d1 presentation

D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL

PRODUCTSAlyssa Pivniouk

Liam Rawson

D.1.1 LIST THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND DRUGS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY

A drug is any substance, by its chemical nature, that has an influence on the physical or mental functions of the human body.

A medicine or pharmaceutical is a drug that leads to an improvement in health.


Medicines and drugs produce any or all of the following effects:-Alteration of incoming sensory sensations

-Alteration of mood or emotions -Alteration of physiological state (eg.

consciousness, activity levels, physical coordination


Drugs that target the nervous system, the brain and the perception of stimuli

Drugs that target the metabolic processes

Drugs that supplement the body’s natural ability to fight disease-causing organisms

Analgesics, stimulants and depressants

Antacids

Antibacterials and antivirals


Two classes of drugs

Depressants- Result in relaxation (alcohol at low concentrations)

Stimulants- Result in wakefulness and a sense of well-being (amphetamines, hallucinogens)

Some drugs, such as caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana can fit into both categories


Placebo Effect

Placebo: An inert chemical used as a control when testing a drug clinically.

Placebo effect: the pharmacological effect on a person who has been given a placebo, rather than an active drug. (affected by mental attitude)

It is thought that the placebo effect triggers natural healing processes in the body.

~***Fun Fact***~ ‘Placebo is the Latin word meaning “I shall please”.

NOT THIS

D.1.2 OUTLINE THE STAGES INVOLVED IN THE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF NEW PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

Procedure: isolating the new product from existing species

(plants, animals) or synthesized chemically/artificially

subjecting the product to laboratory and clinical pharmacological studies (plant and animal testing) to demonstrate its effectiveness

testing its effective dosage and lethal dosage rates establishing its therapeutic index / window testing on humans in an initial clinical trial, on

volunteers and patience, half of which are given a placebo

processing the product through other tests elaborating on clinical situations

having it approved by the drug administration, as either an OTC (over the counter) drug or prescription drug


Clinical trial: recording the results of treating a group of patients with the drug and comparing them to group of similar patients receiving a different treatment or a placebo

Control group: group of patients receiving a placebo

Double-blind study: Where the patients, the doctors and the drug company analysts do not know which patients receive what drug.


ThalidomideHad been subjected to

toxicity test before marketed but critics have stated that these were superficial and incomplete.

Not tested for birth defects and led to 10,000 deformed babies with phocomelia

Also led to peripheral neuropathy in the mothers

D.1.3 DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADMINISTERING DRUGS

D.1.4 DISCUSS THE TERMS THERAPEUTIC WINDOW, TOLERANCE AND SIDE-EFFECTS

Therapeutic Window: range of a drug's concentration in the blood between its therapeutic (ED50) and its toxic (LD50) level.


Tolerance: When a larger dose of the drug is required in order to achieve the effect originally obtained by a smaller dose

Acute tolerance: Occurs within a single exposure to the drug

Chronic tolerance: Occurs gradually as the drug is taken repeatedly

Cross-tolerance: Can develop between alcohol and other sedative/hypnotic drugs.


Side Effects: Any effect other than the intended effect of drug treatment.

d1 presentation

Health & Medicine

drug administration

active drug

drug chronic tolerance

body drugs

effects of medicines

body medicines

patients receivewhat

drugs concentration