data acquisition and processing report for pa003€¦ · data acquisition and processing report for...

NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory

OceanClimateStationsProject

DATAACQUISITIONANDPROCESSINGREPORTFORPA003

SiteName: OceanStationPapaDeploymentNumber: PA003

YearEstablished: 2007

NominalLocation: 50°N145°WAnchorPosition: 50.13°N144.84°W

DeploymentDate: June13,2009RecoveryDate: June17,2010

ProjectP.I.: Dr.MeghanF.CroninReportAuthors: N.D.Anderson,J.A.Keene,M.F.CroninDataProcessors: S.Brown,C.Fey,P.Plimpton

DateofReport: September14,2017RevisionHistory:

SpecialNotes: Aclockerrorintheprimarydataacquisitionsystem(ATLAS)occurredonJune8,2010.Datawereflaggedbadfromthisdaytotheendofdeployment,soprimarymeteorologicaldataarenotavailableforthelastfewdays.

TableofContents1.0 MooringSummary..........................................................................................................11.1 MooringDescription...........................................................................................................................21.2 InstrumentationonPA003..................................................................................................................4

2.0 DataAcquisition.............................................................................................................52.1 SamplingSpecifications.......................................................................................................................52.2 PrimaryDataReturns..........................................................................................................................62.3 KnownSensorIssues...........................................................................................................................7

3.0 DataProcessing..............................................................................................................93.1 BuoyPositions...................................................................................................................................103.2 MeteorologicalData.........................................................................................................................10

3.2.1 Winds.........................................................................................................................................103.2.2 AirTemperature.........................................................................................................................103.2.3 RelativeHumidity.......................................................................................................................103.2.4 BarometricPressure...................................................................................................................103.2.5 Rain............................................................................................................................................113.2.6 ShortwaveRadiation.................................................................................................................113.2.7 LongwaveRadiation..................................................................................................................11

3.3 SubsurfaceData................................................................................................................................123.3.1 Temperature..............................................................................................................................123.3.2 Pressure.....................................................................................................................................133.3.3 Salinity.......................................................................................................................................133.3.4 Currents.....................................................................................................................................153.3.5 LoadCell....................................................................................................................................16

4.0 References....................................................................................................................17

5.0 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................17

6.0 ContactInformation.....................................................................................................17

APPENDIXA:DataQualityFlags...........................................................................................18

APPENDIXB:HighResolutionDataPlotsandSecondaryDataPlots......................................19

APPENDIXC:PapaADCPSubsurfaceMooring.......................................................................26

APPENDIXD:PapaForensics.................................................................................................29

ListofTablesTable1:InstrumentsdeployedonPA003...................................................................................................4Table2:SamplingparametersofprimarysensorsonPA003......................................................................5Table3:SamplingparametersofsecondarysensorsonPA003..................................................................6

ListofFiguresFigure1:MooringpositionsaroundstationP26.........................................................................................1Figure2:PA003mooringuponrecovery.....................................................................................................2Figure3:PA003mooringdiagram...............................................................................................................3Figure4:Failedpost-deploymentDVScompasscheck.............................................................................16Figure5:Papaloadcellannualcomparison..............................................................................................16

www.pmel.noaa.gov/ocs PA003

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DataAcquisitionandProcessingReportforOCSMooringPA003

1.0 MooringSummaryTheNOAAOceanClimateStationssurfacemooringatOceanStationPapawasinitiatedthroughaNationalScienceFoundationCarbonandWater in theEarthSystemproject"North Pacific Carbon Cycle" to Dr. S. Emerson (UW). NOAA’s Office of ClimateObservations (OCO),nowtheOceanObservingandMonitoringDivision (OOMD), tookoversupportofthemooringin2009.Themooringdeploymentandservicingoccurredin collaborationwith theFisheriesandOceansCanada,PacificRegion, Line-PProgramaboardtheCCGSJOHNP.TULLY.OCSisthankfulforthegenerousshiptimeprovidedbyFisheries and Oceans Canada, as part of a cruise headed by the Institute of OceanSciences (IOS). The captain, crew, and scientists aboard are also gratefullyacknowledgedfortheircontributions.ThePA003mooringwasdeployedinJune2009atOceanStationPapatomonitorocean-atmosphereinteractions,carbonuptake,andoceanacidification. PA003wasthethirdNOAAOCSmooringdeploymentatthissite.A separate subsurface ADCPmooring was anchored 10.2km from the PA003 anchor.Themapbelowshowsthemooring locations,andadditionaldetailsonthesubsurfacemooringcanbefoundinAppendixC.

Figure1:MooringpositionsaroundstationP26.


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1.1 MooringDescriptionThe PA003 mooring was a taut-line mooring, with a nominal scope of 0.985. Non-rotating7/16"(1.11cm)diameterwirerope,jacketedto1/2"(1.27cm),wasusedintheupper325mofthemooringline.Theremainderofthemooringconsistedofplaited8-strandnylonlinetotheacousticreleaseinlineabovetheanchor.The6,850lb(3,107kg)anchorwasfabricatedfromscraprailroadwheels.Thesurfacebuoywasasolid-hull fiberglass-over-foamdiscusbuoy,withawater tightcenterwell. It had an aluminum tower and a stainless steel bridle. A load cell wasdeployedonthePA003bridle.ACO2fluxmonitoringsystemwasalsodeployedonthePA003mooring,incollaborationwiththePMELCarbonGroup.OCSisnotresponsiblefortheacquisitionorprocessingofthesedata.Nofurtherdiscussionofthatsystemisincludedinthisreport.ForfurtherinformationonthePapabiogeochemistrydata,seehttp://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/.

Figure2:PA003mooringuponrecovery.


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Figure3:PA003mooringdiagram.


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1.2 InstrumentationonPA003The following instrumentation was deployed on PA003. Redundant data acquisitionsystems were used, ATLAS and Flex. ATLAS meteorological sensors are consideredprimary,exceptincaseswhereasensorwasonlydeployedontheFlexsystem(e.g.BP).DEPLOYMENT: PA003 Met Sensors Serial # Notes Height Acquisition ATLAS 688 w/ C100 compass

2.6m ATRH Rotronics MP101 91577 3.6m Rain RM Young/50203 748 3.7m SWR Epply PSP 32426 3.7m LWR Epply PIR 32773 4.2m Wind Gill Windsonic 42213

Acquisition Flex 0002

2.6m ATRH Rotronics MP101 58365 3.6m Rain RM Young/50203 971 3.7m SWR Epply PSP 31647 3.7m LWR Epply PIR 32768 3.7m Wind Gill Windsonic 073805 w/ C100 compass (#070801773)

3.7m Combo Vaisala WXT520 D3840028 w/ C100 compass (#080801754), swapped out Vaisala D3840026

2.6m BP Paroscientific/MET1-2 101762

CO2 Electronics PMEL 0015 Matching air block & antenna can Span gas JA02244 525psi recovered, 437.13 ppm Subsurface Bridle

1m SSC ATLAS SSC module 13763 1m SSTC Seabird SBE-37SMP 3802 titanium 1m pH SAMI (UW) 3 interfaced with mapCO2; 1m CTD/GTD/O2 SBE16 + (UW) 5105 1m Load Cell 3PS Pancake A0608173 2m ADCP Sentinel 9773 downward looking; failed

Depth ID Flex Inductive

5m TC 1 Seabird SBE-39T 3285 10m TC 2 Seabird SBE-51TC 0004

15.6m Current mtr 3 RDI DVS 0012 Upward-facing, 1m bin centered at 15m

20m TC 4 Seabird SBE-51TC 0005 25m TC 5 Seabird SBE-37TC 6072 30m TC 6 Seabird SBE-37TC 6073

35m Current mtr 8 RDI DVS 0015 Upward-facing, 1m bin centered at 34m.

36m TC 7 Seabird SBE-37TC 6074 Swapped from 35m to 36m to avoid potential DVS interference

45m TC 9 Seabird SBE-37TC 6075 60m TC 10 Seabird SBE-37TC 6076 80m TC 11 Seabird SBE-37TC 6077

100m TC 12 Seabird SBE-37TC 6078 120m TC 13 Seabird SBE-37TC 6079 150m TC ATLAS TC module 12986 not realtime; TCV setup as TV 175m TP 14 Seabird SBE-39TP 4379 200m TC ATLAS TC module 12411 not realtime; TCV setup as TV 300m TP 15 Seabird SBE-39TP 4380 325m end of wire

Table1:InstrumentsdeployedonPA003.


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2.0 DataAcquisitionTwo independentdataacquisitionsystemsweredeployedonPA003. TheATLASdataacquisition system transmits daily average and intermittent spot meteorologicalmeasurementstoshorethroughServiceArgossatellites. TheFlexsystemusesIridiumsatellitecommunicationstoregularlytransmitdata.ForPA003,Flexwasconnectedtomostofthesubsurfaceinstrumentsusinganinductiveline.Highresolutionsurfacedatafrom the acquisition systems, as well as internally logged data from the subsurfaceinstruments,weredownloadeduponrecoveryofthemooring.TheATLASsystemdoesnotacquireorstorepositioninformation,butbuoypositionsareprovidedbytheServiceArgossatellites.Whenfourormoresatellitesareinthebuoy’sfield of view during data transmissions, the satellites assess the Doppler shift of theknowntransmissionfrequencytogenerateestimatesof latitudeand longitude. Theseopportunisticpositionestimatesarethenappendedtothedatatransmissions.More accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) data were also acquired andtelemetered to shore, via two Iridium Positioning beacon Systems (IPS) on the buoy.GPS/IPSpositionswererecordedbytheFlexsystematapproximatelysix-hourintervals.

2.1 SamplingSpecificationsThetablesbelowdescribethehigh-resolutionsamplingschemesforthePA003mooring.Observationtimesindatafilesareassignedtothecenteroftheaveraginginterval.

PRIMARYSENSORS*NodatarecoveredfromtheprofilingADCP.

Measurement SampleRate

SamplePeriod

SampleTimes

RecordedResolution

AcquisitionSystem

WindSpeed/Direction 2Hz 2min 2359-0001,0009-0011… 10min ATLAS

AirTemperature+RelativeHumidity 2Hz 2min 2359-0001,

0009-0011… 10min ATLAS

BarometricPressure 1Hz 2min 2359-0001,0009-0011… 10min Flex

RainRate 1Hz 1min 0000-0001,0001-0002… 1min ATLAS

ShortwaveRadiation 1Hz 2min 2359-0001,0001-0003… 2min ATLAS

LongwaveRadiation(Thermopile,Case&DomeTemperatures)

1Hz 2min 2359-0001,0001-0003… 2min ATLAS

SeawaterTemperature,Pressure

&Conductivity

1per10min Instant. 0000,

0010,… 10min Internal

OceanCurrents(Point) 1Hz 2min 2359-0001,

0059-0101… 60min Internal

OceanCurrents(Profile) 1Hz 2min 2359-0001,

0029-0031… 30min* Internal

Table2:SamplingparametersofprimarysensorsonPA003.


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SECONDARYSENSORS

Measurement SampleRate

SamplePeriod

SampleTimes

RecordedResolution

AcquisitionSystem

WindSpeed/Direction 2Hz 2min 2359-0001,0009-0011… 10min Flex

AirTemperature+RelativeHumidity 1Hz 2min 2359-0001,

0009-0011… 10min Flex

RainRate 1Hz 1min 0000-0001,0001-0002… 1min Flex

ShortwaveRadiation 1Hz 1min 2359-0000,0000-0001… 1min Flex

LongwaveRadiation(Thermopile,Case&DomeTemperatures)

1Hz 1min 2359-0000,0000-0001… 1min Flex

GPSPositions 1per6hrs Instant. 0000,

0600… ~6hrs Flex

Table3:SamplingparametersofsecondarysensorsonPA003.

2.2 PrimaryDataReturnsPA003a 2009-06-13 18:18:00 [164] to 2010-06-17 14:30:00 [168] ATLAS Tube 688, software version 4.10a: Wind 42213 97.1% - tube clock error AirT 91577 97.1% RH 91577 84.5% - out of range values SWR 32426 97.1% Rain 748 97.1% LWR 32773 97.1% Flex System 0002: BP 101762 82.9% (ends 4/21) Subsurface: 1m TC 37-3802 100.0% t, 99.7% c (142 flagged in c) 5m T 39-3285 28.4% dead battery, scattered flags, ends early 10m TC 51-0004 100.0% t&c 20m TC 51-0005 100.0% t&c 25m TC 37-6072 100.0% t&c 30m TC 37-6073 100.0% t&c 36m TC 37-6074 100.0% t&c 45m TC 37-6075 99.6% t&c 205 flags (started late) 60m TC 37-6076 100.0% t&c 80m TC 37-6077 100.0% t&c 100m TC 37-6078 100.0% t&c 120m TC 37-6079 100.0% t&c 150m TC 12986 100.0% t&c 175m TP 39-4379 99.1% 456 flags (1e35s scattered throughout) 200m TC 12411 100.0% t&c 300m TP 39-4380 99.1% 456 flags (1e35s scattered throughout)


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2.3 KnownSensorIssuesThe ATLAS system, providing all primary meteorological data (except barometricpressure), stopped transmitting on June 8, 2010 [159]. Depleted batteries were thecause,withthelogicbatteryreporting7.8Vandthetransmitbatteryat9.4V.Therewasalso a large forward time shift in the downloadeddata, skipping from [159] to [168].Timestamps were corrected to appropriately end on [159], when the ATLAS systemfailed.ThebridlemountedSentinelADCPdidnotreturnanyusabledata. Therewasasingle208KB file containingdata from00Z June9 to12Z June11,havingendedbefore themooring was deployed. All the settings were reviewed and found to be correct,includingbeingsetfor30minutesampling.TheADCPLibatterypack,whichwasnewFebruary13,2009andhadastartingvoltageof48V,wasdead(7V)onrecovery.Therewasnovisibleexternalevidenceofshorting,corrosion,orotherdamagetothebatterypack.Theinsideofthepressurecasewasdryand therewas no visible damage to the unit. The data for the brief pre-deploymentperiodshowsthatitwasobtainingvalidheading,pitchandrollmeasurements.TheSentinel’sfirmware(50.32)wasreportedbythemanufacturertobebadafterthedeployment of PA003. Updated versions (50.36 and higher) were later provided byTeledyneRDI toaddressadata logging issue. In addition, TRDIdiscoveredaproblemwiththePIOboardofthisparticularinstrument.Duringtesting,alargedraininbatterypowerwasnotseen,butthesystemdidshutdownunexpectedly.ThePIOboardwasreplacedfreeofcharge.TheDVScurrentmeterat15mfailedimmediatelyafterdeploymentanddidnotrecordany good temperature or velocity data, while the DVS at 35m stopped logging onJanuary23,2010[023].TheFlex system,providingall secondarymeteorologicaldata, failedonApril 21,2010[111],afterhavingresetissuesinMarch.FlexdatacomparedwelltoATLASdatauntilthis time. The Flex system ran the inductive line, but since the delayed-modesubsurfacedatawererecovered,primarydataimpactswereonlyseeninonevariable,barometricpressure.AllotherFlexsurfacedataweresecondarysensors.Aleakinthebuoy well could have contributed to the Flex system failure, and is discussed inAppendixD.TheFlexshortwaveradiationdelayed-modedatahadmissingdata(Q0)32-33minutesafterthehourevery6hours.FromAugust9,2009[221]untilApril17,2010[107],thedatawaslargelymissing,flaggedasamixofQ0(missing)andQ5(sensorfailed/outofrange).


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The Flex longwave radiation instrument also reported highly intermittent data duringthistimeframe,andwasflaggedQ0andQ5accordingly.DatafromtheFlexraingauge,also1-minutedata,was intermittentstartingAugust9,2009.No10-minuterainratevaluescouldbecalculatedfromthesparse1-minutedata,sothevalueswerereplacedwith1E+36,indicatinginsufficientsamplesforaveraging.The PA003 mooring was recovered June 18, 2010 [169]. The acoustic release (S/N30632)wasunrecoverable,aftermanyfailedattemptstogetaresponseorrelease.Allother instrumentswererecoveredfromthisdeployment. Linewastakenaboarduntilthetensionbecameasafetyconcern,atwhichpoint4reelsofnylonandpartofa5th

reelwerelost.The Flex load cell, a test sensor, failed July 22, 2009 [203]. These data are kept forinternaldiagnostics,andarenotprocessedordistributed.


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3.0 DataProcessingProcessingofdatafromOCSmoorings iscontractedtothePMELTropicalAtmosphereOcean(TAO)projectgroup.Dataprocessingfollowsthemethodsdescribedbelow.Theprocessincludedassignmentofqualityflagsforeachobservation,whicharedescribedinAppendixA.Anyissuesordeviationsfromstandardmethodsarenotedinprocessinglogs,andinthisreport.Rawdatarecoveredfromthe internalmemoryofthedataacquisitionsystemarefirstprocessed using computer programs. Pre-deployment calibrations are applied to thedata (recorded as sensor counts) to generate a data time series in engineering units.Instrumentationrecovered inworkingcondition isreturnedtoPMELforpost-recoverycalibrationbeforebeingreusedonfuturedeployments.Thesepost-recoverycalibrationcoefficients are compared to the pre-deployment coefficients. If the comparisonindicates a drift greater than the expected instrument accuracy, the quality flag islowered for themeasurement. If post-recovery calibrations indicate that sensor driftwaswithinexpectedlimits,thequalityflagisraised.Post-recoverycalibrationsarenotgenerallyappliedtothedata,exceptforseawatersalinity,orasotherwisenotedinthisreport. Failed post-recovery calibrations are noted, along with mode of failure, andquality flags are left unchanged to indicate that pre-deployment calibrations wereappliedandsensordriftwasnotestimated.Theautomatedprogramsalsosearchformissingdata,andperformgrosserrorchecksfordata that fall outsidephysically realistic ranges. A computer logofpotential dataproblemsisautomaticallygeneratedasaresultoftheseprocedures.Time series plots, spectral plots, and histograms are generated for all data. Plots ofdifferences between adjacent subsurface temperature measurements are alsogenerated. Statistics, including the mean, median, standard deviation, variance,minimumandmaximumarecalculatedforeachtimeseries.Individualtimeseriesandstatisticalsummariesareexaminedbytrainedanalysts.Datathathavepassedgrosserrorchecks,butwhichareunusualrelativetoneighboringdatainthetimeseries,orwhicharestatisticaloutliers,areexaminedonacase-by-casebasis.Mooringdeploymentandrecoverylogsaresearchedforcorroboratinginformationsuchasbattery failures,vandalism,damagedsensors,or incorrectclocks. Consistencywithothervariablesisalsochecked.Datapointsthatareultimatelyjudgedtobeerroneousareflagged,andinsomecases,valuesarereplacedwith“outofrange”markers.Forafulldescriptionofqualityflags,refertoAppendixA.For some variables, additional post-processing after recovery is required to ensuremaximumquality.Thesevariable-specificproceduresaredescribedbelow.


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3.1 BuoyPositionsSincePapaisataut-linemooringwithashortscope,thebuoyhasasmallwatchcircleradiusof1.25km. WhenusingPapadata inscientificanalyses,thenominalpositionisusuallyadequate. Foruserswantingadditionalaccuracy, themoreaccuratepositionsfromtheGPS/IPSarealsoprovidedattheirnativeresolution.Grosserrorcheckingwasperformedtoeliminatevaluesoutsidethewatchcircle,butnofurtherprocessingwasperformed.

3.2 MeteorologicalDataAllprimarymeteorologicalsensorsonPA003remainedfunctional,withfewdataissues,throughoutmostofthedeployment.DuetoaclockerrorintheATLAStubeattheendofthedeployment(likelycausedbythedyingbattery),datarecordsendJune8,2010.No data from secondary sensors are included in the final data files, except whenincludedinOceanSITESfilesassecondarydata.TheOceanSITESdatarepositorycanbefoundhere:http://dods.ndbc.noaa.gov/thredds/catalog/oceansites/DATA/PAPA/catalog.htmlThe PA003 buoy had secondary air temperature, relative humidity, wind, rain, andradiationsensors.Amulti-purposeVaisalaWXT520wasalsodeployedasatestsensor.DatafromtheVaisalawerenotprocessedorreleased.

3.2.1 WindsThere are no special processing notes for winds at PA003. Refer to section 3.0 forgeneralremarks.

3.2.2 AirTemperatureTherearenospecialprocessingnotesforairtemperatureatPA003.Refertosection3.0forgeneralremarks.

3.2.3 RelativeHumidityRelative humidity data from the ATLAS system were automatically flagged in theprocessedfilesas1E+34(outofrange)withqualityQ5(sensorfailed)6753times.Thisoccurswhenvaluesaremeasuredover100%.

3.2.4 BarometricPressureHigh-resolutionFlexbarometricpressuredatawereexamined,anddeterminedtobeofgoodquality.Standardqualityflags(Q2)wereappliedandnochangestothedataweremade. The data ended on April 21, 2010, with the failure of the Flex system.BarometricpressurewastheonlyprimarysensorconnectedtotheFlexsystemthatwasimpactedbythefailure.


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3.2.5 RainRaindataareacquiredasaccumulationvalues,andthenconvertedtorainratesduringprocessing. Rainfall data are collected using an RM Young rain gauge, and recordedinternally at a1-min sample rate. Thegauge consistsof a500mL catchment cylinderwhich,when full, emptiesautomatically viaa siphon tube. Data froma threeminuteperiod centered near siphon events are ignored. Occasional random spikes in theaccumulationdata,whichtypicallyoccurduringperiodsof rapidrainaccumulation,orimmediatelyprecedingorfollowingsiphonevents,areeliminatedmanually.Toreduceinstrumentalnoise,internallyrecorded1-minuterainaccumulationvaluesaresmoothedwith a 16-minute Hanning filter upon recovery. These smoothed data arethen differenced at 10-minute intervals and converted to rain rates in mm/hr. Theresultant rain rate valuesare centeredat times coincidentwithother10-minutedata(0000,0010,0020...).Residualnoiseinthefiltereddatamayincludeoccasionalnegativerainrates,buttheserarely exceed a fewmm/hr. Nowind correction is applied, as this is expected to bedoneby theuser. Thewindeffect canbe large. According to theSerra,etal (2001)correction scheme, atwind speeds of 5m/s the rain rates should bemultiplied by afactorof1.09,whileatwindspeedsof10m/s,thefactoris1.3.The primary ATLAS rain gauge performedwell throughout the deployment. The Flex(secondary)raingaugedidnotprovideenough1-minuteaccumulationstocalculate10-minuterainratesafterAugust9,2009.

3.2.6 ShortwaveRadiationThe ATLAS shortwave radiation sensor performed well during PA003 until the ATLASsystemfailedshortlybeforerecovery.TheFlex(secondary)shortwaveradiationsensorreportedvaluesintermittentlyafterAugust9,2009.

3.2.7 LongwaveRadiationThe downwelling longwave radiation is computed from thermopile voltage, dometemperature, and instrument case temperature measurements, using the methoddescribedbyFairalletal.(1998).ThebehavioroftheATLASandFlexlongwaveradiationsensorsmimickedtheshortwaveradiationsensors.TheATLASLWRfailedwiththeATLASsystemshortlybeforerecovery,andtheFlexLWRsensorreportedvaluesintermittentlyafterAugust9,2009.


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3.3 SubsurfaceDataSince this mooring’s subsurface instruments were inductively coupled to the Flexsystem, the two ATLAS modules were standalone instruments. Without beingconnectedwiththeATLAStube,whichnormallycorrectsmoduleclocksthroughoutthedeployment,themoduleclocksbegandriftingfromthetimetheywereturnedon.Themoduleswereactivatedpriortobeingshipped,wellbeforethestartofthedeployment.AnautomatedscriptwasusedtocorrecttheclockerrorsfromMay21,2009toJune23,2010, interpolating from the start to the endof thedata file. Time correctionswereneeded for TC12986 (150m), since it had a clock error of -19.7 minutes (slow), andTC12411(200m),sinceithadaclockerrorof-13.82minutes(slow).All other module and SBE clock errors were under 5 minutes, so no other timingadjustmentsweremade.Thenextlargestclockerrorswere4.7minutes(SBE37-6079),4minutes (SBE37-6073), 3.48 minutes (SBE37-6078) and 3.25 minutes (SBE37-6076).Thesedatawerenotadjustedforclockerrors,becausethedataqualitywashigh(QC=1),and any adjustmentswould have caused the data to be set atQC=3, an unnecessarydowngradeindataqualityforayearlongtimedriftlessthan½ofasamplinginterval.TheSBE39datafilescontainednumerousskippedtimestamps. Thesewerefilledwith1E+35(missingdata)placeholdervalues,usinganautomatedscript. Themissingdatawerebelievedtobecausedbyanincorrectdownloadprocedure,butwasnotcaughtintimetoallowthedatatobedownloadedagain. The instrumentmemoryhadalreadybeenreset.Since 2007, themeasurement point for SST/C is known to have varied between1.0 -1.3mdepth. Uncertaintiesinactualmeasurementdepthareintroducedbychangesinbuoy waterlines, variation between instrumentmounting locations, and alteration ofmeasurementpointswithdifferentinstrumentversions.Forthesereasons,thenominaldepthfortheSST/Cmeasurementisstatedas1m.

3.3.1 TemperatureHigh-resolution temperatures are provided at the original 10-minute samplingincrement of the Seabird sensors and ATLASmodules, as well as at hourly and dailyresolutions.Spot-sampledhourlytemperaturedatafromtheDVScurrentmeterswerenotusable,andwerenotincludedinthefinaldatafiles.DatafromtheATLASmodulesat150mand200mwerecorrectedforlargeclockerrors,asnotedinSection3.3.Thesedatawereincolumns13and15ofthetemperaturefile,andflaggedasQ3(adjusteddata).


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3.3.2 PressureSincethiswasatautmooring,actualpressuresareexpectedtobeclosetothepressuresatnominaldepths. Thereweretwopressuresensorsonthemooring line, theSBE39-TPsat175mand300m.Usingastandardpressurethresholdwindowof293-305dBar,thereweresomeout-of-rangepressures inthe300mdataduetostrongcurrents,butno vandalism spikes were observed. Quality flags of Q4 were assigned to thetemperature,salinity,conductivity,anddensitydatacorrespondingtotheout-of-rangepressures.Thepercentofdataout-of-boundswas2.25%.

3.3.3 SalinitySalinityvalueswerecalculatedfrommeasuredconductivityandtemperaturedatausingthemethodofFofonoffandMillard (1983). Conductivityvalues fromalldepthswereadjustedforsensorcalibrationdriftby linearly interpolatingovertimebetweenvaluescalculatedfromthepre-deploymentcalibrationcoefficientsandthosederivedfromthepost-deploymentcalibrationcoefficients. Salinitieswerecalculated fromboth thepreandpostconductivityvaluestodeterminethedriftinthesalinitymeasurement.SalinityDriftinPSU(post-pre):Depth:Drift:1m-0.008610m-0.010320m-0.000625m-0.002030m0.010236m0.000745m0.004060m0.008080m0.0033100m-0.0006120m0.0013150m0.0024200m0.0006 *Negativevaluesindicatescouring;positivevaluesindicatefouling.The values above indicate the change in calculated salinity data values when post-recoverycalibrationswereappliedtotheconductivitymeasurement,versuswhenpre-deploymentcalibrationswereapplied.Negativedifferencessuggestthattheinstrumentdrifted towards higher values while deployed, and indicate expansion of theconductivity cell’s effective cross-sectional area. This expansion is possibly due toscouringofthecellwallbyabrasivematerialintheseawater.Positivevaluesindicateadecrease in the cell’s effective cross-sectional area, presumably due to fouling, andsecondarilyduetofoulingorlossofmaterialonthecellelectrodes.


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AthirteenpointHanningfilterwasappliedtothehigh-resolution(tenminuteinterval)conductivity and temperature data. A filtered value was calculated at any point forwhich seven of the thirteen input points were available. The missing points werehandled by dropping theirweights from the calculation, rather than by adjusting thelengthofthefilter.Salinityvalueswerethenrecalculatedfromthefiltereddata.

ManualSalinityChecksThe drift-corrected salinities were checked for continuity across deployments. Theinstruments compared well with salinity measurements from the previous mooring(PA002b), but there were only data available for comparison from the SBE37 at 1m,becausetheotherinstrumentsonPA002werelost.ThePA002bandPA003adataat1mappearedtomatchuparound32.5psu,butsincethePA002bdataendedsoearly,therewasalonggapbeforePA003adatabegan.TherewasalsoamoderategapbetweenPA003andPA004,soan idealcomparison inspaceandtimewasnotpossible.Records from different depths were also compared to one another and checked forunusual density inversions, indicating uncorrected drift of one or more instruments,following the in situ calibrationproceduresaredescribedbyFreitagetal. (1999). Nocorrectionswerefoundtobenecessarybythismethod.CTDcastsnearthePA003deploymentsitewerealsousedfordatacomparison.Threecasts occurred during the course of the deployment, one on June 14, 2009 (thedeployment), oneonAugust 28, 2009, andoneon June 17, 2010 (the recovery). Thedifferences between the deployment data and CTD data showed no need foradjustments.Redundantinstrumentsweredeployedonthebridle,withdatafromtheSBE37(3802)considered primary and the ATLAS SSC module (13763) data considered secondary.ComparisonplotsshowedthattheSBE37bettermatchedtheotherdepthsintermsofdrift,whereas theATLASSSCmoduledatawouldhaveneededseveraladjustments tomatchtheotherdepths,includingan8.1minuteclockerrorcorrection.TheATLASSSCmoduledataappearedtodriftnonlinearly,becomingmorefresh(fouled).Acomparisonof the1msalinitiesversus rainvolumesshowed that someof the largefresh spikes remaining after the noise-removal correspondedwell to rain events, andhencewerelikelyreal.DatafromtheATLASmodulesat150mand200mwerecorrectedforlargeclockerrors,asnotedinSection3.3.Thesewereincolumns12and13ofthesalinity/conductivity/densityfiles.QualityflagsofQ3(adjusteddata)wereappliedtothecorrecteddata.


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3.3.4 CurrentsTwoDopplerVolumeSampling (DVS) instrumentsandaSentinelADCPweredeployedonthePA003mooring.TheprofilingSentinelADCPmountedonthebridledidnotloganyusefuldata,asnotedinSection2.3.TheDVSpointcurrentmetersweredeployedattwodepthsonthePA003mooring.Thestated head depth differs from the actual current measurement, because theinstruments require a blanking distance. Currents from the instruments deployed at15.6mand35mmeasuredvelocitiesatabout14.5mand33.9m,respectively.(The35mupward-facingDVSwasoriginallyplannedtobemountedat36m,butthepositionwaschanged during deployment in order to avoid interference from the nearby SBE37.)SincethePA003mooring linewastaut,currentmeasurementswerenotcorrectedfornegligiblebuoymotion.TheDVSat15.6m (0012)didnot loganyusabledata, returningvaluesof -32767, themanufacturer’s version of amissing value. Its temperaturemeasurementswere alsobad,withafewmeasurementsonthefirstday,followedbyaconstantandunrealistic21.000°Cthroughoutthedeployment.Theissuewasdeterminedtobefaultyfirmware.TheonlyDVStoreturnvelocitydatawasthe instrumentat35m. Itwasset-upwithablanking distance of 7cm, and bin size of 100cm. Only data from the first bin werereported.Itwassettosamplewith1secondbetweenpings,at120pingsperensemble,to generate a two-minute average sample at the top of each hour. A magneticdeclinationcorrectionof18degreeswasappliedtothedataduringpost-processing.ThefunctionalDVSat35m(0015)measuredthespeedofsound,andinternallyappliedsoundvelocitycorrectionstocurrentmeasurements.Thedatawereassignedvaluesof1E+35 and quality markers Q5 (sensor failed) at times containing suspicious verticalvelocities (>10cm/s) or large error velocities (>5cm/s). Since the data were alreadyhourly resolution, no Hanning filter was applied. A boxcar filter was applied to thehourlydatatoproducedailyaveragedvalues.The35minstrumentreporteddatauntilitfailedonJanuary23,2010[023].TherewereirregulartimestampsbeginningonJanuary23,2010[023]at04:00UTCduetoadyingbattery.DataafterJanuary23werenotadjustedandcontainedtimeerrorsaslargeas30minutes,sothe35mDVSdataweretruncatedatthistime.Temperaturedatafromthe35mDVSwerehourlyspotmeasurements. Itwasdecidednotto includethese inthefinalhourlytemperaturedataset,becausemeasurementsatallotherdepthswerehourlyaverages. Aspotmeasurementnexttoanaveragedmeasurementmightcauseanapparentinversionthatcouldbeconfusinganddifficulttoworkwith.


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A post-deployment compass check on the 35m DVS showed ± 10° variations. Theinstrumentmayhaverevertedtoitsfactorycalibrationwhenthebatterydied.Ifso,thepost-deployment calibration was not representative of the instrument when it wasfunctioning. The data were assigned default quality flags, but the data should betreatedcarefully,astherewasnowaytoassesscompassdriftpriortothebatterydying.

Figure4:Failedpost-deploymentDVScompasscheck.

3.3.5 LoadCellAloadcellonthebridleprovidedtensionreadingsfromthemooringthroughmid-July2009, when the sensor failed. Thesemeasurements were intended only for internalengineeringdiagnostics,andarenotprovidedpublicly. Users interestedinthelimitedloadcelldatamaycontactOCSpersonnelviahttp://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ocs/peopleforadditionalinformation.Sincethisreportwaswrittenyearsafterthedeployment,acomparisonwasmadetothesurroundingyearsofloadcelldata,showninFigure5.ThePA003loadcelldataishighlysuspect, as the tension readings steadily increased, and were nearly twice themagnitudeofanyotheryear’sloadcelldata,despitesimilarinstrumentarrangements.

Figure5:Papaloadcellannualcomparison.


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4.0 ReferencesAlford,M.H.,M.F.Cronin,andJ.Klymak,2012:Annualcycleanddepthpenetrationofwind-generated near-inertial internal waves at Ocean Station Papa in the NortheastPacific.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,42(6),doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-092.1,889–909.Fairall,C.W.,P.O.G.Persson,E.F.Bradley,R.E.Payne,andS.P.Anderson,1998:AnewlookatcalibrationanduseofEppleyPrecisionInfraredRadiometers.PartI:TheoryandApplication.J.Atmos.Ocean.Tech.,15,1229-1242.Freitag,H.P.,M.E.McCarty,C.Nosse,R.Lukas,M.J.McPhaden,andM.F.Cronin,1999:COARE Seacat data: Calibrations and quality control procedures. NOAA Tech.Memo.ERLPMEL-115,89pp.Fofonoff,P.,andR.C.MillardJr.:Algorithmsforcomputationoffundamentalpropertiesofseawater,Tech.Pap.Mar.Sci.,44,53pp.,Unesco,Paris,1983.Serra,Y.L.,P.A'Hearn,H.P.Freitag,andM.J.McPhaden,2001:ATLASself-siphoningraingaugeerrorestimates.J.Atmos.Ocean.Tech.,18,1989-2002.

5.0 AcknowledgementsDr.SteveEmerson(UW)was leadPI for theNSFproject that fundedthisdeployment.TheOCSprojectoffice isgrateful forhisvisionandefforts tomake theNOAAsurfacemooringatStationPapapossible.TheOCSprojectofficethankstheLinePprogramforprovidingshiptime,ChiefScientist,MarieRobert,andthecaptainandcrewoftheCCGSJOHNP.TULLYforthedeploymentandrecoveryofthismooring. R.Kamphaus(NOAACorps)andM.Craig(NOAAPMEL)participated in thedeployment cruise. K.Ronnholm (UW JISAO) andM.Craig (NOAAPMEL)participatedintherecoverycruise.S. Brown and C. Fey (both of UW JISAO) processed the ATLAS meteorological andsubsurface data sets. P. Plimpton processed the currentmeter data, with additionalcorrectionsperformedbyN.Anderson.J.Mickett(UWAPL)providedprocessedNP003ADCPdata,withadditionalaveragingandreformattingbyD.McClurg(UWJISAO).

6.0 ContactInformationFormoreinformationaboutthismooringanddataset,pleasecontact:[email protected]/PMEL/OCS7600SandPointWayNESeattle,WA98115


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APPENDIXA:DataQualityFlagsInstrumentation recovered in working condition is returned to PMEL for post-recoverycalibration before being reusedon future deployments. The resultant calibration coefficientsare compared to the pre-deployment coefficients, and measurements are assigned qualityindicesbasedondrift,usingthefollowingcriteria:Q0- NoSensor,orDatumMissing.Q1- HighestQuality.Pre/post-deploymentcalibrationsagreetowithinsensorspecifications.

Inmostcases,onlypre-deploymentcalibrationshavebeenapplied.

Q2- Default Quality. Pre-deployment calibrations only or post-recovery calibrations onlyapplied.Default value for sensorspresentlydeployedand for sensorswhichwerenotrecoveredornotcalibratablewhenrecovered,orforwhichpre-deploymentcalibrationshavebeendeterminedtobeinvalid.

Q3- AdjustedData.Pre/postcalibrationsdiffer,ororiginaldatadonotagreewithotherdatasources (e.g., other in situ data or climatology), or original data are noisy. Data havebeenadjustedinanattempttoreducetheerror.

Q4- LowerQuality.Pre/postcalibrationsdiffer,ordatadonotagreewithotherdatasources(e.g.,otherinsitudataorclimatology),ordataarenoisy.Datacouldnotbeconfidentlyadjustedtocorrectforerror.

Q5- Sensor,InstrumentorDataSystemFailed.For dataprovided inOceanSITES format, the standardTAOquality flagsdescribedabovearemappedtothedifferentOceanSITESqualityflagsshownbelow:Q0- NoQCPerformed.Q1- GoodData. (TAOQ1,Q2)Q2- ProbablyGoodData. (TAOQ3,Q4)Q3- BadDatathatarePotentiallyCorrectable.Q4- BadData. (TAOQ5)Q5- ValueChanged.Q6- NotUsed.Q7- NominalValue.Q8- InterpolatedValue.Q9- MissingValue. (TAOQ0)


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APPENDIXB:HighResolutionDataPlotsandSecondaryDataPlots

FigureB1:PA003primaryshortwaveandlongwaveradiationdataat2-minresolution(ATLAS).


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FigureB2: PA003meteorologicaldataat10-minresolution. Theprimarymeteorologicalsensorsfailedwhentheirrespectiveacquisitionsystemsfailed(Flex=April21,ATLAS=June8).


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FigureB3:PA003subsurfacetemperature,salinity,anddensityathourlyresolution(decimated).


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FigureB4: Zonal andmeridional currentmeterdata (decimated) fromPA003. The15.6mDVSproducednovelocities,soonlythe35mDVS,whichfailedinJanuary,isshown.ThehighestresolutionoftheDVSdatawashourly.


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FigureB5:Secondary(FlexMP101)airtemperaturesensor.

FigureB6:Secondary(FlexMP101)relativehumiditysensor.


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FigureB7:Secondary(FlexEppleyPSP)shortwaveradiationsensor.SWRdatabecamesparseafterAugust8,2009.

FigureB8:Secondary(FlexEppleyPIR)longwaveradiationsensor.LWRdataalsobecamesparseafterAugust8,2009.


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FigureB9:Secondary(FlexRMYoung)rainsensor.The1-minaccumulationdatafromtheFlexRMYoungdatawastoosparseafterearlyAugusttocalculate10-minprecipitationrates,shownhere.

FigureB10:Secondary(FlexGill)windsensor.


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APPENDIXC:PapaADCPSubsurfaceMooring

MooringDescriptionAseparatesubsurfacemooring(NP003)wasdeployedinproximitytoPA003thatcontainedtwoupward-looking ADCPs at nominal depths of 200m and 803m (corrected to 227m and 816mwhen deployed) and a nominal position of 50.12°N, 144.97°W. An accompanying mooringdiagramisprovidedbelowinFigureC1.ThedesignwasmodifiedbyUW-APLforUWreleasesandUW,UVic,andPMELinstruments.A150KHz,upward-lookingADCP(SN10923)fromJodyKlymakoftheUniversityofVictoriawasmounted at 227m depth, reporting velocity data in 4m bins every 30 minutes. A 75KHz,upward-lookinglongrangerADCP(SN11181)fromMatthewAlford(UW-APL)wasmountedat816mandprovidedvelocitydatain16mbinsevery30minutes.DeployedJune15,2009andrecoveredJune16,2010,theADCPsyieldedcontinuousdatafromnearthesurfaceto800m.ADCPdatawereprocessedbyJohnMickett(UW-APL)andmergedinto standard formatted files byDaiMcClurg (PMEL). Thedata aredistributed as amerged,interpolatedproduct,with2mbinninginthetop200mtomatchthebinningfromthepreviousdeployment.MoreinformationabouttheADCPmooringanddatacanbefoundinAlfordetal.,2012(http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JPO-D-11-092.1).TheNP003mooringalsocarriedaPassiveAcousticListening(PAL)Deviceatabout300m.PALscanbeusedtomonitorwindspeed, rain,marinemammals,andotherambientnoisesignals.ThesedataareavailablefromthePIs,Dr.JeffNystuen(UWAPL)andDr.JieYang*(UWAPL).*Dr.JieYanghastakenoverthePALprogramatUWAPL.


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FigureC1:Mooringdiagram“as-planned”forNP003.


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ADCPDataThe highest resolution data available from the PA003 subsurface mooring was 30-minute.FigureC2showsUandVvelocitydatafromtheentiredeployment.

FigureC2:ADCPdatafromaspecialsubsurfacedeployment(“NP003”)nearPA003.


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APPENDIXD:PapaForensicsThePA003buoywasevaluateduponrecoverytodiagnosewaterintrusionintothebuoywell.Evidenceof impactswerenoticedontheCO2andFlexsystems, thoughany linkbetweentheleakandtherespectivesystemfailuresonMarch22andApril21,2010isunclear.

Whenthelidonthecentralwellwasremoved,anestimated½gallonofwater(about1inchindepth) was found at the bottom. The desiccant was pink, indicating it had been fullyexhausted. Condensationexistedonthe lidand interiorwalls,andvariousmoldsand/orsaltcrystalswerefound insidethewell. Thecircuitboardonthe insideoftheFlexfaceplatewascorrodedandcoveredinsalt.MoldorsaltwasalsofoundalongtherimoftheCO2electronicstube, but not inside its cylindrical housing slot. The inside of the Flex box contained smallpatchesofblackmold.

The span gas and both Flex battery slots were dry, but the CO2 battery was damp on theoutside,andthebottomterminalswerecorroded. Waterhadenteredthebatterycasefromthetop,whichwasnearthefaceplate.Wiresonthebatteryconnectorwereheavilycorrodedandonebrokeeasilyduringthebattery’sremoval.Thephotosbelowdepicttheextentofthemoistureinsidethebuoywell.

Thecentralwellwouldnotholdavacuum,sopressuretestingwasperformed.Usingasoapysolution,the leakbubbledandwas isolatedtothe lowerfaceplate(Flex). ThedoubleO-ringsbetweenthefaceplateandthebulkheadwerenotholdingaseal,andthefaceplatewouldnotsitflushwiththebulkhead.ThefirstO-ringwasstretched/deformedfromprolongedpinching,andbrokeuponremoval. Anew,smallerO-ringwastested,andfixedtheproblem.Thewellhelda5inHgvacuumovernight,andadditionalpressuretestsconfirmedthewellwassealed.

Figure D 1: Clockwise, from top-left: a) Moisture underneath the lid of the buoy well, b) Expended (pink)desiccant insidebuoywell,c)Viewlookingintothebuoywell fromabove,andd)Whitemoldorsaltbuild-uparoundtherimoftheCO2electronicshousing.

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