REGIONAL TRAINING ON THE PRINCIPLES OF CAGE CULTURE IN RESERVOIRS ISSYK-KUL, KYRGYZSTAN 22-24 JUNE 2011

Istanbul University Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department Turkey. E-mail: mdevrim@istanbul.edu.tr

Daily Activities in a Net Cage Farm

Prof.Dr.Devrim Memis

6.Daily activity in a net cage farm

6c. Net changing 6d. Vaccination 6e. Grading 6d.Harvesting

• Sea foods, are important food sources as they

contain a high level of protein and energy. They are easily digestibile and contain many types of vitamins and minerals that are important for human health.

• By the increase of the human population and the

fisheries activities natural stock have been depleted. To meet the sea food needs of the growing population of the world, fish farming has taken an important role.

Introduction

• Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector in the world, as determined by FAO. In 1999, 30 million tons of fish and shellfish was produced and in 2008, this amount has reached to 52 million tons. Aquaculture, to meet about 30% of world fisheries production is increasinng by more than 10% per year and growing.

• Turkish land is surrounded by seas. The fisheries production potential of Turkey is in the 3th place among the countries of the Mediterranean basin and in the 5th place among the countries of the European Union.

• Important countries in European Aquaculture are Turkey, Spain, France, Italy and the United Kingdom.

Fisheries in Turkey

• Turkey is a peninsula surrounded by seas on three sides, and including the coasts of the island Turkey has a coastline of 8,333 km.

• Besides the coastlines, Turkey also has natural lakes and dam lakes that are suitable for aquaculture activities. Production areas in the Turkish aquaculture sector are shown in Table 1.

Production areas Surface area (Million ha.)

Number

Black Sea, Egean, Mediterrenaen Sea, Marmara Sea

24,6 4

Lakes 100 200

Dam Lakes 0,34 206

Small Lakes 0,01 953

Rivers 0,2 33

Total 26,15 -

Production Areas

• Historical development, geographic, and bio-technology of the aquaculture sector can be divided into 3 main groups. These are:

• Inland waterways Trout Production: Trout Production was started by the imported trout eggs from Europe end of the 1960s.

• Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea Bream and Sea Bass Culture: Magnifying cages with litter collected from nature began after 1985. Currently, a significant portion of the litter collected from nature.

• Nowadays, cage farming of trout is also popular in freshwater reservoirs besider other aquaculture activities.

Cultured Species Distribution

The distribution of total seafood of products: (Capture and Aquaculture)

Statistics • According to 2009 data, the total

aquaculture production of Turkey is 158.729 tons.

• Trout production: 75.657 tons • Sea bass production: 46.554 tons • Sea bream production:28.362 tons • The total value of this production is about

433.2 Million Euro

PRO

DU

CTIO

NS TYPE

NET C

AG

ES

CONCRETE POND EAR

TH PO

ND

SMA

LL LAK

E

HA

TCH

ER

Y

GEN

ERA

L TO

TAL

HAVE NOT HATCHERY FACILITY

HAVE HATCHERY FACILITY

NU

MB

ER

CA

PA

CITY (TO

N)

NU

MB

ER

CA

PA

CITY (TO

N)

NU

MB

ER

CA

PA

CITY (TO

N)

NU

MB

ER

NU

MB

ER

CA

PA

CITY (TO

N)

NU

MB

ER

CA

PA

CITY (TO

N)

NU

MB

ER

CA

PA

CITY (individual)

NU

MB

ER ( cage)

CA

PA

CITY (TO

N)

Total

373

110.286 747 21.158 360 19.779 493.738 17 515 17 318 36 224.852.600 1.550 152.055

Freshwater fish culture farms; in net cages and ponds

• According to the 2009 data, a total of 72.685 tonnes of sea food was imported and 54.354 tonnes of sea food was exported. The trout export is 203 tonnes.

• Turkey is importing sea food from Norway (24,559 tons), Georgia (16,411 tonnes), United States (4,149 tons) and France (7,783 tons).

• Turkey is exporting sea food products to Italy (11,234 tons), Netherlands (8,413 tons), Greece (6,248 tons) and Germany (5,724 tons).

Most-recognized trout species throughout the world are shown below (Bruno and Poppe, 1996),

- Salmo salar Linnaeus (Atlantik Salmonu) - Salmo trutta f.trutta Linnaeus (Deniz alabalığı) - Salmo trutta f.fario Linnaeus (Dere alabalığı) - Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum (Gökkuşağı alabalığı) - Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill (Kaynak alabalığı) - Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus (Alp alabalığı) - Salhvelinus namaycush Walbaum (Göl alabalığı) Local trout subspecies of Turkey are listed as follows

(Çelikkale 1994), - Salmo trutta macrostigma, Dumeril (Anadolu Dağ alabalığı) - Salmo trutta abanticus, Tortonese (Abant alabalığı) - Salmo trutta caspius, Kessler ( Aras alabalığı) - Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas (Karadeniz alabalığı) - Salmo trutta f. lacustris, Linnaeus (Göl alabalığı)

• In the above-mentioned types of trouts, the North American originated trouts has been the most commonly used in aquaculture.

• Trout farming has started Europe about 120 years ago by importing eggs from North America.

• Later, trout farming has showed a rapid increase and and today it has become an industry.

• Rainbow trout show a good adaptation to culture conditions, and they are resistant to high temperatures.

• Due to the active feeding process, it is easy to feed the trouts and feeds are better today so a rapid growth can be achieved.

• Because of the need of a higher temperature than other trout species, rainbow trouts have short-term incubation period.

• Rainbow trout farming in Turkey has begun in the 1970s by the public and private enterprises. Rainbow trout production has made big steps. Previously, there were only small fish farms producing rainbow trout. Since the 1990s trout farming have showed an excessive growth and nowadays there are many integrated production facilities which have project capacities such as 2.500 t/year.

• Trout culture in net cages in lakes, dam lakes, ponds, sand-gravel ponds, and large rivers which were constructed for irrigation canals, became very common in the last decade.

PARAMETERS LEVEL

Temperature Up to 20 0 C

Oxygen Over 7 mg/Lt

PH Between 5.5-8.5

Water conditions must be suitable primarily for trout breeding cages. The conditions for this are summarized.

6c. Net changing

• Fouling of nets and the underwater potions of flotation collars and walkways is a particular problem in inshore estuarine sites. Initially, copper-based antifouling preparations were shown to be effective. But nowadays without copper-based antifouling paints are using in net.

• If this paint is not used than the farmers change their nets more frequently.

• In contrast to the diversity of cage types the nets used through salmon and trout farming are strikinly uniform. Knotless nylon netting is preferred because it is stronger and less abrasive than knotted nets. Some farmers use 12-mm mesh for smolts changing up to 18-mm or 25-mm as the fish grow.

• The main problem with nets is that sooner or later they become fouled and progressively occluded by a variety of organisms (mussels, algea etc.)

6c. Net changing

• Most fish farms have a net-drying area where the fouling organisms can be removed by high pressure hoses.

• As the industry moves to larger cages farmers are using larger work boats fitted with the appropriate heavy lifting gear to cope with the larger nets and the need to change them more often.

6c. Net changing

A badly fouled net from a sea cage. Fouling organisms include algea, mussels and tunicates.

Using lifting winch to changing the net of cage

6d. Vaccinating

Methods of vaccination in fish •Injection •immersion (short bath, bath) •Oral

The most important problem in aquaculture is the disease outbreaks.

Fish Patogen

Environment

Disease

Hatchery

Feed Water

Air

Fish and bird faeces

Chemicals,

disinfectant and antibiotics

Personal and equipments

Risk of Contamination in Aquaculture

Measures against to diseases;

• Hygiene

• Prophylaxis

• Disinfection

• Treatment

Prophylaxis • Prophylaxis is any medical or public health procedure

whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease.

• Appropriate feed and vitamins used for fish

• Immunostimulants (also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components)

• Probiyotics (are live microorganisms thought to be beneficial to the host organism)

• Vaccination

Commercial vaccines in Salmonid fish • Frunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida), • Yersiniosis (Yersinia ruckeri), • Cold-water Vibriosis, • Piscirickettsiosis, • Winter Frunculosis, • Columnaris, • Streptococcosis, • Lactococcosis

Vaccination Methods

Methods Vaccine concentration

Treatment Duration

Immertion (short bath)

1:3 / 1:10 / 1:100 5-30 sec.

Immertion (long bath)

1:500 / 1:5000 1 hour and over

Injcetion (intraperiton

al)

Non diluted (0.1ml.) direct injection

Oral With feed 1 week or longer

Comparison of methods of fish vaccination (Injection, Immersion, Oral)

Method advantages Disadvantages injection The most effective method,

economic way for big fish, Experienced team and equipment must be needed, instress fish (anaesthetic and handling), fish must be min. 15 g, slow method

immertion Possible to use bigger than 10 g fish and, smaller than 5 g No stress

Not effective as much as injection method, for big fish is not economic, important to use adjuvant

Oral No stress, used for every size fish, no need equipment and working team

Low performace to protect, level of protection is variable

immertion methods

immertion method

injection method

Treatment of fish prior to harvest

• The various national sales organizations and promotional bodies have attempted to set quality standards. Many of these specify particular guidelines and rules prior to harvest.

• The difficulty is that it is usual to partially harvest from a population which means that fish which require to be grown on must be starved as well.It is hazardous to grade out harvest-sized fish from unstarved population.

• Handling soft feeding fish causes trauma and scale loss which can result in infectious disease.

6d.HARVESTING

• The capture of farmed fish can be carried out in two ways: drying out (emptying the ponds) or not drying out (in cage ponds).

• In order to reduce considerable losses or avoid

them altogether at the time of capture, grading and handling, following precautions should be taken:

• 1: Feeding should be stoped 1-2 days

before emptying.

• 2: Harvesting should be done when the weather is cool, preferably in the early morning;no harvest should be done during rainy and thundery weather.

6d.HARVESTING

6d.HARVESTING

• Marketing size of trout is about 200-250 gr but it depends on the demands of the market, because sometimes this size can be over 1 kg.

• Except in special cases, cages are not emptied during the warm season. For trout it is absolutely essential to avoid great heat. If harvesting has to be carried out during a hot period, then it should be done early in the morning when the weather is cooler.

6d.HARVESTING

• All emptying processes must be very carefully prepared and carried out. The succesive order in which the pond or cage should be emptied should be studied in advence.

• All the tools (nets, scoop nets, sorting table, baskets, transport tanks) must be ready, in good condition and in their places.

• There must be abundant clean water available; its temperature should be as close as possible to that of the pond being emptied.

6d.HARVESTING • Work can only be done with experienced

personnel with each one knowing what he has to do.

• In cage, workers use a long net so that fish are collected in one point of the cage. Nets help the removal of the fish and are not obstructed so quickly as the vertical screen of the cage which can be removed when the net is in place. The mesh must be selected to suit the size of the fish.

6d.HARVESTING

• When the fish collect the side of cage, a catching scoop can be placed in the cage and take off the fish to the big transport tanks. These tanks must be filled by ice and cool water. The fish are lifted with scoop nets and loaded onto a van which transports them to the storage tanks. When harvesting big amounts, a large number of fish are handled, transport from the cages to the boat can be carried out with the help of an winch like a elevator.

6d.HARVESTING

• When a cage is emptied, the fish placed in tanks of which is placed near the point of capture while a vehicle is waiting the near the land of cage farm.

Harvesting • It is imperative to handle live fish carefully from the cage.

If there is any prolonged struggling excess lactic acid is produced which causes the fish to come out of rigor with softer flesh.

• The fresh are confined by lifting and constricting the net and removed by dip nets. Some farmers use brailer nets which open at the base releasing the fish. These can be operated by power-driven hoists.

• It helps to have a boat with a large flat working area on which to harvest the fish rather than attempt to handle large quantities of fish in the restricted space of walkways or floating platforms.

• The blood must be disposed of hygienically well away from the cage group.

• Typically the fish are allowed bleed in containers on deck as they are transported to the shore base where they are graded, gutted if required, and boxed in ice.

Harvesting from ponds

Ideally the temperature of the flesh should never exceed 80C after death and the fish should be packed within 1 hour of killing.

WEIGHT 250 gr

INTENSITY 20-22

CAPACITY 8 kg

WEIGHT 130 gr

INTENSITY 22-24

CAPACITY 5 kg

There are lots of kind of selling srtafor boxes.

Fish harvesting from cages

Fish harvesting by winch

Fish harvesting by winch

Fish are put in big tanks with ice before bringing to packing unit

Storage tanks dimensions are varying.The walls are smooth in order to avoid injury to the fish.

Location:Derbent Dam lake, Company:KUZEY MARINE PRODUCTS Farm capacity:992 tones/year 1-2 g trout fry put in cages Harvesting; 500 g in 7-8 months 1500 g-3.000 g

6e.GRADING

• The aim of grading is to separate the fish by sizes. In salmonid culture it is more frequent, notably when first year trout are being reared in order to ensure that the most developed do not eat the smallest individuals.

• The aim of grading first year trout is not only to avoid cannibalism, but also to permit the smallest fish to eat normally without being chased away by stronger.

6e.GRADING • Grading must be done very carefully so that those

subjects which grow quickly, in particular, can be separated and kept as future broodstock.

• The grading of small fish must be done more or less automatically. Mechanical graders are used for large fish and are the same models as those used for young fish, but the spaces between the bars are adapted to size of the fish being graded.

• There is a lot suggestion for the categorization of the fish fry:

Classification of trout fry CLASS FISH LENGTH (cm) 1 6-8 2 8-10 3 10-12 4 12-15 5 15-18 6 18-21

Length-Weight Relationship LENGTH (CM) WEIGHT(G) NUMBER/KG

2 0,1 10.000

5 1,4 715

8 5,7

175

12 20 50

15 28 26

18 65,6 15

21 90 11

Fish Weigth (cm) Grade to:0,75 4

1,5 52,6 64,1 76,1 88,7 912 1016 1121 1226 1333 1440 1549 1659 17

Manual grading tray with rounded Gates. •Width: 50 cm. •Lenght: 70 cm •Height: 30 or 40 cm. A grader is plunged into the trough. Grades: We can use supply your grading tray with grates from 1.5-3.0 mm. The grates are very easy to change. As a rule, when choosing grades to salmon, it applies that a salmon in good condition is as wide in mm as it is long in cm.

• This fish grader machine is

delivered in 2 (4 or 5 tracks) sizes with 3 or 4 gardings.

• The garding is executed very gently over revolving sprinkled rollers. At the same time as the fish are sprinkled with water they slide down through the tilted rollers.

• The machine is very robust and produced in stainless steel.

• The rollers can easily be adjusted from 0-35 mm openings between the rollers.

•This grading machine is delivered with revolving rollers and the fish are sprinkled during the sorting.

•The fish can be sorted in different sizes.

•Size of fish: 1- 100 g •Capacity : 150-1000 kg/h

•Size of fish:20-800 g • Capacity :300-1500 kg/h

COMPANY: KUZEY SU ÜRÜNLERİ (TROUT CAGE FARM) LOCATION: DERBENT DAM LAKE CAPACITY: 992 TONN CITY: SAMSUN

Thank you for your attention…