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161Current progress and future prospective of perovskite solar cells: a comprehensive review

© 2018 Advanced Study Center Co. Ltd.

Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 53 (2018) 161-186

Corresponding author: J.V. Gohel, e-mail: [email protected]

CURRENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE OFPEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

N. Kumari, S. R. Patel and J. V. Gohel

Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,Surat – 395 007, Gujarat, India

Received: September 13, 2017

Abstract. In the present study, a topical review of recent advances in the perovskite solar cell(PSC) is discussed in detail. Organolead halide perovskite materials have many qualities tomake them suitable for the fabrication of low solar cells. High absorption coefficient, long chargecarrier diffusion length, low temperature processing and ambipolar behaviour are the mainadvantages of perovskite materials. The efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is considerablyincreased from 3.9-22.1% since 2009. In the present review, firstly, the fundamentals and progressin the field of PSC are discussed. The types and structures of PSC are also discussed. Three arefour main layers (electron transport layer (ETL), photo-active layer (perovskite layer), the holetransport layer (HTL) and the back contact (the counter electrode)) present in PSC structure. Eachand every layer has their importance and it plays an important role to make a low cost solar cell.So study is also focused on the ETL/HTL free PSC. Although the efficiency of PSC is increasingevery year, the reproducibility, stability and large scale production are the main challenges. So,the use of mixed cations in active layer to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) andstability of PSC are also discussed in detail. Pb-free PSCs are also discussed rigorously tomake harmless PSC. The processing cost of metal electrode deposition in PSC is very costly.So, the replacement of the metal electrode by some other low cost counter electrode is discussedcomprehensively in the present review. Lastly, some future research scope of PSC is alsodiscussed.

1. INTRODUCTION

Solar energy a renewable and clean energy and itis available in plenty, so it has the ability to solvecurrent global energy crisis. But, it needs to be har-vested properly. Solar cell based on crystalline sili-con is widely commercialised recently, but it gener-ally requires a very costly fabrication process. Ad-ditionally, there is very less chance to further in-crease the efficiency of silicon solar cell as it isreached at its highest limit. So, there is a greatneed to search an alternative source to harvest en-ergy. It is a difficult task for researchers to searchout a solar cell which has low processing cost, highperformance and more stability. Dye sensitized so-

lar cell (DSSC) and quantum dot solar cell (QDSC)are less costly and low temperature processingdevice, but their highest efficiency is less than halfof silicon solar cell [1-3]. PSC is one of the bestoptions to get high PCE at low cost. The typicalstructure of perovskite material is AMX

3, where X is

anion; A is cation; and M is also cation (with sizesmaller than that of cation A). The crystal structureof perovskite is shown in Fig. 1. Generally, all AMX

3

are not capable for efficient light absorption. Onlythose AMX

3 can be used in solar cell fabrications,

which contains the proper band gap as well as properenergy level (suitable with the adjacent materials).Perovskites with long charge carrier life-time andhigh mobility is suitable for efficient photovoltaic

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162 N. Kumari, S.R. Patel and J.V. Gohel

device. Due to the presence of divalent anions andhence strong electrostatic bond, the high band gapof perovskites are not appropriate for solarphotovoltaics (PV).

The most efficient PSC uses MAPbX3 perovskite

crystals, where MA is CH3NH

3+ and X is (Cl-, Br-,

and I-). The ambipolar nature and low temperatureprocessing ability makes perovskite solar cell asless costly PV device. MAPbX

3 materials are also

used in the fabrication of light emitting diodes, thelaser and various optoelectronic devices [4-10].Essentially, the solar cell is a device which absorbssolar radiation and generates electron-hole pairs toproduce electricity. In most of the solar cell, a semi-conductor material is used as a conversion medium.The photo-generated carriers are separated bymeans of a field produced by a p-n junction to flowelectric current into external load. PSC is a new

Fig. 1. Crystal structure of perovskite (AMX3).

Fig. 2. Progress in efficiency of perovskite solar cell using organic/polymeric HTM.

generation low cost solar cell having easy fabrica-tion process. It has four main layers (ETL, absorberlayer, HTL and counter electrode layer). There aretwo types of PSCs: mesoporous and planer. In atypical PSC, perovskite layer is placed between ETLand HTL. In mesoporous PSC, a thin blocking layeris inserted between ETL and perovskite layer toblock the pin holes of ETL, whereas in case of planersolar cell, blocking layer is not compulsory to in-sert. Planer junction may be n-i-p or p-i-n. The effi-ciency of PSC is increased from 3.9% to 22.1%since 2009. The progress in the efficiency of theperovskite solar cell using organic/polymeric holetransport material (HTM), inorganic/cheaper HTMand HTM/Electron transport material (ETM) free isshown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 respectively.

In the present study, a topical review of recentadvances in perovskite solar cell (PSC) is discussedin detail. In the present review, firstly, the fundamen-tals and progress in the field of PSC are discussed.The types and structures of PSC are also discussed.Study is also focused on the ETL/HTL free PSC.The use of mixed cations in the active layer to en-hance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) andstability of PSC are also discussed in detail. Pb-free PSCs are also discussed rigorously to makeharmless PSC. The processing cost of metal elec-trode deposition in PSC is very costly. So, the re-placement of the metal electrode by some otherlow cost counter electrode is discussed compre-hensively in the present review. Lastly, some futureresearch scope of PSC is also discussed.


Fig. 3. Progress in efficiency of perovskite solar cell using inorganic/cheap HTM.

Fig. 4. Progress in efficiency of HTM/ETM free perovskite solar cell.

2. PROGRESS IN THE PEROVSKITESOLAR CELL

A big revolution in the field of solar cell was done byMiyakasa and co-workers in the year 2009 [11]. Theyhave prepared low cost, solution based PSC usingthe nanostructured TiO

2 as a transparent conduct-

ing oxide and CH3NH

3PbI

3 as sensitizer and got a

PCE of 3.9% using a liquid electrolyte. In 2011, Imet al.reported similar process but they treated TiO

2

surface before deposition and got an efficiency of6.54% [12]. However, this type of PSC was notenough stable.

2.1. Mesoporous perovskite solar cell

2.1.1. Using organic/polymericmaterial as HTM

In 2012, Kim et al. fabricated the mesoporous PSCfor first time with a solid-state HTM (spiro-OMeTAD).


They have used CH3NH

3PbI

3 as an absorber layer

and TiO2 film as mesoporous electron transport layer

(ETL) and got 9.7% efficiency [13]. Lee and co-work-ers used mixed halide (iodine and chlorine) in theabsorber layer and Al

2O

3 scaffold with n-type mate-

rial and obtained an efficiency of about 10.9% withsimilar structure [14]. Burschka et al. modified thestructure of PSC and used two steps coating (spincoating followed by dip coating) method for absorberlayer and obtained efficiency of 15% [16]. Dong etal. have grown ETL on a seed layer using simplespin coating and got an efficiency of 10.7% [17].Jeon et al. used a mixture of iodide and bromide toform a uniform and dense absorber layer and got16.2% efficiency [18]. Im et al. have increased theefficiency of PSC up to 17% by controlling the sizeof CH

3NH

3PbI

3 [19]. Jeon et al. have incorporated

the crystals of formamidinium lead iodide withCH

3NH

3PbBr

3 and an efficiency of 17.9% was

achieved in year 2015 [20]. In their further work, they

have used intramolecular exchange method andmade a perovskite solar cell having an efficiency of20% [21]. Almost all mesoporous structures needa HTM [22-37]. Spiro-OMeTAD is very expensiveHTM and for commercialization of PSC, less costlyHTM is best option. Jeon et al. used polytriaryl amine(PTAA) as HTM which was less expensive than spiro-OMeTAD [18]. The main drawback with PTAA is that,it needs dopant which can reduce the stability ofPSC. Saliba et al. has reported an efficiency of21.10% [37]. They have used a mixture offormamidium, methyl ammonium and cesium mono-valent cations as absorber layer. The triple cationperovskite increased the thermal stability. They haveoptimized the concentration of Cs in perovskite layer.The X-ray diffraction (XRD) image shows that, asthe concentration of Cs increases from 0% to 15%,the conversion of PbI

2 into perovskite increases. A

comprehensive list of studies reported about PSCs(with organic/polymeric HTM) is given in Table 1.

Fig. 5. Structure (ITO/NiO/CH3NH

3PbI

3/PCBM /LiF/Al) and performance of device with inorganic HTM: (a)

SEM images (b) XRD images of HTL at different oxygen partial pressure and (b) J-V curve of the device atoptimum condition (that is at 200 mTorr oxygen partial pressure, 150 nm NiO thickness), reprinted withpermission from J.H. Park, J. Seo, S. Park, S.S. Shin, Y.C. Kim, N.J. Jeon, H.W. Shin, T.K. Ahn, J.H. Noh,S.C. Yoon, C.S. Hwang and S.I. Seok // Adv. Mater. 27 (2015) 4013. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim.


2.1.2. Using inorganic/less expensivematerial as HTM

Many researchers have reported utilization of lessexpensive inorganic HTM like CuI, CuSCN etc andreported good efficiency [38-50]. Liu et al. usedtetrathiafulvalene derivative (TTF) which does notrequire any dopant and achieved efficiency of 11%[34]. Jeng et al. used NiO

x as HTM and achieved an

efficiency of 7.8% [39]. Kim et al. used copper dopedNiO

x and they reported an improved efficiency of

15.4% [40]. Park et al used same NiOx as HTM, but

the method was pulsed laser deposition andachieved an efficiency of 17.3% [41]. The partialpressure of oxygen is varied during HTM depositionand optimised the pressure and the thickness ofHTM. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), theXRD image of the HTM and J-V curve of the deviceis shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5b depicts that the crystal-linity of NiO gets better as the oxygen pressure in-creases from 10 mTorr to 200 mTorr. After 200 mTorr,the structure is getting loosely packed as shown inFig. 5a. The optimum oxygen pressure and HTMthickness were 200 mTorr and 150 nm respectively.Zuo et al. used CuO and Cu

2O and reported the

efficiency of 12.2% and 13.4% respectively [42].Using CuSCN as HTM, Ye et al. got efficiency of16.6% [45]. Wu et al. used kesterite CZTS as HTMand got efficiency of 12.75% [54]. Khanzada andgroup has used CZTS as HTM and improved deviceperformance up to 15.40% [56]. The devise struc-ture and J-V curve are shown in Fig. 6. A compre-hensive list of studies reported on use of inorganic/less expensive HTM is given in Table 2.

Fig. 6. Structure and performance of device (ITO/CZTS/CH3NH

3PbI

3/PCBM /Ag) using CZTS as HTM: (a)

Device structure (b) J-V curve of the champion device, reprinted with permission from L.S. Khanzada, I.Levchuk, Y. Hou, H. Azimi, A. Osvet, R. Ahmad, M. Brandl, P. Herre, M. Distaso, R. Hock, W. Peukert, M.Batentschuk and C.J. Brabe // Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (2016) 8300. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA, Weinheim.

2.2. Planer perovskite solar cell

The structure of planer and mesoporous perovskitesolar cells are shown in Fig. 7. The planer structuremay be n-i-p or p-i-n as shown in Figs. 7a and 7brespectively. The only difference between n-i-p andp-i-n structures is the location of ETL and HTL. Thecomprehensive list of perovskite solar cells and theirefficiency is shown in Table 1.Planer PSC must havea compact layer of ETL (TiO

2 or ZnO) [57-94].

2.2.1. Planer n-i-p structure

Most of the n-i-p devices must have an organic HTM[57-72]. Ball et al. [15] reported a planer PSC usingcompact TiO

2 for the first time. They further optimized

the thickness of Al2O

3 scaffold and achieved 12.3%

efficiency. Kumar et al. reported use of elctro-depo-sition and chemical bath deposition (CBD) meth-ods for ETL preparation (with 8.9% efficiency) [57].Chen et al. used low temperature vapour assistedprocess and improved the efficiency of device to 12%[58]. Ball et al. extended their work and optimisedthe working conditions and achieved efficiency of11.4% [59]. Liu and group fabricated similar type ofstructure but different deposition method (the dualsource deposition method). Using this method, theyobtained a very thin and uniform film with increasedefficiency of 15% [60]. Liu and Kelly used less costlylow temperature processing sequential depositionmethod and maintained the uniformity of film andachieved efficiency of 15.7% [61]. Efficiency of PSCcan be increased by using dopant in electron trans-port materials. Zhou and co-workers uses yttrium


doped TiO2 as an ETL and annealed the perovskite

layer and then obtained improved efficiency of 19.3%[62].

2.2.2. Planer p-i-n structure

Most of the planer p-i-n devices have PEDOT:PSSas HTM and fullerene derivatives as ETM respec-tively [73-94]. Jeng et al. fabricated first p-i-n PSCusing thermal evaporation method for ETL layer (C

60)

as well as back contact of aluminium respecctivelyand achieved an efficiency of 3.9% [73]. Sun andco-workers have used one step deposition methodwhich is less costly than thermal evaporation andgot an improved efficiency (5.2%). In their extendedwork, they have used sequential deposition methodand achieved improved efficiency of 7.4% [74].Docampo et al. have used mixed halide perovskitematerial and followed solution process method andachieved an efficiency of 9.8% [75]. After this re-search, You et al. optimized the structure of PSCand used thermal annealing process to get higherefficiency (11.5%) [76].

The efficiency of PSC was improved by usingtwo fullerene layers reported by Wang et al. in 2014.They have applied this method and used excessamount of CH

3NH

3I to get better morphology of

perovskite film and achieved efficiency of 12.8% [77].Edri et al. proved that the grain size of perovskiteaffects the PCE of PSC [95]. Xiao et al. in year2014 deposited perovskite film with large grain sizeand the method was solvent annealing and reportedPCE of 15.6% [80]. Nie et al. prepared single crys-tal perovskite film and got an efficiency of 17.7%[96]. Incorporation of some suitable materials re-duces pin holes and increases uniformity of film andhence PCE can be improved by this method. Heoet al. added HI in CH

3NH

3PbI

3 solution to get dense

perovskite film and got a PCE of about 18% [84]. Biet al. deposited large crystal size perovskite film

Fig. 7. (a) Mesoporous versus (b) planer n-i-p and (c) planer p-i-n structure of PSC.

and used PTAA as HTM to achieve high efficiency(18.3%) [82]. In their further work, they have incor-porated chlorine in perovskite solution as an addi-tive and improved PCE up to 18.9% [87].

The other way to improve the efficiency of a planerp-i-n PSC is the addition of an extra layer betweenETL and metal electrode. Sun and co-worker hasapplied LiF interlayer and improved the PCE of PSCto 13.2% [79]. Xue et al. used a polymer interlayerof PN

4N between PC

61BM and Al and improved PCE

from 12.2% to 15% [83]. PEN is also a very goodincorporating interlayer to achieve high efficiency[81].

2.3. HTL free perovskite solar cell

One of the ways to reduce the fabrication cost ofPSC is a fabrication of ETL or HTL free perovskitesolar cell. A comprehensive list of HTL free PSC isshown in the Table 3. In case of HTL free PSC, coun-ter electrode is directly coated either on perovskitefilm or on ETL [97-118]. Perovskite film acts as anabsorber layer as well as the HTM. Etgar and co-workers made the first HTM free perovskite solarcell in 2012 and got efficiency of 5.5% [97]. Shi etal. used two-step deposition methods to form a HTMfree device and got an efficiency of 10.49% [103].After this work, they TiO

2 as well as a very thin layer

of AlOx between absorber layer and metal electrode

was used and reported an efficiency of 11.1% [104].This research clearly indicates that the incorpora-tion of interlayer is helping to block holes and pro-mote electron transport and hence enhances theefficiency of the device. Tsai et al inserted Bis-C60interlayer between PC

61BM and Ag and achieved

11% efficiency [113]. BCP was used as an interlayerbetween C

60 and metal by Li et al. and they reported

the efficiency of 16% [115]. The cross-sectionalimage and J-V curve of device are shown in Figs. 8aand 8b respectively.


2.4. ETL free perovskite solar cell

Typical structure of HTL and ETL free PSC is shownin Fig. 9. To fabricate ETL free device, perovskite isdirectly deposited on substrate like FTO/ITO [119-121]. Liu et al. made an ETL free device on ITOsubstrate using sequential deposition method andachieved an efficiency of 13.5% [119]. Ke et al. [120]used mixed perovskite (iodine and chlorine) on FTOsubstrate and used UVO treatment for cleaning ofsubstrate. They have optimized the UVO treatmenttime (30 min) and the thickness of the absorber layer(500 nm). The FESEM images of the perovskite layerand the J-V curve of the device are shown in Fig.10. They have got an efficiency of 14.14% withoutETL and 16% with the use of TiO

2 as an ETL. In

case of ETL free devices, the film should be uniformwith good crystalline structure to reduce shuntingbetween HTM and FTO. Many devices without ETLare listed in Table 4.

Fig. 8. Structure (ITO/CH3NH

3PbI

3/C

60/BCP/Ag) and performance of HTL free device: (a) cross sectional

SEM image of device and (b) J-V curve of with and without hole transport layer, reprinted with permissionfrom Y. Li, S. Ye, W. Sun, W. Yan, Y. Li, Z. Bian, Z. Liu, S. Wang and C. Huang // J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015)18389. © 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry. Efficiencies of the device were 14.2% and 16% with and withoutHTM respectively.

Fig. 9. (a) ETL free PSC (b) HTL free PSC.

2.5. Further advance/alternateperovskite structure

2.5.1. Perovskite using mixed halide/cation

From the above discussion, it is clear that use ofmix halide in the perovskite layer gives more stableand efficient device. For the first time, Lee et al.[14] reported meso-superstructured organometalhalide perovskite solar cell using CH

3NH

3PbI

2Cl as

a photoactive layer. It led to an efficiency of 10.90%.After that, the thickness of scaffold Al

2O

3 was con-

trolled and improved the efficiency of PSC up to12.30% [15]. Jeon and colleagues made amesoporous PSC mixer of iodine and bromine inthe perovskite layer and observed an efficiency of16.20% [18]. Incorporation of other ion with methylammonium ion in the perovskite layer also helps toimprove efficiency and stability of device. Jeon etal. incorporated FAPbI

3 with MAPbBr

3 and improved


the efficiency of the device to 17.90% [20]. Yang etal. achieved 20% efficiency of PSC containing mixedhalide in perovskite layer. The method of depositionof FAPbI

3 was the interamolecular exchange of PbI

2

and formamidium iodide [21]. Saliba et al. optimizedthe percentage of inorganic cesium additive with themixture of formamidinium and methyl ammonium inactive layer and achieved an efficiency of 21.1%(highest for mixed halide perovskite solar cell) [37].The XRD image of perovskite layer and J-V curve ofdevice at optimum condition are shown in Fig. 5. Acomprehensive list of PSCs, using mixed halide inabsorber layer is shown in Table 5.

2.5.2. Replacement of Pb with othercomponent

Lead (Pb) is a toxic element which is one of thehurdles in the commercialization of PSC. Research-ers are trying to replace Pb with other componentswhich have properties suitable to make perovskitesa good photons absorber material. Hao et al. madefirst lead free PSC [90]. They have used CH

3NH

3SnI

3-

xBr

x as light harvester and refined its lattice param-

eter to tune the band gap and observed an efficiencyof 5.73%. Noel and co-workers also studied on leadfree PSC and reported an efficiency of 6.00% in year2014. After that, there is no progress on researchon such type of PSCs. Liao and group, 2016 used

Fig. 10. Performance comparison of ETL free device: (a) Top-view SEM images of the CH3NH

3PbI

3-xCl

x films

with UVO treatment (b) without UVO treatment (c) J-V curve of device with ETL (FTO/TiO2/CH

3NH

3PbI

3-xCl

x/

Spiro-OMeTAD/Au) and (d) without ETL (FTO/CH3NH

3PbI

3-xCl

x/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au), reprinted with permis-

sion from W. Ke, G. Fang, J. Wan, H. Tao, Q. Liu, L. Xiong, P. Qin, J. Wang, H. Lei, G. Yang, M. Qin, X.Zhao and Y. Yan // Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 6700. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

SnF2 as an additive with FASnI

3 and optimized the

mol% of SnF2. At optimum condition, they have re-

ported an efficiency of 6.22% [92]. Li et al. optimizedthe annealing temperature, concentration of Pb aswell as thickness of perovskite film. The device ismade with the combination of Pb and Sn and re-ported an efficiency of 13.60% [93]. Zhu and grouphave reported the use of Sn-Pb alloy in perovskitelayer in the mixed solvent of DMSO and DMF [94].Use of DMSO helped to enhance the crystallinity ofperovskite and to improve the efficiency of PSC upto15.20%. The device structure and performances areshown in Fig. 11. PSCs containing some other com-ponents with Pb in absorber layer are listed in Table6.

2.6. Replacement of metallic counterelectrode by cost-effective carbon

As we can see almost all PSC need a metal elec-trode to complete the structure. A metal electrode(the counter electrode) is very much useful to pre-vent the PSC from degradation. The depositionmethod used for metal coating needs costly instru-ment (physical vapour deposition) and high vacuum,which requires very high cost for the solar cell fabri-cation. An effective way to reduce the fabricationcost is the use of other less costly counter elec-trode. Carbon is the best alternative material for re-


Fig. 11. Device structure and performances: (a) Cross-sectional SEM image (ITO/PEDOT: PSS/MASn

0.25Pb

0.75I3/PC

61BM:C

60/ZrAcac/Ag) (b) energy-level diagram of Sn-Pb alloyed PVSCs. (c) XRD pat-

terns of Sn-Pb alloyed perovskite films produced from different DMSO/DMF ratios based precursors DMSO-0, DMSO-25, DMSO-50 and DMSO-75 and (d) Typical current density as a function of voltage curves (J–V),reprinted with permission from H.L. Zhu, J. Xiao, J. Mao, H. Zhang, Y. Zhao and W.C.H. Choy // Adv. Funct.Mater. 1 (2017) 1605469. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fig. 12. (a) Structure of device with carbon counter electrode (FTO/c-TiO2/ TiO

2/ZrO

2/Carbon/(5-AVA)

x(MA)

1-

xPbI

3) and (b) corresponding energy diagram, reprinted with permission from Y. Yang, K. Ri, A. Mei, L. Liu,

M. Hu, T. Liu, X. Li and H. Han // J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 9103. © 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry.

placement of metalllic electrode as it does not re-quire high vacuum and costly instrument for depo-sition. It can be coated by simple screen printing ordoctor’s blade method. Many researchers have usedcarbon paste/carbon nanotube/carbon black ascounter electrode and got good efficiency [100-

102,105-108,110,111,113, 117,118]. Yang et al. [113]reported use of alternative metallic electrode by lesscostly carbon. They used screen printing techniquefor carbon coating. Additionally, (5-AVA)

xPbI

3 was

used as the absorber layer and the size of TiO2 was

optimized (25 nm) and observed an efficiency of


13.41%, (the maximum efficiency for HTM freeperovskite solar cell with carbon as counter elec-trode). The complete structure of the device is shownin Fig. 12.

3. OUR PRELIMINARY WORK

In our previous work, we have prepared TiO2 semi-

conductor, Ag and Cu nanoparticles using sol-geland colloidal techniques [122-128]. We have alsoworked on fabrication and optimization of pure anddoped ZnO (Ag/Cu) using various techniques (spray,spin, and successive ionic layer adsorption reac-tion (SILAR)) [129-131]. The thickness of ZnO wasoptimized using taguchi as well as Grey optimiza-tion technique [131]. The optimum thickness usingTaguchi and Grey techniques were 95 nm and 79nm respectively (see Fig. 13). Presently, optimiza-tion of the low cost solar cell fabrication using ZnO/TiO

2 (as an ETL) is being studied in detail.

Fig. 13 (a) SEM cross sectional images at opti-mum conditions obtained by (a) Taguchi method and(b) Grey relational techniques, respectively, reprintedwith permission from N. Kumari, J.V. Gohel andS.R. Patel // Optik 144 (2017) 422. © 2017 Elsevier.

4. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

In the present review paper, the progress inperovskite solar cell is discussed comprehensively.Organolead halide perovskite materials are mostsuitable for solar energy capturing, owing to the longdiffusion length, high absorption coefficient and atuneable band gap. Due to all of these properties,the efficiency of PSC jumped from 3.8% to 22.1%[132] in short time span of a small number of years.PSC can be applied in photo-electrodes, radiationsensing and many more fields. One of the majorproblems in commercialization of PSC is its insta-bility under air and the other reason is the presenceof toxic lead. The stability of the device can be im-proved by modifying the methods applied for ETL,HTL, the perovskite layer coating. The type of coun-ter electrode also affects stability. Many research-ers are trying to replace Pb by Sn/Ge and they aregetting promising stability. Study on the stabilityimprovement of PSC under different conditions canbe done in the future. During perovskite layer depo-sition, CH

3NH

3PbI

3 is thermally unstable and it

quickly degrades to PbI2. So the degradation mecha-

nism of CH3NH

3PbI

3 requires to be studied in the

future. Hence, present paper is highly useful to thebeginners in the field of research on PSC, seekingcomprehensive study on present status of perovskitesolar cells.

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