cvt©vp - way to success · 1 cvt©vp created with print2pdf. to remove this line, buy a license...

1

CVt©Vp

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

3

,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp

gFjp - m

1/ epiy kpd;dpay;

1 kjpg;bgz;Zf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;1/ xU fz;zhoj; jz;L. gl;Lj; Jzpa[ld; nja;f;fg;gLk; nghJ +8 x 10-12C

kpd;D}l;;lj;ij Vw;fpwJ/ mJ Vw;Wf;bfhz;l my;yJ ,He;j

vyf;l;uhdpfspd; vz;zpf;if/

(a) 5 x 10-7 (Vw;wJ) (b) 5 x 107 (,He;jJ)

(c) 2 x 10-8 (,He;jJ) (d) -8 x 10-12 (,He;jJ)

2/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fs;. εr = 6 bfhz;l Clfj;jpy;. d bjhiytpy;

gphpj;J itf;fg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; epiy kpd;dpay; tpir 0/3 N.btw;wplj;jpy; mnj bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;l mk;kpd;D}l;l';fSf;

fpilnaahd tpir

(a) 20N (b) 0.5 N (c) 1.8 N (d) 2N3/ xU g[s;sp kpd;D}l;lj;jpypUe;J 2 m bjhiytpy; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 400 Vm1

vj;bjhiytpy; mjd; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 100 Vm-1 Mf mika[k;?

(a) 50 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 4 m (d) 1.5 m 4/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fs; +4q kw;Wk; +q, 30 cm bjhiytpy; gphpj;J

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ mk;kpd;D}l;l';fis ,izf;Fk; nfhl;od; kPJ

vg;g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk; RHpahFk;?

(a) kpd;D}l;lk; +q-ypUe;J 15 cm (b) kpd;D}l;lk; + q-ypUe;J 7.5 cm (c) kpd;D}l;lk; +4 q-ypUe;J 20cm (d) kpd;D}l;lk; + q-ypUe;J 5 cm

5/ rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy;. g[yj;jpw;F ,izahf. mjd; mr;R mika[khW xU

kpd; ,UKid itf;fg;gl;lhy;. mJ czh;tJ

(a) bkhj;j tpiria kl;Lk;

(b) jpUg;g[ tpiria kl;Lk;

(c) bkhj;j tpir kw;Wk; jpUg;g[ tpir ,uz;ila[k;

(d) bkhj;j tpira[k; my;y. jpUg;g[ tpira[k; my;y

6/ kpd; ,UKidapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J x bjhiytpy; mika[k; g[s;spapy;

kpd;dGj;jk;. vjw;F neh;j;jftpy; mikfpwJ?

1 1

(a) (b)х2 х3

1 1(c) (d)

х4 х3/2


4

7/ 'a ' gf ;fk ; bfhz ;l rJuj ;j pd ; ehd ;F |iyfs ; A ,B , C kw ;W k ; D-f ;fs py ;

Ki wna k pd ;D }l ;l' ;fs ; +q, + q, -q kw ;W k ; -q itf ;fg ;gl ;Ls ;sd /

rJuj ;j pd ; i kak ; O -t py ; k pd ;dGj ;jkhdJ /

1 q 1 2q(a) (b )

4 лε ° a 4 лε ° a

1 4q(c) (d) RH p

4 лε ° a8/ rk k pd ;dGj ;jg ; gug ;g py ; cs ;s ,U g [s ;s pfS f ;F ,ilna 500 μС

k pd ;D }l ;lj ;i j efh ;j ;j bra ;ag ;gLk ; ntiy

(a) RH p (b) tuk ;g [s ;s neh ;f ;Fw p kj pg ;g [

(c) tuk ;g [s ;s vj ph ;f ;F w p kj pg ;g [ (d) Kot py p

9/ f PH ;f ;fz ;l mst [fSs ; vJ * ;nfyhq msthFk ;?

(a) ,UKid j pUg ;g [j ; j pwd ; (b) k pd ;g [y t pi r

(c) k pd ;g [yk ; (d) k pd ;dGj ;jk ;

10/ t pL j pwd pd ; myF

(a) C 2 N -1 m -2 (b ) N m 2 C -2 (c) H m -1 (d ) N C -2 m -2

11/ 1 TYk ; k pd ;D }l ;lj ;j py pU e ;J cUthFk ; t pi rf ;nfhLfs pd ; vz ;z pf ;i f

(a) 1.129 x 10 11 (b ) 1 .6 x 10 -19 (c) 6.25 x 10 18 (d) 8 .85 x 10 12

12/ k pd ;D }l ;l m lh ;j ;j p σ bfhz ;l . ,U vj pbuj ph ; k pd ;D }l ;lk ; bgw ;w

c nyhfj ;jfLfS f ;F bts pna cs ;s g [s ;s pa py ; k pd ;g [y k ;/

+σ -σ(a) (b)

2εo 2εo

σ(c) (d) RH pa hF k ;

εo13/ xU ,iz j ;jl ;L k pd ;njf ;f pa pd ; k pd ;njf ;F j pwd hdJ . jl ;L fSf ;f pi lna

k pd ;fhg ;g [g ; bghUisf ; bfhz ;L e pug ;g [tjhy ;. 5μF Fy pU e ;J 60μF Ff ;F

mj pfh pf ;f pwJ / k pd ;f hg ;g [g ;bghUs pd ; k pd ;fhg ;g [ khw py p

(a) 65 (b) 55 (c) 12 (d) 1014/ k pd ;D }l ;lk ; bgw ;Ws ;s cs ;s Plw ;w c nyhfg ; ge ;J xd ;W . RH p k pd ;g [y j ;ij

vg ;g [s ;s pfs py ; njhw ;Wt pf ;f pwJ ?

(a) nfhsj ;j pw ;F bts pna (b) mjd ; gug ;g pd ; nky ;

(c) nfhsj ;j pd ; c l ;g [wk ; (d) ,U kl' ;F bjhiyt [f ;F mg ;ghy ;

22/ k pd ;nd hl ;lt pay ;15/ 60C mst [s ;s k pd ;D }l ;lk ; xU k pd ;t ps f ;f pd ; t H pna 2 e pk pl' ;fS f ;Fr ;

brd ;why ;. k pd ;t psf ;f py ; bry ;Y k ; k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;/

(a) 30 A (b) 1 A (c) 0.5 A (d) 5 A16/ k pd ;D }l ;l' ;fs ; vg ;bghUs pd ; tH pna vs pjhfg ; gha ;e ;J bry ;Y k ;?

(a) Fthh ;l ;* ; (b) i kf ;fh (c) b$h ;kd pak ; (d) jhk puk ;


5

17/ flj ;j pa pd ; tHpna gha[k ; kpd ;ndhl ;lk ; vjw;F neh;j ;jftpy ; mika [k ;?

(a) ,Gg;g [ jpirntfk ; (b) 1/ FWf;F btl ;Lg; gug;g pd ; ,Uko

(c) 1/vyf;l ;uhd;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;if (d) FWf ;F btl ;Lg; gug;gpd ; ,Uko

18/ 240 V kpd ;dGj ;jj;j py ; braw;gLk ; kpd ; Nnlw ;wpa pd ; kpd ;jil 120Ω vdpy ;

kpd ;jpwd ;

(a) 400 W (b) 2 W (c) 480 W (d) 240 W19/ Fwpg ;gpl ;l e Psk ; bfhz ;l jhkpuf; fk ;gpapd ; kpd ;jil R. mjd; e Psk ;

,Ukl' ;fhf;fg ;gLk; nghJ mjd; kpd ;jil vz ;

(a) ,U kl';fhFk ; (b) ehd ;fpy ; xU g' ;fhFk;

(c) ehd ;F kl';fhFk ; (d) khWglhJ

20/ ,U 2Ω kpd ;jilfs; gf ;f ,izg;g py ; ,Ue;jhy ;. bjhFgad; kpd ;jil

(a) 2 Ω (b) 4 Ω (c) 1 Ω (d) 0.5 Ω21/ btg ;gepiy Fiwa [k ;nghJ kpd ;fhg ;g [g ; bghUs ;fspd ; jd ;kpd ;jil vz ;

(a) Fiwa [k ; (b) mjpfhpf ;Fk ; (c) khWglhJ (d) RHpahFk;

22/ 0° C fk;gpr ; RUspd ; kpd ;jil 2Ω kw;Wk ; α= 0.004 / °C vdpy ; 100° C y ;

mjd ; kpd ;jil

(a) 1/4 Ω (b) 0 Ω (c) 4 Ω (d) 2/8 Ω23/ \ghunlapd ; kpd ;dhw;gFj ;jy ; tpjpg ;go. kpd ;gF jputj;jpd ; tHpna

kpd ;ndhl ;lk ; bry ;Yk;nghJ. vjph ;kpd ;thapy ; goa [k ; madpfs pd ; epiw

vijr ; rhh;e ;jJ my;y?

(a) kpd ;ndhl;lk ; (b) kpd ;D }l ;lk ; (c) fhyk ; (d) kpd ;jil

33/ kpd ;ndhl;lj ;j pd ; tpist [fs ;

24/ $%y pd ; btg ;g t pjp

I2

(a) H = (b) H = V2 RtRt

(c) H = VIt (d) H = IR2t25/ Nnlw ;Wk ; ,iHahf epf ;nuhk ; gad;gLj ;jg ;gLfpwJ/ Vbddpy ; mJ

(a) Fiwe ;j kpd ;jil vz ; bfhz ;lJ

(b) Fiwe ;j cUFepiy bfhz ;lJ

(c) mjpf kpd ;jil vz ; bfhz ;lJ

(d) mjpf flj;Jk ; vz ; bfhz ;lJ

26/ btg ;g kpd ;d pul ;ilapd ; re ;j papy ; bgy;oah; Fzfk; vjidr; rhh ;e ;jJ?

(a) kpd ;d pul ;ilapy ; cs ;s kpd ;ndhl;lk ;

(b) kpd ;ndhl ;lk ; gha[k ; neuk ;

(c) re;j papd ; btg;gepiy

(d) kpd ;d pul ;ilapd ; tHpna gha[k ; kpd ;D }l ;lk ;

27/ xU btg ;g kpd ;d pul;ilapy ; Fsph;re ;j papd ; btg ;gepiy 20°C jpUg;g [

btg ;gepiy 270°C vdpy ; g [ul ;L btg;gepiyahdJ/

(a) 520°C (b) 540°C (c) 500 °C (d) 510°C


6

28/ gal ; - rhth ;l ; t pj pa pd ; rkd ;ghL μ o Idl ? Id l sin θ

(a) dB = (b) dB =4л r2 4л r2

? ? ? ? ? μ o Idl x r ? μ o Id l x r(c) dB = (d) dB =

4л r2 4л r3

29/ nld ;$d ;l ; fhy ;tdhk Pl ;lh py ;. Fw pg ;g pl ;l k pd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pw ;F t pyfy ; 30° fk ;g pr ;

RUs pd ; jsj ;j pid 90° j pUg ;g pag pd ; mnj kpd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pw ;F Vw ;gL k ;

t pyfy ;

(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 0°30/ irf ;ns hl ;uhd py ; KLf ;fg ;gL k ; k pd ;D }l ;lk ; bgw ;w Jfs pd ; Rw ;w paf ;ff ;

fhyk ; vjidr ; rhh ;e ;jjy ;y ?

(a) fhe ;jj ; J }z ;ly ; (b) Jfs pd ; k pd ;ndhl ;lk ;

(c)Jfs pd ; j pirntfk ; (d) Jfs pd ; e pi w

31/ r Puhd fhe ;jg ; g [yj ;j py ; itf ;fg ;gl ;l brt ;tff ; fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ; k PJ

bray ;gLk ; j pUg ;g [ t pir bgUkkhf ,Uf ;f /

(a) Rw ;Wf ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if mj pfkhf ,Uf ;f ntz ;Lk ;

(b) Rw ;Wf ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if Fiwthf ,Uf ;f ntz ;L k ;

(c) RUs pd ; jsk ; fhe ;jg ; g [yj ;j pw ;F br' ;Fj ;jhf ,Uf ;f ntz ;Lk ;

(d) RUs pd ; gug ;g [ Fiwthf ,Uf ;f ntz ;L k ;

32/ , a' ;F RUs ; fhy ;tdhk Pl ;l hpy ; fk ;g pr ; RUis bjh' ;ft pl gh* ;gh ; -

btz ;fyf ; fyitf ; fk ;g piag ; gad ;gLj ;jf ; fhuz k ;/

(a) flj ;J k ; j pwd ; mj pfk ;

(b) k pd ; jilvz ; mj pfk ;

(c) XuyF nfhz t pyfYf ;fhd j pUg ;g [ t pir mj pfk ;

(d) XuyF nfhz t pyfYf ;f hd j pUg ;g [ t pir Fiwt [

33/ g pd ;tUk ; rhjd' ;fs py ; xd ;w pd ; k pd ;jil k pff ; Fiwt [

(a) ,a' ;F RUs ; fhy ;tdhk Pl ;lh ;

(b) 0 - 1A m k ;k Pl ;l h ;

(c) 0 - 10 A mk ;k Pl ;l h ;

(d) nthy ;l ; k Pl ;lh ;

34/ G k pd ;jil bfhz ;l fhy ;tdhk Pl ;lUld ; S k pd ;jil bfhz ;l ,iz j ;jlk ;

,izf ;fg ;gLf pwJ / ,t ;tikg ;g pd ; gaDW kpd ;jil R a vd py ; g pd ;tUk ;

T w ;w py ; vJ rhpahdJ ?

(a) G MdJ S-I t plf ; Fiwt [

(b) S MdJ R a-I t plf ; Fiwt [ Mdhy ;. G t pl mj pfk ;

(c) R a MdJ G , S-I t plf ; Fiwt [

(d) S MdJ G , R a-I t plf ; Fiwt [

35/ r pwe ;j nt hy ;l ; k Pl ;l hpd ; gz ;g [

(a) RH p k pd ;jil

(b) RH p kj pg ;g pw ;Fk ; G-f ;Fk ; ,ilna Fw pg ;g pl ;l k pd ;jil


7

(c) G t pl mj pfkhf Mdhy ; <w py h kj pg ;g pid t pl Fiwe ;j k pd ;jil

(d) <w py h k pd ;jil

44/ k pd ;f he ;jj ; J }z ;lYk ; khWj pir k pd ;nd hl ;lKk ;

36/ k pd ;fhe ;jj ; J }z ;ly ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;glhjJ

(a) k pd ;khw ;w p (b) miw Nnlw ;w p (c) A C k pd ;d paw ;w p (d) milg ;g [r ; RUs ;

37/ 0.5m 2 gug ;gsita [k ; 10 Rw ;Wfisa [k ; bfhz ;l xU fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ; jsk ;

0.2 W b/m 2 fhe ;jg ;g [yj ;j pw ;F Fj ;jhf cs ;snghJ fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ; tH pna

gha [k ; fhe ;jg ;ghak ;/

(a) 100 W b (b ) 10 W b (c) 1 W b (d) RH p

38/ byd ;* ; t pj p ///////////////////// t pj pa pd ; mog ;gi la py hdJ

(a) k pd ;D }l ;l mH pt pd ;i k (b) gha mH pt pd ;i k

(c)c e ;j m H pt pd ;id (d) m w ;wy ; mH pt pd ;i k

39/ neh ;f ;flj ;j pa pd ; jd ; k pd ; J }z ;ly ; vz ; //////////

(a) RH p (b) Kot py p (c) k pf mj pfk ; (d) k pft [k ; r pw paJ

40/ b&d ;w p vd ;w myf pid ,g ;goa [k ; vGjyhk ;

(a) V s A -1 (b ) W b A -1 (c) Ω s (d) midj ;Jk ;

41/ xU fk ;g pr ; RUs py ; gha [k ; k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; t pd hof ;F 40 A s-1 vd ;w t Pjj ;j py ;

khW k ;bghGJ . J }z ;lg ;gLk ; k pd ;d paf ;F t pir 12V vd py ;. fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ;

jd ;k pd ; J }z ;ly ; vz ; /////////

(a) 0.3 H (b ) 0 .003 H (c) 30 H (d) 4.8 H

42/ 5A D C k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; cUthf ;F k ; mnj mst [ btg ;g t pisit cUthf ;Fk ;

khWj pir k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; mst [ ////////

(a) 50A rm s k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;

(b) 5A bgUk k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;

(c) 5A rm s k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;

(d) nkw ;fz ;l vJt [k ; ,y ;iy

43/ k pd ;khw ;w p bray ;gLtJ

(a) A C a py ; kl ;L k ;

(b) D C a py ; kl ;L k ;

(c) A C kw ;W k ; D C a py ;

(d) D C I fhl ;oY k ; A C a py ; j pwk ;gl bray ;gLk ;

44/ fk ;g pr ; RUs py ; ,Ue ;J g [wr ;Rw ;W f ;F k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;ij ghar ; bra ;a [k ;

khWj pir k pd ;d paw ;w pa pd ; cWg ;g [

(a) g [yf ;fhe ;jk ; (b) g pst [gl ;l tisak ;

(c) eGt [ tisa' ;fs ; (d) J }hpifs ;

45/ xUkhWj pir kpd ;Rw ;w py ; bray ;gLj ;jg ;gLk ; k pd ;d paf ;F t pir

e = E °sin (ω t + л /2), I = I° sin (ω t - л /2) vd ;w k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;ijt pl ////// vd ;w

fl ;l mst py ; Ke ;j pr ; bry ;Y k ;/

(a) л /2 (b ) л /4 (c) л (d ) 046/ f PH ;f ;fz ;ltw ;Ws ; vjid k pd ;khw ;w pi ag ; gad ;gLj ;j p c ah ;j ;j Koa [k ;?

(a) cs ;s PL k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; (b) cs ;s PL k pd ;dGj ;jk ;

(c) cs ;s PL j pwd ; (d) midj ;ija [k ;


8

47/ neh ;j pir k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;ij jd ;t H pna gha mDkj pf ;fhj fUt p vJ ?

(a) k pd ;jil (b) k pd ;njf ;f p

(c) k pd ;J }z ;o (d) nkw ;fz ;l midj ;Jk ;

48/ xU A C k pd ; Rw ;w py ;

(a) k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; ruhrhp kj pg ;g [ RH p

(b) k pd ;ndhl ;l' ;fs pd ; ,Ukor ; ruhrh p kj pg ;g [ RH p

(c) ruhrh p j pwd ; , Hg ;g [ RH p

(d) rm s k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; kj pg ;g [. k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; c r ;r kj pg ;igg ; nghy ; ?2 kl' ;F

55/ k pd ;f he ;j miyfS k ;. miy xs pa paY k ;

49/ k pd ;fhe ;j miyfs py ;. M w ;wy ;

(a) k pd ; g [yj ;j pw ;F k ; kw ;W k ; f he ;jg ; g [yj ;j pw ;Fk ; xnu msthf gut [f pd ;wd

(b) ,U g [y' ;fS f ;Fk ; br' ;Fj ;jhfg ; gut [f pd ;wd

(c) k pd ; g [yj ;j py ; gut [f pwJ

(d) fhe ;jg ; g [yj ;j py ; gut [f pwJ

50/ k pd ; fhe ;j miyfs ;

(a) FWf ;fiyfs ; M Fk ;

(b) bel ;liyfs ; M Fk ;

(c) FWf ;fiyfshfnth my ;yJ bel ;liyfshfnth ,Uf ;fyhk ;

(d) FWf ;fiyfS k ; my ;y . bel ;liyfS k ; my ;y

51/ , lg ;bgah ;r ;r p k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; vd ;w fUj ;ij Kjd ; Kjy py ; T w pat h ;?

(a) ngh* ; (b) b& h ;l ;* ; (c) khh ;nfhd p (d) khf ;* ;bty ;

52/ k pd ;fhe ;j miyfs py ;. k pd ;g [yk ; E# kw ;W k ; fhe ;jg ;g [yk ; B

# f ;F ,ilna

cs ;s fl ;l ntWghL

(a) л /4 (b ) л /2 (c) л (d) RH p

53/ mZ epwkhiy vd ;gJ

(a) J }a t h pe pwkhiy (b) bts pt pL gl ;i l e pwkhiy

(c) c l ;ft h ; th p e pwkhiy (d) c l ;fth ; gl ;i l e pwkhiy

54/ e pa {l ;ld ; tisaj ; bjhFj pa py ;. fz ;z hoj ; jl ;L f ;F k ; jl ;lf ;

Ft pbyd ;Rf ;Fk ; ,ila py ; xU Js p e Ph ; itf ;fg ;gl ;lhy ;. tisaj ; bhFj p

(a) RU' ;Fk ; (b) t phptila [k ;

(c) khwhJ (d) Kjy py ; t ph ptila [k ; g pd ;g [ RU' ;Fk ;

55/ xw ;i w e pw xs pfw ;i w. btw ;w plj ;j py pU e ;J xs pt pyfy ; vz ; μ bfhz ;l

C lfj ;j pw ;Fs ; EiHf pwJ / gLk ; kw ;W k ; t pyfyile ;j miyfs pd ;

miye Ps' ;fs pd ; jft [

(a) μ : 1 (b ) 1 : μ (c) μ 2 : 1 (d) 1 : μ 2

56/ xU xs pa pd ; miye Ps k ; ehd ;F kl' ;fhff ; Fiwe ;jhy ; mjd ; r pjwy ; mst [

(a) 16 kl' ;F mj pfhpf ;F k ; (b) 16 kl' ;F Fiwa [k ;

(c) 256 kl' ;F mj pfhpf ;F k ; (d) 256 kl' ;F Fiwa [k ;

57/ e pa {l ;ld ; tisa M a ;t py ; m-MtJ kw ;W k ; (m + 4) tJ fUik tisa

t pl ;l' ;fs ;Kiwna ?5 m m kw ;W k ; ?7 m m vd py ; m -d ; kj pg ;g [ vd ;d ?

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 10


9

58/ 4000 ? 0 miyePsKs ;s xU xw ;iwepw xs p miyfSf ;F ,ilna cs ;s

ghij ntWghL 2 x 10-7 m mtw ;w pw ;F ,ilna cs ;s fl ;l ntWghL

(a) л (b) 2 л (c) 3 л (d) л/2 2

59/ a' ; M a ;t py ; 6000 ? 0 miye PsKs ;s xs pa pd ; 3tJ bghy pt [g ;gl ;i l

kw ;bwhU |yj ;j pd ; 4tJ bghy pt [g ; gl ;i la [ld ; bghUe ;Jf pwJ vd py ;. m e ;j

xs p |yj ;j pd ; miye Psk ; vd ;d ?

(a) 4500 ? 0 (b ) 6000 ? 0 (c) 5000 ? 0 (d) 4000 ? 0

60/ 0.005m mfyj ;j py ; 2500 nfhLfs ; cs ;s f Pw ;wz pa pd ; k PJ 6000 ? 0

miyePsKs ;s xs pahdJ neh ;f ;Fj ;jhfg ; gLf pd ;wJ / mjd ; bgUk th pir

vd ;d ?

(a) 3 (b ) 2 (c) 1 (d) 461/ xU r ptg ;g [ xs pf ; fw ;i wa py pUe ;J t ps pk ;g [ t pist [ bgwg ;gLf pd ;wJ / r pt g ;g [

xs pf ;F gj py hf e Py xs piag ; gad ;gLj ;j pd hy ; Vw ;gLtJ vd ;d ?

(a) gl ;ilfs ; kiwe ;Jt pLk ;

(b) vJt [k ; khwhJ

(c) t ps pk ;g [ t pist [ FWfyila [k ; kw ;W k ; T l ;lkhf xd ;W nrUk ;

(d) t ps pk ;g [ t pist [ m fykila [k ; kw ;W k ; xd ;iwt pl ;L xd ;W g phpa [k ;

62/ 60° js t pist [ nfhz j ;j pw ;fhd xs p t pyfy ; vz ; vd ;d ?

(a) 1.732 (b) 1 .1414 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.468

66/mZ ,aw ;g pay ;

63/ nfj ;njhL fj ph ;fs ; vd ;gd

(a) vyf ;l ;uhd ; fw ;i w (b) neh ; k pd ; mad p fw ;i w

(c) k pd ;D }l ;lkw ;w Jfs ; fw ;i w (d) g [iHf ; fj ph ;fisg ; nghd ;wit

64/ E = 3 x 104 V /m kjpg ;g [i la k pd ;g [yKk ;. B = 2 x 10 -3 W b/m 2 kj pg ;g [i la

fhe ;jg ;g [yKk ; xd ;Wf ;bfhd ;W br' ;Fj ;jhf bray ;gLk ; gFj pa py ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;

fw ;i w t pyfy ; milahky ; bry ;f pwJ / vyf ;l ;uhd ; fw ;i wa pd ; ,af ;fk ;.

fhe ;jg ;g [y k ;. k pd ;g [y k ; M fpait xd ;Wf ;bfhd ;W br' ;Fj ;jhf ,Ue ;jhy ;.

vyf ;l ;uhd pd ; ntfk ;/

a) 60 m s-1 (b) 10.3 x 107 m s-1 (c) 1.5 x 107 m s-1 (d) 0 .67 x 10-7 m s-1

65/ nghh pd ; bfhs ;ifa pd ;go. Fw pg ;g pl ;l jd pj ;jd pahd kj pg ;g [fisg ; bgWk ;

mst [

(a) ,af ;f M w ;wy ; (b ) e piy M w ;wy ; (c) nfhz ce ;jk ; (d) ce ;jk ;

66/ mZtpd ; Kjy ; |d ;W tl;lg ; ghijfs pd ; M u' ;fs pd ; t pf pjk ;

(a) 1 : 1/2 : 1/3 (b ) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 8 :2767/ i&l ;u$d ; mZit mo epiya py pUe ;J f ps h ;r ;r pahf ;fj ; njitahd

Fiwe ;jgl ;r M w ;wy ; (my ;yJ ) Kjy ; f ps h ;r ;r pahf ;f k pd ;dGj ;j M w ;wy ;

(a) 13.6 eV (b) 10.2eV (c) 3 .4 eV (d) 1 .89 eV68/ Qjh ;\nghh ;L mZ khjphpa pd ;go. mZ xd ;w pd ; e pwkhiy

(a) t hp e pwkhiy (b) bjhlh ; e pwkhiy

(c) bjhlh ; c l ;fth; e pwkhiy (d) gl ;il epwkhiy

69/ xU Fw pg ;g pl ;l mZt pd ; M w ;wy ; kl ;l' ;fs ; A ,B,Cd ; M w ;wy ; kj pg ;g [fs ; VW


10

thpira py ; cs ;sd / mjhtJ E A<E B<EC Capy pUe ;J Bf ;F Bapy pUe ;J

Af ;F kw ;Wk ; Ca py pUe ;J Af ;F jht [k ;nghJ njhd ;Wk ; miyePs' ;fs ;

Kiwna ! 1, ! 2, ! 3 vd py ; g pd ;tUtdtw ;Ws ; vJ rhpahdJ?

! 1

(a) ! 3 = ! 1 + ! 2! 2 ! 3

(b) ! 3 = ! 1 ! 2

! 1 +! 2 (c) ! 1 = ! 2 + ! 3 = 0 (d) ! 2

3 = ! 21 + ! 2

2

70/ mZt py ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; e Ps ;tl ;lg ;ghij fUj ;j pidf ; Twpath;

(a) J .J .jhk ;rd ; (b) nghh ; (c) rhkh ;bgy ;L (d) o gpuhy p

71/ X-fj ph ; vd ;gJ

(a) ,af ;f M w ;wiy fj ph ;t Pryhf khw ;wk ; e pfH ;r ;r p

(b) ce ;jk ; khw ;wg ;gLjy ;

(c) M w ;wy ; - e piwahf khw ;wkiljy ;

(d) k pd ;D }l ;l mHpt pd ;ikj ; jj ;Jtk ;

72/ X-fj ph ; FHhapy ; bts pg ;gLk ; X-fj ph ;fs pd ; brw pt pid vt ;thW

mjpfhpf ;fyhk ;?

(a) kpd ;d piHa pd ; k pd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pid mjpfhpg ;gjd ; |yk ;

(b) k pd ;d piHapd ; k pd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pidf ; Fiwg ;gjd ; |yk ;

(c) ,yf ;f pd ; k pd ;dGj ;jj ;j pid mjpfhpg ;gjd ; |yk ;

(d) ,yf ;f pd ; k pd ;dGj ;jj ;j pidf ; Fiwg;gjd ; |yk ;

73/ Ty pl ;$ ; FHha py ; njhd ;Wk ; r pwg ;g [ X-fj ph ; \nghl ;nlhd pd ; M w ;wy ; vt ;thW

bgwg ;gLfpwJ ?

(a) ,yf ;f pd ; fl ;lw ;w vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy py pUe ;J

(b) ,yf ;f pd ; mad pfs pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy py pUe ;J

(c) nkhJk ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy py pUe ;J

(d) ,yf ;f pd ; mZ jht [k ;nghJ

74/ Typl ;$ ; FHha ; xd ;W 24800 V k pd ;dGj;jj ;j py ; bray ;gLfpwJ / njhd ;Wk ;

X -fjph ;fs pd ; bgUk mjph ;btz ;

(a) 6 x 1018 Hz (b) 3 x 1018 H z (c) 6 x 108 H z (d) 3 x 108 H z75/ i&l;u$d ; mZtpy ; g pd ;tUk ; bgah ;t [fs py ; vjpy ; bgUk mjph ;btz ;

njhd ;Wk ;?

(a) 2 1 (b) 4 1 (c) 6 5 (d) 5 276/ i&l;u$d ; mZtpy ; g pd ;tUkhW vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs ; jht [k ;bghGJ. vjpy ; bgUk

miyePsk ; bfhz ;l fj ph ;t Pr ;R njhd ;Wk ;?

(a) 2 1 (b) 6 2 (c) 4 3 (d) 5 277/ nyrhpy ; bjw pg ;g [ e pfH ;r ;r pf ;Fg ;g pd ;

C

B

A


11

(a) f ps h ;r ;r p e piy mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;ifiat pl moepiy

mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if mj pfk ;/

(b) moe piya py ; mZf ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;ifiat pl f ps h ;r ;r p e piya py ;

mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if mj pfk ;

(c) moepiya pY k ; f ps h ;r ;r p e piya pY k ; mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if rkk ;

(d) f ps h ; e piya py ; mZ f ;fs ; ,Uf ;fhJ

78/ Q g p jz ;oy ; cs ;s Fnuhk pa mad pfs ;

(a) r pt g ;g [ xs pia c l ;ftUk ; (b) gr ;i r xs pia c l ;ftUk ;

(c) e Py xs pia c l ;ftUk ; (d) gr ;i r xs pia c k pGk ;

7/ fj ph ;t Pr ;R kw ;W k ; gU g ;bghUs pd ; , ul ;i l gz ;g [ kw ;W k ;

rhh ;g pay ; jj ;Jtk ;79/ V mj ph ;btz ; bfhz ;l \nghl ;l hd ;. gad ; bjhlf ;f mj ph ;btz ; vo bfhz ;l

c nyhfj ;j pd ; k PJ gLf pwJ / bts pt plg ;gL k ; vyf ;l ;uhd pd ; , af ;f M w ;wy ;

(a) h (v - v0) (b ) hv (c) hv o (d) h (v + vo)80/ bghUs ; xd ;w pd ; xs pk pd ; bts pnaw ;W M w ;wy ; 3.3 eV vd py ;. gad ;

bjhlf ;f mj ph ;btz ;

(a) 8 x 1014 H z (b ) 8 x 1010H z (c) 5 x 1020H z (d) 4 x 10 14 H z81/ c nyhfg ; gug ;g [ xd ;w pd ; e pWj ;J k pd ;dGj ;jk ; vjidr ; rhh ;e ;j puhJ ?

(a) gL k ; fj ph ;t Pr ;r pd ; m j ph ;btz ;

(b) gL k ; fj ph ;t Pr ;r pd ; brw pt [

(c) c nyhfg ; gug ;g pd ; jd ;ik

(d) bts pg ;gLk ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; j pirntfk ;

82/ gad ;bjhlf ;f mj ph ;btz ;z py ;. vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; j pirntfk ;

(a) RH p (b) bgUkk ; (c) r pWkk ; (d ) Kot py p

83/ xs pa pd ; t pisit vjd ; mog ;gi la py ; t psf ;f Koa [k ;?

(a) xs pa pd ; Ez ;Jfs ; bfhs ;if

(b) xs pa pd ; miyf ; bfhs ;if

(c) xs pa pd ; k pd ;f he ;jf ; bfhs ;if

(d) xs pa pd ; Fthz ;lk ; bfhs ;if

84/ gUg ;bghUs ; miye Ps k ; vjidr ; rhh ;e ;jjy ;y ?

(a) e pi w (b ) j pirntfk ; (c) c e ;jk ; (d) k pd ;D }l ;lk ;

85/ , a' ;Fk ; bghUs ; xd ;w pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy ; E vd py ; m jd ; O g puhy p

miye Ps k ;

h 2m E(a) ! = (b) ! =

2m E h

h(c) ! = h 2m E (d) ! =

E 2m86/ 2A ° miye Ps k ; bfhz ;l vyf ;l ;uhd pd ; c e ;jk ;

(a) 3.3 x 1024 kg m s-1

(b) 6.6 x 1024 kg m s-1

(c) 3.3 x 10 -24 kg m s-1


12

(d) 6.6 x 10 -24 kg m s-1

87/ rhh ;g pay pd ;go . , af ;fj ;j pYs ;s jz ;od ; e Ps k ;

(a) e piyahf cs ;s nghJ ,Ue ;j e Psj ;j pw ;Fr ; rkk ;

(b) e piyahf cs ;snghJ ,Ue ;j e Ps j ;ijt pl mj pfkhf mika [k ;

(c) e piyahf cs ;s nghJ ,Ue ;j e Psj ;ijt pl Fiwthf mika [k ;

(d) jz ;od ; ntfj ;i jg ; bghUj ;J . e piyahf cs ;s nghJ ,Ue ;j

e Psj ;ijt pl mj pfkhfnt h my ;yJ Fiwthfnt h my ;yJ rkkhfnth

mika [k ;/

88/ 1 kg e pi wa [s ;s bghUs ; KGtJkhf M w ;wyhf khw ;wg ;gL k ;nghJ

cUthFk ; M w ;wy ;

(a) 9 x 1016 J (b ) 9 x 1024 J (c) 1 J (d) 3 x 108 J

88/ mZ f ;fU ,aw ;g pay ; 8

89/ 4 B e mZ f ;fUt pd ; M uk ;

(a) 1.3 x 10 -15m (b) 2.6 x 10 -15 m(c) 1.3 x 10 -13 m (d) 2.6 x 10 -13 m 27 28

90/ 13 A l kw ;W k ; 14 S i vd ;w mZ f ;fUf ;fs ; vjw ;F vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;lhf mika [k ;?

(a) Inrhnlhg ;g [ (Isotope) (b) Inrhghh ; (Isobar)(c) Inrhnlhd ; (isotone) (d) Inrhkh ; (isom er)

91/ mZ f ;fU xd ;w pd ; e pi w tG 0/03 am u vd py ;. m jd ; g piz g ;g [ M w ;wy ;

(a) 27 .93 eV (b ) 27.93 K eV (c) 27.93 M eV (d) 27.93 G eV

92/ mZ f ;fUg ; g psitia t psf ;FtJ

(a) TL khj ph p (b) j putj ; Js p khj ph p

(c) Fthh ;f ; khj ph p (d) nghh ; mZ khj ph p

93/ mZ f ;fUt pDs ; cs ;s mZ f ;fUj ; Jfs ;fs ; vjdhy ; ftug ;gLf pd ;wd ?

(a) <h ;g ;g pay ; t pir (b ) e piyk pd ;d pay ; t pir

(c) mZf ;fU t pir (d ) fhe ;jt pay ; t pir

94/ bgUk mad pahf ;F k ; j pwidg ; bgw ;Ws ;sit

(a) e pa {l ;uhd ;fs ; (b ) ∀ - Jfs ;fs ; (c) # - fj ph ;fs ;(d) ∃ - Jfs ;fs ;

95/ r pijt [ khw py p 0/0693 / ehs ; bfhz ;l fj ph paf ;fj ; jd pkk ; xd ;w pd ; miu

M a [l ;fhyk ;

(a) 10 ehs ;fs ; (b) 14 ehs ;fs ; (c) 140 ehs ;fs ; (d) 1/4 ehs ;fs ;

96/ t ptrhaj ;j py ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;gL k ; fj ph paf ;f Inrhnlhg ;g [31 32 23 24

(a) 15 P (b ) 15 P (c) 11 N a (d) 11 N a

97/ mZ f ;fUg ; g psit xd ;w py ; bts pg ;gLk ; ruhrh p M w ;wy ;

(a) 200 eV (b) 200 M eV (c) 200 m eV (d) 200 G eV98/ mZFz ;L btoj ;jy py ; gad ;gLk ; jj ;Jtk ;

(a) fl ;L g ;g hlw ;w mZ f ;fU g psit t pid

(b) fl ;L g ;ghlhd mZ f ;fU g psit t pid

(c) mZ f ;fU ,izt [ t pid

(d) btg ;g mZ f ;fU t pid

99/ , uj ;jr ; nrhifiaf ; fz ;lw pag ; gad ;gLtJ


13

1 0 2 / I n r h n l h g ;g [f s ; v d ;g i t

( a ) x n u e pi w v z ;i z a [k ; n t W g l ;l m Z v z ;i z a [k ; b f hz ;l i t /

( b ) r k k h d g [n u h l ;l h d ; k w ;W k ; e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f i a f ; b f hz ;l i t /

( c ) r k k h d g [n u h l ;l h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ; k h W g l ;l e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ;

b f hz ;l i t /

( d ) r k k h d e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ; k h W g l ;l g [n u h l ;l h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ;

b f hz ;l i t /

1 0 3 / f j ph pa f ;f j ; j d pk k ; x d ;W b j h l f ;f m s t py ; 1 / e k l ' ;f h f f ; F i w a v L j ;J f ;

b f h s ;S k ; f h y k ;

( a ) m i u M a [l ; f h y j ;j py ; g h j p ( b ) r u h r h p M a [l ;f h y k ;

( c ) m i u M a [l ;f h y j ;j py ; f h y ; ( d ) r u h r h p M a [l ;f h y j ;j pd ; , U k l ' ;F

1 0 4 / N 1 3d ; m i u M a [l ;f h y k ; 1 0 / 1 e pk pl ' ;f s ;/ m j d ; M a [l ;f h y k ;

( a ) 5 / 0 5 e pk pl ' ;f s ; ( b ) 2 0 / 2 e pk pl ' ;f s ;

( c ) 1 0 / 1 /0 / 6 9 3 1 e pk pl ' ;f s ; ( d ) K o t py p

1 0 5 / x U j d pk j ;j pd ; n e h ;k pd ; f j ph ;f s ;. b g a pd ;g ph pl ;$ ; e pi w k h i y a py ; , U

n t W g l ;l R t L f i s j ; n j h w ;W t pf ;f pd ;w d / , e ;j n e h ;k pd ; m a d pf s ;

( a ) x n u e pi w i a a [k ; n t W g l ;l j pi r n t f j ;i j a [k ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;

( b ) x n u e pi w k w ;W k ; j pi r n t f j ;i j f ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;

( c ) n t W g l ;l e pi w k w ;W k ; x n u j pi r n t f j ;i j f ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;

( d ) n t W g l ;l e pi w k w ;W k ; j pi r n t f j ;i j f ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;

5 6

1 0 6 / 2 6 F e m Z f ;f U t pd ; g pi z g ;g [ M w ;w y ;

( a ) 8 . 8 M e V ( b ) 8 8 M e V ( c ) 4 9 3 M e V ( d ) 4 1 . 3 M e V1 0 7 / m Z f ;f U t pd ; m l h ;j ;j pf ;F k ;. g h j u r j ;j pd ; m l h ;j ;j pf ;F k ; c s ;s t pf pj k ;

R k h u h f

( a ) 1 .3 x 1 0 1 0 ( b ) 1 .3 ( c ) 1 .3 x 1 0 1 3 ( d ) 1 . 3 x 1 0 4

99 / F i w f l j ;j p r h j d ' ;f s ; k w ;W k ; m j d ; g a d ;g h L f s ;1 0 8 / x U j d pk j ;j pd ; n t j p k w ;W k ; k pd ;g z ;g [f S f ;F f ; f h u z k h d m j ;j d pk j ;j pd ;

m Z t pY s ;s v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ; v i t ?

( a ) , i z j pw d ; v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ; ( b ) R H Y k ; v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ;

( c ) m j pf g ;g o a h d v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ; ( d ) b r a y ;j pw d ; v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ;

1 0 9 / N - t i f F i w f l j ;j pa py ; c s ;s i t

( a ) , a f ;f k py ;y h v j ph ;k pd ; m a d pf s ;

( b ) r pW g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ; m y ;y

( c ) , a f ;f k py ;y h n e h ;k pd ; m a d pf s ;

( d ) k pd ;J i s f s ; b g U k ;g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ;

1 1 0 / P - r e ;j p i l n a h o y ; c U t h F k ; j pU g ;g [r ;r h h ;g [ b j t pl ;L k pd ;n d h l ;l j ;j pw ;F f ;

f h uz k h f m i k t J

( a ) b g U k ;g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ; ( b ) r pW g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ;

( c ) V w ;g h d ; m a d pf s ; ( d ) b f h i l a h s p m a d pf s ;

1 1 1 / K d ;n d h f ;F r ; r h h ;g [ r pw g ;g [ t i u a py ; i l n a h L b r a y ;g L t J

( a ) x U c a h ; k pd ;j i l a h f ( b ) x U k pd ; n j f ;f pa h f

( c ) x U e pW j ;J (O F F ) R t pl ;r h f ( d ) x U , a f ;F (O N ) R t pl ;r h f

3 1 3 2 5 9 2 4

( a ) 1 5 P ( b ) 1 5 P ( c ) 2 6 F e ( d ) 1 1 N a

1 9 8 1 9 8 1

1 0 0 / 8 0 H g + X 7 9 A u + 1 H , v d ;w m Z f ;f U t pi d a py ; X v d ;g J v j i d f ;

F w pf ;F k ;?

( a ) g [n u h l ;l h d ; ( b ) v y f ;l ;u h d ; ( c ) e pa {l ;u h d ; ( d ) o a {l ;u h d ;

1 0 1 / ∃ r pi j t pd ;n g h J

( a ) m Z v z ; x d ;W F i w a [k ;

( b ) e pi w v z ; x d ;W F i w a [k ;

( c ) g [n u h l ;l h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f k h W g l h J

( d ) e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f x d ;W F i w a [k ;


14

112/ mtyh";r p Kwpt [ (avalanche breakdown) Kjd ;ikahf rhh;e ;Js ;s epfH;t [

(a) nkhjy; (b) madpahf;fk ; (c) khNl;ly ; (d) kWxd;wpizg;g [

113/ xsp ckpH ;t [ ilnahoy; ckpHg;gLk; xspapd ; epwk ; vjidr; rhh;e ;jJ?

(a) mjd; gpd ;ndhf;Fr ; rhh;g [

(b) Kd ;ndhf;F kpd ;ndhl ;l mst[

(c) mjd; Kd;ndhf;Fr ; rhh;g [

(d) Fiwf;flj;jp bghUspd ; tif

114/ xU ouhd ;rp* ;lhpd ; ckpH ;g ;ghd; - motha; re ;jpf ;F Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g [k ;

Vw ;ghd; -motha; re ;j pf ;Fg; gpd ;ndhf;Fr; rhh ;g [k ; bfhLf;fg ;gl :Ls ;sJ/

motha ; kpd ;ndhl;lk ; mjpfhpf ;fpwJ vdpy ;. mjd;

(a) VCE mjpfhpf ;Fk ; (b) IC Fiwa[k ; (c) IC mjpfhpf ;Fk ;(d) VCC mjpfhpf ;Fk ;

115/ ouhd;r p* ;lUf;F chpa Kiwapy ; rhh;g [ kpd ;dGj ;jk ; bfhLf;fg ;glhj

epiyapy ;

(a) ckpH ;g ;ghd py ; mjpf kpd ;ndhl;lk ; Vw;gLfpwJ

(b) btspaPL irifapy ; cUf;Fiyt[ (distortion) Vw;gLfpwJ/

(c) Vw;ghd ; Kid mjpf btg;gkilfpwJ

(d) btspaPl ;Lf ; nfhL (load line) jtwhd epiyapy ; mikfpwJ/

116/ xU miyapaw;w p vd;gJ

(a) gpd ;D}l;lk ; cs;s xU bgUf;fp

(b) AC-ia DC Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; mikg ;g [

(c) ntbwhd ;Wk; my;y. bgUf;fpna MFk;

(d) gpd ;D}l;lk ; ,y;yhj xU bgUf;fp

117/ fhy;gpl ; miyapaw ;wpr ; Rw;wpy ;

(a) kpd ;njf;fp gpd ;D}l ;lk; gad ;gLj;jg ;gLfpwJ

(b) Kid bgw ;w RUs; (tapped coil) gad;gLj;jg ;gLfpwJ

(c) ,ira[W LC Rw;W gad ;gLj ;jg ;glt py ;iy

(d) kpd ;njf;fp gad;gLj;jg ;glt py ;iy

118/ ,yl;rpa bray;ghl;Lg ; bgUf;f pa pd ; cs;s PL kpd ;bdjph ;g ;g [ KotpyhjJ/

Mifahy ;.

(a) mjd; cs;s PL kpd ;ndhl;lk ; RHp

(b) mjd ; btspaPL kpd ;jil mjpfk ;/

(c) mjd; btspa Pl ;L kpd ;dGj ;jk; btspaPl ;L g [w kpd ;jilia rhh ;e ;jpuhky;

,Uf;Fk ;/

(d) mJ. kpd ;ndhl;lf ; fl;Lg ;ghl ;Lr ; rhjdkhf khWk;/

119/ bfhLf;fg ;gl;l mikg ;gpd ; yh$pf ; bray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa nfl;

(a) AND (b) OR(c) NAND (d) EXOR

120/ bfhLf;fg;gl ;l Rw;wpd ; btspaPL (Y) kjpg ;g [ 1 vdpy; mjd; cs;s PLfs ;

ABC(a) 0 1 0 (b) 1 0 0 (c) 1 0 1 (d) 1 1 0


15

121/ g{ypad; my;$pg;uh tpjpfspd;go (A+AB) vd;w rkd;ghL vjw;Fr; rkk;?

(a) A (b) AB (c) B (d) A

122/ ABC vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;od; vspikahf;fk;

(a) AB +C (b) CBA .. (c) AB + BC + CA (d) CBA %%

10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs;

123/ cah; mjph;btz; miyfs; gpd;gw;WtJ

(a) jiu miy gutiy

(b) ghh;itf; nfhl;od; jpiria

(c) madp kz;lyg; gutiy

(d) g[tpapd; tisit

124/ gz;ngw;wk; bra;ag;gLtjd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk;

(a) btt;ntW mjph;btz; bfhz;l ,U miyfis ,izf;f

(b) Ch;jp miyapd; miy totj;ijg; bgw

(c) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; bfhz;l jftiy ePz;l bjhiyt[fSf;F jpwk;gl

mDg;g

(d) gf;fg; gl;ilfis cUthf;f

125/ tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;

(a) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; tPr;Rf;F Vw;g khWgLk;/

(b) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;/

(c) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; mjph;btz;izg;

bghUj;J khWk;

(d) gz;ngw;Wk; mjph;btz; brtpa[zh; mjph;btz;. beLf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

126/ tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;. gl;il mfyk;

(a) irifapd; mjph;btz;Zf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;

(b) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ,U kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk;

(c) irif mjph;btz;zpd; Kk;kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk;

(d) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ehd;F kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk;

127/ fl;lg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;

(a) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kl;Lnk khWk;

(b) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kl;Lnk khWk;

(c) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kw;Wk; mjph;btz; khWk;

(d) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kw;Wk; fl;lk; khwhJ/

128/ nuonah gug;gpapy; cs;s RF miythpir cUthf;FtJ/

(a) brtpa[zh; iriffs;

(b) cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs;

(c) brtpa[zh; irif kw;Wk; cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs;

(d) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; cila Ch;jp miyfs;


16

129/ Xt;bthU rl;lj;ija[k; (glj;ija[k;) ,uz;L g[y';fshfg; gphpj;J xU

brfz;Lf;F 50 fhl;rpfis mDg;g[tjd; nehf;fk;/

(a) glj;jpy; rpkpl;liyj; jtph;f;f

(b) cah;e;j mjph;btz;fisf; ifahStJ vspJ vd;gjhy;

(c) 50 Hz vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; kpd;dhw;wy; mDg;g[jypd; mjph;btz;

vd;gjhy;

(d) irifapy; cs;s njitapy;yhj ,iur;ry;fis ePf;f

130/ bjhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g ntz;oa mr;roj;j Mtzj;ij

kpd;diyfshf khw;Wk; Kiw

(a) vjpbuhspg;g[ (b) thpf;fz;nzhl;lk;

(c) gz;ngw;Wk; (d) xsp khWghL

131/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fspd; kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; --------

(a) 20

21

4 rqq

&∋(b)

rqq

0

21

4&∋(c) PE Cos( (d) PE Sin(

132/ cl;g[Fjpwd; bfhz;l Clfj;jpy; <wpyh neh;f;flj;jp xd;wpd; tHpna

kpdndhl;lk; gha[k;nghJ xU g[s;spapy; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp---------

(a)aI&)4

0 (b) aI&)2

0 (c) aI&)

4(d)

aI&)

2133/ R kpd;jil bfhz;l n kpd;jilfs; bjhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;

bghGJ bjhFgad; kpd;jil

(a) n/R (b) R/n (c) nR1 (d) nR

134/ kpd; mDg;gPl;Lf; fk;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,Hg;g[ vg;bghGJ Fiwthf

,Uf;Fk;?

(a) kpd;dGj;jk; Fiwthft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ

(b) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ

(c) kpd;dGj;jk; mjpfkhft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; Fiwthft[k; cs;snghJ

(d) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; Fiwthf cs;s nghJ


17

ttpilfs;

1/ (b) 2/ (c) 3/ (c) 4/ (c) 5/ (d) 6/ (a)

7/ (d) 8/ (a) 9/ (d) 10/(a) 11/ (a) 12/(d)

13/ (c) 14/ (c) 15/ (c) 16/(d) 17/ (a) 18/(c)

19/ (d) 20/ (c) 21/ (b) 22/(d) 23/ (d) 24/(c)25/ (c) 26/ (c) 27/ (a) 28/(d) 29/ (d) 30/(c)

31/ (a) 32/ (d) 33/ (c) 34/(c) 35/ (d) 36/(b)

37/ (c) 38/ (d) 39/ (a) 40/(d) 41/ (a) 42/(c)43/ (a) 44/ (d) ------- 45/(c) 46/ (c) 47/(b)

48/ (a) 49/ (b) 50/ (a) 51/(d) 52/ (d) 53/(a)

54/ (a) 55/ (a) 56/ (c) 57/(d) 58/ (a) 59/(a)

60/ (a) 61/ (c) 62/ (a) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (c)

66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (a)72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (c) 7 6. (a) 77. (b)78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (d)84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (c) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b)90. (c) 91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (a)96. (b) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100.(c) 101.(d)102.(c) 103.(b) 104. (d) 105. (c) 106.(c) 107.(c)108. (a) 109.(c) 110.(b) 111.(d) 112.(a) 113.(d) 114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (c) 121. (a) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125 (a)126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (b) 131. (b)132. (d) 133. (d) 134. (c)


18

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42

43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52 53 54

55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66

67 68 69 70 71 72

73 74 75 76 77 78

79 80 81 82 83 84

85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 92 93 94 95

96 97 98 99 100 101

102 103 104 105 106 107

108 109 110 111 112 113

114 115 116 117 118 119

120 121 122 123 124 125

126 127 128 129 130 131

132 133 134


19

∗F∗q

3 kjpg;bgz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9

myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay;1. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; Fthz;lkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?

ve;j xU mikg;gpd; kpd;D}l;lKk;> xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; rpWk kjpg;gpd;

[1.6 x 10-19C] KO vz; klq;FfshfNt vg;NghJk; mikfpwJ. ie. q = ne2. $Yk; tpjpia $Wf.

,U Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ftHr;rp tpir my;yJ tpul;LtpirahdJ kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;F NeHj;jftpYk;> mtw;wpw;F,ilNa cs;s njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjpHj;jftpYk; mikAk; 3. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf.

xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kPjhd nkhj;j tpir vd;gJ kw;w kpd;D}l;lq;fs;mk;kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kPJ Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpirfspd; ntf;lH $LjyhFk;.4.kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; $W?

kpd;D}l;lq;fis Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpd;nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;.

5. kpd;Gyr; nrwpT (E) tiuaW.kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lk; czUk;

tpir mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU ntf;lH msT.

E = NC -1 my;yJ V m-1

6. kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d?,U rkkhd> vjpnujpuhd kpfr; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

kpd;D}l;lq;fs; xU kpd; ,UKidahFk;.

v.fh. ePH> mk;Nkhdpah> CO2> FNshNuhghHk; %yf;$W.7.kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf.

kpd; ,UKidapd; VNjDk; xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; vz; kjpg;gpidkpd;D}l;lq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s njhiytpdhy; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gjhFk;.

P = q x 2d. jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF C m jpir –q ypUe;J +q Nehf;fp.8. ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

,J kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; czT rikf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; ikf;Nuh miyfs; rPuw;w miyTWk; kpd;Gyj;ijcUthf;FfpwJ. cztpy; cs;s ePHk %yf;$Wfs; miyTWk; jpUg;G tpirf;Fcs;shf;fg;gl;L gpizg;Gfs; Kwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd ,jdhy; ntg;g Mw;wy; cUthfp>czT rikf;fg;gLfpwJ.9. kpd;dOj;j NtWghL - tiuaW.

kpd;Gyj;jpy; ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gJ xUGs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F kpd; tpul;L tpirf;F vjpuhf XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.10. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf.

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myF NNthy;l;XU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F xU $Yk; NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij

kpd;tpirf; nfjpuhf vLj;Jr; nry;y nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy xU [_y; vdpy;mg;Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xxU Nthy;l; MFk;.11. kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.

XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf>mg;Gs;spf;F nfhz;L tur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;F rkk;.12. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lkhdJ mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;Jkpd;D}l;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.


20

1133.. rrkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vd;;why; vd;d?xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd

vdpy;> mg;gug;G rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdg;gLk;.

rkkpd;dOj;j gug;gpd; kPJ ve;j ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kpd;D}l;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy RopahFk;.

kpd; Gyf; NfhLfs; rkkpd;dOj;j gug;Gf;F nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;.114. kpd;Gy ghak; tiuaW.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if kpd;Gy ghak; MFk;.

+ = , dsE . = Eds Cos (,J xU ];NfyhH msT ,jd; myF N m2 C-1

15. epiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;why; vd;d?Gw kpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J> ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk;

epfo;T. ,e;epfo;T flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpwJ.16. ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ

ghJfhg;ghdJ Vd;?

Vnddpy;> NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg; gug;gpDs;> kpd;Gy kjpg;G Ropahtjhy; NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypd;NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa kpd;dpwf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.17. epiykpd;J}z;ly; vvd;why; vd;d?

xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpid njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;D}l;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. ,t;tif J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;D}l;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;.18. flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; tiuaW.

xU flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; vd;gJ> mf;flj;jpf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;Fk;> flj;jpapy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT MFk;.

kpd;Njf;F jpwd; c = Vq

myF ghul;.19. 1 ghul; tiuaW.

flj;jp xd;wpw;F 1 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; 1 ghul; MFk;.

20. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.

midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg; ngw;Ws;s kpd;flj;jhg; nghUs;fs; kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh. ikf;fh/ vNghidl; 21. Kidtw;w %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf

Neh;kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;> vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk; xd;whf nghUe;jp mikfpd;w %yf;$W Kidtw;w %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.

v..fh. O2 , N 2 , H 222. KidTs;s %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf

Neh;kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$W KidTs;s %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.

v.fh N2O, H2O, HCl, NH3,

23. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.

Gw kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ epiyahd my;yJ J}z;lg;gl;l ,U Kidfspd; ,UKid jpUg;Gj; jpwd;fs; Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa xUq;fikg;gLfpd;w epfo;T Kidthf;fy; my;yJ kpd; Kidthf;fy; vdg;gLfpwJ.

24. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit?


21

kpd;fhe;j miyfis Njhw;Wtpf;fTk;> NubNah Rw;Wfis xj;jpirT nra;aTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

225. $h;Kid nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d?kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w flj;jpapd; $h;KidfspypUe;J kpd;D}l;lk; frpfpd;w

epfo;T $h;Kidfspd; nray;ghL my;yJ xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;Wmiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)

26. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?

jhkpuj;jpd; kpd;jilvz; FiwT. Mdhy; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; njhlu;e;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jNtz;bAs;sJ.

jhkpuf;fk;gp vdpy; ntg;gepiy cau;thy; kpd;jil Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT

cau;e;J tpLk;. / jhkpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

;

27. Xk; tpjpiaf; $W.

khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk;

flj;jpapd; ,UKidfSf;fpilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;;j NtWghl;bw;F Neu;j;jftpy;

mikAk;. mjhtJ I α V my;yJ V = I R28. jd; kpd;jil vz; tiuaW.

XuyF ePsKk; XuyF FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpnahd;W

kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;

vdg;gLk;.

jd;kpd;jil vz; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;fs; flj;jpfs;> fhg;ghd;fs;>

Fiwflj;jpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; myF Xk; - kP 29. kPf;flj;J jpwd; vvd;why; vd;d?

Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; nghUspd; jd;ik

kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; vdg;gLk;

30. kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf.

xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;D}l;lk;

,aq;Fk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa> XuyF

fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; msthFk;. ,jd; myF Am-2

31. ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW.

rhjhuz flj;jpfs; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fs; kpd;jilia jPBnud

,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngau;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ

khWepiy ntg;gepiy Tc vdg;gLk;. ghjurj;jpd; ngau;T ntg;gepiy 4.2 K32. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs; ahit?

(1) kpd; mDg;Gk; fk;gpfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;

(2) fzpdpfspy; epidT my;yJ Nrkpf;Fk; mbg;gil $Wfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.

(3) kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; nfhz;l fhe;jq;fs; cjtpAld;> kpff;Fiwe;j Mw;wypy;

,uapy; tz;bia mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

33. kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; tiuaW.

1˚C ntg;gepiy cau;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 0˚C apYs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfthFk;.

34. kpd;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?

kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT

kpd;jpwdhFk;. kpd;jpwd; = Ntiy / fhyk; kpd;jpwd; = V I 35. kpd;dhw;wy; vvd;why; vd;d?

kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahFk;. ,jd; myF I_y; MFk;.

eilKiwapy; fpNyh thl; kzp vd;w myF gad;gLfpwJ. 1 fpNyh thl; kzp

= 1000 x 3600 J = 36 x 105 J36. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf


www.waytosuccess.org

22

kkpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

jpwe;j Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk;

kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

%ba Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk;

kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

kpd;jilia rhu;e;jJ my;y kpd;jilf;F Neu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

37. kpd; Ntjpa vz; ttiuaW.

kpd;gF jputnkhd;wpd; topNa xU $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ

ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz; vdg;gLk;

38.; KKjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kpd;fyd; NtWghL jUf.

39. ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; vd;why; vd;d?

ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w

vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; MFk;.

40. ,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?xuyF typikf; nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;Gj;

jpirNtfk; ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.41. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?

kpz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;af; $bait mf kpd;jil FiwT.mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

42. jhdpapaq;fpfspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?

kpd;tha;fSf;F ,ilNa kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjpd; %yk; mfkpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf mf kpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.

myF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;Gkw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;

43. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fs; kPJ γ fjpu;fs;> X fjpu;fs;> Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fs;>

kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;witgLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T

xsp kpd; tpisT vdg;gLk.;

44. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW?

xU xsp czu; NfNjhL gug;gpy;> gLk; fjpu;tPr;rpd; mjpu;ntz;izAk;>

nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;Ff;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpu; kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ epWj;J

kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;

45. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW?

xU xsp czu; jfl;by; gLk; xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf

,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j xU mjpu;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W

tpLfpwNjh> me;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLfpwJ.

46. ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?

Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jiz kpd;fyd;

kPsh Ntjp tpid kPs; Ntjp tpid

kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk;



23

xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gJ> cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;l;uhid

ntspNaw;;w> gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhDf;Fj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; MFk;

447. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

xspkpd;fyd; vd;gJ xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtpahFk;. ,J

%d;W tifg;gLk;.

(1) xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; (2) xsp Nthy;l;lh kpd;fyd; (3) xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyd;.

48. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,aq;Fk; gUg;nghUSld; njhlu;Gila miyfs; gUg;nghUs; miyfs;vdg;gLk;.

gpshq;f; khwpyp h> gUg;nghUspd; epiw m, jpirNtfk; v, vdpy;

miyePsk; λ =mvh MFk;.

49. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW?

,U gupkhz my;yJ Kg;gupkhz ntspapy; Jfnshd;wpd; epiyia

tiuaWf;Fk; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;.

50. xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ?

cd; Kbtpw;F tpsf;fk; jUf.

nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 vdTk;> V jpirNtj;jpy; epiw mvdTk;C xspapd;jpirNtfk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy; rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

2

2

0

1CV

mm

!

∀ MFk;. ,q;F V = C vdpy; m <wpyh kjpg;igg; ngWk;. ,J

rhj;jpaky;y. vdNt ve;j xU nghUisAk; xspapd; jpirNtj;jpw;F rkkhfNth>mjw;F NkNyh KLf;Ftpg;gJ ,ayhj xd;W.

51. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf.

(1) ,aw;gpay; tpjpfs;> midj;J epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf

mikAk;

(2) midj;Jf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspYk; ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; khwpypahFk;

52. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; epa+l;ldpd; epiyk tpjp kw;Wk; ve;jputpay;

tpjpfSf;F cl;gLkhdhy;> mJ epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;.

53. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhjNghjpYk; nghUs; KLf;fkile;jhy;> mJ

epiykk; mw;w Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F epa+l;ld; tpjpfs; nghUe;Jtjp;y;iy.

myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;54. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?

rkkhd mZ vz;izAk;> NtWg;gl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xNu

jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; MFk;. (v.fh) 1H1 1H2

1H3,it epA+l;uhd;

vz;zpf;ifapy; NtWgLk;. xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

55. INrhghh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

rkkhd epiw vz;izAk; NtWg;gl;l mZ vz;izAk; nfhz;l ntt;NtW

jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;. v.fh 8O16 , 7N16, ,it ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk;.

56. INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?rk vz;zpf;ifapy; epA+l;uhd;fis nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;

MFk;. v.fh 6C14 , 8O16

57. mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d?



24

fhh;ghd; 6C12mZtpd; epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpw;F rkk; rhjhuz epiw myfpy;

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg epiw-Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> 1 amu – f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; = 931 MeV558. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d?

mZf;fUtpd; cz;ik epiw m. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Jfs;fspd; epiwia

fhl;bYk; FiwT.

,e;j epiw NtWghL epiw tO vdg;gLfpwJ.mjhtJ Zmp + N mn - m = m (epiw tO) mp – xU GNuhl;lhdpd; epiw> mn – xU epA+l;uhdpd; epiw.

59. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

epiw tO ( m) f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;

vdg;gLfpwJ. gpizg;G Mw;wy; (BE) = m.C2 mZf;fUj; JfSf;fhd gpizg;G

Mw;wy; = BE/A60. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

mZ vz; 82-I tpl mjpfkhd mZ vz; nfhz;l fdkhd jdpkq;fs;

jd;dpr;irahf #> ∃> % Nghd;w fjph;fis ntspapLk; epfo;T fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.61. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d?

C14fjphpaf;fKilaJ. ,jd; miu MAl; fhyk; 5570 Mz;Lfs;

caphpdq;fs; ,wg;G Vw;gLk; NghJ C14 vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ epWj;jg;gl;L C14

rpijtila njhlq;FfpwJ. ,we;j nghUspy; cs;s C14 msit fz;lwpe;Jk;>

rpijT tPjj;ij fz;lwpe;Jk; mJ ,we;j fhyj;ij> mjhtJ mjd; taij

fzf;fplyhk;.

62. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vvd;why; vd;d?

nraw;if Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;nwhU jdpkkhf khw;Wjy;

nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

63. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?

khWepiy gUkd;: xt;nthU gpsitf;F gpwFk; Fiwe;jJ xU

epA+l;uhdhtJ mLj;j gpsitia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; gpsitg;nghUspd;

gUkd; khWepiyg; gUkd; vdg;gLk;.

64. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; gad;fs; ahit?

1. MMuha;r;rp ciyfs;: Muha;r;rpf;F Njitahd epA+l;uhd;fisAk;> fjphpaf;f

INrhNlhg;GfisAk; cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

2. ccw;gj;jp ciyfs;: gpsitf;F cl;glhj> mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis

(U238) gpsitf;F cl;gLk; (Pu239) nghUshf khw;Wfpd;wd. 3. jjpwd; ciyfs;: mZf;fU gpsitapdhy; cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wiy

kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd.

65. mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW.

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J xU

fdkhd mZf;fU cUthFk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izT vdg;gLk;. mZf;fU

,iztpd; NghJ Vuhskhd Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk;.

66. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf.

mZf;fU ,izTj; jj;Jtk; i`l;u[d; Fz;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

mZf;fU ,iztpw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiyia mZf;fU gpsT%yk;

ngwg;gLfpwJ. (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp ntg;gepiy) i`l;u[d; Fz;by;

cUthFk; mZf;fU tpid 1H3 + 1 H2& 2He 4+ 0n1+Mw;wy;.

67. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: - fhkhf; fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd;

nfhz;l fh];kh]; vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk;

Gtpia milAk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;.

68. Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg;glyj;jpDs; EioAk; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;



25

90% GNuhl;lhd;fs;> 9% `Pypak;> kw;Wk; fdkhd mZf;fUf;fSk; cs;sd.

,jd; Mw;wy; 108 MeV.

669. Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s

thAf;fSld; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; tpid Guptjhy; Jiz fh];kpf;

fjpu;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jpy; # Jfs;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs;> vyf;l;uhd;fs;>ghrpl;uhd;fs;> kPrhd;fs;> /Nghl;lhd;fs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; fye;J

,Uf;Fk;.

70. fpa+hp tiuaW?

xU tpdhb fhyj;jpy; 3.7 X 1010 rpijTfis jUk; fjphpaf;f jdpkj;jp;d;

msT 1 fpA+hp vdg;gLk;. ,J xU fpuhk; Nubaj;jpd; fjphpaf;f nray;ghl;bw;F

rkk;.

71. uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW?

xU fpuhk; fhw;wpy; 1.6 X 1012 Nrhb madpfis cUthf;Fk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd;

msT xU uhz;l;Id;; vdg;gLk;.

72. Nrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d?

Nghl;lhd; xd;W mZf;fUit Rw;wpAs;s typikahd kpd;Gyj;Jld; Nrh;e;J

vyf;l;uhd; > ghrpl;uhd; cUthFk; epfo;T Nrhb cUthjy; vdg;gLk;.

Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;l;uhd; ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J Nghl;lhd;

cUthFk; epfo;T gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vdg;gLk;.

myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay;73/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?

khWjpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;;ndhl;lj;ij neh;jpir kpd;dGj;jk;

my;yJ neh;jpif kpd;ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; epfH;t[. #jpUj;Jjy;# vdt[k;.

,e;epfH;t[f;F gad;gLk; rhjdk; jpUj;jp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk;/

74/ xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d?

ouhd;rp*;lh; xd;wpd; Kf;fpa bray;ghL mjd; bgUf;fk; MFk;/ typik Fiwe;j

iriffspd; tPr;rpid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; xU Rw;wikg;g[ bgUf;fp

vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ nkYk; ouhd;rp*;lh; Fiwe;j btspaPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. mjpf

cs;sPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;fk;. kpd;dGj;jg; bgUf;fk;

bfhz;Ls;sJ/ vdnt xU ouhd;rp*;lh; kpd;ndhl;l bgUf;ff; fUtp vd

miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

75/ bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d?

gl;il mfyk; vd;gJ. jhH;t[ btl;L kw;Wk; cah;t[ btl;L

mjph;btz;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l mjph;btz; ,ilbtsp vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/

\ BW = fH - fL



26

776/bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; g{ypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/

g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhitg; gad;gLj;j

ABY1 ∀

CDY2 ∀

CDABY ∋∀ )DC.(AB ∋∀

77/ bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?

NAND kw;Wk; NOR nfl;Lfs; bghJ nfhl;Lfs; vd miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;.

,it kw;w mog;gil yh$pf; bray;ghLfis bra;af;Toait/

NAND kw;Wk; OR nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp mog;gil yh$pf; bfl;Lfs; Md

NOT, OR kw;Wk; AND mikf;fg;gLtij mwpayhk;/

78/ o-khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~

Kjy; njw;wk;~

TLjypd; epug;gp. epug;gpfspd; bgUf;fw;gyDf;Fr; rkkhf mika[k; A kw;Wk; B

vd;gd cs;sPLfs; vdpy;. B.ABA ∀∋,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/

bgUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ epug;gpfspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;/ A kw;Wk; Bvd;gJ cs;sPLfs; vdpy; BAB.A ∋∀

79/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?

bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vd;gJ (IC) xU rpyf;fhd; gofbkd;glyj;jpy; kPJ bray;jpwd;

kw;Wk; bray;jpwdw;w cWg;g[fisa[k; mtw;wpd; ,izg;g[fisa[k; bfhz;ljhFk;/

80/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/

xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; g[ul;Lk; kw;Wk; g[ul;lyw;w cs;sPLf;F ,ilna

kpd;dGj;jk; RHp nthy;l;Lf;Fr; (ov) rkkhf ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gLfpwJ/

vdnt g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL Kida[k; O nthy;l;lhf mika[k;/ ,f;fhuzj;jhy;

g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL khaj;jiu mile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

81/ bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/

OP – AMP d; kpf Kf;fpag; gz;g[fshtd

(i) cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpf mjpfk; my;yJ Kotpypahff; Tl mika[k;/

(ii) bgUf;fk; kpf mjpfk; (Gain)(iii) btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpff; Fiwt[ my;yJ RHp

82/ ,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?

,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il my;yJ cah; Mw;wy;

bgw;Ws;s gl;il. ,izjpwd; gl;il vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,izjpwd;

gl;il gFjpahfnth my;yJ KGikahfnth epug;gg;goUf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; xU

nghJk; fhypahf ,uhJ/

83/ flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?

fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il flj;Jg; gl;il vdg;gLfpwJ/



27

884/ tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d?

,izjpwd; gl;ilf;Fk;. flj;Jg;gl;ilf;Fk; ,ilnaahd ,ilbtsp tpyf;fg;gl;l

Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vdg;gLk;/

Ge = 0.7ev Si = 1.1 ev 85/ cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

xU J}a. khrw;w. Fiwf;flj;jp cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vdg;gLk;/ cs;shh;e;j

Fiwf;flj;jpapy;. fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if

rkkhFk;/

86/ khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d?

cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khRr; nrh;f;if epfH;t[

khNl;ly; vdg;gLk;/

87/ khNl;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

khR mZf;fisg; bgw;Ws;s Fiwf;flj;jp. J}a;ikaw;w my;yJ khNl;lg;gl;l

my;yJ g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/

88/ P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

|d;W ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpW mstpyhd khrpid J}a Fiwf;flj;jpg;

gofj;Jld; nrh;g;gjhy; fpilf;fg;bgWk; gofk; P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp

vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

89/ N-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

Mh;rdpf; nghd;w Ie;J ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpwpa mstpyhd khrid J}a

b$h;khdpa Fiwf;flj;jp gofj;Jld; nrh;f;f. fpilf;fg; bgWk; gofk; N-tif

Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

90/ miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

miyapaw;wp vd;gJ d-c |yj;jpypUe;J Mw;wiyg;bgw;W Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;

khWfpd;w btspaPlhf khw;Wk; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; Rw;whFk;/ btspaPL

kpd;dGj;jj;ijg; bghUj;J miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; tot miyapaw;wpfs;. ird;

totkw;w miyapaw;wpfs; vd ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/

91/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?

bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wf;F fPH;fz;l ew;gad;fs; cz;L/

(i) kpfkpfr; rpwpa cUt mikg;g[ (ii) Fiwe;j jpwid EfUk;/

(iii) ek;gfj; jd;ik (iv) kypthd tpiy (v) kpfkpfr; rpwpa vil

(vi) vspjpy; khw;Wk; trjp Mfpait MFk;/

92/ ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp OR nfl;il tiuf/

93/ Ex - OR nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/

cs;sPL

A BbtspaPL

Y = A(B0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0



28

994/ RUf;Ff A (A+B)A (A+B) = A.A + A.B

= A + A.B= A (1+B)= A .1= A

95/ C RO tpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpL

1/ AC, kw;Wk; DC kpd;dGj;j';fis mstpl

2/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; miytotj;jpid bgw

3/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; mjh;btz;id mstpl

96/ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; OR nfl;od;

cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/

tpil~

97/ BCAY ∋∀ vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid N and nfl;il I kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/

98/ gpd;D}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

bgUf;fpapd; btspapl;oUe;J xU gpd;dgFjpia vLj;J kPz;Lk; cs;sPl;ow;F

mspg;gJ gpd;D}l;lk; vdg;gLk;/

tiffs;

1/ neh;Fwp gpd;D}l;lk;

2/ vjph; Fwp gpd;D}l;lk;

99/ vjph; gpd;D}l;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/

1/ cah;thd epiy epWj;jg;gl;l bgUf;fk;

2/ ,iur;ry; Fiwg;g[

3/ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l gl;il mfyk;

100/ miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit?

bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk;

AAAf∃!

∀1

epge;jidfs;

1/ ∃A = 12/ gpd;ndhl;l tiyiar; Rw;wp

bkhj;j fl;lbgah;r;rp O° my;yJ 2) d; KG kl';FfshFk;



29

1101/ ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

xU ouhd;*p*;lhpd; bray;ghl;L g[s;spia rhpahf njh;e;bjLg;gJk; kw;Wk;

irif mDg;gg;gLk; nghJ. rhpahd ckpH;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;ij epiy

epWj;JtJk;. ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;gspj;jy; vdg;gLk;/

102/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;why; vd;d?

khwhj motha;; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghd; - ckpH;g;ghs; kpd;dGj;j khWghl;ow;Fk;.

mjw;fhd Vw;ghd; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ btspaPL kpd;djph;g;g[

MFk;/

103/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d?

PN re;jpapd; ,Ug[wKk; mjpf mstpy; khNl;lg;gLtjhy; ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd;

,ilbtsp FWfpajhfpwJ/ ,J nghd;w FWfyhd bky;ypa re;jpapy; brdh;

Kwpt[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ mjhtJ Fiwthd jpUg;g[ rhh;g[ toq;fg;gLk; NghJ

typikahd kpd;Gyk; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf cUthFk;. jpUg;G rhh;G kpd;Ndhl;lk;

ngUkkhFk;.

104/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij

tiuaW?

xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gJ bfhLf;fg;gl;l VCEf;F motha; ckpH;g;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; rpwpa khw;wj;jpw;Fk;. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; motha; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/

cs;sPL kpd; vjph;g;g[ ri = CEVB

BE

IV

∗+,

−./00

105/ neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W

ntWgLj;Jf?

1) bjhlh;kpd; iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r;

Rw;Wfs; neh;nghf;F bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/

2) ,yf;f iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs;

,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/

106/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (multimeter) vd;why; vd;d?

gy;gad; kPl;lh; ,J kpd;dGj;jk;. kpd;ndhl;lk;. kpd;jil

nghd;wtw;iw msf;f cjt[k; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; fUtpahFk;/ ,ij AVO kPl;lh; (ampere, voltage, ohm) vd;Wk; Twyhk;/

107/ ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. CB mikg;ig tpl CEmikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;?

CE kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpd;ndhl;lg;bgUf;fk; kw;Wk; kpd; Mw;wy;

bgUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sd/ ,jd; fhuzkhf kw;w ,uz;L Rw;Wfis tplkpf

mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/

108/ AND nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf

Y= A .BA B Y0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1



30

1109/ NOR nfl;Lfis bfhz;L AND nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/

110/

(A+B) (A+C) = A+BC vdf; TWf?

(A+B) (A+C) = A.A+AC+AB+BC= A+AC + AB +BC= A (1+C) + AB + BC= A .1 + AB + BC= A+AB +BC= A (1+B) + BC= A . 1 + BC= A+BC

111/ g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/

ghpkhw;W tpjp

A+B = B+AAB = BA

nrq;g;g[ tpjp

A+(B+C) = (A+B) +CA(BC) = (AB) C

g';fPl;L tpjp

A(B+C) = AB+AC112/ xU fl;l CE bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/

113. xsp ckp;o; ilNahL ( LED ) vd;why; vd;d?Mw;wy; Cl;lg;gLk; NghJ fl;GydhFk; xspia ckpo;fpd;w Kd;Ndhf;F

rhh;gpy; mike;j PN re;jp ilNahL MFk;.



31

1114. gd;Ngw;w vz; -- tiuaW?

gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F gpd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;>

gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F Kd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;s jfT miyg; gz;Ngw;w

vz; vdg;gLk;.

m = ∆Ec / Ec115. jjhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ?

thd; miy guTjypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;F gug;Gk; Gs;spapypUe;J

Vw;Fk; Gs;sp tiu cs;s rpWk njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfs;

1. kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W?

Kjy; tpjp

xU %ba Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpy;

kpd; ,af;F tpir Jhz;lg;gLk;. fhe;j ghak; khWgLk; tiuapy;

Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd; ,af;F tpirAk; ePbf;Fk;.

,uz;lhk; tpjp

xU %ba Rw;wp;y Jhz;lg;gLk; kpd; ,af;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G mr;

Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh; jftpy;

mikAk;.

2. nyd;R tpjpiaf; $W?

xU Rw;wpy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirahdJ mjidf; Jhz;l

fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;j gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;.

3. gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp)

tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eL tpuy;> fl;il tpuy; %d;iwAk;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itf;Fk; NghJ Ms;fhl;b tpuy; fhe;j

Gyj;jpiriaAk;> fl;il tpuy; flj;jp efUk; jpiriaAk; Fwpj;jhy; eLtpuy;

Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria Fwpf;Fk;.

4. Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?

rpwg;G X fjph; epwkhiyapy; Njhd;Wk; thpapd; mjph;ntz; mjid ckpOk;

jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;zpd; ,Ukbf;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;.



32

fzf;Ffs;

1. kpd; tpsf;F Xd;W 240v kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk; mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

0.5A vdpy;;; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jilitf; fzf;fpLf.

Givem v = 240v

I = 0.5A

R = v = 240 = 240 =480 1I 0.5 Y2

R=4801

2. 0.C – y; epf;Nuhk; kpd;jil 101 mjd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; 0.004CePupd; nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.

Given Ro = 10 1

2 = 0.004.C

R100 = ?

Rt = Ro [1+2 t]

R100 = [1+0.004 x 100]

R100 = 14 1

3. 100 W> 220V kpd; gy;G xd;wpd; kpd;dioapd; kpd;jilapidf; fzf;fPLf.

Given P = 100 W

V = 220 V

R = V2=(220)2 = 484

P 100

R = 4841

4. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; 20.48m. ,J

tlf;F Nehf;fp 40ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtp fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd;

nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5T> vdpy; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa J}z;lg;gLk; kpdpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf

Given B=2X 10-5T, l=20.48m; V=40m-s-1

e=- = -Blv=-2x10-5 X20.48 X40

e=-0.0164v



33

5) xU RUspy; ghAk; 4A kpd;Nlhl;lk; 0.5s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf khWk;NghJ

kw;nwhU RUspy; 50mv kpd;dpaf;f tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ vdpy; mt;tpU

RUs;fSf;FfpilNa cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;iz fzf;fpLf

Given I1 = 4A; I2=8A; dt =0.85

e=50x10-3V

m= -e = 50 x 10-3

dI 4 dt 0.5

M= -6.25 x10-3H

6) jstpisT khdpapy; 60CC, rh;f;fiuf; fiury; 300 mm ePsk; nfhz;l

Nrhjidf; FohapDs; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ Row;wg;gLfpwJ. Row;rp jpwd; vz;.60o

vdpy; fiurypy; cs;s rh;f;fiurapd; msT vd;d?

Given

l = 300 mm = 3 decimeter

Ө = 9o S = 60; V = 60cc

m = ӨV = 9x60 = 3 lxS = 3x 60

7) ,e;Jg;G gbfj;jpd; mzpf;Nfhit ,ilntsp d = 2.82 Ao ,g;gbfj;jpidf;

nfhz;L Kjy; thpirapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ngUk miyePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf

Given d = 2.82A ; = 2.84 x 10-10m

n = 13 ngUkk; = 2d SINӨ ngUkk;

n3 ngUkk; = 2X2.82 x 10-10 x1

1

3 ngUkk; = 5.64 x 10-10 m



34

8) 84Po- 218 miu MA+l;fhyk; 3 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fspy; mJ rpijtile;j

tpOf;fhL vd;d?

T ½ =3m; t= 15m15 epkplq;fspy; 5 miu MA+l;fhyk; cs;sd

u) 15 = 5 3

Kjy; miu MA+l;fhyk; Kbtpy; kPjk; cs;sit = 50%

2-tJ ” = 25%

3-tJ ” = 12.5%

4-tJ ” = 6.25%

5-tJ ” = 3.125%

rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL = 100 – 3.125

= 96.875%

9. Nulhdpd; miu MA+l;fhyk; T ½ = 3.8 ehl;fs; mjd; ruhrhp

MA+l;fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLf

3 = T ½ = 3.8 0.6931 0.6931

3 = 5.482 ehl;fs;

10. xU ngUf;fpf;F vjph; gpd;D}l;lk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; ngUf;f vz;.

50-y; ,Ue;J 25-f;F FiwfpwJ. mjd; gpd;D}l;l jftpidf; fhz;f

Af = A 1+∃A

25 = 50 1+∃X50

∃ = 0.02



35

55 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

11. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj;

jUtp.

tpsf;fk;

kpd;fyj;Jlk; ,izf;fg;gl;l xy vd;w

flj;jpiaf; fUJf. xy; ,Ue;J yI Nehf;fp nray;gLk; E vd;w rPuhd kpd;Gyk;

flj;jpapy; epWtg;gLfpwJ.

kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; flj;jpapy;

cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lhuhd;fs; vy;yhj;

jpirfspYk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

,jdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;lhJ.

kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jTld; y Kidapy;

cs;s vyf;uhd;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpH

jpirapy; F = eE vd;w tpiria czUk;. ,jdhy; vyf;uhd;fs;

KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd;

madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf

vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ gpd;Ndhf;fpa tpir nraw;gLk;. ,it

kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhd jpirapy; Vd vd;w rPuhd ruhrhp ,Og;G

jpirNtfj;Jld; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.

fzf;fPL:

,U Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp fhyk; 4 vdTk; vyf;l;uhd; ngWk; KLf;fk;

a vdTk; nfhz;lhy;> ,Og;G jpirNtfk; Vd = a4m epiw nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; KLf;fk;

eEa =

m eE

/ Vd = 4 = μ E m

e4 / μ = μ vd;gJ ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.

m ,af;f vz; vd;gJ XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;G

jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF m2 V-1 S-1

2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;.

L ePsKk;> A nFWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. mjd;

KidfSf;fpilNa E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. flj;jpapd;

XuyF gUkdpy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; Vd vd;w epiyahd ,Og;G

jpitNtfj;Jld; ,lg;gf;fkhf ,aq;Fk;.

flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = nAL vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;lk; = eflj;jp topNa ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; q = (nAL) e

Lkpd;D}l;lq;fs; flj;jpapd; topNa nry;y MFk; fhyk; t = Vd

q (nAL) eflj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = =

t L / Vd

I = n A e Vd



37

55. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.

mmfkpd;jil: kpd;fyj;jpDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

nry;Yk; epfo;tpy; kpd;fyj;jpDs; cs;s

kpd;gF jputk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F xU

kpd;jiliaj; jUfpwJ. ,J kpd;fyj;jpd;

mfkpd;jil vdg;gLk;.

Nthy;l; kPl;lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil

fhzy;:

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;G

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rhtp K jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> kpd;fyj;jpd;

kpd;dpaf;F tpir E mstplg;gLk;. caHkpd;jilAila Nthy;l; kPl;lH

tpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy;

kpd;Rw;iw jpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL

kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;.

R vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp

K %lg;gLk;. R f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd;

FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F rkk; (V) V = IR .................. (1)

kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil r fhuzkhf> Nthy;l; kPl;lH fhl;Lk;

msthdJ V, kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir EI tpl Fiwthf

mikAk;.

V = E-lr (m) lr = E-V ................. (2)

(2) I (1)y; tFf;f RV

VEr ∗+,

−./ !

∀

E,V kw;Wk; R kjpg;Gfs; njhptjhy; mfkpd;jil r kjpg;G

fzf;fplyhk;.

6. fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf

Kjy; tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy;> ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk;

re;jpf;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif

RopahFk;.

kuG: re;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

NeHf;FwpapidAk; re;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntspapy; nry;Yk;

kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjpHf;FwpapidAk; ngWk;.

,uz;lhk; tpjp:

xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s

kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;i;wg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd;

Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F

tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.

kuG: kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis

NeHFwp cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis

vjpHFwp cilajhfTk; fUJNthk;.

7. tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd

epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.

jj;Jtk;:

fphpr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mBg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ



38

mmikg;G:

P, Q, R, S vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Ekpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fyk; A,C Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. B, Df;F ,ilNa G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH

cs;sJ.

G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk;

kpd;Ndhl;lk; I, I1, I2, I3, I4, Ig vd;W gphpfpwJ.tpsf;fk;:

fphpr;r/gpd; Kjy; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpg;gb

re;jp Bapy;> I1 – Ig – I3 = 0 -----------(1)re;jp Dapy> I2 +Ig – I4 = 0 -----------(2)

fpHr;r/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb ABDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLj;j

I1P + IgG - I2R = 0 -----------(3)mNj tpjpia ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLfpwJ.

I1P + I3Q - I4S - I2R = 0 -----------(4)fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; (Ig = 0 ) fhl;Lk;NghJ B kw;Wk; D

Gs;spfs; xNu kpd;dOj;jjpy; mikAk;. Ig =0 vd rkd;ghLfs; (1) (2) (3) y; gpujpapl

I1 = I3 -----------(5)I2 = I4 -----------(6)I1P=I2R ------------(7)

rkd;ghL (5) (6) (7)d; kjpg;Gfis rkd;ghL (4)y; gpujpapl

I1P + I1Q - I2S - I2R = 0I1(P+Q) = I2 (R+S) -----------(8)

rkd;ghL (8)I rkd;ghL (7)My; tFf;f

I1(P+Q) I2 (R+S) =

I1P I2R

PQP ∋ =

RSR ∋ 1+

PQ = 1+

RS

PQ =

RS

QP =

SR

,JNt rkdr; Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid MFk;.

P, Q, R d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpe;jhy; S d; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplyhk;.

8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk;

jj;Jtk;:

tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; nray;Kiw

tbtNk kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;whFk;. ,J

fpHr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;

nray;gLfpwJ.

mikg;G :kpd;jil Gwf;fzpf;fjf;f %d;W jbj;j

jhkpug; gl;ilfs; kug;gyif kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;W jhkpug;

gl;ilfSf;F ,ilapy; G1, G2 vd;w ,U ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. xU kPl;lH ePsKk;> rPuhd jbkDk; nfhz;l



39

khq;fdpd; fk;gp AC msTNfhYf;F ,izahf kug;gyifapd; kPJ ,Oj;Jg;

nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fk;gpapd; kjpg;G njhpahj P vd;w kpd;jil G ,ilntspapYk;> Q vd;w gbj;ju kpd;jil G2 ,ilntspapYk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J vd;w cNyhfj;

njhLNfhyhdJ fhy;tdh kPl;lH (G) kw;Wk; caH kpd;jil (HR) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

AC fk;gpapd; KidfSf;F FWf;Nf nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; rhtp

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nnra;Kiw tpsf;fk;:

kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W fk;gpapd; kPJ njhLNfhiy efHj;jp fhy;tdh

kPl;lhpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;sp Jfk;gpapd; AJ kw;Wk; JC gFjpfs; tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; R>S vd;w kpd;jilfSf;F gjpyhf mikfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ

P R r.AJ = = Q S r.JC

r vd;gJ XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilahFk;.P AJ ℓ1

/ = =Q JC ℓ2

AJ = ℓ1, JC = ℓ2P = Q ℓ1

ℓ2

Kid kpd;jil fhuzkhf 2

1

ll; kjpg;gpy; rpWgpio Vw;gLk;. ,g;gpioia

jtpHf;f P kw;Wk; Q it ,lkhw;wk; nra;J rkd; nra;Ak; Gs;sp J MdJ

fk;gp ACapd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,Uf;FkhW mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;L Pd; ruhrhp kjpg;G

fzf;fplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;:

fk;gpapd; kpd;jil (P) Muk; (r) kw;Wk; ePsk; (L) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;G

njhpAkhdhy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;iz

Pπr2

ρ = rkd;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L fzf;fplyhk;.

L kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;:

t1, t2 ntg;gepiyfspy; fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpd; kpd;jilfs; KiwNa R1, R2 vdpy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; kpd;jil vz;

R2 –R1α = /oC %yk; fzf;fplg;gLfwpJ.

R1t2 – R2t1

9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il mstplg; gad;gLk;

fUtp kpd;dOj;jkhdpahFk;.

mikg;G:kug;gyifapd; kPJ 10kP. ePsKs;s khq;fdpd; fk;gp rPuhdjhf> 1kP. ePsKila 10 gFjpfshf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpf;F



40

,izahf kPl;lH msTNfhYk;> fk;gpapd; ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; njhlHG

Vw;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; njhLNfhy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ.

jjj;Jt tpsf;fk;:

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A>B KidfSf;fpilapy; xU kpd;fy mLf;F Bt> rhtp K cs;sJ. ,jdhy; fk;gpapy; (I) rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ,J Kjd;ik Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk;

njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; A KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Jizr;

Rw;whFk;.

A kw;Wk; Jf;F ,ilapyhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> kpd;fydpd;

kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk;

ghahJ. vdNt fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; fhl;Lk; AJ rkd; nra;Ak;

ePskhFk;.

r vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why;

AJf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = IrℓRop tpyf;f epiyapy; E = IrℓI kw;Wk; r khwpypfshtjhy; E α ℓ,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;

mikAk;.

,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;.

10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F

tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd;

kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis xg;gply;:

jj;Jtk;:

kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;

mikAk; ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd;

jj;JtkhFk;.

mikg;G:

kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gp AB MdJ> kpd;fy

mLf;F (Bt) rhtp (K) kpd;jil khw;wp

Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,J Kjd;ikr; Rw;whFk;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A Kid> DPDT rhtpapd; ikaKid C> cld;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid

D cld; fhy;tdhkPl;lH (G) caH kpd;jil

(HR), njhLNfhy; (J) Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. DPDTrhtpapd; C1, D1 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E1 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l

kpd;fyDk; C2, D2 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l

kpd;fyDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tpsf;fk;:

Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdTk;> XuyF ePs

kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vdTk; fUJf. DPDT rhtpia jFe;jthW rPuikj;J> E1 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy;

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp

fhytdhkPl;lH Roptpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;gbr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ1 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = I r ℓ1



41

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtg;gb E1 = I r ℓ1 .................. (1)E2 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izAk;gb DPDT rhtpia rhpnra;J

gpwF fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; Rop tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ2fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ2f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

E2 = I r ℓ2 .................. (2)rkd;ghLfs; (1)I (2)My; tFf;f

E1 ℓ1=

E2 ℓ2111. ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia

tpthp.

Kjy;tpjp;

kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (m) kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa

ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;F NeHjftpy; mikAk;> t fhy mstpw;F nrYj;jg;gLk;

kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdpy; m ! q (or) m = z I t ,q;F z mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz;> myF KgC-1

ghuNlapd; KKjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;:

kpd;gFg;Gfyd; xd;Wld; kpd;fy mLf;F> rhtp>

kpd;jil khw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lH Mfpait njhluhf

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> Nja;j;Jf;

fOtp Jilj;J cyu itj;j gpd;dH mjd; epiwia

fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjid kPz;Lk; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.

I1 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhy

mstpw;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mk;kPl;lhpd; cjtpahy;

kpd;Ndhl;lk; mstplg;gLfpwJ. vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa

vLj;J> ed;whf ePhpy; myrp> cyu itj;J> kPz;Lk;

mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw m1

fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. vjpu; kpd;thia

kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp I2 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhyj;jpw;F nrYj;jp ntspg;gLk;

jdpkj;jpd; epiw m2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

m1 I1,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.

m2 I2

/ m ∀ IxNu msTs;s I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; t1,t2 vd;w ntt;NtW fhy msT nrYj;jp>

ntspg;gLk; jpz;kj;jpd; epiwfs; KiwNa m3, m4 vd fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd.

,g;NghJ 2

1

4

3

tt

mm

# vd miktijf; fhzyhk;

/ m ∀ t ; m ∀ I t (or) m ∀ q vd mwpayhk;

12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia tpthp.

,uz;lhk; tpjp

kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;D}l;lk;

nrYj;jg;gLk;nghOJ> xU kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw (m)

mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F (E) NeHjftpy; mikAk;.

m α E



42

CuSO4 kw;Wk; AgNO3 Nghd;w ntt;NtW fiury;fs; nfhz;l ,U

kpd;gFg;Gf; fyq;fs;> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp

kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lUld; njhluhf

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhkpu kpd;thia CuSo4fiurypYk;;;>; nts;sp kpd;thia AgNo3fiurypYk; nrUf Ntz;Lk;.

vjpH kpd;tha;fis vLj;J ed;whf

Nja;j;Jf; fOtp> cyu itj;J gpwF mtw;wpd;

epiwfis fhz Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp

rpwpJ Neuk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

vjpHkpd;tha;fis ntspNa vLj;J

ed;whf fOtp> cyu itj;J gBe;j jhkpuk;

kw;Wk; nts;spapd; epiwfs; m1, m2fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

m1 E1,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.

m2 E2E1, E2 vd;git jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wfs; MFk;.

/m ∀ E MFk;;;

13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;. njtpl;ba jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiuay; - kpd;gFspahFk;

jhkpug; ghj;jpuk; - NeHkpd;tha;

Jj;jehf jz;L – vjpHkpd;tha;Ez; Jis ghz;lj;jpy; ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyk; Mf;]PfuzpahFk;.

Zn jz;L ePh;j;j H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++madpjUk;.

,J Ez; Jisfs; topNa nrd;W CuSO4y; Cu++ madpfis cUthf;fp jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Jj;jehf

jz;bypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhkpuj;jpy; cs;s NeHkpd;

madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;. ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,jdhy;

jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.

Nldpay; kpd;fyk; jUk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08 V ePz;l

Neuj;jpw;F epiyahd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juhJ.

14.nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;

njtpl;ba mNkhdpak FNshiuL fiury; - kpd;gF

jputk;

Jj;jehf jz;L vjpHkpd;tha;

khq;fdPR –il – Mf;i]by; fhHgd; jz;L>

%lg;gl;l Ez;Jis ghz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ NeHkpd;tha;

Zn + 2NH4 Cℓ 2NH3 + ZnCℓ2 + 2H+ +2e-

Mf;]p[Ndw;wj;jhy; Nfj;Njhby; Zn++madpfshfTk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fshfTk;

khw;wkilAk;. Zn++madpfs; NH4Cℓ cld; tpidGhpe;J ZnCℓ2 Tk; mk;Nkhdpah

thATk; jUk;.

i`l;u[d; madpfs; Ez;Jis topNa MnO2 cld; tpidGhpe;J mtw;wpd;

NeHkpd;D}l;lk; fhHgd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gLk;.

fhHgd; kw;Wk; Jj;jehf jz;Lfis ntspapy; ,izf;Fk;NghJ Zn ypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; C I mile;J mjd; NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;.

vdNt C apypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.,jd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.5V kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.25A ,J njhlHr;rpahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; juhJ.



43

115. fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyk;;; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyj;jpy; cWjpahd ug;gu; my;yJ fz;zhbahy; Md

ghj;jpuk; cs;sJ. ePu;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; - kpd;gF jputk;nkd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l fhuPak; - vjpu;kpd;tha;fhuPa Mf;i]L - Neu;kpd;tha; kpd;fyd; ntspr;Rw;wpy;

,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ NfNjhby; Vw;gLk; Mf;]pINdw;w

tpidapy; fhuPak; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J

fhuPa ry;Ngl; kw;Wk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisj; jUk;.

vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntspr;Rw;wpy; NfNjhbypUe;J

MNdhbw;Fr; nry;Yk;. vdNt> MNdhby;> Mf;]pId;

,wf;f tpid eilngWk;. MNdhby;> fhuPa Mf;i]L

fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl;il

jUk;NghJ> ,U vyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiy Mf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ntspr;Rw;wpy; kuG

kpd;Ndhl;lk; MNdhbypUe;J NfNjhbw;F ghAk;. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 2.2

Nthy;l; kpd;gFjputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp 1.28.

7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;Gkw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;

16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.

,J xspkpd; tpisit Muha cjTk;

NrhjidahFk;.

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l FthHl;]; Fkpo;

xd;wpDs; Nfj;NjhL C kw;Wk; MNdhL

A vd;w ,uz;L Jj;jehfj; jfLfs;

cs;sd.

jfLfs;> kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; czHTkpf;f

fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jfLfspd; kPJ vt;tpj fjpHtPr;Rk; tpohjNghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;

Vw;gLtjpy;iy. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfotpy;iy).

fjpHtPr;R vjpHkpd;thapd; NfNjhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;

tpyf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfo;fpwJ)

fjpHtPr;R NeHkpd;thapd; MNdhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;

tpyf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy.

,e;j NrhjidapypUe;J xspkpd; tpisT fhuzkhf ckpog;gLk; Jfs;fs;

vjpHkpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwptpd;

tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.

MNdhLf;Fk;> Nfj;NjhLf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilAk;> gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd;

mjpHntz;izAk; epiyahf itj;J gLk;

fjpHtPr;rpd; ntwpit khw;wp> mjw;Fhpa xsp

kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhy;tdhkPl;lupy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.

gLfjphpd; nrwpit mjpfhpf;f> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk;

NeHNfhl;Lg; gFjpahf mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ>

xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLk; fjphpd; nrwptpw;F

NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.



44

118. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.

Fwpg;gpl;l xu; cNyhfg;gug;gpw;F gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk;>

nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L>

jfLfSf;F ,ilNa jug;gLk;

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il (V) rhHe;J xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;

khWghL fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.

MNdhL (A)-f;Fj; jug;gLk; NeH kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ

xspkpd;Ndhl;lKk; mjpfhpj;J

njtpl;L epiyia milfpd;wJ.

MNdhL (A)-f;F vjpH kpd;dOj;jk;

mspj;jhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; cldbahf Rop kpjpg;ig miltjpy;iy.

vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lhy; xsp

kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;J Fwpg;gpl;l vjpH kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Rop kjpg;ig

milfpd;wJ.

Xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpH

kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; (m) epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

xNu mjpHntz;Zf;F> njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;> fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwpTfSf;F

NeHj;jftpy; cs;sJ vd;gij tiuglk; fhl;LfpwJ.

epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk;> gLfjphpd; Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;Zf;F

nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y.

19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp

gLfjphpd; nrwpit epiyahf itj;J %d;W ntt;ntW jpHntz;fSf;F

nfhLf;fg;gl;l V kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk;

khWgLtij glk; fhl;LfpwJ.

gLfjphpd; mjpHntz; mjpfnkdpy; epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; V0 d; kjpg;Gk;

mjpfk;.

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ> mjpHntz;zpw;F

NeHj; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;; nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y vd mwpayhk;.

gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;Fk;> mjw;Fhpa epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa

tiuglk; tiuAk; NghJ NeH;NfhL cUthFk;.

∃ 0 - vd;w mjpHntz;zpw;F fPNo epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; RopahFk;.

Xsp kpd; tpisT eilngwhJ. ,e;j mjpHntz; cNyhfj;jpd; gad;

njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j mjpHntz;zpw;F Nky; xspkpd;

tpisT epfOk;.

Xspapd; nrwpT vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xsp

kpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpd;wNjh> me;j rpWk mjpHntz;> gad;

njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gL;k;;

ntt;NtW cNyhfq;fSf;F gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ntt;Ntwhdit.



45

220. xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfis $W.

1. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT

mjpfk; ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk;

epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjpHntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz;

vdg;gLk;.

2. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czHjpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F gLfjpH tPr;rpd;

mjpHntz;zhdJ gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz;iz tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLfjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

3. xspkpd; ckpo;T xU cldb epfo;thFk;. mjhtJ fjpHtPr;R gLtjw;Fk;

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLtjw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhyg; gpd;dilT ,Uf;fhJ.

4. xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;F

NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; nrwptpidr; rhHe;jjy;y.

21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.

gLfjpu; tPr;rpd; xU /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; cNyhfj;jpYs;s xU vyf;l;uhDf;Fk;

,ilNa epfOk; gpd;dpa nray; tpistpdhy; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.

gLfjpH tPr;rpd; h∃ Mw;wy; nfhz;l xU /Nghl;lhd; cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy;

NkhJk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wy; ,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

1. gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wypd; xU gFjp cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J

ntspNaw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wy; cNyhfj;jpd; xspkpd; ntspNaw;W

Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

2. Mw;wypd; vQ;rpa gFjp ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff;

nfhLf;fg;gLk;. vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw m> jpirNtfk; V vdpy;

/Nghl;ldpd; Mw;wy; = ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; + vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;

h∃ = W + ½ mV2 . . . (1)

mf Nkhjy;fspy; Mw;wy; ,of;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy; (h∃ – W)

vd;w KO Mw;wYk; vyf;l;uhdp;d; ,af;f Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;Fk;.

/ h∃ = W + ½ mV2

ngUkk;

. . . (2)

,J Id;];Bd; xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd rkd;ghL.

mjpHntz; ∃ > gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ∃ 0 tpw;F rkk; vdpy; vyf;l;uhdpd;

,af;f Mw;wy; RopahFk;.

/ h∃ 0 = W . . . (3)

(3) I (2) ,y; gpujpapl>h∃ - h∃ 0 = ½ mV2

ngUkk;

h(∃ - ∃ 0 ) = ½ mV2ngUkk;

,J Id;];Bd; xsp kpd; tpisT rkd;ghl;bd; kw;nwhU tbtk;.

22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ FthHl;]; Fohapy; rPrpak; Mf;i]L

G+rpa miu cUis tbt Nfj;NjhL jfL (C) kpd;fydpd; vjpHkpd; KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;. A vd;w MNdhL

gpshl;bdf; fk;gp xspkpd;fydpd; NeHKidAld; Nfj;NjhL

jfL (C) d; mr;rpy; mikAkhW itf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;.

jFe;j miyePsk; nfhz;l xsp Nfj;NjhL kPJ tpOk; NghJ

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gl;L MNdhlhy; ftug;gl;L Vw;gLk;

kpd;Ndhl;lk;> xU ikf;Nuh mk;kPl;lh; nfhz;L

msf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;zpy; Njhd;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xspapd;

nrwptpw;F NeHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.



46

223. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?

1. jpiug;glj; Jiwapy;> xspkpd; fyd;fs; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;

gad;gLfpd;wd.

2. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

3. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f cjTfpd;wd.

4. ntg;gepiy gw;wp MuhaTk;> tpz;kPd;fspd; epwkhiyfis mwpaTk;

xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

5. tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; NghJ> #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;

ngWtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd.

6. xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ik mstpLk; fUtpfspy; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd.

7. fjTfisj; jhdhf jpwf;fTk;> %lTk; gad;gLk; mikg;Gfspy;

xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

8. jpUlH mwptpg;G kzp> jP mwptpg;G kzpfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.

Mw;wYf;fhd gpshq;fpd; rkd;ghl;ilAk; (miy)> Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;bidAk;

(Jfs;)> b gpuhyp rkd;gLj;jpdhH.

gpshq;f; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> ∃ mjpHntz; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; ngw;wpUf;Fk;

Mw;wy; E = h∃ . . . (1)

,q;F h vd;gJ gpshq;f; khwpypId;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd;gb> m epiwf;Fr; rkkhd Mw;wy;

E = mC 2 . . . (2)

,q;F c vd;gJ xspapd; jpirNtfk;C h∃ = mC 2 vdpy;

%hC = mC 2 my;yJ % =

mCh

. . . (3) (#∃ = c/%)

v jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; JfSf;F C = v vdpy;> rkd;ghL (3)ypUe;J

% = mVh =

Ph

. . . (4)

,q;F p = mv, Jfspd; ce;jkhFk;. ,e;jg; gUg;nghUspd; miyfs; kpf Nyrhdj;

Jfs;fSf;F kl;Lk; fzprkhd miyePsj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

NkYk; meVh

2#% vd vOjyhk;

25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.

etPd vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp vd;gJ vyf;l;uhd;

cl;GFk; tifapidr; rhHe;jJ. ,jpy; Fiwe;j

Ftpaj; njhiyT nfhz;l fhe;j nyd;Rfs; kP

caH cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd.

& kpd;dpioahy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs;

vyf;l;uhd; Jg;ghf;fp vd;w mikg;gpdhy;

KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

& ,e;j nky;ypa vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw Ftpf;Fk;

fhe;j nyd;R(A) topNa nrYj;jg;gl;L

,izf; fw;iwahf cUg;ngUf;f Ntz;ba

nghUs; kPJ tpOfpwJ.

& nghUis CLUTk; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw

nghUspd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

fhe;jg; nghUsUF nyd;R (B) vyf;l;uhd;



47

! fw;iwia thpf; fw;iwahf khw;wp nghUspd; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l

gpk;gj;jpid cz;lhf;Fk;.

! tPo;j;Jk; nyd;R (C) NkYk; gpk;gj;jpid cUg;ngUf;fp xspHjpiuapy;

cUthf;Fk;.

! ,g;gpk;gj;jpid xspHjpiuapy; Neubahf fhzyhk; (m) Gifg;glj; jfLfisf; nfhz;L epiyahd gjpTfis ngwyhk;.

! ,f;fUtp KOtJk; ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l $lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

vvyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:

(i) njhopw;rhiyfspy;> E}ypiofspd; mikg;G> cNyhfg; gug;Gfs;> tz;zg;

G+r;Rfspd; Mf;ff; $Wfs; Nghd;witfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg;

gad;gLfpd;wJ.

(ii) kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy;> itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wp mwpe;J

nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

(iii) ,aw;gpaypy;> mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J

nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:

vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ caH ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy;

me;epiyapy; Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff; $ba capHg; nghUs;fisg;

gw;wp mwpa ,e;j Ez;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.

26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

njhlf;fj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s S kw;Wk S’ vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fisf; fUJNthk;. S’ Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; jz;L xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s Ma;thsH O jz;bd; ePsj;ij ∀0 vd mstpLfpd;whH.

S’ Fwpg;ghak;> NeHFwp X-mr;rpd; jpirapy;

v vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk;NghJ> s-y; cs;s Ma;thsuhy; jz;bd; ePsk; ∀ vd mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;NghJ 2

2

0 1Cvll #∃

mjhtJ ∀ < ∀0vdNt> Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsiug; nghUj;J v jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;

jz;bd; ePsk;> ,af;f jpirapy; 2

2

1Cv

#

vd;w msT FWf;fkilAk;. ,J nyhud;l;];- gpl;];n[uhy;L (Lorentz – Fitzgerald)FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpf Ntfkhd efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs;

xd;W ePs;tl;lkhfj; njhpAk;.

27. fhy ePl;bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

S kw;Wk; s’ vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; S’ Fwpg;ghak; S Ig; nghWj;J

v vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; Neu;jpir X mr;rpy; ,aq;Ftjhff;

nfhs;Nthk;.

S’ Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s xU fbfhuk; t0 fhy ,ilntspapy; iriffisntsptpLtjhff; fUJNthk;. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s Ma;thsu;,e;jf; fhy ,ilntspiaf; fzf;fpl;lhy; mtuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp

t vdpy;>



48

2

2

0

1CV

tt

#

∃

mjhtJ> t > t0 S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsUf;F fhy

,ilntsp

2

2

1

1

CV

#

mstpw;F ePz;L fhzg;gL;k;.

mjhtJ> ,e;j Ma;thsUf;F> ,af;f epiyapy; cs;s fbfhuk; nkJthf

nry;tjhf Njhd;Wk;. ,J fhy ePl;bg;G vdg;gLk;.

28. Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.

Xa;T epiw m0 nfhz;l nghUspd; kPJ F vd;w tpir X-jpirapy;nray;gLtjhff; fUJNthk;. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb. tpirahdJ ce;j

khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkk;.

mjhtJ )mv(dtdF ∃ . . . (1)

rhHgpay; nfhs;ifg;gb> epiwAk; jpirNtfKk; khwpfshFk;. vdNt

dtdmv

dtdvmF %∃ … (2)

F vd;w tpirahy; nghUs; mile;j ,lg;ngaHr;rp dx vdpy;> nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G.

d Ek = F dx

mjhtJ F = (m dtdv + v

dtdm ) dx

= m dv dtdx +v dm

dtdx

dEk = m v d v + v 2dm . . . (3)

Id;];Bdpd; rhHgpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

2

20

Cv1

mm

#

∃

22

2202

vCCmm

#∃

m2C 2 - m2v2 = m02C 2

tiff;nfO fhz>

C 2 2m dm - v2 2m dm - m2 2v dv = 0. C 2dm = mv dv + v2 dm . . . (4)

rkd;ghLfs; (3) kw;Wk; (4)I xg;gpl> dEk = C 2 dm . . . (5)



49

vdNt> ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; khWghL dEk epiw khWghl;bw;F (dm) NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;. nghUs; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> jpirNtfk; Rop. kw;wk;

m = m0nghUspd; jpirNtfk; v vDk;NghJ mjd; epiw m MFk;. vdNt rkd;ghL (5)I

&KE

KdE0

= C2 &m

m

dm0

Ek = C 2 (m – m0) = mC 2 - m0C 2

,J ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd rhHgpay; rkd;ghL MFk;. m0 vd;gJ Xa;Tepiw

kw;Wk m0C 2 vd;gJ mf Mw;wy;. (Xa;T epiwf;fhd Mw;wy; my;yJ Xa;T

Mw;wy;)

/ nkhj;j Mw;wy; = ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; + Xa;T epiwf;fhd Mw;wy;;

E = Ek + m0C 2

= mC 2 - m0C 2 + m0C 2

E = mC 2

,JNt Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL MFk;.

29. epiwf;Fk;> Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iz khw;wj;jpd; cl;nghUs; gw;wpp

tpthpf;fTk;.

epiwia Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk;. ,Nj Nghy; Mw;wiy epiwahf khw;w

KbAk;. ,JNt epiw Mw;wy; ,izkhw;W vdg;gLfpwJ.

epiwAila Jfs;fis epiw RopahFkhW khw;w KbAk;. ,Njg; Nghd;W

epiwaw;w Jfs;fis epiwAila Jfs;fshf khw;w KbAk;.

mjhtJ epiw Mw;wyhf khWk;. mNjg; Nghy; Mw;wy; epiwahf khWk;.

(v.fh.)

jdpj; njhFjpapd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; khwhJ.

vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J (epiwAs;sit) ,U /Nghl;lhd;fs;

cUthFk; (epiwaw;wit).

Mw;wy; kpf;f /Nghl;lhd; (Rop epiw) xd;W vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; Nrhbia

(epiwAs;sit) cUthf;Fk;.



50

110 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;



51Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/


69

ttpilfs;

1 < 2 , 3 M 4 < 5 < 6 M

7 < 8 M 9 M 10 M 11 m 12 ,

13 < 14 m 15 m 16 m 17 < 18 ,

19 m 20 M 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 M

25 < 26 < 27 m 28 m 29 M 30 m



cvt©vp - way to success · 1 cvt©vp created with print2pdf. to remove this line, buy a license...

Documents