david montgomery - soil
TRANSCRIPT
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Twitter: @dig2grow
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Invention of the plow fundamentally altered the balance between soil production and soil erosion, dramatically increasing soil erosion…
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Archaeological studies show that soil erosion played a key role in the demise of ancient civilizations.
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The world’s agricultural soils have already lost 66 to 90 billion tons of carbon, mostly due to tillage.
- Lal, 1999
430 million ha of arable land lost to soil degradation, an area equivalent to
about one third of all present cropland.
- Pimental et al., 1995
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Losses caused by soil erosion
On-site• Nutrient loss• Loss of organic matter• Reduced fertility• Reduced water holding capacity• Yield drop• Reduced planting area
Off-site• Sedimentation in lakes and rivers• Impaired water quality• Loss of biodiversity• Reduced food supply• Inflated food prices
Long-term cost…
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Estimated cost of soil erosion in US
$ 44 B Pimental et al., 1995$ 37 B Uri, 2000$ 20 B Troeh et al., 1991$ 2.2 to 13 B Tegtmeier and Duffy, 2004$ 1.1 – 13 B Clark, 1985$ 1.1 – 3.1 B Hitzhusen et al., 1984$ 1.7 – 1.8 B Crosson, 1986$ < 1.2 B Colacicco et al., 1989$ 0.5 – 1.1 B Larson et al., 1983$ 0.6 – 0.8 B Crowder, 1987
Telles et al., 2011, The Costs of Soil Erosion, Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, v. 35, p. 287-298.
Varies 100 fold…up to $44 B per year
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(from: FAO, 2014. Food Wastage Footprint, p. 76).
Annual global cost of soil erosion from water: $ 33 Billion
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Per hectare on-site cost of soil erosion
Telles et al., 2011, The Costs of Soil Erosion, Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, v. 35, p. 287-298.
$ 27 – 1500 Brazil Marques et al., 1961$ 60 EU Riksen and Graaff, 2001$ 38 – 166 Brazil Rodrigues, 2005$ 15 – 25 Brazil Bertol et al., 2007$ 5 – 67 Spain Hein, 2007$ 28 – 73 Brazil Sarcinelli et al., 2009$166 – 409 EU Kuhlman et al., 2010
Highly variable $ 5 to $1500 per hectare per year
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Is Soil Restoration Possible?
Can we reverse the historical pattern?
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Forthcoming spring 2017, Montgomery, D. R., Triple Harvest (W. W. Norton)
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Principles of Conservation Agriculture (FAO)
• minimal or no disturbance (e.g., no-till)
• permanent ground cover (cover crops)
• complex rotations (reduce pathogen carryover)
** livestock in intensive rotational grazingReduced input costs + similar yield = higher farm profits
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Societal value of soil organic carbon is about $120/ton.*
At global average sequestration rate of 0.77 tons/ha/yr for conservation agriculture (no-till + complex rotation)** that comes to $40/acre/yr.
* Lal, R., 2014, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 69, p. 186A-192A.** West, T. O,. And Post, W. M., 2002, SSSA Journal, v. 66, p. 1930-1946.
Societal Value of Soil Carbon
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Cost to farmer of 1% loss in soil organic matter translates to an indirect of about $66/acre per year.*
* Tsiafouli, M. A., et al., 2015, Global Change Biology, v. 21, p. 973-985.
Value of Soil Carbon
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Rattan Lal
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Rattan Lal estimates that conservation agriculture could put enough carbon back into soils to offset 5 to 15% of global fossil-fuel emissions.
The Rodale Institute suggests that carbon sequestration in soils could fully offset fossil fuel emissions.
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agricultural Soils
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