d10 presentation 3
TRANSCRIPT
DISTRIBUTION PACKAGING SYMPOSIUM
ASTM Meeting, Anaheim, California7th April 2007, Monday 10 am – 12.00University Liaison Committee(Cal Poly, MSU, RIT Packaging Programs)
Agenda
Hazards in distributionSingle Parcel Shipping EnvironmentTransportation Vibration MeasurementDangerous Goods Shipments
Physical/Transportation Environment
Refers to the freight movement activities and the hazardous incidents and elements occurring during these activities
ImpactStacking
Vibration
Impact
Stacking
Visual inspection, incubation and other testing
Hazards experienced in a simple shipping scenario
Physical/Transportation Environment
Annual damage to consumer products ~ $10 billion in the U.S. due to transportation and handlingLed to “Shock & Vibration” area –PACKAGING DYNAMICSShock – instantaneous, drops, ↑ FVibration – continuous, vibration, ↓ F
Global Supply Chain
Salinas, CA
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Helsinki, Finland
Seoul, Korea
Tokyo, Japan
19 HOURS
Blood Red Strawberries
Height of Summer
Distribution Hazards
Following are some dynamic forces encountered by a package during distribution:Manhandling: dropping, throwing and other abuses applied by the manual loading, unloading and movement of packagesWarehouse handling equipment: stresses applied by mechanical handling equipment such as forklifts, conveyors, etc.
Distribution Hazards
Vehicle impacts: starting, stopping and other jolts due to the movement of trucks, railcars, ships and aircraftVehicle vibrations: naturally occurring vibrations resulting from the motion of engines and moving contact of the vehicle with highway and rails
Single Parcel Shipping Environment
The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of products and packages. Using various modes of transportation, these packages are routed between destinations after being sorted using hub and spoke models.
Ship
per t
akes
par
cel t
o dr
op Receiver picks up parcel
Origin –shipper’s premises
Destination – receiver's (consignee’s) premises
Local pick-up vehicle (multiple stops)
Origin hub or terminal
Destination hub
Local pick-up vehicle
Local delivery vehicle
Carrier drop location – drop box, mail store or post office
Carrier pick-up location –mail store or post office
Lines haul (truck, rail or
air)
Intermediate hubs
Line haul
A Hub-and-Spoke System
Operating Center
Operating Center
Cargo AircraftCargo AircraftNational Hub
Package Car
Package Car
Package Delivery System
Air Transport Containers
Air Transport Containers
Single Parcel Shipping Environment
Over 30 major studies completed with major carriers for US and EuropeThere is a continuous need to quantify what happens to these packages as they are handled both manually during collection and delivery and on large high speed conveying and sortationequipment at hubs. The dynamic events during these moves can cause damage. The information collected for the hazards experienced in route by the packages is useful in designing protective packaging.
Single Parcel Shipping Environment Comparison Study
Objectives:To characterize the dynamics of the second-day air express environment for small (7.75” × 7” × 5.75”) and lightweight packages (less than 5.5 lb) shipped by USPS, UPS, FedEx and DHL within the US.To provide recommended test levels for drop testing packages of this size and weight for the single parcel shipping environment.
Instrumentation
Lansmont model Saver 3X90 and IST EDR 3CInternal tri-axial accelerometer that records:
Drop heightsImpacts Vehicle motionVibrationTemperature Humidity Duration of 90 days
San Luis Obispo, CA
Van Nuys, CA
Goleta, CA
Grand Rapids, MI
East Lansing, MI
Shipping Routes of USPS
Results
CarrierDrop Data
USPS UPS FedEx DHL
Number of Drops 49 82 100 102
Maximum Drop Height (in) 136.86 74.49 74.69 131.84
Drop height at 99% occurrence (in) 59.42 52.20 72.59 68.30
Drop height at 95% occurrence (in) 44.26 25.90 49.35 43.96
Drop height at 90% occurrence (in) 38.12 15.44 24.69 34.84
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Number of Drops Maximum Drop Height(in)
Drop height at 99%occurrence (in)
Drop height at 95%occurrence (in)
Drop height at 90%occurrence (in)
USPS UPS FedEx DHL
Results
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Drop Height (in.)
Cum
ulat
ive
Perc
enta
ge
FedEx USPS UPS DHL
Results
Drop Height (in) Shipping CompanyUSPS UPS FedEx DHL
Highest 136.86 74.49 74.69 131.842nd Highest 59.42 52.20 72.59 68.303rd Highest 44.26 48.73 71.36 66.204th Highest 41.78 41.56 51.48 49.435th Highest 39.65 25.90 50.76 48.806th Highest 38.12 22.79 49.35 43.967th Highest 32.77 21.54 36.56 40.288th Highest 31.26 17.93 31.95 40.149th Highest 28.94 15.44 31.57 36.6310th Highest 28.17 13.30 31.45 35.30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Highes
t2n
d Highe
st3rd
High
est
4th H
ighes
t5th
High
est
6th H
ighes
t7th
High
est
8th H
ighes
t9th
High
est
10th
Highest
Dro
p H
eigh
t (in
)
USPS UPS FedEx DHL
Results
Orientation of Drops (%)Carrier
Face Edge Corner
UPS 19.36 36.62 44.02
USPS 8.17 57.14 34.69
FedEx 13.95 44.26 41.79
DHL 20.59 28.43 50.98
Results
The typical number of drops according to ASTM and ISTA test methods range from six to ten to twelveSelect optimum number of drops for lab simulation of shipping environmentCreating lab test depends on looking up the values in the provided tables:
Drop height based on Assurance Level for product Orientation %
MSU CDP Published StudiesSingh, J., Singh, S. P., Voss, T., Saha, K. “A Study of the Effect of Pictorial Markings and Warning Labels on Handling of Packages in the DHL Single Parcel Environment,” Packaging Technology and Science, In Print. Published online in Wiley InterScience(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pts.800Singh, J., Singh, S. P., Burgess, G., Saha, K., “Measurement, Analysis and Comparison of the Parcel Shipping Shock and Drop Environment of United States Postal Service with Commercial Carriers”. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vo. 35, No. 4. Garcia-Martinez, M., S. P. Singh, V. Cloquell, and K. Saha, "Measurement and Analysis of International Air Parcel Shipping Environment for DHL and FedEx between Europe and United States”, DOI 10.1002/pts.775, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons, 2007.Singh, S. P., G. Burgess, J. Singh and M. Kremer, "Measurement and Analysis of Next Day Air Shipping Environment for Mid Sized and Light Weight Packages for DHL, FedEx and USPS”, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons, Vol. 19, 2006.
MSU CDP Published StudiesSingh, S. P., G. Burgess and J. Singh, “Measurement and Analysis of the Small and Light Weight Parcel Shipping Environment”. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, ASTM, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2004.Singh, S. P. G. Burgess and J. Singh, “Measurement and Analysis of the Second-day Air Small and Light-weight Package Shipping Environment within Federal Express,” Packaging Technology and Science, 17: 119-127, 2004.Singh, S. P., G. Burgess, Z. Hays, "Measurement and Analysis of the UPS Ground Shipping Environment for Large and Heavy Packages", JTEVA, Vol. 29, ASTM, 2001.Singh, S. P., Cheema, "Measurement and Analysis of the Overnight Small Package Shipping Environment for Federal Express and United Parcel Service", JTEVA, ASTM, Vol. 24, No. 4, 205-211, 1996.