curricula ma

8/14/2019 Curricula Ma

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Curriculum Vitae

Shrikant Shukla121-C LIG Flats Pkt-A-3 Mayur Vihar Phase -3 New

Delhi-96

Mobile: 9999507703 E-mail:[email protected] goal is to be associated with a professional organizationwhere I can both utilize my experience and continue to expandmy knowledge and ability in all aspects.Experience Worked in OASIS Management Institute for one year as a

Training Manager in Marketing Division.

Working in NBO building Nirman Bhawan Ministry of RuralDevelopment as a Computer Operator in financedepartment New Delhi.

Computer Skill (MS.Office), MS Word, MSEXel, MSPower Point Training in

2004 from S.Tech Computers, Sultanpur (U.P.) Good knowledge of Internet.

Educational Qualification

Passed high School from ICN Sultanpur (U.P) Passed Intermediate from GIC Sultanpur (U.P)
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Passed B.A. from Avadh University Faizabad (U.P) Passed M.A. (English) from Avadh University Faizabad (U.P)

Personal DetailsFathers Name: Shri Ram Chandra ShuklaLanguage Known: English Hindi,Marital Status: MarriedDate of Birth: 01/01/1981Hobby: Listening radio, songs & stories.Nationality: IndianReligion: Hindu

Date: (ShrikantShukla)

Place:


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If I were Prime Minister...

Four McGill students among top ten finalists in Magna

contest

Mark Reynolds | If you were Prime Minister, what would you do? Cut taxes? Beef up themilitary? Send Paul Martin on a five-year "fact-finding" mission to Ellesmere?

Megalomaniacal daydreaming aside, being PM is a tough job, but four McGill students havea bit of a handle on how they'd start. Noah Billick, Nicholas Gafuik, Reynolds Mastin andAmitabh Saxena are among the ten finalists in the ninth "If I Were Prime Minister" essaycontest sponsored by auto-parts manufacturer Magna Inc.

George Marsland, executive director of the Magna for Canada scholarship program, said hedoes not recall such a large contingent of finalists coming from one university before. It's animpressive feat: there were 500 entries this year, and these were narrowed down to 50 semi-finalists and then to the final 10.

Marsland explained that the goal of the contest is to create a community of young people whoare engaged in public policy.

"We believe it's important to give back to the society and the country that we operate in. Webelieve that young people are the most important agents of change, and it's important in ahealthy society for political institutions to have the input of young people," he said.

They put their money where their mouth is. Each of the 50 semi-finalists received $500 andother prizes worth $2,500. The 10 finalists receive a further $10,000, plus a four-monthinternship at Magna or at an NGO, as well as having their essay published in the contest'sannual anthology. The winner gets a further $10,000 ($20,500 total), plus a year-longinternship.


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It's no walk in the park. Contestants submit a 2,500-word essay on "If you were PrimeMinister of Canada what political vision would you offer to improve our living standards andensure a secure and prosperous global community?" They then have to present and defendtheir ideas to a panel of judges that include Jean Charpentier (former press secretary toTrudeau), Major-General Richard Rohmer and journalists Mike Duffy, Joan Crockatt andMichael Harris. The winner will be announced at a gala in Ottawa in November.

The four McGill finalists drew on their own backgrounds and experiences. Noah Billick is aMBA/law student who, before returning to school after his undergrad, had been both astockbroker and high-school teacher. He focused on the global security aspect of the question.

"When you look at the objective measures [like the UN Human Development Index], Canadaalways ranks very high," he said, adding that our country already has a very successfuldemocratic tradition with good standards of living and accountable institutions. Billick

believes that other nations can benefit from Canada's expertise. Already countries like SouthAfrica have looked to Canada's constitution to rebuild their own institutions post-Apartheid.

Billick proposed formalizing this process by creating a knowledge bank of both proceduresand experts that would be available to countries that requested them. Through this, Canada

would gain international influence and respect. Ideally, countries that used our model wouldbecome more stable and economically competitive.

"A safer and more prosperous world benefits all of us," he said.

Fellow law student (and also a former teacher) Reynolds Mastin chose to focus on an issue alittle closer to home in his essay. Growing up in Northern Ontario, Mastin was appalled at the

poverty in which Canada's native people live on the nation's reserves. He listed a number ofideas to rectify what he considers to be one of Canada's greatest failings.

His ideas are somewhat controversial. One would be to sell reserve lands to occupants for $1.This would allow individuals to get bank credit although it could also transform thereserve system beyond recognition. Another idea was to set up a National Aboriginal School

of the Arts in Saskatoon.


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His most controversial idea was to set up a social assistance program for off-reserve natives.Access to the program would require drug and alcohol counselling, unless the individualwished to participate in an approved testing program to receive an exemption, or obtained anote from a doctor or addictions counsellor. It's an idea that has drawn a lot of fire.

"That part of the policy seemed to overshadow everything else," he said ruefully.

"I wanted to put it in to provoke debate more than anything else. I think [the judges]respected that I put it in and argued for it."

Mastin said that in the end, he realizes such a policy does have serious flaws, but notdiscussing what are real problems will not do any good either. "I think the moral worth of thecountry is at stake."

Nicholas Gafuik looked more to Canada's international image in his essay. The MA student inhistory said that Canada has slipped greatly from our golden age of diplomacy in the 1950s.Regaining that place in the world would be his priority were he to occupy 24 Sussex.

More money for the military would be an important first step.

"I think for Canada to be strong at home, we have to be strong abroad," he said.

Our international achievements have historically been a source of pride for Canadians fromcoast to coast. To continue that effectiveness, we need to be able to adapt to the new realitiesof globalization, terrorism and an activist American government. Of his manyrecommendations, Gafuik suggested that Canada take the lead in reforming the United

Nations' structure. Gafuik did his presentation from Cambodia, where he was working withThe Future Group, an NGO he helped found.

Amitabh Saxena's entry was also coloured by international experience: he wrote his essaywhile travelling through Africa, working with an organization that provides computer literacytraining to impoverished Kenyans.

Saxena advocates more international linkages for Canadian students through exchange

programs and internships with Canadian companies abroad. His other priorities includelowering our trade dependency on the U.S., eliminating subsidies for Canadian farmers so


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poorer countries can compete more fairly on the international market, and dropping tariffsand providing international credit.

"Canada can be a catalyst just by encouraging trade and dropping these tariffs, because rightnow we're not even giving them a chance," he said.

None of the McGill finalists have decided what sort of internship they will look for with

Magna or an NGO, but much of the money they've already won has been spoken for. Mastinand Gafuik are both paying off student debt. Saxena an engineering graduate is talkingwith his former faculty about establishing a leadership scholarship for deserving students.Billick, on the other hand, was able to put his to immediate use. "The money is nice because I

just got married this summer. It was welcome."

For more information, please see www.asprimeminister.com

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To,The Section OfficerIFD DivisionDepartment of Land Resources,G- Wing, NBO Building,Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi.

Subject:- Request for Leave.

Sir,

With due respect I wish to inform you that due to

some urgent domestic work I will not attend office from

10.03.2008 to 14.03.2008 .So kindly grant me 5 days

leave for the same.

Yours faithfully

Dated: 05.03.2008(MD.Naushad kazmiDEO)


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Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Charactersen

1


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Hamlet Characters guide studies each character's role and motivation inthis play.

Hamlet: Son of the late King Hamlet of Denmark and nephew to the presentKing. Famous for the graveyard scene where holding the skull of deceased

jester Yorick, Hamlet realizes man has little lasting control over his fate and alsofor describing man as the "paragon of animals!" Educated in Wittenburg andintroduced to us in Act I, Scene II, Hamlet resents his mother Queen Gertrudemarrying King Claudius within two months of his father King Hamlet's death towhich she was previously married.

Distrustful of King Claudius, Hamlet is equally weary of the King's spies,Guildenstern and Rosencrantz who attempt to know his true intentions. WhenHamlet meets King Hamlet's Ghost and learns that King Claudius murdered hisfather, Hamlet changes from a distrustful, disillusioned young man to onedriven to avenge his father's death. To this end, Hamlet distrusts and rejects allthose around him whom he believes are spying on him for King Claudius.

Fearing that his intentions could be revealed, Hamlet invents a madness todistract and hide his true intentions from King Claudius' many spies. Thisincludes Ophelia, the women he loves whom he bitterly rejects when he learnsshe has betrayed him.

Cunning and inventive, Hamlet changes the lines of a play performed beforeKing Claudius to divine whether King Hamlet's Ghost told him the truth abouthis father's death. At the end of the play, Hamlet kills both Rosencrantz and

Guildenstern (indirectly), Laertes and finally King Claudius before dyinghimself from a wound inflicted by Laertes.
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Horatio: Friend to Hamlet and the one person Hamlet truly trusts. WitnessesKing Hamlet's Ghost in Act I. At the end of the play, Horatio wishes to commitsuicide to join Hamlet in death but Hamlet convinces him to live so he can tellhis story, restoring Hamlet's name.

Claudius: The present King of Denmark, King Claudius took Queen Gertrudewhom he loves as his queen and wife, much to the consternation of Hamlet whobelieves his mother has betrayed him and his father's memory by doing so.Cautious and suspicious, Claudius has courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildensternand Hamlet's love interest Ophelia spying on Hamlet for him since as he says,the great ones must be watched. Distrustful of Hamlet and his "madness", KingClaudius has Hamlet deported to England to be killed when he fears he has

become a threat.

Instead, Hamlet returns to Denmark, and King Claudius manipulates Laertesinto killing Hamlet for him. Unfortunately, King Claudius' plan to poisonHamlet backfires, killing his beloved Queen Gertrude instead. In Act III, SceneIII, King Claudius reveals his inner guilt and the knowledge that he cannotavoid God's judgment of him... Dies at the end of the play to the poison tippedsword of Hamlet.

Gertrude: Queen of Denmark and mother to Hamlet, Queen Gertrude isresented deeply by Hamlet for marrying King Claudius within two months ofhis father, King Hamlet's death. Hamlet makes this bitterly clear throughout the

play especially in his first soliloquy in Act I, Scene II. Queen Gertrude loves herson but when she sees a play mocking her actions, she famously says of the

female character who vows never to forget her husband, "The lady doth [does]protest too much, methinks [I think]", (Act III, Scene II, Line 242) in an attempt


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to justify her own actions in remarrying so quickly. Clearly loving of Hamlet,she realizes her wrong when Hamlet scolds her mercilessly in Act III, Scene V.She agrees to no longer share King Claudius' bed, and aids her son by hidingHamlet's true mental state from King Claudius. Dies in Act V, Scene II, to a

poisoned cup of wine meant for Hamlet.

Polonius: Lord Chamberlain. The father of Laertes and Ophelia, LordChamberlain Polonius dutifully serves King Claudius. When news of Hamlet'smadness circulate, Polonius is certain that his daughter Ophelia is responsible,having made Hamlet lovesick. Worried that Hamlet's intentions for his daughterare dishonorable, Polonius orders Ophelia to keep her distance. Later whenKing Claudius needs information, Polonius uses his daughter to spy on Hamlet.He even has Reynaldo, a servant spy on his own son Laertes in Paris. Anenthusiastic spy for King Claudius, Polonius is killed by Hamlet when heattempts to listen in on a conversation between Hamlet and Queen Gertrude in

Act III, Scene IV. His death leads to Ophelia's madness and later drowningbrought on by grief and also to Laertes' alliance with King Claudius to killHamlet, to avenge Polonius, his father's death.

Reynaldo: Servant to Polonius,Reynaldo is instructed to spy on his Laertes inParis in Act II, Scene I.

Laertes: Polonius' son, Laertes is held in high esteem for his fencing skills.Famous for the advise, "to thine own self be true," (be true to yourself) and theadvise to "Neither a borrower, nor a lender be;" in Act I, Scene III. Laertes' rolein this play is minor until the death of his father Polonius. From this point on,

Laertes emerges as rather more assertive, confronting King Claudius personallyto know his father's whereabouts, arguing with a Priest for being disrespectful to


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his sister, fighting Hamlet above his sister's grave and ultimately conspiring toand killing Hamlet with the help of King Claudius. We see little of Laertes'inner character however since he responds to events continuously. Loving of hissister Ophelia, he must watch his sister's cruel decay into madness helplesslyfollowing his father's death. Dies in Act V, Scene II, the victim of a woundinflicted upon him by Hamlet with his own poison tipped sword.

Ophelia: The daughter to Polonius, Ophelia is loved by Hamlet. Unfortunatelyas Queen Gertrude laments at Ophelia's funeral, Ophelia never marries Hamlet.Dutiful to her father, she ignores Hamlet's romantic overtures when instructed toignore them by her father Polonius. Receives advice on how to live from brotherLaertes in Act I, Scene III. Though loved by Hamlet, Ophelia ultimately betrayshim by spying on him for King Claudius. As a result Hamlet mercilessly insultsher virtue during the play "The Murder of Gonzago" in Act III, Scene II. Adutiful daughter, Ophelia descends into madness from the grief of losing her

father Polonius and later drowns in circumstances that suggest a possiblesuicide. Her funeral is the location of a fight between Hamlet and Laertes thatcenters on which loved her more; Hamlet believes he did, resenting Laertesexaggerated emphasis of his sorrow...

Fortinbras: Prince of Norway. The son of King Fortinbras, who was defeatedby King Hamlet, Young Fortinbras has raised an army to reclaim the lands lostby his father to King Hamlet and Denmark. Convinced into attacking the Polishinstead, Young Fortinbras displays all the noble, honor driven qualities, Hamletwishes he had. At the end of the play, Young Fortinbras is recommended by

Hamlet to be the next King of Denmark. Parallels Hamlet's character in that likeHamlet his father was a ruler (King of Norway) and that both are now nephews


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to the current rulers of their lands..

Rosencrantz, Guildenstern: Courtiers to King Claudius, both these men grewup with Hamlet. As a result King Claudius recruits them to spy on Hamlet forhim. Neither man has a problem trading in their friendship to betray Hamlet;

they serve the King. Both die when the instructions they bear from KingClaudius are altered by Hamlet to instruct King Claudius' English associates tokill those bearing his commission immediately (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern).

Voltimand, Cornelius, Osric and a Gentleman: Courtiers.

A Priest: Introduces at Ophelia's funeral, the Priest insults Laertes byexpressing his personal opinion that Ophelia does not deserve a proper Christian

burial for ending her life by suicide, which was considered a sin unworthy ofproper burial.

Marcellus and Bernardo: Officers who initially spot King Hamlet's Ghost in

Act I, Scene I.

Francisco: A soldier. Famous for the lines "'tis [it is] bitter cold, / And I am sickat heart" which sets the tone of this tragedy.

A Captain, English Ambassadors, Players, Two Clowns (Gravediggers),Lords, Ladies, Officers, Soldiers, Sailors, Messengers, and Attendants.


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Macbeth Characters guide studies each character's role and motivation inthis play.


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The Three Witches: Introduced to us in the opening scene, the Three Witchesset Macbeth upon his murderous path. They tell Macbeth that he will be Thane(Lord) of Cawdor and later the King. Later by use of the Three Apparitions,they foretell his doom. Symbolic of both the underworld and the mysticism ofthe 1500s, they are synonymous with the theme of evil in this play.

Macbeth: The tragic focus of this play. Originally a loyal and honest man, hisdescent into murder and betrayal is the tale of how ambition can tarnish eventhe purest of souls. Driven by loyalty to King Duncan, his own "Vaultingambition," leads to him killing King Duncan to secure his own destiny. The manat the end of play is one we would barely recognize from the loyal Macbeth wemeet at the beginning.

Lady Macbeth: Macbeth's wife. Her ambition for Macbeth's future rivals andarguably exceeds that of Macbeth's. She goads Macbeth to kill King Duncanwhen Macbeth hesitates. Later despite the appearance of calm, she becomes

increasingly obsessed with the blood on her hands which no one else can see. Astudy of the apparent falsehood of denying ones conscience and feelings.

Banquo: Loyal friend of Macbeth. He bares witness to the initial propheciesmade by the Three Witches. Though eager to learn his own destiny, Banquoserves as a counterpoint to how one deals with fate. Macbeth kills to reach his.Banquo is content to let destiny carve it's own path. Later killed to preserveMacbeth's status, he reappears as a ghost.

Fleance: Son of Banquo and the first in a line of kings prophesied by the ThreeWitches. Escaping when his father was killed, Fleance represents a future

Macbeth cannot bear; a line of kings following Banquo and not his own sons.


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Duncan, King of Scotland: The loyal but nave, trusting King. At thebeginning of the play when Duncan is betrayed by the original Thane ofCawdor, he grants this title upon the loyal Macbeth who secured the Kingvictory in battle against this Thane of Cawdor. Ironically, King Duncan laterdies at the sword of the trusted Macbeth, the new Thane of Cawdor. His death

sets up the theme of the natural order being disturbed, later alluded to by theOld Man.

Malcolm & Donalbain: The two sons of King Duncan. Upon their father'sdeath, they flee to avoid a similar fate. Donalbain heads to Ireland, whilstMalcolm heads to England where he hopes to build an army to take back thekingdom from the evil Macbeth.

Hecate: A shadowy character of the underworld, she commands and demandsthe loyalty and respect of the Three Witches. We first meet her when she

belittles the Three Witches for helping an ungrateful Macbeth. She later

commands them to tell Macbeth his future according to her will, when next theThree Witches and Macbeth meet.

Macduff: Born unnaturally by caesarian section, this nobleman of Scotlandrestores Malcolm to his rightful place as king. Alluded to by The SecondApparition as an agent of Macbeth's downfall, he loses his wife and children toMacbeth who had them murdered.

Siward: Leader of the English army, some ten thousand strong which defeatsMacbeth at the end of the play. He loses his son, Young Siward to Macbeth.

Young Siward: The son of Siward, he dies fighting Macbeth. Being of naturalbirth, his death at Macbeth's hands strengthens Macbeth's belief of invincibility.


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Lennox, Ross, Menteith, Angus and Caithness: Noblemen of Scotlandfighting Macbeth.

An Old Man: Though a peripheral character, he is an important one for theplay's theme of order. He tells us about the storms in Scotland during Macbeth'sreign. This represents nature being disrupted by King Duncan's untimely deathunderscoring the notion that nature is in order when a land is ruled by itsrightful King. An important character to the theme that Macbeth is an exampleof royalist propaganda.

Seyton: A lieutenant of Macbeth's.

Boy, Son of Macduff, An English Doctor, A Scotch doctor, A Sergeant.

Lords ,Gentlemen, Officers, Soldiers, Murderers, Attendants, Messengers ,The Ghost of Banquo and other Apparitions.

Othello Characters guide studies each character's role and motivation in

this play.

Duke of Venice: Introduced to us in Act I, Scene III, he sends Othello with hiswife Desdemona to Cypress to thwart a suspected Turkish invasion there. TheDuke hopes Othello's leadership of his Venetian forces will see the Venetian'striumphant. When Brabantio tries to have Othello punished for allegedlyseducing his daughter Desdemona with witchcraft, the Duke displays hiswisdom, learning the truth by allowing Brabantio, Othello and Desdemona totell their sides of the story. He later wisely tells Brabantio to accept Othello andDesdemona's marriage, arguing Brabantio will gain a "son" in the process.

Responsible for Cassio being made Governor of Cypress (replacing Othello), inAct IV, Scene I and for Othello being recalled from Cypress.


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Brabantio: Desdemona's father and a senator in Venice, he is initially outragedin Act I, Scene I when Iago and Roderigo unfairly report that his fair daughterhas been seduced by Othello who must have been using "magic" to persuade herto be intimate with him. In Act I, Scene III, Brabantio tries to petition the Duketo punish Othello, but this fails when it is learned that Desdemona fell in love

with Othello by her own free will. Told by the Duke to accept Othello andDesdemona's marriage, Brabantio resists, never liking Othello despite hisreputation as a soldier, which is how Othello is readily accepted and respected

by the Duke and others...

Gratiano: Brother to Brabantio, we see little of him, except largely in Act V,Scene I, when he discovers with Lodovico, the wounded Cassio, thought tohave been wounded by Roderigo when we later learn it was really Iago whostabbed him.

Lodovico: Kinsman to Brabantio, and very active in Act V, Scenes I and II, he

discovers the wounded Cassio along with Gratiano and is scolded with Gratianoby Iago for not doing more to help Cassio when both men are still unaware thatIago wounded Cassio, not Roderigo.

In Act V, Scene II, Lodovico criticizes Othello for murdering his wifeDesdemona and falling from grace to act like a common slave not the respectedman he once was. Additionally, Lodovico plays an active role in the discovery

process of Iago's treachery, by finding on the dead Roderigo a note indicatingCassio was to be killed, learning that Othello killed Desdemona, discoveringOthello's and Iago's plot to kill Cassio and finally learning the sad story of how

Othello's handkerchief was used by Iago to manipulate Othello into believinghis wife was unfaithful which led to her death as well as Iago's wife, Emilia.


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Responsible by nature, he seizes control of events in the final scene, takingOthello's sword from him after he wounds Iago and later places Cassio incharge of the evil Iago while he heads abroad to recount the sad events that havehappened in Cypress.

Othello: A noble "Moor", in the service of the Venetian State, Othello isintroduced to us in the very first scene by the term "Moor", when Iagocomplains that Othello has made Cassio his lieutenant and not him. We alsolearn from Iago that Othello has a relationship with the fair Desdemona.Respected by the Duke of Venice, who is the first to address him by name(Othello in Act I, Scene III) and who sends for him when Cypress is threatened

by Turkish forces, Othello is continuously described by his critics (Brabantio,Iago) as a "Moor" a reference to his dark skinned appearance and a reference tothe race of Muslim peoples of north-western Africa to which Othello belongs.

Though made Governor of Cypress in Act I, Scene III, Othello's fortunes rapidly

change for the worst as Iago succeeds in making Othello believe his loyal wifeis having an affair with his lieutenant Cassio, a belief that leads to Othellokilling his loyal, loving wife and later himself when he realizes that he waswrong and merely tricked by Iago.

Tactful and wise, Othello does not fight Brabantio when he accuses him ofbewitching his daughter in Act I. Instead he offers no resistance and speaks withBrabantio before the Duke where Othello with Desdemona's testimony, proveshis marriage is one made of love not witchcraft. Polite and courteous, headdresses the Duke and company in Act I as "My very noble and approv'd good

masters," (Act I, Scene III, Line 77).


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Nonetheless he allows the threat to his pride that Desdemona's infidelity wouldrepresent, to allow him to trust Iago on some very circumstantial evidence (Iagosaying Cassio boasted of sleeping with Desdemona, Cassio having Desdemona'shandkerchief and Cassio talking about a woman Othello does not realize isBianca) which leads to his murdering his wife, to prevent her abusing other men

when we really know it is to avenge his own pride.

Ultimately Othello realizes this but too late after killing his loving and trustingwife. Othello does stab Iago in revenge but Iago lives, whilst Othello does not,committing suicide shortly after realizing he misplaced his trust in Iago when heshould have trusted his wife.

In addition to losing his life, Othello also loses his reputation in Act V, whenLodovico scolds Othello for acting like a common slave, when until recently hewas so much more, a man well respected by the Duke of Venice amongst others.A tragic figure, Othello allowed his misplaced trust (in Iago's honesty) and his

pride to undo all that he had...

Cassio: Othello's friend, Cassio was made Othello's lieutenant rather than Iagowho expected the appointment. Disrespectfully described by Iago as lackingreal "battlefield" experience, Cassio is instead a schooled soldier, not one wholearned his craft on the front-line as Iago has. Deeply admiring of Othello's wifeDesdemona, it is this admiration that Iago uses to suggest he is having an affairwith Desdemona, leading to her death and indirectly that of Emilia and Othelloas well.

Through the course of this tragedy, Cassio's fortunes change considerably. In

Act I, he is Othello's loyal and trusted lieutenant. In Act II, he is Othello's loyalfriend in Cypress and respectful admirer of Desdemona but in Act II, Scene III,


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is manipulated to fight Roderigo, hitting him and Montano, and consequentlylosing his position as Othello's "lieutenant".

In Act III, Iago is Othello's remorseful friend who hopes Desdemona's goodwords will reinstate him, unaware that they merely implicate him in Iago's planto make him look like Desdemona's lover and Cassio also reveals himself to bea neglectful boyfriend to his mistress Bianca.

In Act IV, Cassio is manipulated into talking about his girlfriend Bianca,unaware that Othello, hiding nearby assumes his hand gestures are descriptionsof Desdemona.

Finally in Act V, Cassio first fights off an ambush by an Iago manipulatedRoderigo, then is stabbed by Iago in the dark to later outlive Othello,Desdemona and Emilia and be placed in charge of the now exposed and captiveIago.

Iago: Othello's ancient, a position below lieutenant. Perhaps Shakespeare's mostevil figure, not for his treachery which is arguably surpassed by Macbeth (whokills his king in his sleep while staying at his castle as a trusting guest), but forthe manner in which he effortlessly manipulates all those around him to do his

bidding (kill Cassio, destroy Othello, discredit Desdemona's virtue) by takingadvantage of their trust and using his victim's own motivations (Roderigo'sdesire for Desdemona, Cassio's desire to be reinstated) and weaknesses(Othello's pride, Cassio's impaired judgment whilst drunk), to achieve his ends.

Though Iago does kill when he stabs and murders Roderigo, he created most of

his devastation through the use of others who unwittingly follow their ownagenda which Iago subverts to achieve a web of events which succeeds in


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making Cassio first lose his position as Othello's lieutenant, then petitionDesdemona to be reinstated which allows Iago to suggest Desdemona's adulteryand later to motivate Roderigo to kill him (Cassio).

Iago's character is complex, but in Act I, Scene I, where he describes his disgustat being overlooked for Othello's lieutenant, we can see that a primarymotivation for Iago's skillful manipulations was revenge and anger; revenge forCassio replacing him, anger that Othello overlooked him. Thus it can be seenthat Iago's manipulations are driven by a basic desire to avenge those who hurthim but also to gain what he believes is his, indeed Iago's suggestion that Cassioand Desdemona are having an affair earns Iago Othello's trust and the positionas his lieutenant in Act III, Scene III.

However being made lieutenant only satisfies his pride, his continuing with hisplan to discredit Desdemona shows us that it is not enough for Iago to havewhat he believes is his, he must punish Othello for overlooking him in the first

place by making Othello disbelieve and destroy his virtuous wife...

Iago is pragmatic. We see this in the manner in which he uses opportunity to aidhis plan to hurt Cassio and Othello. When Iago realizes Cassio's admiration ofDesdemona, he immediately formulates a plan to use this to make Othellosuspect adultery.

Though Iago appears to have the goal of misery for Othello and Cassio, he doesnot appear to have a specific detailed plan, he continually refers to usinginsights he makes about Cassio, Othello, Roderigo and Desdemona to furtherhis plan in his asides in the play.


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Iago's pragmatism is also evident in his use of Roderigo. He uses this well-healed (wealthy) Venetian for money by promising to forward gifts on toDesdemona he instead uses for his own ends.

However when Roderigo suspects this in Act V, he plots to have Roderigo killCassio since if Cassio wins, he still wins by having Roderigo eliminated.Ultimately this fails, so Iago kills Roderigo himself.

Cunning in the extreme, Iago nearly gets away with his plan; Othello does killDesdemona, Iago is made lieutenant, but Cassio despite his attack in Act V,lives and he (Iago) is eventually caught and exposed.

If Iago has an Achilles heal, it was his wife Emilia, who despite threats andorders from Iago, revealed to all Iago's treachery by declaring Desdemona'sinnocence and explaining how she found Desdemona's handkerchief, passing iton to Iago... For this Iago shows his total ruthlessness by killing Emilia andescaping, only to be later caught.

Though Iago appears to be managing everyone else's insecurities to his personaladvantage, Iago does indeed have his own insecurities, lending credibility to hischaracter since no man is immune from insecurity or indeed misjudgment.

Iago shows his insecurity by his need to be made lieutenant, which reveals hisown desire to reach a status he seems to need to be comfortable.

Likewise, in Act II, Scene I, when Iago reveals that he suspects Othello ishaving an affair with his wife Emilia as a peripheral motivation formanipulating Othello, he again shows his insecurity, one which he uses in

Othello against Desdemona.


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Iago's great misjudgment of course is of his own wife. She stands up to him todefend Desdemona despite all the risks it entails, unraveling Iago's web ofmanipulation.

At the end of the play, Iago differs from many of Shakespeare's villains in thathe is left standing, if guarded; most villains in Shakespeare's plays tend to die atthe hands of those they oppressed in a recurring theme of restoration of order.Iago by contrast does not die, we can only speculate that his future will bemiserable...

Roderigo: A wealthy Venetian gentleman, Roderigo pays Iago to keep himinformed of Desdemona's activities since he hopes to one day marry her.Trusting of Iago, he nonetheless questions Iago repetitively on his loyalty to himin Act I, and later on what has happened to gifts given to him to pass on toDesdemona in Act V.

Nonetheless he listens to Iago's calls not to give up when he learns ofDesdemona's marriage, unaware he is being led on a fool's quest to simplyfinance Iago. Lured by Iago to fight Cassio twice (First in Act II, Scene III andlater in Act V, Scene I), Roderigo is ultimately killed by Iago.

Montano: Othello's predecessor in the Government of Cyprus, Montano deeplyrespects Othello. Nonetheless Montano is trusting and easily manipulated sincehe readily believes Iago's assertions that Cassio, Othello's "lieutenant" has adrinking problem.

A victim of Roderigo and Cassio's first fight, he is wounded trying to break up

the fight, a contributing factor to Othello demoting Cassio.


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Clown: Servant to Othello, he mocks the musicians, Cassio had arranged toplay before the castle in an effort to appease Othello in Act III, Scene I.

The Clown mocks the Cyprian Musician's instruments, wondering aloud if theyare "wind instruments?" (Line 6) before Cassio pays him relay a message toEmilia to come and talk to Cassio which she does, revealing Othello andDesdemona have discussed him, Othello wanting to reinstate Cassio as hislieutenant but being prevented by Cassio's infamy on Cypress from his fightwith Roderigo.

Desdemona: Daughter to Brabantio and wife to Othello, Desdemona iscontinuously distrusted by those who should love and trust her most. First in ActI, her father Brabantio refuses to believe she could love Othello without Othellousing witchcraft.

Later Othello, her husband ignores her pleas of innocence to the accusation ofinfidelity by Othello. Loving and loyal right to the end, she refuses to tell Emiliathat Othello killed her since she does not want her love to suffer even when hekilled her...

Well meaning, she helps Cassio by trying to speak of his demotion to Othellobut this earns her Othello's wrath since he sees it as proof that she is having anaffair with Cassio because she is concerned for his welfare.

Naive to some extent, she finds it impossible to believe a woman could beunfaithful, Emilia contrasting with her belief that such people do exist since inthe right circumstances she herself, would commit adultery.

Emilia: Wife to Iago and not particularly loved by Iago, Emilia could be arguedto be a major seed in Iago's downfall. Though introduced in Act II, Scene I


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(Lines 96-108) in less than respectful tones by Iago, Emilia is trusted as a friendby Desdemona. Nonetheless she is loyal to Iago, giving Desdemona'shandkerchief to Iago instead of back to Desdemona.

Emilia's greatest character development occurs in Act IV, Scene II, where shedeclares that she would be unfaithful in the right circumstances, revealingconsiderably less naivety than Desdemona who barely believes adulterous

people exist.

As Desdemona's confidante, she ironically and unwittingly reveals the source ofOthello's anger when she says that Othello has obviously been tricked into

believing Desdemona would be unfaithful by an evil man (Iago but not named).

In Act V, Scene II, Emilia reveals her true loyalties however by refusing to bedismissed by Iago when she reveals that she gave Iago Desdemona'shandkerchief, a revelation that proves Desdemona was not unfaithful. For this,Emilia is stabbed by her husband, dying whilst singing the "Willow Song", asong told to her by Desdemona..

Bianca: Mistress to Cassio, Bianca plays a limited but significant role in thisplay. As Cassio's neglected girlfriend, she is given Desdemona's handkerchief tocopy by Cassio, only later to return it angrily back to Cassio, which a hidingOthello takes as proof that Cassio has Desdemona's handkerchief proving thatDesdemona was unfaithful to him.

Bianca is later implicated in Cassio's wounding by Iago even though she isinnocent and it was Iago who in the dark stabbed Cassio.

Sailor, Officers, Gentlemen, Messengers, Musicians, Heralds, Attendants.


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King Lear Characters guide studies each character's role and motivation inthis play.

Lear, King of England: The tired ruler of England, his plan to divide hiskingdom between his three daughters and then place his welfare in their trustleads to his humiliation and total loss of power at the hands of his crueldaughters, Regan and Goneril. He misjudges all those around him in the firstact, banishing those who care for him the most whilst rewarding those whosekind words prove false. Only after enduring multiple humiliations and betrayalsdoes Lear gain true wisdom and insight, only to die soon thereafter.

Goneril (wife to The Duke of Albany): Lear's selfish, ruthless daughter. WhenLear asks her to profess her love for him before he gives her part of hiskingdom, she professes great love for Lear, "Sir, I love you more than wordscan wield the matter;" (Act I, Scene I, Line 57). Yet, once Lear has given herhalf his kingdom, she shirks her obligations to host King Lear by making life so

miserable at her castle that King Lear has no choice but to disown her.

The famous expression of the pain of thankless children originates in KingLear's comments of Goneril, when he exclaims, "How sharper than a serpent'stooth it is / To have a thankless child!" (Act I, Scene IV, Line 312).

Regan (wife to The Duke of Cornwall): The second of King Lear's daughtersto falsely profess her love then betray Lear. She professes that she is "made ofthat self metal as my sister", adding that "I profess / Myself an enemy to allother joys / Which the most precious square of sense possesses In your dearhighness' love" (Act I Scene I, Lines 71-78). She too betrays Lear, denying him

her castle on the terms obliged by her as a loyal daughter.


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Cordelia: Lear's youngest daughter, she refuses to profess blinding love for herfather, instead offering only that which is true. When pushed by Lear to professher love, she exclaims that "I cannot heave / My heart into my mouth: I loveyour majesty / According to my bond; nor more nor less" (Act I, Scene I, Line93).

Unlike her sisters, Cordelia does not and will not use "that glib and oily art" ofher sisters "To speak and purpose not;" (to say what one does not mean), (Act I,Scene I, Lines 228-229).

In return for not lying as her sisters have done, she is banished by Lear andgiven nothing. Only later does Lear learn the truth that Cordelia's love for him isindeed "More richer than my tongue" (Act I, Scene I, Line 80).

Duke of Burgundy: A suitor for Cordelia's hand, he stops seeking Cordelia'shand in marriage when Lear makes it clear that she no longer highly esteemedin Lear's eyes. Cordelia rejects this Duke for whom wealth is so important.

King of France: The second suitor for Cordelia. Upon learning of Cordelia'sfall from favor (wealth), this King who can respect Cordelia's integrity, takesher as his queen. The King of France's comments in Act I, Scene I makes thisclear:

"Fairest Cordelia, that art most rich, being poor; / Most choice, forsaken; andmost lov'd, despis'd! Thee and thy virtues here I seize upon:" (Line 253).

Duke of Cornwall (Regan's husband): The husband of Regan, she matches hiswife in his capacity for ruthlessness and calculated cruelty. When Regan pulls

out Gloucester's beard, he matches her by putting out Gloucester's eyes. Such is


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his barbarity that one of his servants stabs him, being unable to tolerate furtherhis master's inhumanity.

Duke of Albany (Goneril's husband): As the husband of Goneril, this Dukeinitially supports the cruel actions of his wife. With time, however, he growsincreasingly hostile towards the cruelty of his wife, becoming an agent of good

by the play's conclusion.

Earl of Kent: A loyal servant of Lear, he is banished by Lear for pleading areconsideration of Cordelia's fate. Despite the threat of death, he serves his Kingfaithfully in disguise.

Earl of Gloucester (Father of Edgar and illegitimately, Edmund): An ally ofLear, only after he is blinded, does this man gain true insight and wisdom.Parallels Lear's character in his initial gullibility and poor judgment of characterin this play. Dies at the end of the play from the duel emotions of grief and joywhen he learns that "poor Tom" who was protecting him was Edgar all along...

Edgar, son of Gloucester: As the loyal son of his father (the Earl ofGloucester), he suffers greatly from his father's poor judgment of character.Trusting his brother, he is character assassinated (lied about) by his brotherEdgar and forced to flee to survive. Like Cordelia, he comforts his father in hishour of despair, but most do so in disguise despite his father realizing his trulyvirtuous nature.

Edmund, illegitimate son of Gloucester: The illegitimate son of Gloucester,he is loved as equally as his brother. Despite this, he frames his brother as a

would be father murderer, and betrays his father in order to gain favor with


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Regan and Goneril. Also the source of romantic rivalry between Regan andGoneril.

Curan: A Coutier

Oswald: Steward to Goneril, he mistreats both King Lear and his entourage to

provoke Lear into leaving his master's (Goneril's) castle. Killed by Edgar whenhe attempts to kill the now blind and harmless Gloucester.

Old Man: Tenant to Gloucester.

Fool: One of the most famous characters in the play, his comic asides oftenreveal the very foolishness of Lear's actions. His words are often ironically theonly source of wisdom, coherence and insight in Lear's pathetic entourage.


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