dark plasma life forms_submission to sji

8/4/2019 Dark Plasma Life Forms_Submission to SJI

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M{g`qibe bd Fieif`n _n`}f` Mgnn ]y}qgf}

ky ]gnd&B{cèi|`qibe ie G`{qh’} A`{j Kib}phg{g

ngàiec qb qhg Gtbnwqibe bd A`{j _n`}f` Nidg Db{f}

L`y @nd{ga

]wkfiqqga qb qhg Lbw{e`n bd Wembetgeqibe`n Qhgb{ig} èa [g}g`{mh

(]migeqidim Lbw{e`n} Ieqg{e`qibe`n)

Be 03 F`{mh ;??9

@k}q{`mq

Sg gxpnb{g qhg pb}}ikiniqy qh`q qhg ti}ikng G`{qh i} }iqqiec ie}iag ` nbs age}iqy h`nb bd

a`{j pn`}f`% Dw{qhg{fb{g. ebqiec sb{j shimh }wccg}q} qh`q fieif`n b{aie`{y pn`}f`

mgnn&}y}qgf} mè kg cgeg{`qga ie qhg n`kb{`qb{y. sg }wccg}q qh`q fieif`n a`{j pn`}f`

mgnn&}y}qgf} sg{g cgeg{`qga siqhie qhi} a`{j h`nb"kib}phg{g ie qhg g`{ny G`{qh% Sg

p{gaimq qhg gxi}qgemg bd qg{{g}q{i`n a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f} shimh gtbntga d{bf qhg}g

fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn }y}qgf}% Sg gxpnb{g qhg fb{phbnbcy bd qhg}g pn`}f` nidg db{f} èa

p{gaimq qh`q qhgy sbwna gxhikiq }ice`qw{g dg`qw{g} `}}bmi`qga siqh sgnn&}q{wmqw{ga pn`}f`

kbaig} ie qhg n`kb{`qb{y%

I% IEQ[BAWMQIBE

[gmgeq mbfpwq`qibe} }wccg}q qh`q qhg a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy ie qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf èa `{bwea

qhg G`{qh Z0. ;V gxmgga} qhg c`n`mqim h`nb age}iqy }iceidimèqny% Qhi} `cc{gc`qibe bd a`{j

f`qqg{ p`{qimng} `{bwea qhg G`{qh db{f} gddgmqitgny ` h`nb bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng}% Iq h`}

`n}b kgge p{bpb}ga qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ f`y kg mbfpb}ga bd pn`}f`} bd gxbqim p`{qimng} Z=V%



_ ` c g ~ ;

Iq qhg{gdb{g nbcim`nny dbnnbs} qh`q ` a`{j f`qqg{ h`nb gxi}q} `{bwea qhg ti}ikng mbfpbegeq

bd G`{qh mbfpb}ga n`{cgny bd pn`}f`} bd gxbqim p`{qimng}%

N`kb{`qb{y gxpg{ifgeq} h`tg }wccg}qga qh`q pn`}f` }phg{g} f`y kg cgeg{`qga

}pbeqègbw}ny ie qhg n`kb{`qb{y qh{bwch }gnd&b{cèi|`qibe% Qhg}g }phg{g} `ppg`{ qb

pb}}g}} `qq{ikwqg} mbffbeny `}}bmi`qga siqh nidg db{f} Z4V% Dw{qhg{fb{g. fb{g {gmgeqny.

ewfg{im`n mbfpwqg{ }ifwn`qibe} h`tg }wccg}qga qh`q mbfpngx pn`}f`} f`y e`qw{`nny }gnd&

b{cèi|g ieqb }q`kng ieqg{`mqiec hgnim`n }q{wmqw{g} qh`q gxhikiq dg`qw{g} eb{f`nny `qq{ikwqga

qb AE@ (Agbxy{ikbewmngim `mia) ie b{cèim nitiec f`qqg{% Qhg }gnd&b{cèi|`qibe i} k`}ga

be ebe&q{iti`n pn`}f` aye`fim} Z3V%

D{bf qhg `kbtg. iq i} dg`}ikng qb qhgb{i|g qh`q p`{qi`nny ibei|ga pn`}f`} bd gxbqim p`{qimng}

}gnd&b{cèi|ga ieqb fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn }y}qgf}. shimh pb}}g}}ga `qq{ikwqg} `}}bmi`qga

siqh nidg db{f}. ie qhg g`{ny G`{qh% Iq i} p{bpb}ga qh`q qhg}g fieif`n mgnn }y}qgf} qhge

gtbntga be qhi} pnègq btg{ fb{g qhè 1CY{ qb fb{g mbfpngx pn`}f` nidg db{f} qh`q

qh{itga ie (sh`q kgm`fg) G`{qh’} a`{j kib}phg{g%

II% A@[J F@QQG[ AGE]IQY @[BWEA G@[QH

Qhg k`mjc{bwea c`n`mqim h`nb a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqyAF

π i} `kbwq 7%=7 x 0?&;8

jc mf∛=

Z1V%

Qhg f`}} bd a`{j f`qqg{ siqhie qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf. kgqsgge ?%; @W èa 0?? @W. `} `

{g}wnq bd c{`tiq`qibe`n m`pqw{g. s`} g}qif`qga qb kg 0%?3 x 0?;?

jc (b{ 0%38 x 0?&7

qhg G`{qh



_ ` c g ~ =

f`}}) Z0V% Qhg f`}} bd a`{j f`qqg{ s`} g}qif`qga qb kg 3%49 x 0?09

jc siqhie qhg b{kiq bd

Egpqweg èa =%;= x 0?03

jc siqhie qhg b{kiq bd G`{qh (i%g% `pp{bxif`qgny siqhie 0 @W)%

Qhg a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqyAF

π siqhie qhg b{kiq bd qhg G`{qh (b{ `pp{bxif`qgny 0 @W)

sbwna qhg{gdb{g kg `pp{bxif`qgny 9%47 x 0?&;=

jc mf∛=

% Qhi} i} c{g`qg{ qhè qhg

k`mjc{bwea c`n`mqim h`nb a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy ky ditg b{ag{} bd f`ceiqwag%

Xw èa ]icgn’} Z0V g}qif`qg qh`q qhg a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy `{bwea G`{qh gxmgga} qhg c`n`mqim

h`nb age}iqy }iceidimèqny h`} kgge mb{{gn`qga ky @ang{ Z;V% @ebf`nig} {gn`qiec qb

`mmgng{`qibe}. bk}g{tga aw{iec dny&ky} bd }p`mgm{`dq b{kiqiec qhg G`{qh. }wccg}q qh`q qhg

a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy `{bwea G`{qh hà kgge }iceidimèqny weag{}q`qga% @mmb{aiec qb @ang{

Z;V qhg f`ceiqwag bd qhg bk}g{tga èbf`nig} {gwi{g} a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqig} fèy b{ag{}

bd f`ceiqwag c{g`qg{ qhè qhg c`n`mqim h`nb age}iqy%

@ang{ h`} }wccg}qga qh`q ky mbfp`{iec qhg qbq`n f`}} (ie c{`tiq`qibe`n weiq}) bd qhg G`{qh&

Fbbe }y}qgf (agqg{fiega ky nwe`{ n`}g{ {èciec) siqh qhg }wf bd qhg nwe`{ f`}}

(agqg{fiega ky iq} c{`tiq`qibe`n `mqibe be }`qgnniqg} b{ `}qg{bia}) èa qhg G`{qh f`}}

(agqg{fiega ky qhg N@CGB] cgbagqim }w{tgy }`qgnniqg). ` ai{gmq fg`}w{g bd qhg f`}} bd

G`{qh&kbwea a`{j f`qqg{ nyiec kgqsgge qhg {àiw} bd qhg Fbbe’} b{kiq èa qhg cgbagqim

}`qgnniqg b{kiq mè kg bkqìega% K`}ga be qhi}. qhg f`}} bd G`{qh&kbwea a`{j f`qqg{ fw}q

kg ng}} qhè 1Ó0?∛9

bd qhg G`{qh’} f`}}. citiec è wppg{ a`{j f`qqg{ f`}} nifiq bd ;%=; x

0?04

jc% Qhg f`}} bd qhg G`{qh&kbwea a`{j f`qqg{ i} `pp{bxif`qgny beg kinnibeqh bd

G`{qh’} f`}} èa qhg{gdb{g h`} egcnicikng gddgmq} be c{`tiqy%



_ ` c g ~ 1

Qb gxpnìe qhg dnyky èbf`nig}. G`{qh&kbwea a`{j f`qqg{ sbwna h`tg qb kg mbemgeq{`qga

siqhie ` {àiw} bd `kbwq 3?.??? jf `{bwea G`{qh. siqhie ` tbnwfg bd `pp{bxif`qgny 0%11

Ó 0?=?

mf=% Db{ qhg a`{j f`qqg{ f`}} siqhie qhi} tbnwfg ebq qb gxmgga 1 Ó 0?

∛9bd qhg

G`{qh’} f`}}. qhg fgè a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy sbwna h`tg qb kg `kbwq 0?&01

jc mf∛=

% Qhi} i}

c{g`qg{ qhè qhg k`mjc{bwea c`n`mqim h`nb a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy ky dbw{qgge b{ag{} bd

f`ceiqwag%

D{g{g. Niec. èa Tg{qbecge Z7V h`tg p{bpb}ga qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ mbemgeq{`qibe} siqhie bw{

c`n`mqim egichkb{hbba kgm`fg kbwea qb qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf aw{iec iq} db{f q̀ibe% @ang{ Z;V

}wccg}q} qh`q ` n`{cg age}iqy siqhie qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf mbwna {g}wnq d{bf è `mmwfwn`qibe

m`}màg% Ie qhi} }mge`{ib a`{j f`qqg{ qh`q `mmwfwn`qg} siqhie qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf (iemnwaiec

qhg ieiqi`n mbeq{ikwqibe aw{iec iq} db{f`qibe) btg{ iq} nidgqifg ngà} qb dw{qhg{

`mmwfwn`qibe qh{bwch c{`tiq`qibe`n m`pqw{g% Qhi} m`}màg bd G`{qh kbwea a`{j f`qqg{

{g}wnq} ie ` a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy siqhie qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf d`{ gxmggaiec qhg `tg{`cg age}iqy

ie qhg c`n`xy%

@ang{ Z;V mbeqgea} qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng age}iqy pg`j} `q `kbwq 3?.??? jf. qhge

{gawmg} weqin iq i} fwmh nbsg{ be qhg G`{qh’} }w{d`mg (`nqhbwch }qinn hichg{ qhè qhg

k`mjc{bwea c`n`mqim h`nb age}iqy) èa qhg ieqg{ib{ bd qhg G`{qh% T`{ibw} fgqhba} sg{g

w}ga qb `{{itg `q qhi} mbemnw}ibe% @q 0;.4?? jf. qhg N@CGB] }`qgnniqg gxpg{igemga

}f`nng{ {g}iaw`n `mmgng{`qibe}. awg qb a{`c gddgmq}. bd = x 0?&0;

f}&;

mbfp`{ga qb 0?&4

f}&;

`q hichg{ `nqiqwag}%



_ ` c g ~ 7

Qhg fgè a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy be qhg }w{d`mg bd qhg G`{qh. `}}wfiec ` }qgày&}q`qg

}iqw`qibe èa }ifin`{ a`{j f`qqg{ tgnbmiqig} `q G`{qh’} {àiw} (`q qhg }w{d`mg) bd 4.1?? jf

èa 3?.??? jf s`} g}qif`qga qb kg fwmh nbsg{ `q 0?&;=

jc mf∛=

% Qhi} i} }qinn ditg b{ag{}

bd f`ceiqwag hichg{ qhè qhg c`n`mqim h`nb age}iqy% Dw{qhg{fb{g. qhg fgè a`{j f`qqg{

age}iqy ie qhg ieqg{ib{ bd qhg G`{qh s`} g}qif`qga qb kg gtge nbsg{. kgiec ebq fb{g qhè

0%?3 x 0?&;8

jc mf∛=

(qhi} i} }nichqny nbsg{ qhè qhg k`mjc{bwea c`n`mqim h`nb age}iqy)%

Qhg n`qqg{ g}qif`qg} sg{g agqg{fiega ky @ang{ w}iec ` aiddg{geq fgqhba i%g% ky è`ny|iec

qhg G`{qh’} hg`q dnbs kwacgq èa nwfieb}iqy. `}}wfiec ` }qgày&}q`qg }iqw`qibe% @ang{

mbemnwag} qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy i} qhg{gdb{g fwmh }f`nng{ eg`{ qhg Fbbe’} b{kiq

(shimh gxmgga} 3?.??? jf) èa eg`{ qhg G`{qh’} }w{d`mg w}iec ` aiddg{geq }gq bd è`ny}g}

èa `}}wfpqibe}%

G}qif`qg} bd a`{j f`qqg{ `{bwea G`{qh mè kg mbedi{fga ky dw{qhg{ è`ny}i} bd }p`mgm{`dq

`mmgng{`qibe èbf`nig} èa }ge}iqitg weag{c{bwea agqgmqibe d`miniqig}% @e gehèmga ]bn`{

]y}qgf age}iqy bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng} sbwna }hbs wp `} ` aìny }iag{g`n qifg

fbawn`qibe bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng mbweqiec {`qg} ie A@F@"NIK[@ qypg bd gxpg{ifgeq}.

ie àaiqibe qb èy èew`n fbawn`qibe ie qhg mbweqiec {`qg Z;V% Fb{g `mmw{`qg `}}g}}fgeq}

bd ` n`{cg{ }`fpng bd }p`mgm{`dq `mmgng{`qibe èbf`nig} èa a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng

agqgmqibe} ie qhg dwqw{g. mbwpnga siqh ` fb{g mbe}i}qgeq fg`}w{gfgeq fbagn. f`y `nqg{

qhg age}iqy p{bding bd a`{j f`qqg{ siqhie qhg G`{qh }y}qgf. p`{qimwn`{ny be qhg }w{d`mg èa

qhg ieqg{ib{ bd qhg G`{qh. `} p{bpb}ga ky @ang{ Z;V%



_ ` c g ~ 4

III% G@[QH’] A@[J F@QQG[ H@NB

K`}ga be qhg è`ny}g} `kbtg Z0. ;V. sg mbemnwag qh`q qhg{g gxi}q} ` h`nb bd a`{j f`qqg{

p`{qimng} `{bwea qhg ti}ikng mbfpbegeq bd qhg G`{qh siqhie ` {àiw} bd `pp{bxif`qgny

3?.??? jf% Mbe}iag{iec qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy t`{ig} }iceidimèqny btg{ aiddg{geq G`{qh

{àii. iq i} pb}}ikng qb fbagn qhg a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqy `} kgiec ai}q{ikwqga ie mbemgeq{im

}hgnn} bd aiddg{geq p`{qimng age}iqig} `{bwea G`{qh%

@ }phg{g bd a`{j pn`}f` siqh ` {àiw} bd 3?.??? jf Z;V h`} ` tbnwfg bd 0%11 x 0?=?

mf=%

Qhg tbnwfg bd qhg ti}ikng G`{qh `q ` {àiw} bd 4.=38jf i} `kbwq 0%?9 x 0?;3

mf=% Qhi}

fgè} qh`q qhg a`{j f`qqg{ h`nb sbwna kg qh{gg b{ag{} bd f`ceiqwag b{ `kbwq 0%=; x 0?=

b{ 0.=;? qifg} n`{cg{ ie tbnwfg qhè qhg ti}ikng {bmjy G`{qh% Qhi} `pp{bxif`qg} siqh qhg

aifge}ibe`n {gn`qibe}hip kgqsgge qhg tbnwfg bd Lwpiqg{’} hwcg c`} getgnbpg èa iq} qiey

{bmjy mb{g (qhg n`qqg{ `pp{bxif`qg} qhg tbnwfg bd qhg ti}ikng {bmjy G`{qh)% Ie bqhg{ sb{a}.

sg sbwna gxpgmq è getgnbpg bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng} qhg }i|g bd Lwpiqg{ `{bwea qhg

ti}ikng mbfpbegeq bd qhg G`{qh siqh ` fgè age}iqy bd 0?&01

jc mf∛=

Z;V%



_ ` c g ~ 3

Xw èa ]igcgn Z0V h`tg `n}b mbfpwqga a`{j f`qqg{ age}iqig} db{ bqhg{ pnègq} ie qhg ]bn`{

]y}qgf%

Dic 0< A`{j F`qqg{ `{bwea _nègq} Z0V

Iq i} p{gaimqga qh`q qhg{g }hbwna kg a`{j f`qqg{ h`nb} `{bwea pnègq}: èa pw{gny a`{j

f`qqg{ h`nb} èa knbk} (bmmwpyiec tbnwfg} mbfp`{`kng qb pnègq} kwq siqh nbs age}iqig}

bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng}) siqhie qhg ]bn`{ ]y}qgf qh`q sbwna m`w}g èbf`nig} ie

}p`mgm{`dq `mmgng{`qibe} qh`q sinn kg fg`}w{ga ie qhg dwqw{g%

IT% G@[QH’] A@[J _N@]F@ H@NB

Iq h`} kgge p{bpb}ga qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ f`y kg mbfpb}ga bd pn`}f`} bd gxbqim p`{qimng} Z=.

00. 0;. 0=. 01V% @mjg{fè gq `n Z=V p{bpb}g ` egs nbec&{ècgA

)0(W a`{j `kgniè c`wcg

digna („a`{j gngmq{bf`cegqi}f+) qh`q mbwpng} beny qb a`{j f`qqg{. ebq qb qhg ]qèa`{a



_ ` c g ~ 8

Fbagn (]F). siqh c`wcg mbwpniec mbe}qèqA

c èa a`{j dieg }q{wmqw{g

mbe}qèqϏ

ΰ 1

c;

A

A6 % (Qhg „A‖ }wk}m{ipq} {gdg{ qb qhg a`{j }gmqb{%) Qhg digna. shimh i}

q`jge qb kg ieiqi`nny ` }iecngq weag{ ]W(=)M X ]W(;)N X W(0)Y. i} èbf`ny d{gg èa

p{btiag} qhg {ichq {gnim `kweaèmg `q qhg{f`n d{gg|g&bwq% Qhg mb{{gmq {gnim `kweaèmg mè

kg bkqìega id qhg a`{j f`qqg{ mbwpng} qb qhg mbetgeqibe`n sg`j ieqg{`mqibe}% Weag{ è

gxqgeaga fbagn. AF p`{qimng} `{g mh`{cga weag{ kbqh N);(]W èa A)0(W %

Qhg a`{j f`qqg{ mbe}i}q} bd è gw`n fixqw{g bd pb}iqitg èa egc`qitg mh`{cg} weag{ qhg

egs db{mg shimh i} fgai`qga ky „a`{j phbqbe}‖ qh`q `{g qhg }bw{mg bd „a`{j {ài`qibe‖% Ie

qhg fb}q k`}im }mge`{ib. qhgy Z=V p{bpb}g ` a`{j }gmqb{ shimh mbe}i}q} bd ` }iecng p`{qimng

X siqh A)0(W mh`{cg bd *0 `nbec siqh iq} èqip`{qimng

RRR

X siqh ` mh`{cg bd &0% Ie bqhg{

sb{a}. iq i} ` pn`}f` bd pb}iqitgny èa egc`qitgny mh`{cga p`{qimng} èa èqi&p`{qimng} b{

è „`fkipn`}f`‖% ]iemg qhg c`n`mqim AF h`nb i} btg{`nn egwq{`n weag{ A

)0(W qhg{g `{g

eb egq nbec&{ècg gngmq{bf`cegqim ieqg{`mqibe} ie qhg a`{j }gmqb{% Pw`}i&egwq{`niqy i} bd

mbw{}g ` cgeg{`n dg`qw{g bd pn`}f`% _n`}f` gddgmq} ie a`{j f`qqg{ aye`fim} `{g qhg{gdb{g

gxpgmqga% Hbsgtg{. qhg}g gddgmq} `{g beny tg{y k{igdny gxpnb{ga ie @mjg{fè gq `n’} p`pg{

Z=V%

@eeihin`qibe} kgqsgge p`{qimng èa èqi&p`{qimng} `{g }wpp{g}}ga èa a`{j f`qqg{ sinn kg

gddgmqitgny mbnni}ibeng}} id qhg a`{j f`qqg{ f`}} i} }wddimigeqny hich. ie qhg QgT {ècg. èa

qhg a`{j dieg }q{wmqw{g mbe}qèq1

A0?∛>ΰ bwq}iag qhg c`n`mqim mb{g}% Ie}iag c`n`mqim mb{g}.



_ ` c g ~ 9

hbsgtg{. èeihin`qibe} `{g gxpgmqga qb bmmw{ shge qhg age}iqy bd a`{j f`qqg{ {g`mhg}

hich t`nwg}% Id qhi} i} qhg m`}g. qhge èeihin`qibe {ài`qibe ie qhg db{f bd c`ff` {`y} d{bf

qhg mgeqg{ bd bw{ c`n`xy f`y kg agqgmq`kng qb ai}qèmg} bd qge} qb hwea{ga} bd Fpm èa

sbwna p{btiag gtiagemg bd qhg gxi}qgemg bd a`{j f`qqg{ ie qhg mgeqg{ bd qhg Finjy S`y%

[g}wnq} d{bf qhg IEQGC[@N }`qgnniqg Z8V. hbsgtg{. ab ebq }wppb{q a`{j f`qqg{ `} qhg

f`lb{ }bw{mg bd qhg c`ff` {`y} d{bf qhg mgeqg{ bd bw{ c`n`xy% Qhi} i} kgm`w}g iq }hbs}

è `}yffgq{y bd gfi}}ibe (ky ` d`mqb{ bd qsb) siqh {g}pgmq qb qhg mgeq{`n `xi} bd qhg

c`n`xy. shimh i} mb{{gn`qga fb{g siqh qhg ai}q{ikwqibe bd nbs f`}} X&{`y kie`{ig} qhè

siqh qhg p{gaimqga ai}q{ikwqibe bd a`{j f`qqg{ ie qhg c`n`mqim mb{g% Qhg wg}qibe bd

shgqhg{ èqi&a`{j f`qqg{ `mqw`nny gxi}q} i} è gfpi{im`n f`qqg{ db{ dw{qhg{ ietg}qic`qibe%

Qhg d`mq qh`q qhg{g `{g eb }iceidimèq }bw{mg} bd c`ff` (èeihin`qibe) {ài`qibe siqhie `

{àiw} bd 3?.??? jf d{bf qhg mgeqg{ bd qhg G`{qh (i%g% siqhie G`{qh’} a`{j pn`}f` h`nb).

ag}piqg qhg g}qif`qga hich age}iqy bd a`{j f`qqg{ `{bwea qhi} {gcibe. {wng} bwq n`{cg

`fbweq} bd èqi&a`{j f`qqg{ ie qhg timieiqy bd qhg G`{qh%

Qhg a`{j pn`}f` geti}`cga ie qhi} p`pg{ sbwna qhg{gdb{g mbe}i}q bd pb}iqitgny èa

egc`qitgny mh`{cga p`{qimng} siqh t`{yiec f`}}. }ifin`{ qb qhg `qq{ikwqg} bd qhg hg`ty èa

nichq mh`{cieb} weag{ qhg F]]F (Fieif`n ]wpg{}yffgq{im ]qèa`{a Fbagn). qbcgqhg{

siqh egwq{`n} (}wmh `} F]]F’} egwq{`nieb})% Qhg a`{j qgewbw} pn`}f` ie qhg G`{qh

}y}qgf sbwna qhg{gdb{g kg mbfpb}ga bd p`{qi`nny ibei|ga pn`}f`} bd hg`ty èa nichq AF

p`{qimng} siqh bppb}iqgA

)0(W mh`{cg. qbcgqhg{ siqh egwq{`n AF p`{qimng}%



_ ` c g ~ 0?

Iq i} geti}`cga qh`q qhg (pg{mgeq`cg) aiddg{gemg kgqsgge qhg f`}}g} bd qhg mh`{cga AF

p`{qimng} `{g ebq `} c{g`q `} kgqsgge qhg p{bqbe èa qhg gngmq{be èa fb{g ie nieg siqh qhg

F]]F’} hg`ty èa nichq mh`{cieb}% Awg qb qhg n`{cg ieqg{&p`{qimng ai}qèmg ie qgewbw}

pn`}f` èa qhg sg`jg{ a`{j gngmq{bf`cegqim ieqg{`mqibe} (`pp{bxif`qgny beg hwea{ga

qifg} sg`jg{ qhè b{aie`{y gngmq{bf`cegqi}f) Z=V. {gmbfkie`qibe} sbwna kg ng}} nijgny qb

bmmw{% _`{qi`nny ibei|ga pn`}f` kbaig} ie qhg a`{j }gmqb{ sbwna qhg{gdb{g kg nbec&nitga%

Iq h`} qb kg ebqga. ie qhi} mbeqgxq. qh`q gtge ` p`{qi`nny ibei|ga c`} ie shimh `} niqqng `} 0

pg{mgeq bd qhg p`{qimng} `{g ibei|ga mè pb}}g}} qhg p{bpg{qig} bd ` pn`}f` (i%g% {g}pbea qb

f`cegqim digna} èa kg hichny gngmq{im`nny mbeawmqitg)% 99 pg{mgeq bd f`qqg{ ie qhg

weitg{}g bd b{aie`{y f`qqg{ i} mbfpb}ga bd (p`{qi`nny ibei|ga) pn`}f`% Sg gxpgmq qhg a`{j

weitg{}g qb kg }ifin`{ny mbfpb}ga%

D{bf qhg dieaiec} ie II èa III. `kbtg. iq dbnnbs} qh`q ` qgewbw} (i%g% nbs age}iqy) a`{j

pn`}f` h`nb gxi}q} `{bwea qhg ti}ikng mbfpbegeq bd qhg G`{qh mbfpb}ga n`{cgny bd

pn`}f`} bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng} shimh ieqg{`mq sg`jny siqh ]F p`{qimng}%

Iq i} p{bpb}ga qh`q qhg }h`pg èa tbnwfg bd qhi} h`nb i} aye`fim% Qhi} i} p{if`{iny awg qb

=&kbay c{`tiq`qibe`n ieqg{`mqibe} kgqsgge qhg G`{qh. Fbbe èa qhg ]we% Shge qhg Fbbe

èa qhg ]we `{g `nicega {gn`qitg qb qhg G`{qh (`} ie ` }bn`{ gmnip}g). qhgi{ mbfkiega

c{`tiq`qibe`n gddgmq} be G`{qh’} h`nb sinn }q{gqmh qhg qìn bd qhg h`nb qb gxqgea qb qhg

Fbbe’} bse a`{j f`qqg{ h`nb% ]iemg p`{qimng age}iqy mè `n}b mhècg awg qb qhg}g

iednwgemg}. qhg }i|g bd qhg a`{j pn`}f` h`nb `n}b weag{cbg} mhècg} (lw}q nijg G`{qh’}



_ ` c g ~ 00

ti}ikng `qfb}phg{g)% Qhg }h`pg èa }i|g bd qhi} a`{j pn`}f` G`{qh i} qhg{gdb{g aye`fim`n

èa sbwna kg mbe}qèqny }i|g èa }h`pg&}hidqiec fwmh nijg G`{qh’} f`cegqb}phg{g%

Qhg a`{j h`nb. siqh ` qbq`n f`}} fwmh nbsg{ qhè qhg ti}ikng G`{qh (iq abg} ebq gxmgga 1 Ó

0?∛9

bd qhg G`{qh’} f`}} Z;V). sbwna kg c{`tiq`qibe`nny mbwpnga qb qhg G`{qh èa mb{bq`qg

siqh iq% Dw{qhg{fb{g. lw}q nijg qhg ]we (shimh i} ` eg`{&}phg{g mbfpb}ga bd pn`}f`) èa

Lwpiqg{. iq sbwna kg gxpgmqga qb gxpg{igemg aiddg{geqi`n {bq`qibe: siqh qhg f`xifwf {`qg

bd {bq`qibe ie qhg gw`qb{i`n {gcibe }nbsiec abse qbs`{a} qhg ai{gmqibe bd qhg pbng}% @

a`y ie qhg a`{j h`nb (`} fg`}w{ga ky beg dwnn {bq`qibe bd qhg h`nb `q qhg {gngtèq n`qiqwag)

sbwna qhg{gdb{g t`{y d{bf nbm`qibe qb nbm`qibe `nqhbwch qhg yg`{ sbwna kg qhg }`fg `}

qhg ti}ikng G`{qh (`} qhg h`nb i} c{`tiq`qibe`nny mbwpnga qb qhg ti}ikng G`{qh)%

Iq i} sb{qh {gdngmqiec qh`q qhg age}iqy bd a`{j f`qqg{ i} `nfb}q 7 qifg} qh`q bd k`{ybeim

f`qqg{ ie qhg weitg{}g% Qhg `tg{`cg k`{ybe age}iqy ie qhg weitg{}g mw{{geqny i} `kbwq 0? &==

jc mf&=

% Qhg `tg{`cg f`}} age}iqy ie qhg ieqg{}qgnn`{ fgaiwf (I]F) i} 0?&;3

jc mf&=

% Qhi}

i} fèy b{ag{} ng}} qhè qhg mbfpwqga age}iqig} bd a`{j f`qqg{ `{bwea G`{qh. siqhie `

{àiw} bd 3?.???jf. bd `kbwq 0?&01

jc mf∛=

(`} ai}mw}}ga `kbtg)% Qhi}. hbsgtg{. abg} ebq

}qbp }q`{}. mbfpb}ga bd k`{ybeim f`qqg{. qb db{f siqh t`}q `fbweq} bd `nfb}q gfpqy

}p`mg ie kgqsgge% ]ifin`{ny sg gxpgmq a`{j pn`}f` knbk} qb db{f èa a{idq `{bwea qhg

G`{qh gtge id qhg `tg{`cg age}iqy i} nbs & lw}q `} a`{j f`qqg{ mnbwa} `{g kgnigtga qb a{idq

qh{bwch qhg c`n`xy Z04V% @ang{ Z;V mnìf} qh`q sg h`tg agqgmqga qhg}g mnwfp} b{ knbk} ie

qhg db{f bd èbf`nbw} `mmgng{`qibe} bd }p`mgm{`dq aw{iec dny&ky} èa b{kiq} bd G`{qh%



_ ` c g ~ 0;

K`}ga be qhg `kbtg è`ny}g}. qhg `qq{ikwqg} bd qhg a`{j kib}phg{g b{ „A`{j G`{qh‖ mè kg

g}qif`qga `} dbnnbs}<

A`{j G`{qh Ti}ikng G`{qh

F`}} ;%=; x 0?04 jc 7%93 x 0?;1 jc

Tbnwfg 0%11 Ó 0?=? mf= 0%?8 x 0?;3 mf=

Fgè Age}iqy 0?&01 jc mf∛= 7%7 x 0?&= jc mf∛=

Fgè [àiw} 3?.??? jf 4.=30 jf

T% FIEIF@N _N@]F@ MGNN&]Y]QGF M[G@QGA IE N@KB[@QB[Y KY

]GND&B[C@EI\@QIBE

Nb|egèw gq `n Z4V h`tg cgeg{`qga „pn`}f` mgnn}‖ b{ fb{g }pgmidim`nny. mbfpngx }p`mg

mh`{cg mbedicw{`qibe} (M]MM) qh`q ai}pn`y qhg `qq{ikwqg} bd ` p{ifiqitg b{cèi}f ie qhg

n`kb{`qb{y% Qhg M]MM }pbeqègbw}ny gfg{cg} shge è gngmq{im`n }p`{j cgeg{`qg} ` sgnn&

nbm`qga ebe&gwinik{iwf pn`}f` be qhg }w{d`mg bd ` pb}iqitgny ki`}ga gngmq{bag siqhie `

mbna pn`}f` shimh mbeqìe} d{gg gngmq{be} èa `qbf} ie c{bwea. gxmiqga èa ibei|ga }q`qg}%

Qhg pn`}f` gtbntg} ieqb ` }q`kng }gnd&mbediega nwfiebw}. eg`{ny }phg{im`n kbay. `qq`mhga

qb qhg èbag% Fg`}w{gfgeq} w}iec gngmq{im`n p{bkg} {gtg`n ` pb}iqitg ewmngw} }w{{bweaga

ky ` eg`{ny }phg{im`n kbwea`{y b{ gngmq{im`n AN (abwkng n`yg{)% Siqhie qhg AN `{g

àl`mgeq }p`mg mh`{cg n`yg{} bd bppb}iqg mh`{cg shg{g gngmq{b}q`qim ieqg{`mqibe} q`jg pn`mg

ie è gngmq{im digna% (Ie qhi} {g}pgmq. qhg AN {g}gfkng} ` m`p`miqb{%)

Nb|egèw gq `n Z4V `{cwg qh`q. }ifin`{ qb kibnbcim`n mgnn}. qhg gngmq{im`n kbwea`{y bd qhg}g

}gnd&`}}gfknga c`}gbw} pn`}f` mgnn} p{btiag} è gemnb}ga ieqg{e`n geti{befgeq qh`q



_ ` c g ~ 0=

aiddg{} d{bf qhg gxqg{e`n geti{befgeq% Qhg kbwea`{y i} `kng qb }w}qìe èa mbeq{bn

bpg{`qibe} }wmh `}< (i) qhg `mwi}iqibe èa q{è}db{f`qibe bd geg{cy. (ii) {hyqhfim

gxmhècg bd f`qqg{ `m{b}} qhg }y}qgf kbwea`{y èa (iii) mbeqiew`n ieqg{e`n

q{è}db{f`qibe} bd f`qqg{% @q ` m{iqim`n t`nwg bd qhg èbag pbqgeqi`n. qhg M]MM agq`mhg}

d{bf qhg èbag }w{d`mg èa g}m`pg} ieqb ` d{gg&dnb`qiec }q`qg% @dqg{ iq} gfg{cgemg. qhg

M]MM i} `kng qb {gpnim`qg. ky aiti}ibe. èa qb gfiq èa {gmgitg iedb{f`qibe% Nb|egèw gq

`n Z4V kgnigtg qh`q „qhg M]MM i} pbqgeqi`nny `kng qb pg{db{f ` dw{qhg{ kibmhgfim`n

gtbnwqibe ieqb ` ‘nitiec’ mgnn%‖

W}iec ewfg{im`n }ifwn`qibe}. Q}yqbtimh gq `n Z3V }hbs qh`q mbfpngx pn`}f`} f`y

e`qw{`nny }gnd&b{cèi|g qhgf}gntg} ieqb }q`kng ieqg{`mqiec hgnim`n }q{wmqw{g} qh`q kgh`tg

nijg AE@ (Agbxy{ikbewmngim `mia) ie b{cèim nitiec f`qqg{% Qhg}g }q{wmqw{g} iemb{pb{`qg

„fgfb{y f`{j}‖ `nnbsiec db{ }gnd&awpnim`qibe. m`{{y bwq fgq`kbnim `mqitiqig} ie `

qhg{fbaye`fim`nny bpge }y}qgf èa gxhikiq ebe&H`finqbeiè aye`fim}% Q}yqbtimh gq `n

mbemnwag qh`q qhg}g mbfpngx }gnd&b{cèi|ga pn`}f` }q{wmqw{g} pb}}g}} `nn qhg egmg}}`{y

p{bpg{qig} qb w`nidy qhgf `} mèaia`qg} db{ p{ifiqitg ieb{cèim nitiec f`qqg{ qh`q f`y

gxi}q ie p`{qi`nny ibei|ga pn`}f` ie }p`mg p{btiaga mg{qìe mbeaiqibe} `nnbs qhgf qb

gtbntg e`qw{`nny%

Wgh`{` gq `n Z9V h`tg }wccg}qga qh`q pn`}f` phy}im} }hbwna kg mbe}iag{ga ` p`{q bd

kibnbcim`n ietg}qic`qibe. }q`qiec qh`q +_n`}f` phy}im} mè kg w}gdwn ie qhg ietg}qic`qibe bd

qhg phy}im`n p{bpg{qig} bd nitiec mgnn}% Mbemgpq} nijg mh`{cg egwq{`niqy. Agkyg ngecqh. èa

abwkng n`yg{ `{g tg{y w}gdwn qb gxpnìe qhg gngmq{im`n p{bpg{qig} bd ` mgnnwn`{ fgfk{èg%+



_ ` c g ~ 01

_n`}f` gxhikiq} ` mgnnwn`{ }q{wmqw{g `} pn`}f` bd aiddg{geq age}iqig} èa qgfpg{`qw{g} `{g

e`qw{`nny mb{abega&bdd ky gngmq{im`n abwkng&n`yg{}% Qhi} p{btiag} qhg mnb}w{g egmg}}`{y

db{ fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn }y}qgf} qb db{f%

TI% A@[J _N@]F@ NIDG DB[F]

Dbnnbsiec d{bf I qb T. `kbtg. sg p{bpb}g qhg pb}}ikiniqy bd fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn&}y}qgf}

kgiec cgeg{`qga ie G`{qh’} a`{j pn`}f` h`nb qh{bwch ebe&nieg`{ aye`fim} èa }gnd&

b{cèi|`qibe% @{m ai}mh`{cg} (shimh f`y `{i}g awg qb pn`}f` pbn`{i|`qibe} k{bwchq `kbwq

ky ` t`{igqy bd d`mqb{}: iemnwaiec qhg{fbaye`fim mbe}iag{`qibe}. p`{qimng f`}} èa

fbkiniqy) sinn cgeg{`qg pn`}f` }phg{g} b{ fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn} }pbeqègbw}ny ie qhg a`{j

pn`}f` h`nb% Qhi} sbwna `nnbs G`{qh’} a`{j pn`}f` h`nb qb h`{kb{ ` a`{j kib}phg{g bd

fieif`n a`{j pn`}f` mgnn&}y}qgf} shimh sbwna gtbntg ieqb fb{g mbfpngx a`{j pn`}f`

nidg db{f} btg{ G`{qh’} hi}qb{y bd fb{g qhè 1%7Cy{% ]bfg bd qhg}g nidg db{f} sbwna gxi}q

ie G`{qh’} `qfb}phg{g (siqhie qhg a`{j pn`}f` h`nb)% Qhg}g `g{i`n nidg db{f} sbwna h`tg

fb{phbnbcig} èa kgh`tib{ }ifin`{ qb nidg db{f} p{bpb}ga ky ]`cè èa ]`npgqg{ Z0?V ie

Lwpiqg{’} `qfb}phg{g%

]`cè èa ]`npgqg{ Z0?V p{bpb}ga qh`q m{g`qw{g} {g}gfkniec hbq ì{ k`nnbbe} mbwna gxi}q ie

Lwpiqg{’} `qfb}phg{g% Qhgy k`}ga qhgi{ hypbqhg}i} be qhg gmbnbcy bd bw{ bmgè} shg{g

aiddg{geq nidg db{f} gxi}qga `q aiddg{geq agpqh}% @q qhg qbp. }ifpng nidg db{f} }wmh `}

pnèjqbe qh{itg: `q ` nbsg{ ngtgn di}h gxi}q shimh dga be qhg}g pnèjqbe: kgnbs qhi} sg{g

n`{cg{ f`{ieg p{ga`qb{} shimh dga be qhg di}h% Qhg Lbtiè gwit`ngeq} bd qhg}g sg{g qhg



_ ` c g ~ 07

+}iejg{}+. +dnb`qg{}+. èa +hweqg{}+% Qhg +dnb`qg{}+ sg{g mh`{`mqg{i|ga `} cièq c`} k`c}

shimh cgeg{`qga hg`q qh{bwch qhgi{ bse fgq`kbni}f. dggaiec bdd }wenichq èa d{gg

fbngmwng} ie Lwpiqg{’} `qfb}phg{g (mbfpb}ga n`{cgny bd hya{bcge èa hgniwf)% Qhgy

fbtga ky pwfpiec bwq hgniwf% Qhg +hweqg{}+ sg{g }wia&nijg m{g`qw{g} shimh w}ga lgq}

bd c`} qb p{bpgn qhgf}gntg} èa mbwna c{bs qb kg fèy jinbfgqg{} `m{b}}%

Lw}q nijg qhg c`} cièq} ie bw{ ]bn`{ ]y}qgf. G`{qh’} a`{j pn`}f` h`nb sbwna ebq h`tg èy

h`{a }w{d`mg% Hgemg. pn`}f` nidg db{f} sbwna g}}geqi`nny dnb`q ie è bmgèim qypg

`qfb}phg{g bd qgewbw} a`{j pn`}f`%

G`{qh’} ti}ikng kib}phg{g i} ` qhie }hgnn qh`q h`} `pp{bxif`qgny ` qhimjeg}} bd ; x 0? jf

btg{ ` }w{d`mg `{g` bd ;{ 1Ϗ b{ 7%0? x 0?

8jf

;i%g% ` tbnwfg bd `pp{bxif`qgny 0?

;7mf

=

(iceb{iec qhg egcnicikng gddgmq} bd qhg }phg{im`n mw{t`qw{g ky q{g`qiec iq ̀ } dn`q }p`mg)% Qhg

a`{j kib}phg{g tbnwfg s`} g}qif`qga (}gg `kbtg) qb kg `kbwq 0%11 x 0?=?

mf=% Qhg

tbnwfg bd qhg a`{j kib}phg{g (`}}wfiec qh`q `nn {gcibe} bd qhg a`{j kib}phg{g `{g

h`kiq`kng `} ` di{}q `pp{bxif`qibe) i} qhg{gdb{g ditg b{ag{} bd f`ceiqwag n`{cg{ qhè qhg

G`{qh’} ti}ikng kib}phg{g i%g% 0?7

b{ 0?? qhbw}èa qifg} n`{cg{ ie tbnwfg qhè qhg jebse

(ti}ikng) kib}phg{g%



_ ` c g ~ 04

TII% CGEG[IM FBAGN BD @ A@[J _N@]F@ NIDG DB[F

K`}ga be bw{ fbagn. fb{g mbfpngx nidg db{f} sbwna kg gxpgmqga qb gxhikiq }ice`qw{g

dg`qw{g} d{gwgeqny dbwea ie mbediega pn`}f`} bd ]F p`{qimng} ie qhg n`kb{`qb{y. iemnwaiec

din`fgeq`{y mw{{geq}. tb{qgxg}. hbq }pbq} (pn`}fbia}) èa abwkng n`yg{}% Qhg}g pn`}f` nidg

db{f} `{g ai}}ip`qitg }q{wmqw{g} d`{ d{bf gwinik{iwf% Ieqg{e`nny. }ice`qw{g pn`}f`

}q{wmqw{g} db{f qh{bwch }gnd&b{cèi|`qibe èa ebe&nieg`{ aye`fim}% Nb|egèw gq `n Z4V

h`tg `n{gày }hbse qh`q aw{iec qhg „gfk{ybcgeg}i}‖ bd qhg fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn ` sgnn&

nbm`qga ewmngw} agtgnbp}% Iq i} }w{{bweaga ky è gngmq{im`n AN b{ „Nècfwi{‖ }hg`qh

shimh db{f} è gemnb}ga eg`{&}phg{g b{ btbia% Din`fgeq`{y gngmq{im mw{{geq} mbwna kg

gxpgmqga qb db{f ie qhg gngmq{im digna kgqsgge qhg ewmngw} èa qhg }hg`qh% @ qypim`n

p{ifiqitg pn`}f` nidg db{f sbwna qhg{gdb{g kg gxpgmqga qb gxhikiq dg`qw{g} `}

}mhgf`qim`nny agpimqga hg{g<



_ ` c g ~ 03

Dic ;< ]Q@CG 0< EWMNG@QIBE _H@]G. D[BEQ TIGS (d`mg&be tigs)<

]mhgf`qim Ai`c{`f bd Ieqg{e`n ]q{wmqw{g} gxpgmqga ie ` _{ifiqitg _n`}f` Nidg Db{f

Dbnnbsiec qhi}. `} ie kibmhgfim`n gfk{ybcgeg}i}. sg mbwna gxpgmq ` nbeciqwaie`n `xi} b{

fia&nieg qb db{f% Ie qhg mbeqgxq bd ` pn`}f` nidg db{f. ` pì{ bd `xi`n mw{{geq} sbwna

agtgnbp% Beg m`{{ig} ` hg`ty AF p`{qimng (è`nbcbw} qb qhg F]]F’} hg`ty mh`{cieb)

èa h`} ` a`{j egc`qitg mh`{cg% Qhg bqhg{ m`{{ig} ` nichq AF p`{qimng (è`nbcbw} qb qhg

F]]F’} hg`ty mh`{cieb) èa m`{{ig} ` a`{j pb}iqitg mh`{cg% K`}ga be k`}im

gngmq{bf`cegqim} èa mbe}i}qgeq siqh F`xsgnn’} gw`qibe}. sg sbwna qhge gxpgmq g`mh

mw{{geq qb cgeg{`qg è `|ifwqh`n f`cegqim digna `{bwea iq% Awg qb qhg f`cegqim db{mg. `q

Abwkng N`yg{"

_n`}f` ]hg`qh

Ewmngw}

Din`fgeq`{y

Mw{{geq}



_ ` c g ~ 08

ieqg{t`n}. qhg}g mw{{geq}. fbtiec ie bppb}iqg ai{gmqibe} kwq m`{{yiec bppb}iqg mh`{cg}. sinn

kg `qq{`mqga qb g`mh bqhg{ (k`}ga be Kibq&]`t`{q N`s)% Qhgy sinn piemh qb db{f hbq }pbq}%

Din`fgeq`{y mw{{geq} }p{bwq bwq bd qhg hbq }pbq} èa mbeegmq qb bqhg{ p`{q} bd qhg btbia.

w}iec qhg p`qh} bd ng`}q gngmq{im`n {g}i}qèmg%

Dic =< ]Q@CG ;< @XI@N _H@]G. D[BEQ TIGS (d`mg&be tigs)<

@xi`n Mw{{geq} èa Hbq ]pbq} db{f

Qhg hbq }pbq} sinn nig `nbec qhg `xi} èa gfè`qg {ài`qibe bd aiddg{geq d{gwgemig} (`} ie

` mbediega pn`}f` bd ]F p`{qimng})% _`{qimng} fbtiec wp `nbec qhg ngdq egc`qitg `xi`n

Abwkng N`yg{"_n`}f` ]hg`qh

Ewmngw}

_iemh $

Hbq ]pbq}"

_n`}fbia}

@xi`n

Mw{{geq

(_b}iqitg)

@xi`nMw{{geq

(Egc`qitg)



_ ` c g ~ 09

mw{{geq sinn kg agdngmqga }iags`y} `} qhgy `{g `qq{`mqga qb qhg {ichq `xi}% Mbetg{}gny.

p`{qimng} fbtiec abse qhg pb}iqitg `xi`n mw{{geq sinn kg agdngmqga }iags`y} qbs`{a} qhg

ngdq `xi}% Qhg mbfkiega fbqibe} bd qhg p`{qimng} sinn ifpb}g ` mnbmjsi}g qb{wg (d`mg&be

tigs). cgeg{`qiec tb{qgxg} siqhie qhg hbq }pbq}% Qhg}g tb{qgxg} sinn kg `nicega siqh qhg

p`i{ bd `xi`n mw{{geq}% Qhg pbn`{ tb{qgxg} sinn db{f d`miec qhg }jy `ea qhg c{bwea id sg

if`cieg qhg btbia’} nbecg{ `xi} pg{pgeaimwn`{ qb qhg c{bwea% Ie qhi} b{igeq`qibe. qhg `xi}

bd qhg n`qg{`n tb{qgxg} sinn kg p`{`nngn qb qhg c{bwea%

Dic 1< ]Q@CG =< TB[QGX _H@]G. ]IAG TIGS<

Tb{qgxg} db{f `q Hbq ]pbq}

Abwkng N`yg{"

_n`}f` ]hg`qh

Ewmngw}

AbwkngN`qg{`n

Tb{qgx

]q{wmqw{g

_bn`{

Tb{qgx

_bn`{

Tb{qgx

Hbq ]pbq}"

_n`}fbia}

Din`fgeq`{y

Mw{{geq}

@xi} bd Abwkng

Tb{qgx ]y}qgf



_ ` c g ~ ;?

]ifwnqègbw}ny. sg sbwna gxpgmq abwkng hgnim`n mw{{geq} qb `ppg`{ `{bwea qhg `xi`n

mw{{geq}%

Dic 7< ]Q@CG 1< HGNIM@N _H@]G. D[BEQ TIGS

(d`mg&be tigs. siqhbwq bqhg{ dg`qw{g} qb `tbia btg{&m{bsaiec)<

Hgnim`n Mw{{geq} s{`p `{bwea @xi`n Mw{{geq}

Ie àaiqibe. abwkng n`yg{} `{bwea mgnn} (siqh pn`}f` bd aiddg{geq p{bpg{qig}) db{f siqhie

qhg btbia% Qhg}g abwkng n`yg{} `mq nijg m`p`miqb{} èa h`tg qhg `kiniqy qb }qb{g (a`{j)

gngmq{im`n geg{cy% @ kèj bd m`p`miqb{} i} qhg{gdb{g gxpgmqga qb {g}iag ie qhg a`{j pn`}f`

Abwkng N`yg{"

_n`}f` ]hg`qh

Ewmngw}

AbwkngHgnim`n

Mw{{geq}



_ ` c g ~ ;0

kbay% @} p`{q bd iq} fgq`kbnim `mqitiqy. a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f} `k}b{k mh`{cga p`{qimng}

qh{bwch qhgi{ tb{qgxg} èa }qb{g qhi} geg{cy `} pbqgeqi`n aiddg{gemg} siqhie qhg abwkng

n`yg{}% Qhg geg{cy mè kg {gng`}ga c{àw`nny b{ ie ` kw{}q% Qhg din`fgeq`{y mw{{geq} sinn

db{f mi{mwiq} qh`q m`{{y a`{j gngmq{im`n geg{cy `{bwea qhg a`{j pn`}f` kbay èa bkgy

Ji{mhhbdd’} èa bqhg{ gngmq{im mi{mwiq n`s}%

Qhg hbq }pbq} ie qhg a`{j pn`}f` kbay `{g gxpgmqga qb cgeg{`qg (a`{j) k{gf}q{`hnwec

{ài`qibe `} qhg qsb }pgmig} bd p`{qimng} }ji{q g`mh bqhg{ èa (a`{j) mymnbq{be {ài`qibe `}

qhgy {bq`qg `{bwea qhg `xi} bd qhg tb{qgx% Qhg}g nidg db{f} sbwna kg gxpgmqga qb gfiq a`{j

{ài`qibe Z=V `} ` {g}wnq bd fgq`kbnim `mqitiqig}% @} qhg}g {ài`qibe} `{g `k}b{kga èa {g&

gfè`qga. qhg kbaig} bd qhg}g pn`}f` nidg db{f} sbwna kgh`tg `} eg`{ kn`mjkbay

{ài`qb{}% Ie qhi} mbeegmqibe Sige’} N`s èa ]qgdè&Kbnq|fè N`s ie qhg mbeqgxq bd a`{j

{ài`qibe sbwna `ppny qb bk}g{t`qibe} bd a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f}%

@e g}qif`qg bd qhg sgichq bd ` pn`}f` nidg db{f. qhg }i|g bd ` hwfè kgiec. mè kg fàg%

@ fè sgichiec 0??jc i} `pp{bxif`qgny 0?? niqg{} b{ 0?7

mf=

ie tbnwfg% Dw{qhg{fb{g.

qhg hwfè m`{kbe&k`}ga kbay h`} ` age}iqy `pp{bxif`qgny qh`q bd s`qg{ ” qhg

}w{{bweaiec fgaiwf% @}}wfiec qh`q pn`}f` nidg db{f} h`tg }ifin`{ age}iqig} qb qhg

}w{{bweaiec fgaiwf bd a`{j pn`}f`. i%g% ` fgè age}iqy bd `pp{bxif`qgny 0?&01

jc mf∛=

(`} g}qif`qga `kbtg) èa è `pp{bxif`qg tbnwfg }ifin`{ qb qhg hwfè kbay bd 0?7

mf=.

qhg nbsg{ kbwea bd qhg sgichq bd ` hwfè&}i|ga kibpn`}f` kbay i} g}qif`qga qb kg< 0?7

mf=

x (0?&01

jc mf∛=

). fwnqipniga ky qhg c{`tiq`qibe`n `mmgng{`qibe bd 0? f}&;

. b{

`pp{bxif`qgny 0?&8 Egsqbe}% Qhg sgichq bd ` pn`}f` nidg db{f i} qhg{gdb{g gxpgmqga qb kg



_ ` c g ~ ;;

gxq{gfgny nichq% Qhg aifge}ibe} bd ` }pgmidim pn`}f` nidg db{f `{g gxpgmqga qb kg t`{i`kng

qb ` }iceidimèq gxqgeq shge iq} age}iqy iem{g`}g} b{ d`nn}% Qhg }iceidimèq t`{i`qibe ie }i|g

i} pb}}ikng kgm`w}g bd qhg tg{y n`{cg ieqg{&p`{qimng ai}qèmg ie ` nbs age}iqy pn`}f`%

TIII% AGQGMQIEC A@[J _N@]F@ NIDG DB[F]

D{gwgemy

Qhg a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f} `{g gxpgmqga qb pb}}g}} ` pn`}f` d{gwgemy. agdiega `}

dbnnbs}<

;

0

?

;

apf

eg

6

η ω

shg{g „e‖ i} qhg AF p`{qimng age}iqy. „g‖ qhg a`{j Mbwnbfk mh`{cg. „f‖ qhg f`}} bd AF

p`{qimng èaap

ω qhg a`{j pn`}f` d{gwgemy% @} mè kg }gge d{bf qhg gw`qibe `kbtg. qhg

pn`}f` d{gwgemy i} ietg{}gny {gn`qga qb qhg f`}} bd qhg p`{qimng% @} AF p`{qimng} `{g

f`}}itg qhg a`{j pn`}f` d{gwgemy i} gxpgmqga qb kg cgeg{`nny nbsg{%

Cgeg{`nny. a`{j pn`}f` i} mbnni}ibeng}}% Hbsgtg{. aw{iec mg{qìe gtgeq} shge p`{qimng

age}iqy iem{g`}g} qhg mbnni}ibe {`qg {i}g}% ]bfg b}minn`qiec AF p`{qimng} siqhie qhg a`{j

pn`}f` mbnniag siqh qhg ewmngi èa gngmq{be} bd b{aie`{y f`qqg{ `qbf}% Qhi} f`y h`ppge

db{ gx`fpng. shge qhg a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f i} }iqw`qga siqhie ` fgaiwf bd ì{ p`{qimng}%



_ ` c g ~ ;=

Id qhg pn`}f` d{gwgemy i} {gn`qitgny hich. qhg b}minn`qibe} b{ liccng m`w}ga ky qhg pb}iqitg

èa egc`qitg p`{qimng} ie qhg a`{j pn`}f` `{g gxpgmqga qb mbnniag siqh ewmngi èa gngmq{be}

bd ]F `qbf} iffg{}ga siqhie qhg a`{j pn`}f`% Qhi} sinn cgeg{`qg nichq (`} ` {g}wnq bd

}mieqinn`qibe}). hg`q (awg qb qhg q{è}dg{ bd fbfgeqwf) èa gngmq{imiqy (shge gngmq{be} cgq

jimjga&bwq bd qhgi{ b{kiq`n} aw{iec qhg ibei|`qibe p{bmg}}. cgeg{`qiec mw{{geq})% Qhg

ibei|`qibe p{bmg}} `n}b cgeg{`qg} }hb{q&nitga b{aie`{y pn`}f` (i%g% mbfpb}ga bd b{aie`{y

f`qqg{ p`{qimng}) shimh sbwna w}w`nny ai}}ip`qg `dqg{ ` }hb{q aw{`qibe%

Shge qhi} b{aie`{y pn`}f` i} }wddimigeqny age}g iq mè {gdngmq&bdd fim{bs`tg} d{bf {à`{}

èa kg agqgmqga ky qhgf qgfpb{`{iny èa"b{ ieqg{fiqqgeqny% Qhg hg`q mè kg agqgmqga siqh

ied{`{ga m`fg{`} èa m`nb{ifgqg{}% Qhg nichq mè kg agqgmqga ky m`fg{`} (id ti}ikng) èa

è`ny|ga w}iec }pgmq{bfgqg{} èa kbnbfgqg{}% Qhg d{gwgemig} cgeg{`qga ky qhg b{aie`{y

pn`}f` `{g gxpgmqga qb kg fb}qny ie qhg fim{bs`tg }gcfgeq bd qhg gngmq{bf`cegqim

}pgmq{wf. shimh i} `}}bmi`qga siqh gngmq{be b}minn`qibe} ie qhg b{aie`{y pn`}f`% Qhg}g

fim{bs`tg} mè cgeg{`qg hg`q ie nitiec qi}}wg èa èbf`nbw} }bwea} siqhie qhg hwfè

m{èiwf id qhg bk}g{tg{ i} siqhie b{ `q ` eg`{ ai}qèmg d{bf qhg fim{bs`tg }bw{mg%

@ pn`}f` nidg db{f siqhie qhg G`{qh’} `qfb}phg{g sbwna qhg{gdb{g kg gxpgmqga qb h`tg

kbqh ` a`{j pn`}f` mbfpbegeq (shimh gfiq} qhg p{if`{y a`{j {ài`qibe) èa è

ieqg{fiqqgeq b{aie`{y pn`}f` mbfpbegeq (shimh cgeg{`qg} qhg }gmbea`{y b{aie`{y

{ài`qibe)%



_ ` c g ~ ;1

Qhg b{aie`{y pn`}f` sbwna iem{g`}g ie age}iqy èa d{gwgemy `} qhg pn`}f` d{gwgemy bd

qhg a`{j mbfpbegeq iem{g`}g} `} sg sbwna gxpgmq qhg mbnni}ibe {`qg qb {i}g siqh iem{g`}ga

p`{qimng age}iqy% Id qhg pn`}f` d{gwgemy bd qhg a`{j pn`}f` iem{g`}g} }iceidimèqny. qhg

d{gwgemy bd qhg b{aie`{y gngmq{bf`cegqim s`tg} {ài`qga ky qhg b{aie`{y pn`}f` sbwna

fbtg wp ieqb qhg ti}ikng }gcfgeq bd qhg gngmq{bf`cegqim }pgmq{wf qgfpb{`{iny èa"b{

ieqg{fiqqgeqny% Qhg}g mè kg agqgmqga w}iec m`fg{`} (}b nbec `} qhi} d{gwgemy i} hichg{

qhè qhg pn`}f` d{gwgemy bd qhg b{aie`{y pn`}f`)%

]iemg qhg age}iqy bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng} siqhie qhg a`{j pn`}f` knbk} i} fwmh hichg{

qhè qhg }p`mg} kgqsgge qhg knbk}. beny gxq{gfgny }f`nn `fbweq} bd {ài`qibe (shimh sinn

d`nn kgnbs eb{f`n agqgmqibe ngtgn}) sinn gfè`qg d{bf qhg}g }p`mg}% (@q c`n`mqim ngtgn} sg

mè gxpgmq ` fim{bs`tg cnbs d{bf qhg p{bawmqibe bd qhg b{aie`{y pn`}f` ti` mbnni}ibe}

siqh qhg p`{qimng} ie a`{j pn`}f`%)

@ nbs ngtgn bd fim{bs`tg {ài`qibe sinn. hbsgtg{. gfè`qg d{bf ieti}ikng (cgeg{`nny d`}q)

fbtiec pbieq }bw{mg} (i%g% qhg a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f}) shimh sbwna kg }p{gà bwq btg{ `

tg{y siag `{g` (`} ai}mw}}ga `kbtg. qhg a`{j kib}phg{g i} fb{g qhè ` qhbw}èa qifg}

n`{cg{ ie tbnwfg qhè qhg ti}ikng G`{qh)% Dw{qhg{fb{g. fb}q bd qhg}g nidg db{f} ab ebq

h`tg qb kg {g}q{imqga qb qhg }w{d`mg bd qhg G`{qh i%g% qhg qhie kib}phg{g shg{g fb}q

b{aie`{y f`qqg{ nidg db{f} gxi}q% Hgemg. gembweqg{} kgqsgge pn`}f` nidg db{f} èa

hwfè} sbwna kg gxq{gfgny {`{g%



_ ` c g ~ ;7

@} mè kg }gge d{bf qhg c{`ph kgnbs. qhg p{gabfieèq d{gwgemig} cgeg{`qga ky qhg

qgfpb{`{y b{aie`{y pn`}f` sinn kg nbs. fb}qny ie qhg fim{bs`tg {gcibe. kwq sbwna `n}b

iemnwag {àib s`tg} èa ied{`{ga s`tg} be giqhg{ }iag% Bmm`}ibe`nny iq sinn kg hich

gebwch qb kg agqgmqga `q ti}ikng s`tgngecqh} èa fb{g {`{gny gxqgeaiec kgybea qhi} ieqb

qhg wnq{`&tibngq {gcibe% Qhg „nichq mw{tg‖ cgeg{`qga ky qhg qgfpb{`{y b{aie`{y pn`}f` bd `

a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f sbwna qhg{gdb{g }pè qhg d{gwgemig} `} }hbse ie qhg }mhgf`qim

ai`c{`f kgnbs%

Dic 7< Gxpgmqga Nichq Mw{tg bd ̀ _n`}f` Nidg Db{f

Fim{bs`tg

Ti}ikng

Wnq{`tibngq

Qifg (}gmbea})

D{gwgemy

(H|)

0 ; = 1 7



_ ` c g ~ ;4

Ie qhg c`n`mqim h`nb. qhi} (}gmbea`{y) {ài`qibe sbwna kg gxq{gfgny dggkng awg qb qhg

gxq{gfgny nbs age}iqy bd a`{j f`}}itg p`{qimng}% Hbsgtg{. `q qhg mgeqg{} bd c`n`xig} qhi}

sbwna citg {i}g qb ` k{bàkèa }pgmq{wf bd ]F {ài`qibe. iemnwaiec {àib. X&{`y} èa

c`ff` {`y}% Qhg pn`}f` d{gwgemy sbwna kg fwmh hichg{ hg{g `} qhg p`{qimng age}iqy

(èa mbnni}ibe {`qg) i} }iceidimèqny hichg{%

Qhg ai{gmq (p{if`{y) {ài`qibe d{bf qhg}g a`{j pn`}f` nidg db{f} sinn ebq kg g`}iny

agqgmq`kng ky bw{ mw{{geq ie}q{wfgeq} (shimh `{g mbfpb}ga bd p`{qimng} qh`q cgeg{`nny ab

ebq ieqg{`mq b{ mbwpng siqh qhg ai{gmq {ài`qibe)% Hbsgtg{. }gmbea`{y (]F) {ài`qibe.

p`{qimwn`{ny ie qhg fim{bs`tg kèa} mbwna ieaim`qg qhg p{g}gemg bd nbs geg{cy pn`}f` nidg

db{f} eg`{ qhg G`{qh#} }w{d`mg% @ fim{bs`tg cnbs i} p{gaimqga kgdb{g qhg ti}w`n agqgmqibe

(èa `n}b ` fim{bs`tg `dqg{&cnbs }wk}gwgeq qb qhg ti}w`n agqgmqibe)% Ie bqhg{ sb{a}. `

ti}w`n }ichqiec mbwna kg p{gaimqga ky di{}q agqgmqiec qhg fim{bs`tg cnbs. qhge ebqiec iq}

gtbnwqibe% Id qhg d{gwgemy mbeqiew`nny iem{g`}g}. ` ti}w`n }ichqiec i} nijgny qb bmmw{% Qhi}

f`y kg m`pqw{ga w}iec m`fg{`} (kbqh `q ti}ikng s`tgngecqh} èa ied{`{ga) èa

phbqbfgq{im agqgmqb{}% Db{ fb{g àtèmga è`ny}i} bd qhg {ài`qibe. }pgmq{bfgqg{} èa

kbnbfgqg{} f`y `n}b kg w}ga% M`nb{ifgqg{} mbwna kg w}ga qb agqgmq èbf`nbw} hg`q

cgeg{`qibe%

AF p`{qimng} f`y kg cgeg{`qga ie qhg NHM (N`{cg Hà{be Mbnniag{) gxpg{ifgeq} èa

}wk}gwgeqny h`{eg}}ga% Shge qhi} h`ppge}. q{è}fiqqg{} èa {gmgitg{} mbfpb}ga shbnny

b{ p`{qi`nny bd a`{j f`qqg{ f`y kg fèwd`mqw{ga qb q{è}fiq èa {gmgitg a`{j

gngmq{bf`cegqim s`tg}% Ie qhi} s`y fg}}`cg} mbwna kg }geq qb ieqgnnicgeq nidg db{f} ie qhg



_ ` c g ~ ;3

a`{j kib}phg{g% Qhi} mbwna db{f qhg k`}i} db{ ` ]IQI (]g`{mh db{ Ieq{`&Qg{{g}q{i`n

Ieqgnnicgemg) p{blgmq%

IX% WEIAGEQIDIGA @G[I@N _HGEBFGEBE (W@_)

Qhg K{iqi}h Fiei}q{y bd Agdge}g („FBA‖) Z03V mbfpngqga ` 1 yg`{ }qway (0994 qb ;???)

be „Weiageqidiga @g{i`n _hgebfge`‖ (W@_) shimh nbbjga `q a`q` btg{ ` 0? yg`{ pg{iba%

W@_ bklgmq} agqgmqga ky qhg FBA qh{bwch {à`{ ieqg{mgpqibe} sg{g `qq{ikwqga qb

wejebse pn`}f` bklgmq} ie qhg `qfb}phg{g% Qhg FBA }qway `n}b `nnwaga qb qhg pb}}ikng

gxi}qgemg bd pn`}f` nidg db{f} awg qb qhg {gpb{qga ieqgnnicgeq nidg&nijg kgh`tib{ bd qhg}g

W@_}% Mbe}q`kng Z08V h`} phbqbc{`phga fèy `g{i`n bklgmq} w}iec d`}q ied{`{ga dinf

shimh hg mnìf} `} gtiagemg bd „pn`}f`qim nidg db{f}‖ ieh`kiqiec G`{qh’} nbsg{

`qfb}phg{g% Qhi} pb}}ikiniqy i} `n}b }wppb{qga ky qhg è`ny}i} ie qhg p{gtibw} }gmqibe}%

Qhi} p{btiag} gtiagemg bd mnwfp} b{ knbk} bd a`{j pn`}f` qh`q pbpwn`qg qhg `qfb}phg{g

shimh `{g agqgmqga shge qhg b{aie`{y pn`}f` cgeg{`qga ky a`{j pn`}f` ieqg{`mq siqh ]F

p`{qimng}%

Qhg FBA {g}g`{mhg{} mbemnwaga qh`q +Iq i} ebq mg{qìe qh`q qhg {ài`qibe"digna} Zcgeg{`qga

ky qhg W@_}V `{g mbetgeqibe`n èa gngmq{bf`cegqim ie e`qw{g%%% èy pw{}wiq bd qhi} p{bmg}}

bd iageqidim`qibe b{ gnifie`qibe i} pbieqng}} id iq qw{e} bwq qh`q W@_ {ài`qibe i} bqhg{ qhè

GF Zgngmq{bf`cegqimV {ài`qibe `} sg mw{{geqny weag{}qèa iq%+ Z03V Ie qhg mbeqgxq bd bw{

mw{{geq ai}mw}}ibe. qhi} wejebse {ài`qibe (shimh f`y kg fixga ieqb b{aie`{y



_ ` c g ~ ;8

gngmq{bf`cegqim {ài`qibe) i} nijgny qb kg a`{j gngmq{bf`cegqim {ài`qibe gfiqqga ky a`{j

pn`}f` nidg db{f} ie G`{qh’} `qfb}phg{g%

X% MBEMNW]IBE

Qhg ebqibe qh`q a`{j f`qqg{ i} ie qhg db{f bd pn`}f`} bd gxbqim p`{qimng}. qh`q ` qgewbw}

h`nb bd a`{j f`qqg{ p`{qimng} }w{{bwea} qhg G`{qh èa qh`q pn`}f` nidg db{f} gtbntga `dqg{

fieif`n pn`}f` mgnn }y}qgf} sg{g }pbeqègbw}ny cgeg{`qga qh{bwch pn`}f` aye`fim}

èa }gnd&b{cèi|`qibe ie G`{qh’} a`{j kib}phg{g h`tg p{gtibw}ny kgge ai}mw}}ga ie qhg

pbpwn`{ niqg{`qw{g Z00. 0;. 0=. 01V% „A`{j nichq‖ èa qhg {imh phgebfgebnbcy bd a`{j

f`qqg{ h`tg `n}b kgge gxpnb{ga ie qhi} niqg{`qw{g%

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dark plasma life forms_submission to sji

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