FOSDEM 5/02/2011 1

With the help of the Datalift teamAnd the support of the French National Research Agency

Datalift: A Catalyser for the Web of Data

François ScharffeLIRMM/CNRS/University of Montpellier

francois.scharffe@lirmm.fr @lechatpito

The data revolution is on its way !

As Open Data meets the Semantic Web

The promises of linked-data

Richer Applications

Linked Data Lite | the Web on Steroids 1.0 (iPhone)

Richer applications

BBC Programmes

More precise search and QA

Making your data 5 stars

http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

So, how to lift data ?

How to publish data on the Web as linked-data ?

● Basic principles Tim Berners Lee [2006] (Design Issues)

– Use URIs to identify things (not only documents)– Use HTTP URIs– When dereferecing URIS, return a description of the

ressource– Include links to other ressources on the Web

Welcome aboard the data lift

Published and interlinked data on the Web

Applications

Interconnexion

Publication infrastructure

Data convertion

Vocabulary selection

Raw data

Datalift

Datasets publication

R&D to automate the publication process

Tool suite to help publish data

Training, tutorials, data publication camps

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1st floor - Selection

Les vocabulaires de mes amis …

Ø What is a (good) vocabulary for linked data ?

§ Usability criterias

Simplicity, visibility, sustainability, integration, coherence …

Ø Differents types of vocabularies

§ metadata, reference, domain, generalist …

§ The pillars of Linked Data : Dublin Core, FOAF, SKOS

Ø Good and less good practices

§ Ex : Programmes BBC vs legislation.gov.uk

§ Vocabulary of a Friend : networked vocabularies

Ø Linguistic problems

§ Existing vocabularies are in English at 99%

§ Terminological approach :which vocabularies for « Event » « Organization »

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Did you say « vocabulary »

… And why not « ontology »?

§ Or « schema » ou « metadata schema »?

§ Ou « model » (data ? World ?)

Ø All these terms are used and justifiable

They are all « vocabularies »

§ The define types of objects (or classes)and the properties (oo attributes) atttached to these objects.

§ Types and attributes are logically definedand named using natural language

§ A (semantic) vocabularyis an explicit formalizationof concepts existing in natural language

Vocabularies for linked data

ØAre meant to describe resources in RDF

ØAre based on one of the standard W3C language§ RDF Schema (RDFS)

• For vocabulaires without too much logical complexity

§ OWL • For more complex ontological constructs

§ These two languages are compatible (almost)

ØThe can be composed « ad libitum »§ One can reuse a few elements of a vocabulary

§ The original semantics have to be followed

What makes a good vocabulary ?

Ø A good vocabulary is a used vocabulary

§ Data published on CKAN give an idea of vocabulary usage

§ Exemple : vlist of datasets using FOAF http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/

Ø Other usability criterias

§ Simplicity and readability in natural language

§ Elements documentation (definition in natural language)

§ Visibility and sustainability of the publication

§ Flexibility and extensibility

§ Sémantique integration (with other vocabularies)

§ Social integration (with the user community)

A vocabulary is also a community

ØBad (but common) practice● Build a lonely vocabulary

– For example as a research project– Without basing it on any existing vocabulary

§ To publish it (or not) and then to forget about it

§ Not to care about its users

ØA good vocabulary has an organic life

§ Users and use cases

§ Revisions and extensions

§ Like a « natural » vocabulary

Types of vocabularies

Ø Metadata vocabularies

§ Allowing to annotate other vocabularies

• Dublin Core, Vann, cc REL, Status

Ø Reference vocabularies

§ Provide « common » classes and properties

• FOAF, Event, Time, Org Ontology

Ø Domain vocabularies

§ Specific to a domain of knowledge

• Geonames, Music Ontology, WildLife Ontology

Ø « general » vocabularies

§ Describe « everything » at an arbitrary detail level

• DBpedia Ontology, Cyc Ontology, SUMO

Vocabulary of a Friend

Øhttp://www.mondeca.com/foaf/voaf

ØA simple vocabulary...

ØTo represent interconnexions between vocabularies

ØA unique entry point to vocabularies and Datasets of the linked-data cloud Linked Data Cloud

ØOngoing work in Datalift

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2nd floor - Conversion

URL Design et URL Pattern

ØGood practices for linked-data

§ Ressource: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Paris

§ Document: http://dbpedia.org/page/Paris

§ Data: http://dbpedia.org/data/Paris

Ø… served using content negociation

URI Pattern in REST

ØLes services REST (Representational State Transfer) manipulent des ressources et les URLs sont principalement utilisés pour adresser ces ressources

ØUne URI de base:

§ http://www.example.com/bookstore/

ØUne ressource à un URL unique: (retrieve, update, create, delete)

§ http://www.example.com/bookstore/books/ISBN123

ØNotion de collection: (list, replace, create, delete)

§ http://www.example.com/bookstore/books

Convertion tools to RDF

ØHow is the raw data to be converted ?

§ Relational Database ?

§ (Semi-)structured formats ?

§ Programmatic acces (API) ?

ØThere are solutions for all cases

D2RQ Map

Triplify: Relational data to JSON/RDF

ØExtract a folder in your Webapp: http://sourceforge.net/projects/triplify/

ØModify a config file:

§ SQL query … URI pattern

§ PHP lover!

Working on spreadsheets

Google acquired Freebase

http://code.google.com/p/google-refine/

RDF extension for Google Refine

ØA graphical extension for Google Refine allowing to export the clean data as RDFhttp://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/grefine-rdf-extension/

Name Job Title Grade Organization

Annual pay rate - including

taxable benefits and allowances

Notes

Stephan Wilcke Chief Executive Officer

Asset Protection Agency

£150,000 - £154,999

Jens Bech Chief Risk Officer Asset Protection Agency

£165,000 - £169,999 No pension

Ion Dagtoglou Chief Invesment Officer

Asset Protection Agency

£165,000 - £169,999 No pension

Brian Scammell Chief Credit Officer

Asset Protection Agency

£130,000 - £134,999 4 days per week

Google Refine et RDF

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3rd floor - Publication

Publication components

SPARQLendpoint

REST

RDFstorage

Alimentation

Alimentation

Alimentation

InferenceEngine

QueryingBrowsing

A few productsVirtuoso, Sesame, Mulgara, 4storeOWLIM, AllegroGraph, Big Data,Jena

Named graphs

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ØDelete on a graph

ØSPARQL queries define graphs

ØRdf graphs are bags of triples, everything is mixed

Inference

Ø Generating triples from other triples

Ø Deduction mechanism

§ Men are mortals, Socrates is a man, so Socrates is mortal

Ø Allows to avoid exhaustivity, give sense to defining hierarchies

Ø Constraints: cardinality, NFPs, ...

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Analyse des RDF Store : la méthode QSOS

Ø Qualification and Selection of Open Source Software

§ Projet Open Source sur des solutions open source

§ http://www.qsos.org

Ø Objectifs de QSOS

§ Qualifier des logiciels

§ Comparer des solutions après avoir défini des exigences et en pondérant les critères

§ Sélectionner le produit le plus adapté par rapport à un besoin

Ø QSOS fournit

§ Une méthode objective et formalisée ‏

§ Un référentiel d’études disponibles

§ Des outils facilitant le déroulement de la méthode

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4th floor - Interconnexion

Linked data and interconnexions

ØWithout links there is no Web but data silos

ØLinks can be part of the datasets design (reference datasets)

ØLinks can be found after the publication: equivalence links between resources

Comment interconnecter ses données ?

Tools

Ø RKB-CRS A coreference resolution service for the RKB knowledge base

Ø LD-mapper A linkage tool for datasets described using the Music Ontology

Ø ODD Linker A linkage tool based on SQL

Ø RDF-AI Multi purpose data linkage and fusion

Ø Silk et Silk LSL Linkage tool and linkage specification language

Ø Knofuss architecture Datasets linkage and fusion

Exemple Silk specification

<Silk> <Prefix id="rdfs" namespace= "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" /> <Prefix id="dbpedia" namespace= "http://dbpedia.org/ontology/" /> <Prefix id="gn" namespace= "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" />

<DataSource id="dbpedia"> <EndpointURI>http://demo_sparql_server1/sparql </EndpointURI> <Graph>http://dbpedia.org</Graph> </DataSource>

<DataSource id="geonames"> <EndpointURI>http://demo_sparql_server2/sparql </EndpointURI> <Graph>http://sws.geonames.org/</Graph> </DataSource> <Thresholds accept="0.9" verify="0.7" /> <Output acceptedLinks="accepted_links.n3" verifyLinks="verify_links.n3" mode="truncate" />

<Interlink id="cities"> <LinkType>owl:sameAs</LinkType> <SourceDataset dataSource="dbpedia" var="a"> <RestrictTo> ?a rdf:type dbpedia:City </RestrictTo> </SourceDataset> <TargetDataset dataSource="geonames" var="b"> <RestrictTo> ?b rdf:type gn:P </RestrictTo> </TargetDataset> <LinkCondition> <AVG> <Compare metric="jaroSimilarity"> <Param name="str1" path="?a/rdfs:label" /> <Param name="str2" path="?b/gn:name" /> </Compare> <Compare metric="numSimilarity"> <Param name="num1" path="?a/dbpedia:populationTotal" /> <Param name="num2" path="?b/gn:population" /> </Compare> </AVG> </LinkCondition> </Interlink></Silk>

Where to find links ?

Towards automated interconnexion services

ØThe linkage specification could be simplified

§ Using alignments between vocabularies

§ Detection of discriminating properties

§ Indicating comparison methods by attaching metadata to ontologies

ØWork in progress in Datalift

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5th floor - Applications

Data visualization

Tabulator (CSAIL, MIT)

VisiNav

Sig.ma

Nos Députés . FR

A few examples from US

http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/demo/USForeignAid/demo-1554.html

Mashups … Mashups … Mashups …

That's it !

● Datalift.org● We're looking for a Datageek !