments of a comparable period. Howeve~,in

the setting of the island and it's development

the Kitchen Annexe is a valuable record on a

number of accounts.

To begin with it is in essence a

faithful record of the materials and techniques

employed in the initial construct~on on,the

island. In the wider context of Australian

technical development this is valuable in'

detailing a relatively unknown period, particularly

for work carried out in the manner that this was.

It is vaI1J.able also in that it remains

on of the relatively untouched examples from

the initial construction on the island and as

such provides a valuable starting point for a

study of the remaining structures of the same

pE;!riod.

Thi!;dly it is in.'small scale an

illustrated history of the changing pattern of

use and function on the island from 1839 to the

present day.

~

I

I I 6,,0

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RECOMMENDATIONS

I

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.


6.0

6.1

6.2

37

ANNEXE SUPERSTRUCTURE

That no further alterations to the structure be

carried out.

That any additional work carried out in the current

programme use materials and techniques sympathetic

to the ex'isting fabrics In particular that any

mortar used in repointing or repairs be of a

sufficiently weak mix to react as the original

mortar does to draw water away from the stone.

That the stone be stabilised and protected only.

That no cleaning, painting etc be allowed.

That the timber plates with all nails and spikes

be left in situ, stabilised and preserved.

That allevidence of earlier joinery, finishes and

fixtures be preserved.

That no attempt is made to hide or erradicate

evidence of earlier structures or fixtures. This

is specifically applied to breaches made for

purlins,pipes,guttering and drains.

That the.qandstone flagging now exposed be adequately

protected to prevent damage from water, heat or

vegetation.

That the deposit exposed in the hearth area be

protected and stabilised. That the remaining

underlying deposit be retained intact and undisturbed.

ANNEXE-GUARDROOM AREA

That the concrete cover be retained.

That the small test trench exposed during the current

programme be filled with clean sand and recovered

in concrete.

That if any section of the concrete covering must

I I I I I I I


6.3

6.4

6.5

38

be disturbed an archaeologist must be present to

record any information that comes to light.

SUB-SURFACE STRUCTURES

That all evidence remaining of the sheds on the

west, the verandah on the north and the cells on

the south are to be preserved intact and to

remain undisturbed.

That if it proves necessary to carry out any work

in this area an archaeologist must be present to

carry out work detailed in Section 6.4 or as

considered necessary.

ADDITIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN ANNEXE AREA

The on-site inspection of the Annexe area has

raised a number of questions that could only be

answered by further archaeological work. It is

stressed that the primary recommendation for this

area is that all evidence is to be preserved

intact and undisturbed ,however,if further work

is to be carried out in this area by the client

Department the following recommendations apply.

That all subsurface structures visible be recorded

before the commencement of any work.

That any disturbance of these is to be preceeded

by planned excavation by an archaeologist to

retrieve any information.

If this is to occur it is recommended tnat a long

strip trench be taken fFom the southern parapet

wall along the eastern facade of the Annexe into

the verandah area to investigate the question of

the kitchen height in relation to the surrounding

structures.

ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS COCKATOO ISLAND SITE

That as a matter of primary importance a survey be

carried out by an archaeologist or a team to

I I I I I

I I


39

determine the extent and condition of the

remaining 1839 Gaol buildings and secondarily'

the structures of the' later island development.

Evidence of dumps, work areas and the like are to

be included.

That in any planned or current work on the island

an archaeological input be planned for and

accomodated to minimise the loss of information.

This is to include both structural alterations

and sub-surface activity such as drainage channels

and trenches for cables etc.

I I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 ~

I I I I I I 1 1 I BIBIOGRAPHY

I'


7.0

7.1

7.2

40

BOOKS AND THESES

KERR,J. S., Design for Convicts in the Australian

Colonies Durin~e Transportation Era.

(Thesis 1977)

LEIGH,S.T., Cockatoo Docks:SydneLNar ReQord

(ML Q627.3/C 1945)

MUIR,D.W. , An Investigstion of the HistorYLEresent

WHEELER,K.V. Condition and Possible Future of

Cockatoo Island in: Sydney Harbour.

(Thesis 1974 SUA 627.31)

MUIR,R. , Notes from Thesis

PARKER,R.G., Cockatoo Island:A History

Thomas Nelson Aust.Ltd. 1977.

(ML Q991.1/49)

STEPHENSON,P.The Hist~and~escription of Sydney

Harbour.

Rigby. 1966.

(RAHS Library)

REPORTS,REGISTERS AND RETURNS

COX, TANNER. , Cockatoo Island:Alterations to Kitchen

Annexe. PreliminarY Report, 1981.

National Trust R~ister.

(NTC)

NSW COL. SEC. Report From the Board of Enquiry into

the Management of Cockatoo Island

Convict Establishment.

(ML Q365/N 1858)

NSW Department of Public Works Annua~

Reports, 1888-1902.

(SOBL)

NSW Statistical Registers 1867-1887.

(SOBL)


7.3

41

Official PublicatiQ!HL188.§.:Dock.§..

Shi22ing and Engineering

Establishments of Port Jackson.

(ML 627 • 3/1A1)

Royal Commission into Public

Charities. Second R~ort.1874.

(ML Q362/N)

Sel~LCommitt~n Public Prisons

(ML 1861)

JOURNAL AND PRESS ARTICLES -----------------. ---------ANON. ,

ANON.,

ANON. ,

ANON. ,

The Last of Biloela

Evening News 17.6.1908

RAHS Press Cuttings Vol.4.,18.

Biloela Blackbirds:The Old Prison

Closed.


RAHS Pr§.§s Cuttin.g2-Vol.17.,24.

History of Cockatoo IslandjQuestions

of Members.

RAHS Journal 30,1930.,488.

Cockatoo Island.

B.P_._Magazi~Se.12temb~--1935., 40, 41, 90

(ML Q059/B1)

BETHEL,W.E., Island Prison:Cockatoos and Gaolbirdsf

RAHS Foster Collection Press Cuttings

Vol. 2.,141-45

CAMPBELL,J. Cockatoo (Biloela) Island-Plan and

Historic Notes.

DICKEY,B. ,

PEYSER,D. ,

RAHS Journal 18,1932.,338ff.

The Establishment of Industrial Schools

and Reformatories in NSW, 1850-75.

RAHS JQ,Yrnal 54.,148

The History of Welfare Work in Sydney

RAHS Journal 25.,186-7


REYNOLDS, P • ,

7.4 CORRESPONDENCE

COL. SEC.,

COL. SEC. ,

7.5 PLANS ---

42

Goat and Cockatoo:Two Islands off

Balmain.

Leichhardt Historical Journal No.9

1980.,21-26.

Administration of Cockatoo Island

Penal Establishment.

Special Bundle 4/747.1

Letters Received from Col.Eng.

1840 Bundle 4L'2490.2

1841 ffi~29.4

1842 ffi571~

1843 !a609.1

1844 ffi64:h£ 1845 ffi726.1

1846 ffi726J.

1847 4/2726.1

1848 4/2802.2

Historical Records of Australia

Series-I-Volume XX.,217-18,628

Department of Corrective Services

(Plan 10)

Department of Housin~nd Construction

NS 67/354 (Plan 9)

NS 67/355 (Plan 8)

NS 67/359

NS 67/362 (Plan 11)

NS 67/363 (Plan 12)

NS 67/365 (Plan 14)

NS 67/366 (Plan 13)

NS 67/353 (Plan 4)

Land...,Qepartment

P 134-574'LR (Plan 5)

Mitchell Library M3 811.15/C.Is/1857/1 (Plan 1)


7.6 PLATES

43

Illustrated Sydney~ew£ June 17,

1854 (Plan 2)

D0cks~hipping and Engineering

Establishments of Port Jackson.

(Plan 7)

Cockatoo Island War Record

(Plan 15)

Mitchell Library

Slides 20,Number 19 (Platesl-2)

SPF IIHarbour and Islands ll (Plates 3-4)

Evening News 17.6.1908 (Plate 5)

Muir,D.W.,1974

Plate 6

- -----

I ,

I 8,0

I I I

1I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SOURCES: PLATES/PLANS

I


44

NOTE TO PLATES

Plates 7-17 comprise the complete photographic

record compiled by the consultant. They are

provided in the form of proof sheets and the

'notation used throughout the text when referring

to them is as follows:-

The first digit refers to the plate number, the

second to the line number on the proof sheet

and the third to the frame number {A-FJ,hence,

for example, 12:3:B refers to Plate No.12,Line 3,

Frame B.

I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

..

45

8.0 LIST OF PLATES,PLANS AND SOURCES

8.1

NO.

1

2

3

4

5

6

LIST OF PLATES

.DESCRIPTION DATE

Sutherland Dry 1881-89

Dock.

Detail of No.1

Power House and c.1885

Kitchen.

Detail of No.3

Main Entrance to

Biloela Gaol.

South side of

kitchen annexe.

1908

1974

7-17 Separate index following

18

19

Artefacts

Construction

elements.

1981

1981

SOURCE ----

ML Slides 20,No.19

ML SPF "Harbour and

Islands"


Muir,D.W.,1974.

Thorp,W.

Thorp,W.

Thorp,W


8.2

46

PLATE 7 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: Eastern external elevation.

B: As in 7:1:A

C: As in 7:1:A with ranging poles.

D: As in 7:1:C

E: Northern external elevation.

F: As in 7:1:E

LINE 2:Frame A: As in 7:1:E with ranging poles.

B: As in 7:2:A

C: Western internal elevation.

D: As in 7:2:C

E: As in 7:2:C with ranging poles.

F: As in 7:2:E

LINE 3:Frame A: Western internal elevation (long shot)

B: Northern internal elevation (NW cnr)

C: As in 7:3:B

D: As in 7:3:C with ranging poles.

E: As in 7:3:D

F: Northern internal elevation (NE cnr)

LINE 4:Frame A: As in 7:3:F

B: Southern internal wall half way

through demolition.

C: As in 7:4:B

D: As in 7:4:B with ranging poles.

E: As in 7:4:D

F: Eastern external elevation with

coping and lead flashing at NE cnr.


B: Eastern external ele~ation:detail

of coping, lead flashing and breaches

made for timber purlins.

C: As in 7:5:B

D: Eastern external elevation:detail

of breach made for timber purlin.

E: As in 7:5:D

F: As in 7:5:D with scale.


B: As in 7:6:A


8.3

47

c: Breach made for timber purlin in

south side eastern external

elevation with small patched section.

D: Section along semi-demolished south

wall, facing west.

E: As in 7:6:D

F: Timber plugs in eastern external

wall, south side.

PLATE 8 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: East external elevation,SE cnr

LINE 2:Frame

LINE 3:Frame

illustrating fretting of stonework.

B: As in 8.1:A

c: Western internal elevation.

D: As in 8.1:C

E: As in 8:1:C with ranging poles.

F: As in 8:1:E

A: East external elevation at NE cnr

showing "post hole".

B: As in 8: 2:A

C: North external elevation; detail of

exfoliation-on lower courses.

D: As in 8:2:C

E: North external elevation showing

weathering and weed action on lower

courses.

F: As in 8:2:E

A: North external elevation;detail

of coping on NE cnr with breach

made for timber purlin.

B: As in 8: 3:A

C: North external elevation; detail of

shell mortar in situ.

D: As in 8:3:C

E: As in 8:3:C

F: North external elevation; detail of

breach in wall for pipe.


8.4

48


LINE 5:Frame

LINE 6:Frame

B: Internal detail of 8:3:F

c: North external elevation~detail

of window sill.

D: As in 8:4:C

E: North external elevation~detail

of window looking up, timber

joinery insitu.

F: As in 8:4:E

A: North external elevation~detail

of window jamb.

B: As in·8:5:A

C: As in 8:5 :A

D: North external elevation~detail

of stone pecking.

E: As in 8:5:D

F: North external elevation, NW cnr~

detail of b~e~k made for drain?

A: As in 8:5:F

B: South external wall during demolition

as seen from Su.therland Dock.

C: As in 8:6:B

D: As in 8.:6:B

E: As in 8:6:B

F: As in 8:6:B

PLATE 9 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: Test exposure.

B: South external wall during

demolition as seen from Sutherland

dock.

C: As in 9:1:B

D: As in 9:1:B

E: As in 9:1:B

F: As in 9:1:B

LINE 2:Frame A: Kitchen and guardroom as seen from

I 49

Sutherland Dock.

I B: As in 9: 2:A

c: As in 9: 2:A

I D: As in 9: 2:A

E: As in 9: 2:A

I F: Section through remaining grain

silo.

I LINE 3:Frame A: As in 9:2:F

B: Gun slit in military guardroom.

I c: As in 9:3:B

D: As in 9:3:B

I E: As in 9:3:B

F: As in 9:3:B

I LINE 4:Frame A: As in 9:3:B

B: As in 9:3:B

I c: East internal elevation, NE cnr.

D: As in 9:4:C

I E: East internal elevation7detail

whitewash and paint finish.

F: As in '9: 4:E

I LINE 5:Frame A: Mortar bedding.

I B: As in 9:5:A

C: East internal elevation7wooden

I bracket inset to wall.

D: As in 9:5:C

E: East internal elevation7detail

I base of door north side.

F: As in 9:5:E

I LINE 6:Frame A: As in·9757 E central section.

I B: As in 9:6:A

C: As in 9:5:E upper section

D: As in 9.: 6:C

I E: As in 9:6:C NE cnr of door jamb

F: As in 9:6:E

I I 8.5 PLAT~10 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: Test exposure

I


50

B: East internal elevation~detail

central section door south side.

c: As in 10:1:B

D: East internal elevation NE cnr door

lintel.

E: As in 10:1:D

F: East internal elevation, detail of

patching on south side of door.


B: East internal elevation.

C: As in 10:2:B

D: As in 10~2:B with ranging poles.

E: As in 10:2:D

F: East internal wall NE cnr •.

LINE ~:Frame A: As in 10:2:F

B: East internal elevation~detail

timber plate on wall.

C: As in 10g3':B

D: As in 10:3:B SE cnr.

E: As in 10:3:D

F: North internal elevation,NE cnr

detailing large mortar patch.


B: Junction 'of· north and east internal

walls showing junction of timber

plates.'

C: As in 10:4:B

D: Northern internal window.

E: As in 10:4:D

F: Internal elevation of North window

with timber joinery still in place.


B: North internal elevation~metal spike

adjacent to window, west side.

C: North internal wall showing breach

for pipe.

D: As in 10:5:C

E: West internal doorway~detail of

evidence 'of former jamb.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------.-- --


8.6

LINE 6:Frame

51

F: As in 10:5:E

A: As in 10:5:F,detail of metal

frame.

B: As in 10: 6:A

C: As in 10~6:B,detail of base of metal

frame.

D: As in 10:6:C

E: West internal elevation7detail of

spikes and damage to stone on south

side of western door.

F: As in 10:6:E

LINE l:Frame A: Coping stone removed.

B: As in 11:1:A

C: NW cnr flagging.

D: As in 11:1:C

E: Metal door frame from west door

after removal.

F: As in 11:1:E

, LINE 2:Frame A: SW Cnr ,flagging7removed during

demoli tion.'

B: Coping stone removed (scale

interval 30cm)

c: Exterior south wall with footings?

D: As in 11:2:C

E: Detail of mortar in situ.

F: As in 11:2:E

LINE 3:Frame A: West external elevation.

B: Foundations to west of kitchen

annexe.

C: As in 11:3:B

D: West external wall NW corner7

detail of footings.

E: Detail of flagging.

F: As in 11:3:E


8.7

52

LINE 4:Frame A: West external elevation, SW cnr.

B: As in 11:4:A

C: West external elevation.

D: As in 11:4:C

E: As in 11:4:C

F: As in 11:4:C

LINE 5:Frame A: South wall in section during

demolition.

B: As in 11": 5:A

C: SE cnr south internal elevation.

D: As in 11:5:C

E: As in 11: 5:A

F:. As in 11: 5:A

LINE 6:Frame A: Test exposure.

B: South internal wall,sw. cnr showing

wall finish.

C: Fretting on east external elevation.

D: As in 11:6:C

E: South internal elevation, mortar in

situ.

F: As in 11:6:E

PLATE 12 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: Coping stone after removal showing

discolouration of exposed area.

LINE 2:Frame

B: Coping stone removed.

C: As in 12:1:B

D: Wedge cut into coping

E: As in 12:1:D

F: As in 12:1:D

A: As in 12:1:D

B: Metal spike inserted

stone.

C: As in 12:2:B

stone.

into coping

D: Timber wedge in stone block.

E: As in 12:2:D

F: As in 12:1:A


8.8

53

LINE 3:Frame A: Demolition of south corner of west

LINE 4:Frame

LINE 5:Frame

LINE 6:Frame

wall.

B: Mortar in situ on removed stone.

C: Wedge cut into block.

D: As in 12:3:C

E: Lintel removed of south window.

F: As in 12:3:E

A: Stone bloc1s:s being removed.

B: As in 12:4:A

C: South wall during demolition, SE

D: Demolition of south corner west

E: Western door during cQurse of

being blocked.

F: As in 12:4:E

A: As in 12:3:E

B: As in 12:5:A

C: As in 12:5:A

D: Coping stone removed.

E: As in 12:5:D

F: Wedge cut into coping stone.

A: Method of demolition.

B: As in 12:6:A

C: As in 12:6:A

D: As in 12:6:A

E: As in 12:6 :A

F: As in 12: 6:A

cnr.

wall.

LINE 1:Frame A: Ferry in dry 'dock.

B: As in 13:1:A

C: West facade guardroom.

D: As in 13:1:C

E: As in 13:1:C

F: Remains of verandah north of guard

room.



54

B: Parapet wall

c: As in 13:2:B

D: Removal of south section of west

wall.

E: South wall during demolition

looking east.

F: South wall SW cnr near end of

demolition.

LINE 3:Frame A: South side west wall in section

after demolition.

LINE 4:Frame

B: West wall elevation after

demolition.

C: Line of bricksout~ide south wall.

D: As in 13:3:C

E: Lead flashing after removal (scale

30cm)

F: As in 13:3:E

A: SW cnr near end of demoliti.on.

B: West wall in section after .-

demolition.

C: West wall elevation after

demolition.

D: SW cnr near end of demolition.

E: As in 13:4:D

F: Looking west along line of

demolition.

LINE 5:Frame A: Lower profile of building/north

elevation looking west.

B: As in 13:5:A

C: SW cnr at end of demolition.

D: As in 13:5:C

E: South wall near end of demolition.

F: As in 13:5:E

LINE 6:Frame A: SW cnr at end of demolition.

B: SE cnr dm:;ing demolition.

C: Wedge cut int_o block.

D: As in 13:6:C

E: IIpost hole ll at NE cnr. F: As in 13:6:E


8.9

55

PLATE 14 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: Line of new southern wall.

B: As in 14:1:A

C: As in 14:1:A

D: Flagging near hearth.

E: .As in-'14 ~ l':,D'

F: NE cnr flagging.

LINE 2:Frame A: Deposit under southern wall.

B: Pile of flag stones removed and

stacked. (Scale 30cm)

C: As in 14:2:B

D: Flagging removed and stacked (scale

30cm)

E: Line of new southern wall.

LINE 3:Frame A: SE cnr of building after

demolition and refacing.

B: Constructing new southern wall.

C: As in 14:3:B

D: Deposit exposed under souuhern wall.

E: As in 14:3:D

F: Line of bricks outside south wall.

LINE 4:Frame A: Deposit under flagging cleared to

cliff with flag still in place.

B: Looking down to cleared cliff.

C: Deposit exposed under flagging.

D: As in 14:4:C

E: SE cnr after demolition and facing.

F: SW cnr after demolition.

LINE 5:Frame A: Deposit exposed under flags.

B: As in 14:5:A (scale 30cm)

C: As in 14:5:A

D: As in 14:5:A

E: As in 14:5:A

F: As in 14:5:A

LINE 6:Frame A: SW cnr after demolition.

B: SE cnr after demolition.

C: As in 14:6:A

D: Deposit exposed under flags

------------------------------------------------~------------------------------- --_.


8.10

56

E: As in 14:6:D

F: As in 14:6:D

PLATE 15 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: NE cnr flagging.

B: Central northern wall flagging.

C: As in 15:1:B

D: Flagging at eastern dooro

E: As in 15:1:D

F: Flagging in SE cnr showing lines

of wear.


B: Flagging at hearth.

C: As in 15:2:B

D: As in. 15 : 2 : B

E: As in 15:2:B

F: Flagging cut for line of new

southern wall.

LINE 3:Frame A: Cement cleared from trench at

LINE 4:Frame

LINE 5:Frame

guardroom wall. (Looking north)

B: As in 15:3:A

C: As in 15:3:A looking east.

D: As in 15:3:C

E: Rubble exposed in NE cnr (scale

30cm)

F: As in 15:3:E

A: Drain and paving exposed after

clearance. (Looking east)

B: As in 15:4:A·

C: As in 15:4:A

D: As in 15:4:A

E: As in 15:4:A looking north.

F: As in 15:4:E

A: Damp course and lower part of

guardroom exposed.

B: As in 15:5:A

C: As in 15:5:A

;--


8.11

LINE 6:Frame

57

D: Drain exposed looking east

(scale interval 30cm)

E: As in 15:5:D looking north

F: As in 15:5:E

A: Section (north) showing rubble

cement.

B: As in 15:6:A

C: As in 15:6:A

and

D: Damp course in east wall guardroom

E: As in 15:6:D

F: As in 15:6:D

PLATE 16 INDEX

LINE l:Frame A: Drain exposed looking south.

B: As in 16:1:A

C: Drain and paving from above.

D: As .in 16:1:C

E: As in 16:1:C

F: As in 16:1:C

LINE 2:Frame A: As in 16:1:C

B: As in 16:1:C

C: SW cnr of trench showing double

layer of cement.

D: As .in 16:2:C

E: New coping west wall.

F: As in 16:2:E

LINE 3:Frame A: SW corner after rebuilding.

B: Line of bricks outside south wall

C: As in 16:3:B

D: North and east elevations.

E: As in 16:3:D

F: As in 16:3:D

LINE 4:Frame A: New patches in purlin breaches

east elevation.

B: New patch NE cnr of building.

c 7~' " - -..

,-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,


8.12

58

c: Flagging after removal of cement.

D: As in 16:4:D

E: As in 16:4:D

F: New pointing.

LINE 5:Frame A: Position of trench at guardroom.

B: Western doorway after filling.

c: "Posthole" in guardroom ,northern

corner.

D: Remaining line of "flags" between

guardroom and annexe.

E: As in 16:5:D

F: As in 16:5:A

LINE 6:Frame A: Fretting of stonework.

PLATE

LINE

B: Damp course exposed in guardroom.

c: South section of trench.

D: As in 16:6:C

E: South s,ection of trench

E: As in 16:6:E

17 INDEX

l:Frame A:

B:

C,:

D:

E:

F:

Lead

As in

As in

As in

Metal

As in

casing around spike roof plate.

17:1::A

17: l:A

17:1:A (scale 30cm)

spike in situ roof plate

17:1:E

LINE'2:Frame A: Nail in situ rQo~ plate.

LINE 3:Frame

B: As in 17:2:A

c: Window j oine'ry removed (scale 30cm)

D: As in 17:2:C showing dowell hole.

E: Saw marks on wood.

F: Timber p.1ate in situ

A: Line of nails around upper section

of wall.

B: As in ,17: 3:A

C: As in 17:3:A


D:

E:

F:

LINE 4:Frame A:

B:

C:

D:

E:

F:

59

As in 17:3:A

Metal spike in situ.

As in 17:3:E

Part of c.1900 plan.

c.1900 plan.

Coping profile.

Timber plate in situ on wall

As in 17:4:D

As in 17:4:D

I I I I ,I

i I I I -I

I I I I I I I I I I

8.13

NO.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

60

LIST OF PLANS

DESCRIPTION DATE

Detail Cockatoo 1845-57

Is. showing

improvements.

Cockatoo Island 1854

sketch.

Cockatoo Island, 1861

detail.

Island and its 1882

approaches, detail.

Permanent Survey,1882

detail.

Biloela,detail. 1882

Plan of Graving 1886

Docks, detail.

Water supply, 1889

detail.

Plan of graving 1892

docks, detail.

Plan of Biloela 1900 • Gaol.

Plan of dockyard 1912

detail.

Plan of dockyard 1914

detail.

Plan of island, 1915

detail.

Plan of water 1916

SOURCE

ML M3 811.15/C.Is.1857/1

Illustrated Sydney News,

June 17,1854.

Department Housing and

Construction plan room.

Department of H. and C.

plan No. NS 67/353

Lands Department plan

P 134-574 LR

Department of-H. and C.

plan No. NS 67/386.

ML Docks,Shipping and

and Engineering

Establishments.


plan No. 67/355.


plan No. NS 67/354

Department of Corrective

Services album.

Department of H.and C.

plan No. NS 67/362


plan No.NS 67/363

Department of H.and.C.

plan No.NS 67/366



NO.

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

DESCRIPTION

Plan of island

detail.

Site plan

Ground plan of

Annexe.

North elevation

East elevation

South elevation

West elevation

Section through

test trench.

Section under

flagging.

61

DATE SOURCE

plan No. NS 67/365.

1945 Cockatoo Island War

Record.

1981 Tender Document.

1981 Tender Document;

1981 Tender document.




1981 Thorp,W.

1981 Thorp,W.

I I 9.0

I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I

APPENDICES I


9.0

~.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

62

LIST OF APPENDICES

Precis of Half-Yearly Reports Received by the

Colonial Secretary from the Colonial Engineer,

1839-1848.

Abstract of work to be PeFformed on the Kitchen

Annexe,1981 (From Tender Document NA.81/103)

Report-Inspection of Sandstone Masonry.·,Kitchen

Annexe,Cockatoo Island. G.S.Marsh.

Report on CocKatoo Island Mortar.

Dr. G.S.Gibbons.

Register of Artefacts Recovered.


9.1

63

PRECIS OF HALF YEARLY REPORTS RECEIVED BY COLONIAL

SECRETARY FROM THE COLONIAL ENGINEER:-1839-1848.

OCTOBER 1839-MARCH 1840 (Bundle 4/2490.2)

Roof of prisoners barracks fixed and the wards, rooms

and passages fitted:walls of cookhouse built and

foundations laid of hospital and dining room:six

granaries excavated in the rock.

APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1840 (Bundle 4/2490.2)

Cookhouse roofed in:walls built of hospital and

additional ward and mess shed and the building

roofed in:permanent workshops erected:wharf at east

end of island extended 150 feet:jetty carried out

to ten feet deep at low water and road to jetty

completed.


Interiors of hospital fitted as well as No.3 ward

andmess:extended wharf and jetty:eight silos

excavated:excavations begun on SE of island.


Eight silos complete and another six dug:ground

excavated for barracks at north end of island.


Completed six silos:Iaid foundations and built walls

of guard bouse and barrack for 56 soldiers:

excava,ted ground for cells and south wharf.


Guard house and barrack for 56 soldiers roofed in

and fitted up complete:ground excavated and

principal part of the material prepared for a range

of twelve solitary cells:site of proposed new

barrack excavated to six feet, rubble thrown out to

form south wharf.

I I I

i I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

64


A range 6f twelve solitary cells 8 x 5 feet each

with a loft over the whple built with IIjoggled ll

masonary and roofed:No.1 ward of prisoners . ,. . barracks cei~ed:site of proposed new barracks

excavated 5 feet and excavated stone thrown out

for wharf.


" , • r

Painted Superintendan~s quarters:built a limekiln:

made roaq through quarry:built walls round cells ,

and stone 'sentry box at No.6 post:raked out joints

and pointed military barracks:whitewashed prisoners

barracks.

OCTOBER'1843-MARCH 1844 (Bundle 4/2647.2)

Repair of many tools:cleared ground:repairs to

roads and water courses:cut flagging.

APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1844 (Bundle. 4/2647.2)

Repair of tools:cleared ground:repairs to roads

and water courses:cut flagging:additions to

Superintendants quarters.


Primarily mending tools.



OCTOBER 1845-MARCH 1846, (Bundle 4/2726.1)

Minor repairs to buildings:repairs to tools.

APRIL-,SEPTEMBER 1846 (Bundle 4/2726.1)



Repairs to tools.


65

APRIL -SEPTEMBER 1847 (Bundle 4/2767.1)

Repairs to tools.

OCTOBER 1847-MARCH 1848 iBundle 4/2802.2)

Repairs to tools.

I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

9.2

66

ABSTRACT OF WORK TO BE PREFORMED ON KITCHEN ANNEXE

1981 (FROM TENDER DOCUMENT NA.81/103)

DEMOLITION

Demolish southern wall and a section of the western

wall.

T·he stone blocks of the demolished walls to be

cleaned and stacked. To be used to construct the

dwarf walls and to build up the opening in the

western wall.

Demolish stone flagging (as indicated on plan) and

stack ,stones.

Remove cyclone wire fence between Annexe and Guard

room.

Remove concrete screed from stone flagging of Annexe

and space between it and guardroom.

Remove timber plate £rom stone coping.

Remove flashing and any relics of timber purlins

from eastern wall.

Remove timber frames of windows.

Remove any·metal spikes from joints of stonework.

RECONSTRUCTION

Build dwarf stone walls (as indicated on plan)

Build up opening in western wall and replace

damaged stone adjacent to opening.

Repoint existing joints in stonework where indicated.

Dress faces of stonework cut and exposed by

demolition work.

Repair coping on west wall by repalcing damaged

section with a section recovered from demolished

southern wall.

Repair hole in northern wall by. replacing a section

of stone 350mm wide.

Replace sections of timber removed from eastern wall

with sections of stone the same size.

Repair 'damaged corners of east elevation by replacing

damaged stones with new sections.

Replace damaged stone flagging with good flagging

recovered from demolition.


67

In all repairs to stonework maintain the

continuity of the existing joints.

Facing of new stonework to match the existing

stonework.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

All materials used to conform to accepted tests

and standards.

Mortar to be weaker than the stone and to be such

as to avoid staining. Mortar to be lime mortar

1:4 lime putty-sand by volume.

Mortar used for repointing to be coloured to

relate to original work.

Weeds to be removed from floor •

Protection to be applied to stone coping (as

specified) •


9.3

68

REPORT-INSPECTION OF SANDSTONE MASONRY,KITCHEN

ANNEXE,COCKATOO ISLAND.

G.S.MARSH:ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVATOR

On November 17,1981 I inspected the ruins of a

section of the old prison buildings on Cockatoo

Island, Sydney Harbour,NSW which was undergoing

alterations and restoration for the Department of

Housing and Construction. My visit was on the

request of Ms W.Thorp,Archaeological Consultant

for the Department of Housing and Construction,

for the purpose of assessing the condition of the

building stone.

The Stone: The buildings appeared to be constructed

of the local sandstone i.e. quarried on the

island. Samples of stone were taken from waste

created by the removal of block,s of the stone by

masons during the alterations. The stone appears

to be a grey/white Hawkesbury sandstone (Triassic).

It contains a high percentage of quartz grains.

Grain size could be classified as Coarse (greater

than O·.5mm and less than 2.0mm:average size

between O.5mm and 1.0mm). It appears to contain

a signifi~ant amount of hematite which causes 'the

stone upon exposure to the atmosphere to act like

"yellow block" sandstone and oxidize to a light

yellow in colour,with a few small streaks of red

also found in a small number of blocks. Some

blocks appear to be fairly homogenous, while others

spowed'bedding.

The Mortar: The mortar appears to be a soft lime

mortar, made with roughly crushed sea shells. No

samples were taken.

Condition Report: The masonry is exposed to the

atmosphere on all sides, and the building has

lost its roof. The walls are well washed by the

rain and appear to be in good condition. Some areas

of stone~however,are badly stained by rust washing

off iron bars in the wirldow areas. The floors show


69

some exfoliation (flaking) due to poor drainage

of some sections of the interiors of the

buildings. The mortar appears to have acted as a

IIsacrificialll mortar, drawing the water away from

the ,stone and therefore undergoing more rapid

weathering than the surrounding blocks. This is,

in the long term" beneficial for the building

even though it calls for renewal of the damaged

mortar with mortar of a similar type at

periodic intervals.

------------~---------------------------------- -

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , I

I I

9.4

70

REPORT ON COCKATOO ISLAND MORTAR

DR G.S.GIBBONS

INTRODUCTION

A sample of shell lime from an external wall at

Cockatoo Island has been submitted by Ms W.Thorp

for examination and advice on likely age.

METHODS

In previous studies of early NSW mortars it has

been found useful to determine ratios of shell,

lime and sand as one characteristic of the material,

and to' study the sand type as a second characteristic.

Shell content is determined by visual estimation.

Total lime (including shells) is determined by

treatment w~th acid and weighing of, the residue

(i.e. with lime removed). Sand sizes are.determined

by sieving the residue, either wet or dry. Wet

seiving is more satisfactory with clay-rich sands,

and has been used for the present study.

Sand size analyses are expressed in terms of

percentage dry weight retained on each of a nest

of sieves. For ease of comparison,it is useful to

extract 2 or 3 generali'zed parameters to show

degree of similarity among such analyses. Most

distributions are unimodal,and for all these the

two most useful measures are one indicating the

centre of the distribution,and one indicating the

spread of sizes about this centre. In theory, the

moment mean and moment standard deviation are

ideal, but in practice they are difficult to

determine. For this reason it has been found most

useful to give the median as the centre measure,

and to indicate spread by a crude 11 pigeon-hole 11

classification. The median is the grain-diameter , for which grains larger and grains smaller are of

equal weight. Spread is designated NN (very narrow)

if 60 percent of grains fall in a single size


71

class (i.e. between some diameter x and 2x)~N

(narrow) if 50-60 percent are in one class~M

(medium) if there are less than 50 percent in

one class but more than 50 percent in two

adjacent classes (i.e. within diameter range

x to 4x). Class B (broad) applies if no range

x to 4x contains 50 percent or more.

RESULTS ----The mortar sample is of pale creamy-b~ff colour

with 10% shell fragments up to 12mm diameter. The

sample is physically sound and fairly hard. On

treatment with acid, the sample lost 53.6% of its

weight, indicating an initial mix by weight of

one lime to one sand to I-5th part shell. This

would represent approximately 3:3:1 proportions

by volume.

Size analyses of constituent sand gave the following

results:

>1 mm 1.1%

0.5 mm 6.0%

0.25mm 68%

0.125 mm 14%

0.062 mm 3.7%

< 0.062 mm 6.7%

The median size is 0.33 mm, and the grading spread

is very narrow (there being more than 60% by weight

of the sand in a single class size).

Sand of this type has been previously found in

old mortars, and is typical of the period from 1830-

1850. The relatively high mortar content is

consistent with these dates, and suggests that a

date earlier than 1830 is unlikely. However,use of

shell aggregate with a variety of sand types

continued in external walls well after 1850 in the

Sydney area, so this iatter age limit is less

certain.


72

REGISTER OF ARTEFACTS RECOVERED/COCKATOO ISLAND.1981.

A. GLASS

NO. AREA

G001 Annexe:under wall in

extreme SW corner.

G002 Annexe-Guard Room.

Test Trench in the

depression between the

drain and paving.

B. CERAMIC

POOl As in G002

P002 As in G002

C. METAL

M001 As in G002

M002 As in G002

M003 As in G002

D. SHELL AND FAUNAL

FOOl As in G002

F002 As in G002

DESCRIPTION ---------Fragment of bottle base.

Olive with high kick

base (75mm). Grog.

One small fragment of

dark green bottle •

One small fragment

earthenware. Transfer

printed mid blue floral

pattern.

One fragment 35mm extant

of clay pipe stem and

mouthpiece.

One piece badly rusted

metal fragment. May be

part of knife blade.

One miscellaneous piece

metal. Cup handle?

Window fitting?

One miscellaneous~p±ece

of metal. Use unknown.

Cf. Plate No.18

Five miscellaneous bone

fragments. Unidentifiable.

Three miscellaneous shell fragments. Oyster.

"~--

I I 10.0

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PLATES

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73

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PLATE NO.3 c.188S: Power House and Kitchen.

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PLATE NO.4 c.1885: Detail of Plate No.3.

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P 002

KITCHEN ANNEXE, COCKATOO ISLAND

NOVEMBER 1981

90

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PLATE NO.18 ARTEFACTS

SCALE 1:1 W. THORP


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NAILS USED IN ROOF PLATES

91

KEY

1 SPI KE

2 TIMBER PLATE

3 INNER LEAD LINING

4 OUTER LEAD LINING • g

5 WEDGE

6 COPING STONE

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DIAGRAMATlC REPRESENTATION OF SPIKES USED TO SECURE

flMBER PLATES TO COPING STONES NOT TO SCALE


NOVEMBER 1981

PLATE NO. 19 ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTION

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PLAN NO.2 1854:

93

Sketch by J.Thomas,engineer (redrawn)_

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PLAN NO.15 1945: Detail plan of island.


NOTE TO PLANS 16-21

These have been adapted from those found in the

Specification NA 81/103.

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KITHEN AN~JEXE,

COCKATOO ISLAND NOVEMBER 1981

107

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NOVEMBER 1981 SCALE 1:50 W. THORP

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NOVEMBER 1981

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NOVEMBER 1981

113

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1-". • • • • • _ .• _" _: Jo. -x"'.".·." • • • 7 • "'. • .'. .". • .-. .'. ~ • '. • • • • .::'. ~ • - ~ - ~ ~ • • )(.)( .. ,. ___ ;'" ~ ,. ")Ill JfI JC • )( )( )( )I( )I; " )( )( ,. I( • )( 1( • )( )I )I x x III )( 111: )( X .. )( 11 )(

.,. ._)( • ,. )( ,. .. 11 )( )( )I )( • lit )I )( )( • )( )11 )( • )( le )I[ )( )( • )( )( )( )( )( )I )( )( • .. •

.................. ll •• :.cx •• " •••• x ••• x •••••• )( )( )( )( )( ,. • • )( • )( • )( • )( )( )( )( )( " )11 • • lit )I )( )( I( lIC )( )( lit • Ill: )( )( )( •

)( 1( )( )I • ,. )( )Ill )( III • l1li !If le )( 11: )( )( • • .)11 ,.)( It )( )( • • • • • • • )I • 'Ill • •

•••••• lC •••• JC •••• •••••••••••JC••••••••••••

••••• JClC •••••••• ••JC••••••••

JC•••••••••••••

••• IIC •••••• lC.IICX •• ".· ••• ·····.·x ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1(060· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••••••• lC.JC •••••• 1C. ••••••••••••••••••••

lCJC •••••••••••••••• JC •••••••••• __ • __ ••• ............... -._ ..... _ .... - .......... . ••• _ ••• JC •• _JC.JCIC- ••••••••••• ····_········

•• _ •••••••••••• _ •••• JC •••••••• JCJC ••••••• x • •••••••••••• __ ._ •• JC_._ ••••••••••• _ •••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _ • • • • • • • • • • • If • • • • • • • • •

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• x •••• JC JCJC

•••••••••••• JC.x.JC.JC ••• _.- ••••••••••• ••••••••••• 11( ••••••••••••••••••••••••• . • . • • . • • . • • . . • •• •...• ...)1(. • • )I( • If • • •

••••• JC •••• JC •••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• Jf ••••• JC ••• _ •• _ •• _ •••••

•• _ •••••••••••••••••• )11' ••• _._ •••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,. • ,. • • • )( )( • • • • • • • • It • • • • •

• • • • • • • IC • )( • • ,. • • • • • )( • • • • • • • • • • • • JC ,. • • • • • • •

.,..f..~ ••••••••• III •••••••••• ••••••• ••••• K._ ••• _ ••• _ •• "'K •• )( ••••••• K •••

[j [0 N [ RETE § F L A G GIN G E=:fJ SAN D 1:- :i HUM I C M A TE R I A L I:: :j [L I F F TOP

KIT ( HEN ANN EX E, COCKATOO ISLAND

NOVEMBER 1981

PLAN NO. 23 SECTION KITCHEN FLAGGING

SCALE 1-·1 W.THORP

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