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Dari language

Dari  (/ˈdɑri/;[6] Persian: ی  ), also known as  Afghan

Persian,[7] is one of the two official   languages of

Afghanistan (together with Pashto).[8] It is used as a first

language  by approximately 50% of the population and

serves as the country’s lingua franca.[9][10][11] Dari was

the name given to the Old Persian languageat a very early

date and widely attested in Arabic and Persian texts since

the 10th century.[12] In historical usage, Dari  refers to the

Middle Persian court language of the Sassanids.[13]

In Afghanistan, Dari refers to a modern form of Persian

that is the standard language used in administration, gov-ernment, radio, television, and print media. The Iranian

and Afghan types of Persian are mutually intelligible, de-

spite differences in pronunciation and grammar.[14] Dari

is sometimes mistakenly called  Farsi  by some people in

Asia.

Dari, as the language in Afghanistan, should not be con-

fused with the language of the Central Iranian sub-group

also known as Dari (or Gabri) of neighboring Iran, spo-

ken in some Zoroastrian communities.[15][16]

1 History

Dari  is the name given to the New Persian literary lan-

guage at a very early age and was widely used in Arabic

(cf.   Al-Estakhri,  Al-Muqaddasi, and Ibn Hawqal) and

Persian texts.[11]

There are different opinions about the origin of the word

Dari . The majority of scholarsbelieves that Dari refers to

the Persian word dar  or darbār  (ر رد), meaning “Court” ,as it was the formal language of the Sassanids.[11] The

original meaning of the word dari  is given in a notice at-

tributed to Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (cited by Ibn al-Nadim in Al-Fehrest ).[17] According to him, "Pārsī  was the language

spoken by priests, scholars, and the like; it is the lan-

guage of Fars.” It is obvious that this language refers to

the Middle Persian.[11] As for  Dari , he says, “it is the

language of the cities of Madā'en; it is spoken by those

who are at the king’s court. [Its name] is connected with

presence at court. Among the languages of the people

of Khorasan and the east, the language of the people of

Balkh is predominant.”[11]

The origin of Dari comes from the Middle Persian which

was spoken during the rule of the Sassanid dynasty. In

general, Iranian languages are known from three periods,usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern)

periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian his-

tory, the Old era being the period from some time be-

fore, during and after the Achaemenid period (that is, to

300 BC), the Middle Era being the next period, namely,

the Sassanid period and part of the post-Sassanid period,

and the New era being the period afterwards down to the

present day.[18][19][20]

Research that Sir John Malcolm did 200 years ago is

based on a work from Italy in 1650,  Lingua Corteggiana,

when he wrote (Dari was written in Europe Deri ):

The name Deri is derived from Der, a word which runs through so many languages, and is to be traced in the Greek Θύρα, the GermanThur, and our door. For it was [...] the usageof the Persians, as it is of the Ottoman Porte, toname what approaches royalty from the gate,while we name it from the court within the gate: so that the Deri language may be rendered pre-cisely by the lingua corteggiana of the Italians.In earlier times, after the dialect of Bactria had been established at court by Baharam, this re-ceived the honour of being called the Deri. Sub-

sequently, under the early Sassanidae, the ti-tle might have been given with propriety to thePehlevee; since the medals andinscriptions seemto prove, that the Pehlevee was then the favoriteof royalty: the name of Deri, however, does not appear ever to have been assigned to it. And 

 perhaps the superior melody of the Farsee had obtained for it the preference as the languageof conversation, even before  Baharam Ghoor enacted that it should be adopted in all public documents. For such was the sweetness and el-egance of the Deri, that there is a tradition of 

Mahomet having declared, that “if God says anything kind or gentle to the angels around him,he speaks in Deri; if anything harsh or hard,in Arabic .” “For (says Ibn Fakereddin) the lan-

 guage of the inhabitants of Paradise will be ei-ther the Arabic or the Persian Deri.[21]

But it is thought that the first person in Europe to use

the term   Deri  for  Dari  was Thomas Hyde, at Oxford,

in his chief work,  Historia religionis veterum Persarum(1700).[22]

Dari  or Deri  has two meanings:

•   language of the court

1

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2   4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IRANIAN AND AFGHAN PERSIAN 

“the Zebani Deri(Zeban i Deri or Zaban i Dari

= the language of Deri), or the language of the

court, and the Zebani Farsi, the dialect of Per-

sia at large (...)"[23][24]

•   Dari , sometimes  Araki -Methods (Iraqi), is a form

of poetry used from Rudaki to Jami. In 1500 AD it

appeared in Herat in the Persian-speaking Timurid

dynasty, and byspeaking in Farsi Indian poets of the

Mughal Empire who used the Indian verse methods or rhyme methods  like Bedil and Muhammad Iqbal,

became familiar with the   Araki  methods. Iqbal

loved both styles of literature and poetry, when he

wrote:

[1ر ست کش و ت ذ ع ر د دی ن ه ہ چ ر گ

25 ]

 garche Hindi  dar uzūbat 2 shekkar ast ر ست ت رين يش ري د ر گفت ز ر ط

tarz-e goftar-e Dari shirin tar ast 

Translation according to literature and poetry:   Eventhough in euphonious  Hindi * is sugar  – Rhyme method inDari (Persian) is sweeter *

Qandi Parsi  or [Ghand e Parsi] (Rock candy of Parsi) is a metaphor for the Persian language and poetry.

•   Original bey Iqbal : Hindi ; Hindi in Devanagariscript

= Urdu in Persian-Arabic-script

•

  عذ

is an adjective of   uzūbat   or   ozubat :Englishعذو ت   bliss   or   delight,   flavor   or   sweetness ;

in language, literature and poetry   uzubat   means

euphonious, melody or phonaesthetics.

This poem is a poetic statement of the poet Iqbal with re-

spect to the poetryof the 14th century Persianpoet Hafez:

هند طوطی ن همه د نو ش شکرشکن

Shekker shekan shavand hameh totiyān-eHend 

رود

 می ه ل گن ه ه ک رسی پ د ن ق زین

 ze en qand-e Pārsi ke ba Bengāle meravad 

Translation according to literature and poetry:

All the parrots of India will crack sugar 

Through this Persian Candy which is going to Ben- gal [26][27]

2 Geographical distribution

Dari is spoken by about half of the  population of

Afghanistan as a first language.[9][10][28][29][30] Tajiks whocomprise approximately 50% of the population are the

primary speakers, followedby Hazaras (9%) andAymāqs

(4%). Moreover, many Pashtuns living in Tajik and Haz-

ara concentrated areas also use Dari as a first language.

Majority of the Afghans in Iran also speak Dari as one of

their primary languages. About 15% of the Afghans in

Pakistan use Dari as first language.

Dari dominates the northern, western and central areasof Afghanistan, and is the common language spoken in

cities such as Mazar-i-Sharif, Herat, Fayzabad, Panjshir,

Bamiyan, and the Afghan capital of Kabul where all eth-

nic groups are settled. Dari-speaking communities also

exist in southwestern and eastern Pashtun-dominated ar-

eas suchas in the citiesof Ghazni, Farah, Zaranj, Lashkar

Gah, Kandahar, and Gardez.

3 Cultural influence

Dari has contributed to the majority of Persian bor-rowings in other Asian languages, such as Urdu, Hindi,

Punjabi, Gujarati, etc., as it was the administrative, of-

ficial, cultural language of the Persocentric Mughal Em-

pire and served as the lingua franca throughout the South

Asian subcontinent for centuries. The sizable Persian

component of the Anglo-Indian loan words in Englishand

in Urdu therefore reflects the Dari pronunciation. For

instance, the words dopiaza and pyjama come from the

Dari pronunciation; in the Iranian Persian they are pro-

nounced do-piyāzeh and pey-jāmeh. Persian lexemes and

certain morphological elements (e.g., the ezāfe) have of-

ten been employed to coin words for political and cul-

tural concepts, items, or ideas that were historically un-

known outside the South Asian region, as is the case with

the aforementioned “borrowings”. TheDari languagehas

a rich and colorful tradition of proverbs that deeply re-

flect Afghan cultureand relationships, as demonstrated by

U.S. Navy Captain Edward Zellem in his bilingual books

on Afghan Dari proverbs collected in Afghanistan.[31][32]

4 Differences between Iranian and

Afghan Persian

There are phonological, lexical,[33] and morphological[20]

differences between Dari and western Persian. There are

no significant differences in the written forms, other than

regional idiomatic phrases.

4.1 Phonology

Phonetically, Dari generally resembles a more formal and

classical form of Persian (Farsi). The differences in pro-

nunciation between Iranian and Afghan Persian can be

likened to those between British and American English.Educated speakers generally have little difficulty under-

standing each other (except in the use of certain lexi-

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4.3 Dialect continuum   3

cal items or idiomatic expressions). The principal dif-

ferences between standard Iranian Persian, based on the

dialect of the capital Tehran, and Afghan Dari, as based

on the Kabul dialect, are:

1. The merging of majhul  vowels "ē" / "ī" and "ō" /

"ū" into "ī" and "ū" respectively in Iranian Persian,

whereas in Afghan Persian, they are still kept sep-

arate. For instance, the identically written words

شیر 'lion' and 'milk' are pronounced the same in

Iranian Persian as /šīr/, but /šēr/ for 'lion' and /šīr/

for 'milk' in Afghan Persian. The long vowel in دوز

“quick” and روز“strong” is realized as /ū/ in Iranian

Persian; in contrast, these words are pronounced

/zūd/ and /zōr/ respectively by Persian speakers in

Afghanistan.

2. The treatment of the diphthongs of early Classical

Persian “aw” (as “ow” in Engl. “cow”) and “ay” (as“i” in English “ice”), which are pronounced [ow] (as

in Engl. “low”) and [ej] (as in English “day”) in Ira-

nian Persian. Dari, on the other hand, is more con-

servative, e.g.نوروز 

'PersianNew Year' is realizedas

/nowrūz/ in Iranian and /nawrōz/ in Afghan Persian,

and ریخن'no' is /naχejr/ in Iranian and /naχajr/ in

Afghan Persian. Moreover, [ow] is simplified to [o]

in normal Iranian speech, thereby merging with the

short vowel /u/ (see below). This does not occur in

Afghan Persian.

3. The high short vowels /i/ and /u/ tend to be lowered

in Iranian Persian to [e] and [o].

4. The pronunciation of the labial consonantو 

is real-

izedas a voiced labiodental fricative [v], and Afghan

Persian still retains the (classical) bilabial pronunci-

ation [w]; [v] is found in Afghan Persian as an allo-

phone of [f] before voiced consonants.

5. The voiced uvular stop  [ɢ] (ق) and voiced velar

fricative   [ɣ] (غ

) are still kept separate in Dari,

whereas they merged into one phoneme in Iranian

Persian (presumably under the influence of Turkic

languages like Azeri and Turkmen).[34]

6. The realization of short final “a” as (-ه) [e] in Iranian

Persian.

7. The realization of short non-final “a” as [æ] in Ira-

nian Persian.

8. [æ] and [e] in word-final positions are separate in

Dari; [e] is a word-final allophone of [æ] in Iranian

Persian.

4.2 Vocabulary

There are some words that differ in Persian-Dari as to

Persian-Farsi. Some examples are listed below.

All the above words in the Persian language.  Gap zadan(دن ز گپ

) is an old Persian word.  Harf zadan (دن ز رف ح

)

is from Arabic word Harf  and auxiliary zadan.   Gapidan(گپيدن

), “to speak”, was correct, but is now consid-

ered outdated. Dari retains the use of Gap zadan ( ) for conversations whereas Harf zadan ( )

is almost always used in Iran. Iranians seldom use gap zadan (ند ز ) in informal conversations. The Persianگپ

of Afghanistan retains more original Persian vocabulary

than the Persian of Iran.

4.3 Dialect continuum

The dialects of Dari spoken in Northern, Central and

Eastern Afghanistan, for example in Kabul, Mazar, and

Badakhshan, have distinct features compared to Iranian

Persian. However, the dialect of Dari spoken in West-

ernAfghanistan stands in between the Afghan andIranianPersian. For instance, the Herati dialect shares vocabu-

lary and phonology with both Dari and Iranian Persian.

The Kabuli dialect has become the standard model of

Dari in Afghanistan, as has the Tehrani dialect  in re-

lation to the Persian in Iran. Since the 1940s, Radio

Afghanistan has been broadcasting its Dari programs in

Kabuli Dari, which ensured the homogenization between

the Kabuli version of the language and other dialects of

Dari spoken throughout Afghanistan. Since 2003, the

media, especially the private radio and television broad-

casters, have carried out their Dari programs using the

Kabuli variety.

5 Political views on the language

Children at Rabia Balkhi High School (Afghanistan), learn

Dari/Persian as their  first language.

The native-speakers of Dari usually call their language

Farsi . However, the term  Dari  has been officially pro-

moted by the government of Afghanistan for political rea-sons, and enjoys equal official status alongside Pashto in

Afghanistan. The local name for Persian languagewas of-

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4   7 REFERENCES 

ficially changed from Farsi to Dari in 1964.[35][36] Within

their respective linguistic boundaries, Dari Persian and

Pashto are the mediums of education.

6 See also

•  Middle Persian

•  Persian language

•   Samanids

•  Tajik language

7 References

[1]  Dari, Afghan Persian at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)Aimaq at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

Hazaragi at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

[2]   “Iranica, “Afghanistan: v.Languages”, Table 11”. Re-

trieved 19 August 2013.

[3] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel,

Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013).   “Dari”.

Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolu-

tionary Anthropology.

[4] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel,

Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013).   “Aimaq”.

Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolu-tionary Anthropology.

[5] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel,

Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013).   “Hazaragi”.

Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolu-

tionary Anthropology.

[6]   “Dari”.  Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary.

[7]   “Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs”. Sil.org. 18

January 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

[8]   “Article Sixteen of the 2004Constitution of Afghanistan”.

2004. Retrieved June 13, 2012. From among the lan-

guages of Pashto, Dari,Uzbek,Turkmen, Baluchi,Pashai,

Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spo-

ken in the country, Pashto and Dari are the official lan-

guages of the state.

[9]   “AFGHANISTAN v. Languages”.   Ch. M. Kieffer .

Encyclopædia Iranica, online ed. Retrieved 10 Decem-

ber 2010.   Persian (2) is the language most spoken in

Afghanistan. The native tongue of fifty percent of the pop-

ulation ...

[10]   “Dari”.   UCLA International Institute: Center for World 

Languages .   University of California, Los Angeles. Re-

trieved 10 December 2010.

[11] Lazard, G. " Darī – The New Persian Literary Language" ,

in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006.

[12] Name given to the New Persian literary language at a

very early date and widely attested in Arabic and Persian

texts since the 10th century.   http://www.iranicaonline.

org/articles/dari

[13]  Frye, R. N., “Darī",  The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill

Publications, CD version

[14]  “Dari language”. Retrieved 24 May 2014.

[15]   ""Parsi-Dari” Ethnologue”. Ethnologue.org. 19 February

1999. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

[16]  ""Dari, Zoroastrian” Ethnologue”. Ethnologue.org. 19

February 1999. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

[17] Ebn al-Nadim,ed. Tajaddod,p. 15; Khjwārazmī, Mafātīh

al-olum, pp. 116–17; Hamza Esfahānī, pp. 67–68; Yāqūt,

Boldān IV, p. 846

[18]   “Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi

Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken lan-

guage in Iran, History of Farsi Language, Learn Farsi,

Farsi Translation”. Farsinet.com. Retrieved 26 August

2012.

[19]  “Persian alphabet, pronunciation and language”. Om-

niglot.com. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

[20] UCLA, Language Materials Projects.   “Persian Lan-

guage”. Iranchamber.com. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

[21] The History of Persia: From the Most Early Period to the

Present Time, Vol. 1, pg, London, no year, in writing

1806 or 1810, P. 482

[22] Thomas Hyde (1760). Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia. E Typographeo Clarendo-

niano. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

[23] John Richardson, London, 1777 pg. 15

[24]   •   John Richardson (1810). Sir Charles Wilkins,

David Hopkins, ed.   A vocabulary, Persian, Ara-

bic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition

of Richardson’s dictionary. Printed for F. and C.

Rivingson. p. 643. Retrieved 6 July 2011.

[25] -"Ganjoor  (in Persian). Ganjoor. 2013. Reتمهید".

trieved 12 July 2013.

[26] Jafri, Sardar (January–February 2000).   “Hafiz Shirazi(1312-1387-89)".   Social Scientist  (Social Scientist)   28

(1/2): 12–31.   doi:10.2307/3518055. Retrieved 12 July

2013.

[27] Abbadullah Farooqi (2013).   “THE IMPACT OF

KHAWAJA HAFIZ ON IQBAL'S THOUGHT”.   Iqbal .

Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

[28]   “CIA – The World Factbook, “Afghanistan”, Updated on

8 July 2010”. Cia.gov. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

[29]   “Languages of Afghanistan”.   SIL International .

Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2005. Retrieved

16 September 2010.

[30]  “Dari language”.   Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Re-

trieved 7 December 2010.

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5

[31] Zellem, Edward. 2012.   “Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan

Dari Proverbs”. Charleston: CreateSpace.

[32] Zellem, Edward. 2012.  “Afghan Proverbs Illustrated”.

Charleston: CreateSpace.

[33]   “Ethnologue report for language code: prs”. Ethno-

logue.com. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

[34] A. Pisowicz,   Origins of the New and Middle Persian

 phonological systems  (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117.

[35]  Willem Vogelsang, “The Afghans”, Blackwell Publishing,

2002

[36]   Declassified, Zaher said there would be, as there are now,

two official languages, Pashto and Farsi, though the latter

would henceforth be named Dari.

8 Further reading

•  Lazard, G. "Darī – The New Persian Literary Lan-

guage" in Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition.

•  Sakaria, S. (1967)  Concise English – Afghan Dari Dictionary, Ferozsons, Kabul, OCLC 600815

•  Farhadi, Rawan A. G. (1975)  The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kaboli Dari (Persian)Compared to the Literary Language, Peace Corps,

Kabul, OCLC 24699677

•  Zellem, Edward. 2012.   "Zarbul Masalha: 151

Afghan Dari Proverbs ". Charleston: CreateSpace.

•   Zellem, Edward. 2012.   "Afghan Proverbs Illus-trated ". Charleston: CreateSpace.

9 External links

•  Dari at Encyclopædia Britannica

•  Dari at Encyclopædia Iranica

•  Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation

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6   10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

•   Dari language Source:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari%20language?oldid=646505508 Contributors:  Mav, DanKeshet, Olivier, Sannse,Looxix, ArnoLagrange, Kingturtle, Lupinoid, Andres, Lfh, Xola, WhisperToMe, Farshadrbn, Babbage, Jeroen, Jpbrenna, Roozbeh,Ksharkey, Varlaam, Cantus, RScheiber, Robert Weemeyer, Per Honor et Gloria, Siroxo, Kukkurovaca, Neilc, Wmaheriv, BCKILLa,

Burschik, Muijz, Jfpierce, Poccil, RichFarmbrough, Mani1, Byrial, Risacher, Tompw, Kwamikagami, Pablo X, Jonsafari, Ranveig, StephenG. Brown, Alansohn, Gintautasm, Geo Swan, Omerlives, Maziart, Ynhockey, Snowolf, Gdavidp, BDD, Drbreznjev, Dr Gangrene, Fran-cisTyers, Woohookitty, Briangotts, Tabletop, Grace Note, Bokpasa, Wikimike, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, XP1, Amire80, Bhadani, Fal-phin, FlaBot, Sasanjan, Gringo300, Eubot, Salim, Le Anh-Huy, Chobot, YurikBot, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Dijan, MosheA, Many-Fireflies, Badagnani, Dbmag9, PeepP, JLaTondre, Tajik, Tropylium, Alexanderj, NeilN, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Sebesta, Brianski,Quadratic, Behaafarid, Redd Dragon, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Ngio, Khoikhoi, VegaDark, Dcamp314, Nepaheshgar, Wybot, Wiz-ardman, Salamurai, Bejnar, Cast, Afghan Historian, Khazar, Sina Kardar, JorisvS, Green Giant, Mitso Bel, SpyMagician, Ckatz, Beetstra,Don Alessandro, Isb0459, Kavaiyan, Necrid Master, Qbak, Sohaiblatif, Afghana, Tanthalas39, WeggeBot, Rudjek, Beh-nam, Cabolitae,Blearynyc1001, Aristophanes68, Dougweller, Sirmylesnagopaleentheda, Thijs!bot, Shikab, Anupam, Babakexorramdin, JAnDbot, Spah-bod, Scythian1, Jakob37, Magioladitis, Dekimasu, Zee18, TinaSparkle, Avicennasis, Taamu, Heliac, JaGa, Jahangard, JdeJ, Outlook,Chartinael, AgarwalSumeet, Artacoana, Mike.lifeguard, Little Professor, DJ1AM, Fjbfour, MShefa, Donmike10, TopGun, The Behnam,Clowningar, VolkovBot, Mick Finn, Panjsher, Rodwa4, Daripash, SPQRobin, SieBot, Anoshirawan, WereSpielChequers, Revent, Boze-mank, Balkh Shahan, Til Eulenspiegel, SH84, Alefbe, Sean.hoyland, Hariva, Yamakhan420, Qbzad, Greeky-man, Zack wadghiri, Hon203,Online-Punishment, Dilbar Jan, Erebus Morgaine, Eeekster, Goon Noot, MacedonianBoy, Tahmasp, Warrior4321, Monkeyman0007,Thingg, Khaydn, DumZiBoT, Ladsgroup, Larno Man, MatthewVanitas, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Barakzai, KabuliNewMusician,

SwatiAfridi, NjardarBot, Ginosbot, PashtoonBoy, Raayen, Lightbot, AchamaenidPersian550, Kiril Simeonovski, Ketabtoon, Durrani-Pashtoon, Amateur55, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Yngvadottir, UzbekKhan, KamikazeBot, Magog the Ogre, AnomieBOT, Dwayne,JackieBot, Jhelyam, Bluerasberry, Mahmudmasri, Hunnjazal, AbdurRakhman, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Hfsulliv, Zad68, YBG, HannesP,Mlenoirh, J04n, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, Pakhtunkhwa, Dale Chock, Spesh531, January2009, Reallyruby, Creative0o, Snaweed,EtemadiPakhtoon, MuhammedAkbarKhan, AlexanderKaras, Lothar von Richthofen, Haeinous, Oashi, Wandering-teacher, Jonesey95,Enaidowain, Dazedbythebell, RedBot, Pouyakhani, TobeBot, ویکی ,, Guerillero, Jansentilanus, Bento00, EmausBot, John of ReadingعلیWikitanvirBot, ZxxZxxZ, Stability Information East 2, Ida Shaw, Josve05a, Tlunkaj, Tasal, Occitanstag, Neddy1234, Hazaraguy, Shrigley,Lagoo sab, Khodabandeh14, TitaniumCarbide, ClueBot NG, CocuBot, Milad930, Haha1hoho, Lysozym, Iranic, Info.ahmadhussain,Theopolisme, Ahm.sadid, Titodutta, Zyztem2000, Zenbb, Truthspeaksout, Gazaneh, Xooon, DPL bot, Eternal Prince of Persia, Batty-Bot, ChrisGualtieri, Soulparadox, Khushal.Khan.Nurzai, Tabnak, Zyma, CorinneSD, ML9C, Aryana(landofthearyans), PinkAmpersand,Ariannarumi, Zolmaye, Kodakan, Inglok, Lfdder, Abrahamic Faiths, Tango303, Boxing.conquistador, LouisAragon, Wikiuser13, Metal-man60, Bladesmulti, JaconaFrere, Monkbot, Adrienne Debigare, KH-1, Krzyhorse22, Samim.karimyar, Jamalkkk and Anonymous: 276

10.2 Images

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  File:Dari_lang.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cc/Dari_lang.jpg License:  PD  Contributors: I (Ariana (talk)) created this work entirely by myself.  Original artist: 

Ariana (talk)

•   File:Farsi.svg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Farsi.svg  License:    CC-BY-SA-3.0   Contributors:    fromImage:Farsi.jpg Original artist:  Jahongard

•   File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License:   CC0Contributors:  http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist: 

•  User:Zscout370

•  File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License:  Public domainContributors:  The drawing and the colors were based from flagspot.net.  Original artist:  User:Zscout370

•   File:Globe_of_letters.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg License:  LGPL Contrib-utors: 

•  <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg' class='image'><imgalt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/120px-Gnome-globe.svg.png' width='120' height='120' data-file-width='48' data-file-

height='48' /></a>

Gnome-globe.svg

•   <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.png' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Globe_of_letters.png/120px-Globe_of_letters.png' width='120' height='97' data-file-width='144'data-file-height='116' /></a>

Globe of letters.png

Original artist:  Seahen

•   File:Incubator-notext.svg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors:  http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Meddie_Egg_horizontal_line.svg Original artist:  NielsF

•   File:Rabia_Balkhi_High_School_(Afghanistan).jpeg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Rabia_Balkhi_High_School_%28Afghanistan%29.jpeg  License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Alberto Begue for EFA FTI

10.3 Content license

•   Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0