current characteristics in demak … coastal zone is a remote area, so demak has poor data....

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 749 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 749–760, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_084

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS IN DEMAK

WATERS BASED ON ACOUSTIC

MEASUREMENT

Denny Nugroho Sugianto, Baskoro Rochaddi, Sri Yulina Wulandari, Petrus Subardjo,

Agus Anugroho Dwi Suryoputro, Warsito Atmodjo, Alfi Satriadi

Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences,

Diponegoro University Indonesia Jl. Prof. H. Sudarto, SH, Tembalang Semarang

Denny Nugroho Sugianto, Baskoro Rochaddi

Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation Studies (CoRem) Diponegoro University,

Center of Excellence Science and Technology (PUI), Jl. Prof. H. Sudarto, SH, Tembalang

Semarang

Chrisna Adhi Suryono, Nirwani Soenardjo

Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences,

Diponegoro University Indonesia Jl. Prof. H. Sudarto, SH, Tembalang Semarang

ABSTRACT

Current has the important role of the hydrodynamics process in the ocean because

it can move particles in the sea. Demak is the region located in the Northern Coast of

Central Java, Indonesia which is one of the largest abrasion in Indonesia. Many

factors that possibly impact abrasion such as the current. This research was

conducted in Demak Waters by using ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) to

measure current speed and direction in 5 cell. In data analysis, tidal current was the

dominance current in this location because of the current patterns mostly were

followed by tidal. Based on the analysis of the current characteristic, the largest speed

was about 32.6 cm/s in the depth from 0 to 2 meter, so the surface current has the

largest velocity other than current in the depth below. The direction of currents were

varies, but the most frequent of current flowing to Southeast and Southwest.

Keywords: current, Demak, hydrodynamics

Cite this Article: Denny Nugroho Sugianto, Baskoro Rochaddi, Sri Yulina

Wulandari, Petrus Subardjo, Agus Anugroho Dwi Suryoputro, Warsito Atmodjo, Alfi

Satriadi, Chrisna Adhi Suryono and Nirwani Soenardjo, Current Characteristics in

Demak Waters Based on Acoustic Measurement, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 749–760.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

Denny Nugroho Sugianto, Baskoro Rochaddi, Sri Yulina Wulandari, Petrus Subardjo, Agus Anugroho

Dwi Suryoputro, Warsito Atmodjo, Alfi Satriadi, Chrisna Adhi Suryono and Nirwani Soenardjo


1. INTRODUCTION

Current has important role for the hydrodynamics processes in the ocean. Coastal currents

play an important role in shoreline changings [1]. Many sort of currents that have their own

role. Wind patterns [2] can influence along-shore currents [3]. Flow of current can move

dispersal of nearly all marine organisms [4], keep mangroves habitat in the waters [5], blurred

the mixed layer [6] and transport dense deep water which is driven by divergence of wind-

driven Ekman transport and surface buoyancy [7]. Turbidity currents can result the

sedimentation [8] and making rock [9]. Bottom currents on continental shelf and slope are

responsible for delivering sediment between the continent and the deep sea [10]. Fast current

can effectively dilute a conservative radionuclide in seawater [11]. Other than that, the

shifting of chlorophyll a-values in waters is also affected by ocean currents [12].

Indonesia as an archipelagic island [13] has a vast area of ocean [14] as international

shipping [15]. Demak is one of the regencies in Central Java Province, Indonesia located in

6º43'26" - 7º09'43" S and 110027’58” - 110048'47" E [16]. Demak, Indonesia is one of the

area that has many problems related with erosion, a high score on the coastal vulnerability

index for sea level rise [17], coastal changing [18] and shoreline degradation [19] at an

average rate of 100 m/year [20]. The heavy erosion started after the fish ponds, reaching about

938.73 H [18] which covered the entire coastal zone [21]. The Demak coastal zone is very

shallow, with slopes of about 1:600, although the original slope is expected to have been

much gentler (1:1000 or even 1:1500). The seabed and sub-bottom are extremely muddy,

though the exact stratigraphy remains unknown [20].

Demak coastal zone is a remote area, so Demak has poor data. Therefore, a lot of

validation is only based on qualitative observations and expert judgement [22]. One of the

important data that very usefull for Demak Waters is ocean current data. Current can impact

the morphodynamics process in coastal zone of Demak [23].

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Materials

The materials were used in this study current speed data (cm.s-1

) and the currents direction

(degree) obtained from the measurement using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

(ADCP) Sontek Argonaut - XR with accuracy of 0.1.

2.2. Research Location

This research was conducted in Demak Waters, Java Sea, Indonesia, with the following

coordinates -6.878150° latitude and 110.44842° longitude. ADCP was deployed in the depth

of 12 meters below sea level. The distance between ADCP-sensor and seabad was 0.8 meter.

The current measurements were divided to 5 cell where each cell had 2 meter distance. The

distance between ADCP and coastline was ±5.63 km.

Current Characteristics in Demak Waters Based on Acoustic Measurement


Figure 1 Research Location

2.3. Current Measurement

Method to measure ocean currents in this study utilitize Eularian Method. The Eularian

Method is a method of measuring the current at a fixed location in the water column. The used

instrument was ADCP SonTek Argonaut-XR. This instrument emits acoustic waves through

the transducer and propagates along the water column. When this tool records the pattern and

velocity of ocean currents, the waves are re-reflected to the transducers by sediment and

plankton particles resulted in a change in wave frequency (Doppler effect) due to the relative

wave-reflection motion of the acoustic flow meter [24]. Current measurements were

performed in 4 x 24 hours with 10 minutes intervals and divided into 5 layer depth (cell). This

measurement has been performed from July 23, 2017 (11:40 am) to 27 July 2017 (3:40 pm).

2.4. Data Analysis

The current data were processed in the form of a vector plot, scatter plot, current rose and

vertical flow profile for the descriptions. Vector plots and scatter plots used U and V

automatically caculated components from ADCP. The shape of the current rose graph was

presented by using the speed and direction of the current data recorded by ADCP. The total

current consisted of tidal currents and non-tidal currents. To recognise the most dominant type

of current, we separate between tidal and non-tidal currents with the following formula:

Tidal current = ∑%��

%�� %�� x 100 (1)

Non-tidal current = ∑%��

%�� %�� x 100 (2)




where,

% astronomic = ∑ ��

�� x 100 % (3)

% residual = ∑ ��

�� x 100 % (4)

The results of those data-processing can be describing the current pattern in Demak

waters.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Current Characteristics due to The Depths

The current in the Demak waters has various speeds with depth (Figure 2). Based on the

measurements, the maximum average speed value was 15.3 cm / s and the mean minimum

current speed was 0.1 cm / s. The measurements were made in 5 cells of ADCP, yielding the

highest maximum current speed is at 0-2 meters depth of 32.6 cm / s and the lowest maximum

current speed is at a depth of 4 to 6 meters by 13.9 cm / s. Direction of current in Demak

waters also varies, ranging between 0 and 359 degree.

Figure 2 Current Profile in Demak Waters

If we compare with the previous research, the dominant current directions in Demak

Waters moving away from the coast with the ranged speed from 0.02 to 0.2 m/s, current that

comes from the north moves along to the coast and heading to the south with the average

speed from 0.02 to 0.06 m/s in Demak Waters [25]. Currents in the Demak coastal waters are

varied, with approximiately maximal velocities by 15 cm/s, however the location of this

measurement is not recognised [20]. The current speed in the west monsoon, as much as 5 -

13.4 cm/s, was lower than the east monsoon reaching 5 - 25 cm/s [26]. Tidal currents in

Sayung coastal waters is varied, with approximiately maximal velocities by 15, but the exact

locations of these measurements is unrecognised [27]. Bappenas and KOICA (2012) reported

that a wave-induced current is approximiately by 0.5 m/s when northwest waves propagate in

coastal area of Demak, but experts think the current velocity is an order of magnitude lower.

3.2. Vektor and Scatter Plot

Vectors and scatter plots show that currents in Demak Waters moving into all directions. The

patterns of ellipse show the dominant direction of the tidal current in the study area, but the

scatter plot show the distribution of the number of current directions in each quadrant. In the

vector plot, we can see the direction patterns and the current velocity in each depth. The

vector straight line on the plot also shows the dominant direction of the current of the research



area and the length of the line means the current velocity, the longer the line on the diagram

is, the greater the velocity of the current is

(a)

(b)

(c)




(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 3. Vector and Scatter plot in the depth of a) 0 – 2 meter (Cell 5); b) 2 - 4 meter

(Cell 4); c) 4 – 6 meter (Cell 3); d) 6 – 8 meter (Cell 2); e) 8 – 10 meter (Cell 1) and f)

Average depth

Based on the length of the vector plot, it is seen that the current velocity value in Cell 5 is

the largest, and the smallest current speed is on Cell 1. Based on this, it can be seen that more

increasingly ocean surface is, the greater current speed becomes. Based on the patterns in the

scatter plot, the distribution of the dominant current direction in quadrants 2 and 3 in all cells

except cell 1 and 5, where in cell 1, the dominant current direction is in quadrants 1 and 2, and

in cell 5, 3. This indicates that the movements of the current direction were predominantly

moving to 90 ° - 270 ° (quadrant 2 and 3).

3.3. Relationship between Current and Tidal

One of the affecting factors to speed and direction of the current is tides. Based on the

conducted measurements, obtained the value of current speed and direction per cell. In figure

4 a, b, c, d and e it is known that the value of the connectivity between current speed, current

direction and tidal per cell. At a depth of 0 - 2 meters (cell 5), during high tide, the current

moves from northwest to north (0 ° - 300 °), while at low tide, the currents move from

northeast to north (10 ° - 360 °). At a depth of 2 - 4 meters (cell 4), the current moves from

northwest to northeast (30 ° - 310 °) at high tide, while at low tide to the tide moves from

northeast to northwest (30 ° - 330 °). At 4 - 6 meters depth (cell 3), during high tide the

current moves from west to north (10 ° - 270 °), while at low tide, the current flows from

north to west (10 ° - 270 °). At a depth of 6 - 8 meters (cell 2), during high tide the current

moves from southwest to north (0 ° - 240 °), while at low tide to the tide, its movement from



north to west (0 ° - 270 °). At a depth of 8 - 10 meters (cell 1), at high tide the current moves

from northwest to northeast (30 ° - 280 °), while at low tide, the movement from northeast to

northwest (30 ° - 300 °).

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 4 The relationship between current velocity & direction and tidal in the depth of a) 0 – 2 meter

(Cell 5); b) 2 - 4 meter (Cell 4); c) 4 – 6 meter (Cell 3); d) 6 – 8 meter (Cell 2); e) 8 – 10 meter (Cell 1)

and f) Average depth

The direction of the average current movement during the tide to the ebb is from west to

northeast (30 ° - 270 °) while at low tide the current moves from north to west (0 ° - 270 °).

Average maximum current velocity of 15.53 cm/s occurs on 27/7/2017 at 3.10 pm and a

minimum current velocity of 0.1 cm/s occurs on 27/7/2017 at 08.50 am. Low tide in Demak

waters generally occur from 00:00 pm to 09:00 am and the high tide occur from 09.00 am -

00.00 pm. Current generating factors other than the tides are topography and wind.




3.4. Distribution of Current Velocity and Direction

Based on Figure 5, we can know about the dominance of current speed and direction. The

instrument was setted in 5 cell, with cell 1 had the deepest depth. In cell 5 (Figure 5 a), the

dominace of current flowing to southwest with the percentage of 24.46 %. The most of

current speed was from 0 to 10 cm/s with frequency percentage of 16.98 % . Then, the

dominance of current speed and direction in the depth below cell 1, 2-4 meter (Figure 5 b)

were 0 – 5 cm/s (18.14 %), with the same direction of cell 5. Cell 3 (Figure 5 c) has the

dominant current direction to south with the percentage of 24.33 % and the most current

speed from 0 to 5 cm/s (20.17 %). Cell 2 (Figure 5 d), has the dominant current direction

same with Cell 3 (30.45 %) and the most of current speed was 0 – 5 cm/s about 24.79%. The

current in the deepest cell (8 – 10 meter) which represented in picure 5 e, was mostly flowing

to east (22.13%), with the dominance of current speed from 0 – 5 cm/s about 14.14 percent.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 5 Current rose in the depth of a) 0 – 2 meter (Cell 5); b) 2 - 4 meter (Cell 4); c) 4 – 6 meter

(Cell 3); d) 6 – 8 meter (Cell 2); e) 8 – 10 meter (Cell 1) and f) Average depth



The data from each cell were calculated to find out the value of current speed and

direction in average depth. Based on the calculation, the dominance of current direction was

the current flowing to the southwest with percentage by 31.11 %. The most current speed of

this depth was 0 – 5 cm/s about 27.79 percent. From the results, it is interpreted that current in

the ocean surface has the highest current speed value. The current speed become lower due to

the increasing of depth. The impacting factor to the current speed and direction were the wind,

tidal and bottom friction. The depth Increasing means the wind speed becomes lower, so it

can impact the current speed also. In the deepest depth, the current speed commonly has the

lowest speed because there is bottom friction that can reduce the current speed. On other side,

in the deepest depth, there was almost no winding factor that can generate current. Based on

Ervita et al. (2017), the influence of earth rotation or Coriolis force caused the currents to

move to a direction different from the wind direction. Therefore, during the west monsoon

and first transitional season, the winds were inclined to blow from the west and northwest.

The formed currents moved to a different direction and tended to move to the east, southeast,

and southwest, while in the east monsoon, the current direction came from the west,

northwest and north.

3.5. The Sort of Dominant Currents in The Demak Waters

The sort of currents were identified per cell by the equation 1 – 4 above. There are 2 kinds of

current in this study, they are tidal current and residual current. Tidal current is the generating

current by tidal and residual current is the current which generate from forces other than tidal.

Tidal currents close to the coast are more or less perpendicular to the coast, owing to the

shallowness of the foreshore. Residual currents close to the coast are the result of varying

large-scale wind-driven circulations with the monsoon. On a larger scale, the residual ocean

currents along the north coast of Java shift with the monsoon. During the SE monsoon (May-

September) residual currents are towards the West, whereas during the NW monsoon and the

transitional months (October-April), residual currents are towards the East [20].

(a) (b)

(c) (d)




(e) (f)

Figure 6 Tidal and Residual Current in The Depth of a) 0 – 2 meter (Cell 5); b) 2 - 4 meter

(Cell 4); c) 4 – 6 meter (Cell 3); d) 6 – 8 meter (Cell 2); e) 8 – 10 meter (Cell 1) and f)

Average depth

The ADCP was setted to be consisted of 5 cells. Based on analysis in the picture 6 above,

the dominant sort of current in this study area was tidal current because the total current

pattens, mostly following by the tidal current. In the east monsoon, Demak Waters has the

dominance of tidal current, but in the west monsoon the impacting main factor in the current

is open sea dynamics such as wind [29].

4. CONCLUSION

Demak has some characteristics of current. The current speed and direction are varied due to

depth. The highest current speed is on surface of ocean and the lowest is in the bottom. The

sort of dominant current in Demak is tidal current. In this study, current mostly flowed to

Southeast and Southwest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would thank to Oceanography Department Diponegoro University, LPPM Diponegoro

University, WCU Program Diponegoro University, Center for Coastal Disaster Mitigation and

Rehabilitation Studies (CoRem) Diponegoro University, Center of Excellence Science and

Technology (PUI) Diponegoro University and Ministry of Research Technology and Higher

Education (Ristek Dikti) Republic of Indonesia for funding our research.

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current characteristics in demak … coastal zone is a remote area, so demak has poor data....

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