Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics: The Cosmic Microwave Background

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Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences -Vol.562

Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics: The Cosmic Microwave Background

edited by

Norma G. Sanchez Observatoire de Paris Demirm, Paris, France

"If 1

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics: The Cosmic Microwave Background Erice, Etta Majorana Centre, Italy 5-16 December 1Ü9

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-0-7923-6856-4 ISBN 978-94-010-0748-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0748-1

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved ©2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF NATO xi

DEDICATION OF THE 7TH COURSE TO Ya. B. ZELDOVICH xvii

80TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR I.M. KHALATNIKOV XXI

I. THE EARLY UNIVERSE

Phase Transitions in the Early UniverseM. SHAPOSHNIKOV

Elements of BaryogenesisW. BUCHMOLLER, S. FREDENHAGEN

Out of EquilibriumFields in Selfconsistent Inflationary Dynamics.Density FluctuationsD. BOYANOVSKY, H.J. DE VEGA

Minimal String DrivenCosmology and its PredictionsM.P. INFANTE, N. SANCHEZ

New Dual Relations Between QuantumField Theory and StringRegimes in CurvedBackgroundsM. RAMONMEDRANO, N. SANCHEZ

Detectabilityof Relic SqueezedGravitational Waves by LaserInterferometersL.P. GRISHCHUK

Gravitational Field and Its Energy-Momentum TensorL.P. GRlSHCHUK, S.V. BABAK

3

17

37

97

121

131

139

vi

II. COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION

Observations and Theory of The Cosmic Microwave Background 151A.N. LASENBY

The 1+3 Covariant Approach to CMB Anisotropies. Erice lectures 1999 177G.F.R. ELLIS, P.K.S. DUNSBY

Some Problems of the CMB Polarization 197P. NASELSKY, OJ. NOVIKOV, I.D. NOVIKOV

The High Redshift Radio Universe 219Yu N. PARDSKIJ

III. LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE, DARK MATTER

In Search of the Early Universe. I. The Oldest StarsP.W.HODGE

In Search of the Early Universe. II. The Youngest GalaxiesP.W.HODGE

Clusters of Galaxies and the Large Scale StructureG. CHINCARINI

Structure Formation of Galaxy Clusters and BeyondLI-ZHI FANG

Warm Dark Matter. Clues to Primordial Phase Density from theStructure of Galaxy HalosC. 1. HOGAN

Dark Matter as Determined from Energetic ParticlesP.L. BIERMANN

IV. FRACTALS AND SCALING LAWS IN ASTROPHYSICS ANDCOSMOLOGY

Fractal Lacunarity and Scenarios for the Near-Isotropic Distributionof GalaxiesRB. MANDELBROT

243

251

257

291

345

355

365

vii

Fractal Structures and the Large Scale Distribution of Galaxies 391L.PIETRONERO, F. SYLOS LABINI

The Cosmological Many-Body Problem and Some of its ObservationalImplications 419W.C.SASLAW

The Statistical Mechanics of the Self-Gravitating Gas: Equation of Stateand Fractal Dimension 433H.I. DE VEGA, N. SANCHEZ

Renormalization Group Flow and Fragmentation in the Self-GravitatingThermal Gas 449B. SEMELIN, H.I. DE VEGA, N. SANCHEZ, F. COMBES

v.HIGH ENERGY AND NEUTRINO ASTROPHYSICS

Bepposax: 3 Years of Operation. Highlights and Significant Results 483L. SCARSI

The Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays and Cosmic Neutrinos as Probes forthe Distant Universe. Astrophysics Involved and Experimental Approach. 499L. SCARSI

Origin and Physics of the Highest Energy Particles in the Universe SISP. L. BIERMANN, E.-I. AHN, G. MEDINA-TANCO and T. STANEV

The Gamma-Ray Bursts and the SWIFT Mission 539G. CHINCARINI & D. LAZZATI

Neutrino Oscillations and Cosmology 565A. D. DOLGOV

High Energy Neutrino Astronomy: Towards Kilometer-Scale Detectors 585F.HALZEN

Accretion of Gas onto Black Holes 609LV. ARTEMOVA, G.S. BISNOVATYI-KOGAN, LD. NOVIKOV

Mass Extinctions of Species - Were Dinosaurs Killed by an Asteroidor Volcanoes? 627D. R.O. MORRISON

viii

OPENING THE THIRD MILLENNIUM

PHOTOGRAPHS OFTHE INSTITUTE

AUTHOR INDEX

645

651

661

PREFACE

This NATO Advanced Study Institute provided an up datedunderstanding, from a fundamental and deep point of view, of theprogress and current problems in the early universe, cosmic microwavebackground radiation, large scale structure, dark matter problem, and theinterplay between them. The focus was placed on the Cosmic MicrowaveBackground Radiation. Emphasis was given to the mutual impact offundamental physics and cosmology, both at theoretical andexperimental-or observational-levels, within a deep and well definedprogramme, and a global unifying view, which, in addition, provides ofcareful inter-disciplinarity.

Special Lectures were devoted to neutrinos in astrophysics and highenergy astrophysics. In addition, each Course of this series, introducedand promoted topics or subjects, which, although not being of purelyastrophysical or cosmological nature, were of relevant physical interestfor astrophysics and cosmology. Deep understanding, clarification,synthesis, careful interdisciplinarity within a fundamental physicsframework, were the main goals of the course.

Lectures ranged from a motivation and pedagogical introduction forstudents and participants not directly working in the field to the latestdevelopments and most recent results.All Lectures were plenary, had the same duration and were followed by adiscussion.

The Course brought together experimentalists and theoretical physicists,astrophysicists and astronomers from a variety of backgrounds, includingyoung scientists at post-doctoral level, senior scientists and advancedgraduate students as well.By the nature of the domain itself, there were different aspects,approachs and points of view (sometimes complementary to each other,sometimes in contradiction), to a same topic or subject. Special care wastaken to provide the students with the grounds for the different lines ofresearch in competition (and not just via one approach). Participants hadan excellent opportunity to learn about the real state of the discipline, andto learn about it in a critical way.

All Lectures took place at the UP.A.M. Dirac" Lecture Hall at the P.M.S.Blackett Institute. There were three lectures in the morning and threelectures in the afternoon. Each Lecture was followed by a 15-minutesdiscussion. The discussion sessions were as important as the lecturesthemselves. A special visit to the P.A.M. Dirac Museum and to the DanielChalonge Museum took place at the Closing session of the course.

ix

x

The Course was placed within the framework of the Celebration of the50th Anniversary of the Founding of NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrgan ization).

The 8th Course on "Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics" wasdedicated to Professor Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich. I met Ya. B. Zeldovichand his wife on several occasions, first in july 1980 in Jena at the"International Conference on GRG" (Einstein Centennial Year) under thepresidence of Peter G. Bergmann, and then after in the series of QuantumGravity Seminars organized in Moscow by M.A. Markov.

Professor Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov, founder and honorary director ofthe L.D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics in Moscow, delivered aspecial lecture on "Lev D. Landau and the fifty years of the russian atomicbomb"

A special session "Opening the Third Millennium" took place on the lastday of the School with the participation of George Smoot, Eugene Loh,Umberto Guidoni, Joaquim TrOmper, Fausto Pedrazzini and NormaSanchez.

Dr Alberto Gabriele, organisation director of the Ettore Majorana Centre,passed away in the midnight from 26 june to 27 june 1999 in Erice, at theage of 58, while working at the San Rocco Institute. We all payed tribute tothe memory of Dr Alberto Gabriele, his goodness and professional andhuman qualities were exceptionnal.

We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Scientific Affairs Division ofNATO, with special thanks expressed to Dr Yves Sillard and Dr FaustoPedrazzini, for their generous and efficient support.

Our grateful thanks are expressed to all the lecturers who did so much tomake this course succesful, and to participants and lecturers forcontributing so much to the outstanding discussions and to create such astimulating atmosphere during the Course.

We specially thank the reception secretaries, Nicole Letourneur, Claudineet Pierre Brechet, Sylvianne Spiess, and the scientific secretaries InigoEgusquiza, Maria Cristina Falvella, Arne Larsen, Julien Salgado et BenoitSemelin for their efficient assistance throughout the course.

We also extend our appreciation to Kluwer Academic Publishers, Scienceand Technology Division, for their cooperation and efficiency in publishingthese proceedings.

Norma SanchezDirector of the School

ORGANISATION DUTRAITE DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

Divisiondes Affairesscientifiques et de I'EnvironnemenVScientificand Environmental Affairs Division

1999 - 50th Anniversary of the Founding of the North Atlantic Alliance

The North AtlanticTreatywas signed in Washington in April 1949. In recognition of the roleplayed by the NorthAtlantic Alliance in enhancing security in theEuro-Atlantic areafor thepast50 years, 1999will be markedby a series of activities and events in NATO Member countriesand in Partner countries. The NATO Science Programme is joining in the celebration.Following the end of the Cold War,NATO has established a new Euro-Atlantic PartnershipCouncil (EAPC) as a forum for consultation and cooperation with Partnercountries throughoutthe Euro-Atlanticarea, and the activities supported under the NATO Science Programme arecarried out in the framework of the EAPC. The Advanced Study Institutes and AdvancedResearch Workshops heldin 1999mayserve to highlightthe Alliance's 50thAnniversary, andremind participants of theroleplayedby the Science Programme, sinceitsestablishment in 1958,in bringing together the peoples of the Euro-Atlantic area in a common endeavour for theadvancement of science.

1949xi

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ETTORE MAJORANA FOUNDATION AND CENTRE FORSCIENTIFIC CULTURE

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASTROPHYSICS D.CHALONGE

7h Course: CURRENT TOPICS INASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS

ERICE-SICILY 5-16 DECEMBER 1999

NATO Advanced Study Institute

International EUROSCHOOL

DEDICATION OF THE

7th COURSE

TO

Yakov BorisovichZELDOVICH

Moscow, December 1987

xvii

xviii

In December 1987, the scientificcommunity heard of the sad death ofYakov Borisovich Zeldovich, one of

the most eminent physicist­universalists of the century.

During his life Professor Zeldovichmade fundamental contributions tochemical, nuclear and elementaryparticle physics, astrophysics and

cosmology.

A vivacious and humorousgentleman, he also enjoyed writingcosmic essays, plays and poems.

He began his career at the MoscowInstitute of Chemical Physics,

But it was his work at the SternbergAstronomical Institute in the 1960s

that subsequently won himworldwide recognition.

XIX

Birth and expansion of theUniverse,

matter and antimatter.Cosmic strings

Large scale structure,cosmic microwave background

fluctuationsand galactic distribution.

Dynamo mechanisms inastrophysical objects:

stars, galaxies and accretiondisks,

methods of measuringcosmic magnetic fields

ETTORE MAJORANA FOUNDATION AND CENTRE FORSCIENTIFIC CULTURE

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASTROPHYSICS D.CHALONGE

7h Course: CURRENT TOPICS INASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS

ERICE-SICILY 5-16 DECEMBER 1999

NATO Advanced Study Institute

International EUROSCHOOL

80th ANNIVERSARY ofProfessor

Isaak MarkovichKHALATNIKOV

Academician, founderand honorary director of the

L.D. Landau Institute of TheoreticalPhysics, Moscow

xxi

LEV LANDAU THE MAN AND THE SCIENTIST50 YEARS OF THE FIRST SOVIET ATOMIC BOMB

I. M. KHALATNIKOVHonorary Director of Landau Institute for

Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia

Lev Davidovich Landau was one of the most remarkablefigures in contemporary physics. A characteristic featureof Landau's scienfic creativity is its almost unprecedentedbreath, which encompasses the whole of theoreticalphysics from condensed matter physics to the quantumfield theory.

Landau was not only a great scientist, but also a greatteacher. He created a school of his students who are nowplaying a prominent role in contemporary physics.

During his life he often suffered from totalitarian sovietregion, was arrested in 1938, spent a year at"Lubyanskay" prison, but finally was decorated with"Golden Star" for his merit in creating the first Sovietatomic bomb. After 1933 he never received a permissionfrom Soviet authorities to go abroad. His active work wasstopped after a car accident in 1962, he died in 1968.

The entire life of Landau is a legend.

xxiii