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University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnMammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska StateMuseum Museum, University of Nebraska State

12-12-1986

Revised Checklist of North American MammalsNorth of Mexico, 1986J. Knox Jones Jr.Texas Tech University

Dilford C. CarterTexas Tech University

Hugh H. GenowaysUniversity of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]

Robert S. HoffmannUniversity of Nebraska - Lincoln

Dale W. RiceNational Museum of Natural History

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Jones, J. Knox Jr.; Carter, Dilford C.; Genoways, Hugh H.; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Rice, Dale W.; and Jones, Clyde, "Revised Checklist ofNorth American Mammals North of Mexico, 1986" (1986). Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum. 266.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/266

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AuthorsJ. Knox Jones Jr., Dilford C. Carter, Hugh H. Genoways, Robert S. Hoffmann, Dale W. Rice, and Clyde Jones

This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/266



OCCASIONAL PAPERS

THE MUSEUM

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

NUMBER 107 12 DECEMBER 1986

REVISED CHECKLIST OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS

NORTH OF MEXICO, 1986

J. KNOX JONES, JR., DILFORD C. CARTER, HUGH H. GENOWAYS,

ROBERT S. HOFFMANN, DALE W. RICE, AND CLYDE JONES

For more than a decade, we have periodically updated achecklist of scientific and vernacular names of species of NorthAmerican mammals (Jones et al., 1973, 1975, 1979, 1982). Suchchecklists provide a ready reference for many scientific endeavors,both in the field and in the laboratory, and are particularly usefulto students. Since publication four years ago of the most recentrevision of the list, demand for copies has severely depleted theoriginal supply. Moreover, many significant taxonomic andnomenclatorial changes have appeared in the primarymammalogical literature since March of 1982. In this version ofthe checklist, we have attempted to include all species of Recentmammals, a few of which now may be extinct, occurring inNorth America (and its adjacent waters) to the north of Mexicoand recognized in publications through May of 1986. Our listrepresents a consensus among the six authors but does notnecessarily imply complete agreement among them on allcontroversial points. Some suggested changes that have not beenadopted are discussed in the text preceding the checklist.

As most readers are aware, a number of species of mammalsnot native to North America have been introduced there over theyears. Thirteen such taxa (four more than in 1982) are includedin the checklist (identified by an asterisk) because they now occurin the wild state in numbers sufficient to justify listing them.Other exotic species possibly will be included in subsequent lists.

Jones, Carter, Genoways, Hoffmann, Rice & Jones, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University (December 12, 1986) number 107. U.S. government work.

2 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

DEPARTURES FROM JONES ET AL. (1982) AND

OTHER NOTES

We have documented below those instances in which scientificnames used in this checklist differ from those used by Jones etal. (1982). Some other pertinent comments are included that mayhelp to explain the current list of recognized taxa.

Marsupials

We here retain Marsupialia as the ordinal name for this group,following Marshall (1984), because no clear consensus yet hasevolved as to an acceptable higher classification for thesemammals. Some authors (Strahan, 1983, for example) place NewWorld marsupials in the order Polyprotodonta, whereas others(Woodburne, 1984, for example) use Didelphiformes. Most recentworkers agree that two or more groupings of marsupials aredeserving of ordinal rank, but there is no debate that the totalassemblage comprises a monophyletic unit. Archer (1984) hasprovided a useful historical summary of marsupial classification.

Insectivores

In this group, the only changes involve species of the genusSorex , although some specific distinctions among Blarina remainto be clarified. Sorex fontinalis (Kirkland, 1977; Junge andHoffmann, 1981) provisionally is recognized as a species distinctfrom S. cinereus as is S. haydeni (van Zyll de Jong, 1982, 1983).We also have followed van Zyll de Jong (1983) in recognizingboth Sorex ugyunak and S. jacksoni as distinct at the specieslevel, but suggest that they ultimately may prove to be conspecific(van Zyll de Jong, 1982).

While we continue use of the name Sorex hydrodromus for theshrew of the Pribilof Islands, we acknowledge that van Zyll deJong (1982) has called this usage into question. Finally, we nowfollow the tentative arrangement of Junge and Hoffmann (1981)in regarding Sorex alaskanus as a synonym of S. palustris.

Bats

That Myotis keenii as recognized In the past might representtwo species first was proposed by van Zyll de Jong (1979). Thesame author (1985) now has provided additional data thatindicate M. septentrionalis is distinct from M. keenii. Similarily,van Zyll de Jong (1984, 1985) has shown that the eastern and

JONES ET AL.-NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 3

western populations of small-footed myotis (Myotis leibii and M.ciliolabrum, respectively) ought to be regarded as separate species.

Edentates

Although it is not altogether clear how the ordinal-group nameEdentata Cuvier, 1798, should be applied or even what itincludes, most recent American authors (Barlow, 1984; Dawsonand Krishtalka, 1984; Gingerich, 1984; Glass, 1986) have used thename Xenarthra Cope, 1889, for the New World "edentates." Wefollow them.

Lagomorphs

We elevate Brachylagus to full generic standing followingDiersing (1984) and earlier Dawson (1967).

Rodents

Sciuridae.-Based on additional data (Levenson et al., 1985),we continue to regard Tamias as the single generic name forchipmunks. Following the same authors, we now consider T.senex and T. siskiyou, and inferentially also T. ochrogenys, assubspecies of T. townsendii (see also Levenson and Hoffmann,1984), although as yet unpublished data on alarm calls suggestcontinued separation. Patterson (1984) provided evidence forrecognizing T. rufus as a species different from T. quadrivittatus(but see his discussion of application of the name hopiensis). Wehave not followed Nadler et al. (1982) in elevating Spermophilustownsendii mollis and S. t. vigilis to specific rank.

Geomyidae.-Bohlin and Zimmerman (1982) and Cothran andZimmerman (1985) have shown that Geomys breoiceps differsfrom G. bursarius in a variety of ways and is deserving of fullspecific status; conversely, Hafner and Geluso (1983) reduced thetwo races of Geomys arenarius to subspecies of G. bursarius,although this interpretation is deserving of further analysis. Onthe basis of genic differences, Honeycutt and Williams (1982)again elevated Cratogeomys to generic status (from Pappogeomys).

Heaney and Timm (1983, 1985) provided evidence that geneflow is extremely limited between eastern (bursarius) and western(lutescens) populations of the plains pocket gopher, and regardedthe two as separate species. However, Burns et al. (1985) assessedthe data differently. As the controversy continues, we adopt theconservative stance and continue to recognize only one species onthe northern and central Great Plains.


Heteromyidae.-Following Hafner and Hafner (1983) andothers, we recognize Chaetodipus as the generic name for allspiny-rumped pocket mice, including C. formosus (Patton et al.,1981).

Cricetidae.-Among the sigmodontines, we follow Modi andLee (1984) in submerging Peromyscus comanche as a subspeciesof P. truei and the same authors in elevating P. gratus to specificstatus. We also follow Gunn and Greenbaum (1986) inrecognizing Peromyscus oreas as distinct from P. maniculatus.

Among the arvicolines, we agree with Carleton and Musser(1984) that Arborimus should not be recognized as a genusdistinct from Phenacomys and that Lemmiscus should replaceLagurus as the generic name for the sagebrush vole. We alsoregard Microtus breweri and M. nesophilus as insular subspeciesof M. pennsylvanicus and M. coronarius as an island race of M.longicaudus.

As for use of the generic names Pitymys and Pedomys, wehonestly do not know what to do; consequently, we have donenothing. Anderson (1985) did not recognize these at the genericlevel nor did Carleton and Musser (1984) or Hoffmann andKoeppl (1985). Paleomammalogists (Repenning, 1983, andZakrzewski, 1985, for example) generally recognize Pitymys, mostregarding Pedomys (for M. ochrogaster) as a synonym thereof.Repenning (op. cit.) even recognized pinetorum and nemoralis asdistinct species in Pitymys. At this juncture, is seems best tofollow Carleton and Musser (1984) and Anderson (1985) inreferring all these voles to Microtus.

We have not followed Koeningswald and Martin (1984) inelevating Mictomys to generic standing for the northern boglemming. As for Dicrostonyx, the substantial chromosomalvariation within the genus seems to indicate that as many asseven species of Pleistocene derivation inhabit Arctic America(Rausch and Rausch, 1972; Rausch, 1977; Krohne, 1982) andthese are provisionally admitted here (see also Honacki et al.,1982). For Lemrnus, we continue to follow Rausch and Rausch(1975) in recognizing but one species in North America, L.sibiricus.

Muridae.-Although we continue to use Mus musculus as thespecific name of the house mouse, it is worthy of mention thatrecent studies (Marshall, 1981; Marshall and Sage, 1981) suggestthat M. domesticus may be the species introduced into the NewWorld.

JONES ET AL.-NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS

Carnivores

5

We have not rearranged the families of Carnivora, butacknowledge that familial relationships among pinnipeds andterrestrial carnivores remain problematical (Wiig, 1983).Similarily, we retain the generic name Felis for all included catswith the realization that there is considerable disagreement onthis matter in recent literature (see Groves, 1982, and Newman etal., 1985, for example). At the extreme, four different genericnames are recognized for species listed here: Panthera (onca),Puma tconcolor, yagouaroundi) , Leopardus (pardalis, wiedii),and Lynx (lynx, rufus).

An analysis of phocids by Muizon (1982) indicated that Phoca(sensu lato) is a paraphyletic assemblage and that Pusa,Pagophilus, and Histriophoca should again be regarded as fullgenera (see also Hall, 1981).

Whales

Following Barnes (1984a), the Odontoceti and Mysticeti areagain reduced to subordinal status under the single order Cetacea.Also, in accord with findings of the same author (1984b), thepygmy sperm whales are again accorded full familial rank(Kogiidae).

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclaturehas placed Mesoplodon on the Official List of Generic Names ofZoology (Opinion 1289). Furthermore, the Commission has beenpetitioned (Rice, 1984) to conserve the specific name truncatus (inTursiops as used here) and to suppress the name nesarnack. Inaccordance with Article 31(b) of the new edition of theInternational Code, the correct spelling of the specific name forthe long-finned pilot whale must be melas, as originallyproposed, not melaena. We have not accepted the proposal ofBarnes and McLeod (1984) to place the blue whale in themonotypic genus Sibbaldius Flower, 1865, because that name isan invalid emendation of Sibbaldus Gray, 1864, the type speciesof which is the sei whale, and because such placement would, inour view, obscure its relationship to the remaining four speciesof Balaenoptera. And finally in nomenclatorial matters, wecontinue to use the specific name macrocephalus for the spermwhale (Husson and Holthuis, 1974) because Schevill's (1986)rejection of that name in favor of catodon was based on amisinterpretation of the International Code.


Perrin et al. (1985) revised the spotted dolphins (Stenella) andfound S. plagiodon to be a synonym of S. frontalis, and Hershand Odell (1986) added Lagenodelphis hosei to the list of NorthAmerican cetaceans based on a mass stranding at Marquesas Keys,Florida.

Artiodactyls

Four new exotic species have been admitted to our checklist onthe basis of several recent publications.

CHECKLIST

As in previous lists, orders, families, and genera are listed inconventional phylogenetic sequence mostly following Hall (1981)but, in a departure from previous lists, species are enteredalphabetically within each genus. While this may prove annoyingto some professional mammalogists, it will facilitate use of thechecklist by those unfamiliar with intrageneric taxonomy, andsome assemblages really are not well enough understood to createa meaningful hierarchy at the specific level.

ORDER MARSUPIALIA-Marsupials

FAMILY DIDELPHIDAE-OpossumsDidelphis virginiana Virginia Opossum

ORDER INSECTIVORA-Insectivores

FAMILY SORICIDAE-ShrewsSorex arcticus Arctic ShrewSorex arizonae Arizona ShrewSorex bendirii Pacific Water or Marsh ShrewSorex cinereus Cinereus or Masked ShrewSorex dispar . Long-tailed or Rock ShrewSorex fontinalis Maryland ShrewSorex [umeus Smokey ShrewSorex gaspensis Gaspe ShrewSorex haydeni Hayden's ShrewSorex hoyi Pygmy ShrewSorex hydrodromus Pribilof Island ShrewSorex jacksoni St. Lawrence Island ShrewSorex longirostris Southeastern ShrewSorex lyelli Mt. Lyell ShrewSorex merriami Merriam's Shrew


Sorex monticolus Dusky or Montane ShrewSorex nanus Dwarf ShrewSorex ornatus Ornate ShrewSorex pacijicus Pacific ShrewSorex palustris Water ShrewSorex preblei Preble's ShrewSorex tenellus Inyo ShrewSorex trowbridgii Trowbridge's ShrewSores tundrensis Tundra ShrewSorex ugyunak Barren Ground ShrewSorex vagrans Vagrant ShrewBlarina breoicauda Northern Short-tailed ShrewBlarina carolinensis . . " Southern Short-tailed ShrewBlarina hylophaga Elliot's Short-tailed ShrewCryptotis parva Least ShrewNotiosorex crawfordi Desert Shrew

FAMILY TALPIDAE-MolesN eurotrichus gibbsii Shrew-moleScapanus latimanus Broad-footed MoleScapanus orarius Coast MoleScapanus townsendii Townsend's MoleParascalops breweri Hairy-tailed MoleScalopus aquaticus Eastern MoleCondylura cristata Star-nosed Mole

ORDER CHIROPTERA-Bats

FAMILY MORMOOPIDAE-Mormoopid Bats

Mormoops megalophylla . . . .Ghost-faced Bat

FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE-Phyllostomid BatsMacrotus calijornicus California Leaf-nosed BatChoeronycteris mexicana Mexican Long-tongued BatLeptonycteris nivalis Mexican Long-nosed BatLeptonycteris sanborni Sanborn's Long-nosed BatDiphylla ecaudata Hairy-legged Vampire

FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE-Vespertilionid BatsMyotis auriculus Southwestern MyotisMyotis austroriparius Southeastern MyotisMyotis calijomicus California MyotisMyotis ciliolabrum Western Small-footed MyotisMyotis eootis Long-eared MyotisMyotis grisescens Gray Myotis

7


Myotis keenii Keen's MyotisMyotis leibii Eastern Small-footed MyotisMyotis lucijugus Little Brown MyotisMyotis septentrionalis Northern MyotisMyotis sodalis Indiana or Social MyotisMyotis thysanodes Fringed MyotisMyotis velifer Cave MyotisMyotis volans Long-legged MyotisMyotis yumanensis Yuma MyotisLasiurus borealis Red BatLasiurus cinereus Hoary BatLasiurus ega Southern Yellow BatLasiurus intermedius Northern Yellow BatLasiurus seminolus Seminole BatLasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired BatPipistrellus hesperus Western PipistrellePipistrellus subjlaous Eastern PipistrelleEptesicus fuscus Big Brown BatNycticeius humeralis Evening BatEuderma maculatum Spotted BatPlecotus rajinesquii Rafinesque's Big-eared BatPlecotus townsendii Townsend's Big-eared BatIdionycteris phyllotis Allen's Big-eared BatAntrozous pallidus Pallid Bat

FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE-Molossid BatsTadarida brasiliensis Brazilian Free-tailed BatTadarida femorosacca Pocketed Free-tailed BatTadarida macro tis Big Free-tailed BatEumops glaucinus Wagner's Mastiff BatEumops perotis Western Mastiff BatEumops underwoodi Underwood's Mastiff Bat

ORDER XENARTHRA-Xenarthrans

FAMILY DASYPODIDAE-ArmadillosDasypus novemcinctus Nine-banded Armadillo

ORDER LAGOMORPHA-Lagomorphs

FAMILY OCHOTONIDAE-PikasOchotona collaris Collared PikaOchotona princeps Pika


FAMILY LEPORIDAE-Hares and RabbitsBrachylagus idahoensis Pygmy RabbitSylvilagus aquaticus Swamp RabbitSylvilagus audubonii Desert CottontailSylvilagus bachmani Brush RabbitSylvilagus floridanus Eastern CottontailSylvilagus nuttallii Nuttall's or Mountain CottontailSylvilagus palustris Marsh RabbitSylvilagus transitionalis New England CottontailOryctolagus cuniculus" European RabbitLepus alieni Antelope JackrabbitLepus americanus Snowshoe HareLepus arcticus Arctic HareLepus calijornicus Black-tailed JackrabbitLepus callotis White-sided JackrabbitLepus capensis" Cape or European HareLepus othus Alaska HareLepus townsendii White-tailed Jackrabbit

ORDER RODENTIA-Rodents

FAMILY APLODONTIDAE-Mountain BeaverAplodontia rufa Mountain Beaver

FAMILY SCIURIDAE-SquirrelsTamias alpinus Alpine ChipmunkTamias amoenus Yellow-pine ChipmunkTamias canipes Gray-footed ChipmunkTamias cinereicollis Gray-collared ChipmunkTamias dorsalis Cliff ChipmunkTamias merriami Merriam's ChipmunkTamias minimus Least ChipmunkTamias obscurus California ChipmunkTamias palmeri Palmer's ChipmunkTamias panamintinus Panamint ChipmunkTamias quadrimaculatus Long-eared ChipmunkTamias quadrivittatus Colorado ChipmunkTamias rujicaudus Red-tailed ChipmunkTamias rufus Hopi ChipmunkTamias sonomae Sonoma ChipmunkTamias speciosus Lodgepole ChipmunkTamias striatus Eastern ChipmunkTamias townsendii Townsend's ChipmunkTamias umbrinus Uinta Chipmunk


Marmata braweri Alaska MarmotMarmata caligata Hoary MarmotMarmata flaviventris Yellow-bellied MarmotMarmata monax WoodchuckMarmota olympus Olympic MarmotMarmota vancouverensis Vancouver MarmotAmmospermophilus

harrisii Harris' Antelope SquirrelAmmospermophilus

interpres Texas Antelope SquirrelAmmospetmophilus

leucurus White-tailed Antelope SquirrelAmmospermophilus

nelsoni Nelson's Antelope SquirrelSpermophilus armatus Uinta Ground SquirrelSpermophilus beecheyi California Ground SquirrelSpermophilus beldingi Belding's Ground SquirrelSpermophilus brunneus Idaho Ground SquirrelSpermophilus

columbianus Columbian Ground SquirrelSpermophilus elegans Wyoming Ground SquirrelSpermophilus franklinii Franklin's Ground SquirrelSpermophilus lateralis Golden-mantled Ground

SquirrelSpermophilus mexicanus Mexican Ground SquirrelSpermophilus mohavensis Mohave Ground SquirrelSpermophilus parryii Arctic Ground SquirrelSpermophilus

richardsonii Richardson's Ground SquirrelSpermophilus saturatus Cascade Golden-mantled Ground

SquirrelSpermophilus spilosoma.... .Spotted Ground SquirrelSpermophilus

tereticaudus Round-tailed Ground SquirrelSpermophilus townsendii Townsend's Ground SquirrelSpermophilus

tridecemlineatus Thirteen-lined Ground SquirrelSpermophilus variegatus Rock SquirrelSpermophilus

washingtoni Washington Ground SquirrelCynomys gunnisoni Gunnison's Prairie Dog


Cynomys leucurus White-tailed Prairie DogCynomys ludovicianus Black-tailed Prairie DogCynomys parvidens Utah Prairie DogSciurus aberti Abert's SquirrelSciurus arizonensis Arizona Gray SquirrelSciurus carolinensis Gray SquirrelSciurus griseus Western Gray SquirrelSciurus nayaritensis Nayarit SquirrelSciurus niger. Fox SquirrelTamiasciurus douglasii Douglas' SquirrelTamiasciurus hudsonicus Red SquirrelGlaucomys sabrinus Northern Flying SquirrelGlaucomys volans Southern Flying Squirrel

FAMILY GEOMYIDAE-Pocket GophersThomomys bottae Botta's Pocket GopherThomomys bulbivorus Camas Pocket GopherThomomys clusius Wyoming Pocket GopherThomomys idahoensis Idaho Pocket GopherThomomys mazama Western Pocket GopherThomomys monticola Mountain Pocket GopherThomomys talpoides Northern Pocket GopherThomomys townsendii Townsend's Pocket GopherThomomys umbrinus Southern Pocket GopherGeomys attwateri Attwater' s Pocket GopherGeomys breviceps Baird's Pocket GopherGeomys bursarius Plains Pocket GopherGeomys personatus Texas Pocket GopherGeomys pinetis Southeastern Pocket GopherCratogeomys castanops Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher

FAMILY HETEROMYIDAE-HeteromyidsPerognathus alticolus White-eared Pocket MousePerognathus am-plus Arizona Pocket MousePerognathus fasciatus Olive-backed Pocket MousePerognathus flavescens Plains Pocket MousePerognathus flavus Silky Pocket MousePerognathus inomatus San Joaquin Pocket MousePerognathus longimembris . .Little Pocket MousePerognathus parous Great Basin Pocket MousePerognathus xanthonotus Yellow-eared Pocket MouseChaetodipus baileyi Bailey's Pocket MouseChaetodipus calijornicus California Pocket MouseChaetodipus fallax San Diego Pocket Mouse

II


Chaetodipus formosus Long-tailed Pocket MouseChaetodipus hispidus Hispid Pocket MouseChaetodipus intermedius Rock Pocket MouseChaetodipus nelsoni Nelson's Pocket MouseChaetodipus penicillatus Desert Pocket MouseChaetodipus spinatus Spiny Pocket MouseM icrodipodops

megacephalus Dark Kangaroo MouseMicrodipodops pallidus Pale Kangaroo MouseDipodomys agilis Agile Kangaroo RatDipodomys calijornicus California Kangaroo RatDipodomys compactus Gulf Coast Kangaroo RatDipodomys deserti Desert Kangaroo RatDipodomys elator Texas Kangaroo RatDipodomys elephantinus Big-eared Kangaroo RatDipodomys heermanni Heermann's Kangaroo RatDipodomys ingens Giant Kangaroo RatDipodomys merriami Merriam's Kangaroo RatDipodomys microps Chisel-toothed Kangaroo RatDipodomys nitratoides Fresno Kangaroo RatDipodomys ordii Ord's Kangaroo RatDipodomys panamintinus Panamint Kangaroo RatDipodomys spectabilis Banner-tailed Kangaroo RatDipodomys stephensi Stephens' Kangaroo RatDipodomys venustus Narrow-faced Kangaroo RatLiomys irroratus Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse

FAMILY CASTORIDAE-BeaversCastor canadensis Beaver

FAMILY CRICETIDAE-CricetidsOryzomys argentatus Key Rice RatOryzomys couesi Cones' Rice RatOryzomys palustris Marsh Rice RatReithrodontomys

fulvescens Fulvous Harvest MouseReithrodontomys humulis Eastern Harvest MouseReithrodontomys

megalotis Western Harvest MouseReithrodontomys

montanus Plains Harvest MouseReithrodontomys

raviventris Salt-marsh Harvest MousePeromyscus attwateri Texas Mouse


Peromyscus boylii Brush MousePeromyscus californicus California MousePeromyscus crinitus Canyon MousePeromyscus difficilis Rock MousePeromyscus eremicus Cactus MousePeromyscus gratus Osgood's MousePeromyscus gossypinus Cotton MousePeromyscus leucopus White-footed MousePeromyscus maniculatus Deer MousePeromyscus melanotis Black-eared MousePeromyscus oreas Columbian MousePeromyscus merriami Merriam's MousePeromyscus pectoralis White-ankled MousePeromyscus polionotus Oldfield MousePeromyscus sitkensis Sitka MousePeromyscus truei Pinon MousePodomys floridanus Florida MouseOchrotomys nuttalli Golden MouseBaiomys taylori Northern Pygmy MouseOnychomys arenicola Mearns' Grasshopper MouseOnychomys leucogaster Northern Grasshopper MouseOnychomys torridus Southern Grasshopper MouseSigmodon arizonae Arizona Cotton RatSigmodon fulviventer Tawny-bellied Cotton RatSigmodon hispidus Hispid Cotton RatSigmodon ochrognathus Yellow-nosed Cotton RatNeotoma albigula White-throated WoodratNeotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed WoodratNeotoma devia Arizona WoodratNeotoma floridana Eastern WoodratN eotoma [uscipes Dusky-footed WoodratNeotoma lepida Desert WoodratNeotoma mexicana Mexican WoodratNeotoma micropus Southern Plains WoodratNeotoma stephensi Stephens' WoodratClethrionomys

calijornicus Western Red-backed VoleClethrionomys gapperi Southern Red-backed VoleClethrionomys rutilus Northern Red-backed VolePhenacomys albipes White-footed VolePhenacomys intermedius Heather VolePhenacomys longicaudus Red Tree Vole

13


Microtus abbreviatus Insular VoleMicrotus calijornicus California VoleMicrotus canicaudus Gray-tailed VoleMicrotus chrotorrhinus Rock VoleMicrotus longicaudus Long-tailed VoleMicrotus mexicanus Mexican VoleMicrotus miurus Singing VoleMicrotus montanus Montane VoleMicrotus ochrogaster Prairie VoleMicrotus oeconomus Tundra VoleMicrotus oregoni Creeping VoleMicrotus pennsylvanicus Meadow VoleMicrotus pinetorum Woodland VoleMicrotus richardsoni Water VoleMicrotus townsendii Townsend's VoleMicrotus xanthognathus Yellow-cheeked or Taiga VoleLemmiscus curtatus Sagebrush VoleNeojiber alieni Round-tailed MuskratOndatra zibethicus MuskratLemmus sibiricus Brown LemmingSynaptomys borealis Northern Bog LemmingSynaptomys cooperi Southern Bog LemmingDicrostonyx exsul St. Lawrence Island Collared

LemmingDicrostonyx

groenlandicus Peary Land Collared LemmingDicrostonyx hudsonius Labrador Collared LemmingDicrostonyx nelsoni Nelson's Collared LemmingDicrostonyx richardsoni Richardson's Collared LemmingDicrostonyx rubricatus Bering Collared LemmingDicrostonyx stevensoni Stevenson's Collared Lemming

FAMILY MURIDAE-MuridsRattus notuegicus" Norway RatRattus rattus" Black RatMus musculus" House Mouse

FAMILY ZAPODIDAE-jumping MiceZapus hudsonius Meadow jumping MouseZapus princeps Western jumping MouseZapus trinotatus Pacific jumping MouseNapaeozapus insignis Woodland jumping Mouse

FAMILY ERETHIZONTIDAE-New World PorcupinesErethizon dorsatum Porcupine


FAMILY MYOCASTORIDAE-MyocastoridsMyocastor coypus" Nutria

ORDER CARNIVORA-Carnivores

FAMILY CANIDAE-CanidsCanis latrans CoyoteCanis lupus Gray WolfCanis rufus Red WolfAlopex lagopus Arctic FoxVulpes macrotis Kit FoxVulpes velox Swift FoxVulpes uulpes Red FoxUrocyon cinereoargenteus Gray FoxUrocyon littoral is Channel Islands Gray Fox

FAMILY URSIDAE-BearsUrsus americanus Black BearUrsus arctos Grizzly or Brown BearUrsus maritimus Polar Bear

FAMILY OTARIIDAE-Eared SealsCallorhinus ursinus Northern Fur SealArctocephalus townsendi Guadalupe Fur SealEumetopias jubatus Northern Sea LionZalophus californianus California Sea Lion

FAMILY ODOBENIDAE-WalrusOdobenus rosmarus Walrus

FAMILY PROCYONIDAE-ProcyonidsBassariscus astutus RingtailProcyon lotor. RaccoonNasua nasua Coati

FAMILY MUSTELIDAE-MustelidsMartes americana MartenMartes pennanti FisherMustela erminea ErmineMustela frenata Long-tailed WeaselMustela nigripes Black-footed FerretMustela nivalis Least WeaselMustela vison MinkGulo gulo WolverineTaxidea tax us BadgerSpilogale gracilis Western Spotted Skunk

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Spilogale putorius Eastern Spotted SkunkMephitis macroura Hooded SkunkMephitis mephitis Striped SkunkConepatus leuconotus Eastern Hog-nosed SkunkConepatus mesoleucus Hog-nosed SkunkLutra canadensis River OtterEnhydra lutris Sea Otter

FAMILY PHOCIDAE-Hair SealsPhoca largha , " Spotted SealPhoca vitulina Harbor SealPusa hispida ,., .. , , .Ringed SealHalichoerus grypus , Gray SealPagophilus groenlandicus Harp SealH istriophoca fasciata , Ribbon SealErignathus barbatus ,' .Bearded SealCystophora cristata , Hooded SealMonachus tropicalis West Indian Monk SealMirounga angustirostris Northern Elephant Seal

FAMILY FELIDAE-CatsFelis concolot . , . , Mountain LionFelis lynx "" LynxFelis onca , .. " , JaguarFel is pardal is OcelotFelis rufus , " .BobcatFelis wiedii " MargayFelis yagouaroundi " .. , Jaguarundi

ORDER CETACEA-Whales

FAMILY ESCHRICHTIIDAE-Gray WhaleEschrichtius robustus .. , .... .Gray Whale

FAMILY BALAENOPTERIDAE-RorqualsBalaenoptera

acutorostrata , , .. Minke WhaleBalaenoptera borealis .Sei WhaleBalaenoptera edeni ., .. , .. " . .Bryde's WhaleBalaenoptera musculus , Blue WhaleBalaenoptera physalus Fin WhaleMegaptera nouaeangliae., Humpback Whale

FAMILY BALAENIDAE-Right WhalesBalaena glacial is , .. , .Black Right WhaleBalaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale


FAMILY MONODONTIDAE-MonodontidsDelphinapterus leucas White Whale or BelugaMonodon monoceros Narwhal

FAMILY DELPHINIDAE-DelphinidsSteno bredanensis Rough-toothed DolphinTursiops truncatus Bottle-nosed DolphinStenella attenuata Pantropical Spotted DolphinStenella clymene Short-snouted Spinner DolphinStenella coeruleoalba Striped DolphinStenella frontalis Atlantic Spotted DolphinStenella longirostris Long-snouted Spinner DolphinDelphinus delphis Saddle-backed DolphinLagenodelphis hosei , .Fraser's DolphinLagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic White-sided DolphinLagenorhynchus

albirostris White-beaked DolphinLagenorhynchus

obliquidens Pacific White-sided DolphinGrampus griseus Risso's Dolphin or GrampusFeresa attenuata Pygmy Killer WhalePseudorca crassidens False Killer WhaleGlobicephala

macrorhynchus Short-finned Pilot WhaleGlobicephala melas Long-finned Pilot WhaleOrcinus orca Killer WhaleLissodelphis borealis Northern Right-whale Dolphin

FAMILY PHOCOENIDAE-PorpoisesPhocoena phocoena Harbor PorpoisePhocoenoides dalli Dall's Porpoise

FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE-Beaked WhalesBerardius bairdii North Pacific Bottle-nosed

WhaleZiphius cavirostris Goose-beaked WhaleHyperoodon ampullatus North Atlantic Bottle-nosed

WhaleMesoplodon bidens North Atlantic Beaked WhaleMesoplodon carlhubbsi Arch-beaked WhaleMesoplodon densirostris Dense-beaked WhaleMesoplodon europaeus Gervais' Beaked WhaleMesoplodon ginkgodens Ginkgo-toothed WhaleMesoplodon hectori Hector's Beaked Whale

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Mesoplodon mirus True's Beaked WhaleMesoplodon stejnegeri Bering Sea Beaked Whale

FAMILY KOGIIDAE-Pygmy Sperm WhalesKogia breviceps Pygmy Sperm WhaleKogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale

FAMILY PHYSETERIDAE-Sperm WhalesPhyseter macrocephalus .. .. .. Sperm Whale

ORDER SIRENIA-Sea Cows

FAMILY TRICHECHIDAE-ManateesTrichechus manatus Manatee

ORDER ARTIODACTYLA-Even-toed Ungulates

FAMILY SUIDAE-PigsSus scroja" Wild Pig

FAMILY TAYASSUIDAE-PeccariesTayassu tajacu Collared Peccary

FAMILY CERVIDAE-CervidsCervis axis" Axis DeerCervus dama" Fallow DeerCervus elaphus Wapiti or ElkCervus nip-pon" Sika DeerOdocoileus hemionus Mule or Black-tailed DeerOdocoileus virginianus White-tailed DeerA lees aIces MooseRangifer tarandus Caribou

FAMILY ANTILOCAPRIDAE-PronghornA ntilocapra americana Pronghorn

FAMILY BOVIDAE-BovidsBoselaphus tragocamelus" NilgaiBison bison BisonAntilope ceroicapras BlackbuckOreamnos americanus Mountain GoatOvibos moschatus MuskoxOvis canadensis Mountain SheepOvis dalli Dall's SheepA mmotragus leroias Barbary Sheep


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Addresses of authors: J. K. JONES, JR., D. C. CARTER, AND C. JONES, TheMuseum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409; H. H. GENOWAYS,University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; R. S. HOFFMANN,National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560; D. W. RICE,NOAA-National Marine Mammal Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way, Bldg. 4,Seattle, Washington, 98115. Received 31 May 1986, accepted 2 August 1986.

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