Current Challenges in Research and Innovation

Prof. Sabu Thomas Vice Chancellor

Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala, India

www.mgu.ac.in, www.sabuthomas.com

INTRODUCTION

• The history of philosophy, scientific discoveries and development in Indiadates back to the vedic era. It is believed that, ancient Indian scholars haddeveloped geometric theorems before Pythagoras who did in the sixthcentury B.C.

• The concept of squares, rectangles, circles, triangles, fractions, and theability to express the number ten to the twelfth power, algebraic formulas,and astronomy have all their origins in Vedic literature; some are as earlyas 1500 B.C. The decimal system was already in use during the Harappancivilization. This is evident in their use of weights and measures.

• Moreover, the concepts of astronomy, metaphysics, and perennialmovement are all embodied in the Rig Veda.

SCIENCE _ SUSHRUTA SAMHITA – SUSRUTA IS THE “FATHER OF SURGERY” 6 CENTURY BC

• The Sushruta Samhita is a Sanskrit, text onsurgery, attributed to Sushruta, (6th centuryBCE), the "father of Surgery". The originalmanuscript has not survived, and only "copies ofcopies and revisions of revisions" exist.

• Amongst the eight divisions of medicalknowledge, surgery was considered the mostimportant branch. The text was translated intoArabic in the 8th century. However, RichardSalomon states that the earliest confirmedspecimens of India's earliest written script, theBrāhmī script, are rock-cut inscriptions calledthe Edicts of Ashoka and are dated to the 3rdcentury BC; any excavated evidence for writingin India that may predate these Edicts (such asgraffiti on pottery shards from Sri Lanka thatmay date to the 4th century BC) arecontroversial and their dating ambiguous.

Susrutha

Cataract in the Human Eye—magnified view seen on examination with a slit

lamp. Indian surgeon Susruta performedcataract surgery by the 6th century BCE.

CONCEPT OF ZERO - ARYABHATTA 476-550 AD PATLIPUTRA (PATNA)

•Aryabhatta lived in Patliputra where he wrotehis famous treatise the "Aryabhatta-siddhanta"but more famously the "Aryabhatiya", the onlywork to have survived. It contains mathematicaland astronomical theories that have beenrevealed to be quite accurate in modernmathematics.•For instance he wrote that if 4 is added to 100and then multiplied by 8 then added to 62,000then divided by 20,000 the answer will be equalto the circumference of a circle of diametertwenty thousand.•This calculates to 3.1416 close to the actualvalue Pi (3.14159). But his greatest contributionhas to be zero. His other works include algebra,arithmetic, trigonometry, quadratic equationsand the sine table.

THE CONCEPT OF ZERO

•Spreading Outward: China, Arabia and Europe

•The Hindus influenced the numeration ofnearby locales, and introduced the zero tothe Chinese and to the Arabs whodeveloped the modern day shape ofnumerals and passed them, along withzero, to the Europeans in the 12thcentury.•Although China independently inventedplace value, they didn’t make the leap tozero until it was introduced to them by aBuddhist astronomer (by way of India) in718.

Introduction…Contd

India’s development in the field of science and technology was substantialfrom British period.

RAMANUJAN IYENGAR (1887-1920)JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE (1858-1937)SATYENDRANATH BOSE (1894-1974)CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN, C.V. Raman (1888-1970)VIKARAM SARABHAI (1919- 1971)HOMI JEHANGIR BHABHA (1909-1966)G.N. Ramachandran (1922-2001)

In 1947 when India got her independence, the process of development wasfurther enhanced by receiving funds from the government. “No realbreakthroughs” Today for the government, science and technology is animportant part of its five-year plans.

SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN IYENGAR (1887-1920)

▪ Ramanujan was a Indian mathematician. Thoughhe had almost no formal training pure mathematicsmade extraordinary contributions to mathematicalanalysis, number theory, infinite series and continuedfractions.

▪He stated results that were both original and highlyunconventional, such as the Ramanujan prime andthe Ramanujan theta function and these haveinspired a vast amount of further research.

▪The number 1729 is known as the Hardy–Ramanujan number after a famous anecdote of theBritish mathematician G. H. Hardy regarding a visit tothe hospital to see Ramanujan. In Hardy's words:it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of

two cubes in two different ways.'The two different ways are1729 = 13 + 123 = 93 + 10

JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE (1858-1937)

▪Bose was a polymath, physicist,biologist biophysicist, botanist, archaeologist aswell as an early writer of science fiction.▪ Living in British controlled India, he pioneered theinvestigation of radio and microwave optics, madevery significant contributions to plant science, andlaid the foundations of experimental science inthe Indian subcontinent.▪IEEE named him one of the fathers of radioscience. He is considered the father of Bengaliscience fiction. He also invented the crescograph. Acrater on the moon has been named in his honour.▪ Bose' work in radio microwave optics wasspecifically directed towards studying the nature ofthe phenomenon and was not an attempt todevelop radio into a communication medium.[

BOSON – SATYENDRA NATH BOSE (1894-1974) BOSE-EINSTEIN STATISTICS

▪In particle physics, bosons are particles, which obeyBose-Einstein statistics, they are named after SatyendraNath Bose and Albert Einstein.▪ In contrast to fermions, which obey Fermi-Diracstatistics, several bosons can occupy the same quantumstate. Thus, bosons with the same energy can occupythe same place in space.▪Therefore bosons are often force carrier particles whilefermions are usually associated with matter, though thedistinction between the two concepts is not clear cut inquantum physics.▪SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), whichclarified the behaviour of photons (the particles of lightin an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas onstatistics of Microsystems that obey the rules ofquantum theory, was one of the top ten achievementsof 20th century Indian science and could be consideredin the Nobel Prize class

▪In 1895, Jagadish Chandra Bose used what are today known as microwaves to ignitegunpowder and ring a bell at some distance – without the aid of any mechanical or electricalcontact.

▪The demonstration, carried out with electro-magnetic radiation of 5-25 mm wavelength inKolkata, showed for the first time that communication signals could be sent throughelectromagnetic waves (over distances of upto a mile at the time), without the use of wires.

▪In further demonstrations at the Royal Institution in London in 1897, Bose usedwaveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses and polarisers, and was the first in the world touse a semiconductor crystal (galena) as a detector of radio waves. In the years following,attention was focused on long distance transmission which demanded using much longerelectromagnetic waves, but in the middle of the 20th century microwaves became veryrelevant, for greater resolution rendered them central to such important applications asradar.

▪Einstein applied Bose’s method to give the theory of the ideal quantum gas, and predictedthe phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation.

CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN, C.V. Raman (1888-

1970)

▪Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, was an Indianphysicist, born in the former Madras Province, whoseground breaking work in the field of light scatteringearned him the 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics.

▪He discovered that, when light traverses atransparent material, some of the deflected lightchanges in wavelength. This phenomenon is nowcalled Raman scattering and is the result ofthe Raman effect.

▪In 1954, he was honoured with the highest civilianaward in India, the Bharat Ratna.

On 28 February 1928, Raman led experiments at the IACS with collaborators, including K. S.Krishnan, on the scattering of light, when he discovered what now is called the Ramaneffect. A detailed account of this period is reported in the biography by G. Venkatraman. Itwas instantly clear that this discovery was of huge value. It gave further proof ofthe quantum nature of light. Raman had a complicated professional relationship with K. S.Krishnan, who surprisingly did not share the award, but is mentioned prominently even inthe Nobel lecture.[

Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal

Har Gobind Khorana (1922-2011)

▪Har Gobind Khorana was an Indian-American biochemistwho shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology orMedicine with Marshall W.▪Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that helpedto show how the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids,which carrythe genetic code of the cell, control the cell’ssynthesis of proteins.▪Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the LouisaGross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the sameyear, He extended the above to long DNA polymers usingnon-aqueous chemistry and assembled these into the firstsynthetic gene, using polymerase and ligase enzymes thatlink pieces of DNA together.

G.N. Ramachandran (1922-2001)

▪Ramachandran was an Indian physicist who was known forhis work that led to his creation of the Ramachandranplot for understanding peptide structure.

▪He was the first to propose a triple-helical model for thestructure of collagen in 1951. He subsequently went on tomake other major contributions in biology and physics.

▪Notable awards that Ramachandran received includethe Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Physics in India(1961) and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London.

▪ In 1999, the International Union of Crystallography honoredhim with the Ewald Prize for his 'outstanding contributions tocrystallography'. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize aswell for his fundamental contributions in protein structureand function.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India (office: 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964), initiated reforms to promote higher education, science, and technology in India.

The Indian Institutes of Technology – conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars andentrepreneurs in order to promote technical education – was inaugurated on 18 August 1951at Kharagpur in West Bengal by the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

More IITs were soon opened in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, and Delhi as well in the late 1950s and early1960s.

Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Soviet Union enabled the Indian Space ResearchOrganization to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance nuclear power in India evenafter the first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran.

Jawaharlal Nehru aimed "to convert India’s economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into thenuclear age and do it quickly. Nehru understood that India had not been at the forefront of the IndustrialRevolution and hence made an effort to promote higher education and science and technology in India.

]

▪The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the spaceagency of the Indian government headquartered in the cityof Bengaluru. Its vision is to "harness space technology fornational development, while pursuing space science researchand planetary exploration".▪Formed in 1969, ISRO superseded the erstwhile IndianNational Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) , whichwas established in 1962 by the efforts of independent India'sfirst Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and his close aide andscientist Vikram Sarabhai. ISRO built India'sfirst satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the SovietUnion on 19 April in 1975.▪In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed inorbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISROsubsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar SatelliteLaunch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites into polarorbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits.. InJanuary 2014, ISRO successfully used an indigenous cryogenicengine in a GSLV-D5 launch of the GSAT-14.

INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (ISRO) (1949)

VIKARAM SARABHAI (1919- 1971)

▪Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai was an Indian scientist andinnovator widely regarded as the father of India's spaceprogramme.

▪The establishment of the Indian Space ResearchOrganization (ISRO) was one of his greatest achievements. Hesuccessfully convinced the government of the importance ofa space programme for a developing country like India afterthe Russian Sputnik launch.

▪Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, widely regarded as the father ofIndia's nuclear science program, supported Dr. Sarabhai insetting up the first rocket launching station in India. Thiscenter was established at Thumba near Thiruvananthapuramon the coast of the Arabian Sea.

▪Dr. Sarabhai started a project for the fabrication and launchof an Indian Satellite. As a result, the first Indian satellite,Aryabhata, was put in orbit in 1975 from a RussianCosmodrome

ISRO had a mostly successful Moon mission from 2008 to 2009. A mission to Marsstarted in 2013 and will last until 2015.

▪Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The vehicle was successfullyinserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. It carried high-resolution remote sensingequipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies.

▪During its 312 days operational period (2 years planned), it surveyed the lunar surface toproduce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography.The polar regions were of special interest, as they possibly had ice deposits.

▪Chandrayaan-1 became the first lunar mission to discover existence of water on theMoon. The Chandrayaan-1 team was awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics SPACE 2009 award, the International Lunar Exploration Working Group'sInternational Co-operation award in 2008, and the National Space Society's 2009 SpacePioneer Award in the science and engineering category.

FIRST MISSION TO THE MOON: CHANDRAYAAN-1

MODEL OF THE CHANDRAYAAN-1 SPACECRAFT

MARS ORBITER MISSION (MANGALAYAAN)

▪Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally knownas Mangalayaan, was launched into Earth orbit on 5November 2013 by the Indian Space ResearchOrganisation (ISRO) and has entered Mars orbit on 24September 2014..

▪India is the first country to enter Mars orbit in firstattempt. It was completed at a record cost of $74million.MOM was successfully placed into Mars orbiton September 24, 2014 at 8:23 AM IST.

•The spacecraft had a launch mass of 1,337 kg(2,948 lb), with 15 kg (33 lb) of five scientificinstruments as payload.

▪The National Space Society awarded the Mars OrbiterMission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in thescience and engineering category

K. Radha krishnan (1949-)

▪ He was chairman of the Indian Institutes of EngineeringScience and Technology, having taken the position inDecember 2014, and was chairman for the Indian Instituteof Space Science and Technology.▪ Radhakrishnan previously served as chairman ofthe Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) between2009 and 2014.

▪He has held several key positions in ISRO and was one ofthe key people behind India's Chandrayaan-1 moonmission.

After Independence

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE (1954)

▪The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India’spremier nuclear research facility basedin Trombay, Mumbai,Maharashtra. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructurefor advanced research and development covering theentire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering andrelated areas.

▪BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applicationsof nuclear energy, primarily for power generation. Itmanages all facets of nuclear power generation, fromtheoretical design of reactors, computerised modellingand simulation, risk analysis, development and testing ofnew reactor fuel materials, etc.

▪It also conducts research in spent fuel processing, andsafe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focusareas are applications for isotopes in industries,medicine, agriculture, etc. BARC operates a number ofresearch reactors across the country

HOMI JEHANGIR BHABHA (1909-1966)

▪He was a Indian nuclear physicist, founding director,and professor of physics at the Tata Institute ofFundamental Research .Colloquially known as "father ofthe Indian nuclear programme”.

▪ Bhabha was the founding director of two well-knownresearch institutions, namely the Tata Institute ofFundamental Research (TIFR) and the Trombay AtomicEnergy Establishment (now named after him); both siteswere the cornerstone of Indian development of nuclearweapons which Bhabha also supervised as its director.

▪Bhabha gained international prominence after derivinga correct expression for the probability of scatteringpositrons by electrons, a process now known as Bhabhascattering. His major contribution included his workon Compton scattering, R-process, and furthermore theadvancement of nuclear physics.

India's first reactor and a plutonium reprocessing facility, Mumbai, as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966.

▪ The BARC and the Indian government hasconsistently maintained that the reactors areused for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; namedby the then Prime Minister of India, JawaharlalNehru when he likened the blue Cerenkovradiation to the beauty of the Apsaras (Indra'scourt dancers),CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-IndiaReactor" with assistance from Canada), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor forLattice Investigations and Neutron Assay),Purnima I (1972), Purnima II(1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990),and KAMINI.

DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (DRDO) (1958)

▪The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) isan agency of the Republic of India, charged with the military'sresearch and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India.

▪It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the TechnicalDevelopment Establishment and the Directorate of TechnicalDevelopment and Production with the Defence ScienceOrganisation. It is under the administrative control of the Ministryof Defence Government of India.▪With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged indeveloping defence technologies covering various fields, likeaeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, lifesciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems, DRDO is India'slargest and most diverse research organisation. The organisationincludes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the Defence Research& Development Service (DRDS) and about 25,000 other scientific,technical and supporting personnel.

PROJECTS OF DRDO IN AERONAUTICS

▪ DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft. The LCA is intended to providethe Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop theaviation industry in India. The LCA programme has allowed DRDO to progress substantiallyin the fields of avionics, flight control systems, aircraft propulsion and composite structures,along with aircraft design and development.

▪The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme under the "Vetrivel"programme. Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and displaycomputers. DRDO's radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted intoMalaysian Su-30s.

▪The DRDO is part of the Indian Air Force's upgrade programmes for its MiG-27 and SepecatJaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDOand HAL have been responsible for the system design and integration of these upgrades,which combine indigenously developed systems along with imported ones. DRDOcontributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, coreavionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation and displays

▪The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came fromCIRUS. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientiststhe technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuelfor future reactors to be used in power generation and research, but also thecapacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in thedevelopment of nuclear weapons.

▪BARC also designed and built India's first Pressurized water reactor atKalpakkam, a 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant’s nuclear powerunit, as well as the Arihant's propulsion reactor

A P J Abdul Kalam (1931-2015)

▪Dr. Abdul Kalam was a scientist and scienceadministrator, mainly at the Defence Research andDevelopment Organisation (DRDO) and Indian SpaceResearch Organisation (ISRO) and was intimatelyinvolved in India's civilian space program andmilitary missile development efforts.

▪He thus came to be known as the Missile Man ofIndia for his work on the development of ballisticmissile and launch vehicle technology. He also played apivotal organizational, technical, and political role inIndia's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first sincethe original nuclear test by India in 1974.[

C.N.R. RAO (1934-)

▪ is an Indian chemist who has worked mainly in solid-state andstructural chemistry and nanomaterials. He had served as theHead of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister ofIndia.

▪ Rao has honorary doctorates from 60 universities from aroundthe world. He has authored around 1,500 research papers and45 scientific books. On 16 November 2013, the Government ofIndia announced his selection for Bharat Ratna, the highestcivilian award in India, making him the third scientist after C.V.Raman and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to receive the award.

▪Rao is one of the world's foremost solidstate and materials chemists. He has contributed to thedevelopment of the field over five decades. His workon transition metal oxides has led to basic understanding ofnovel phenomena and the relationship between materialsproperties and the structural chemistry of these materials.

▪Rao was one of the earliest to synthesize two-dimensional oxide materials such as La2CuO4. Hiswork has led to a systematic study ofcompositionally controlled metal-insulatortransitions.▪Such studies have had a profound impact inapplication fields such as colossal magnetoresistance and high temperaturesuperconductivity. Oxide semiconductors haveunusual promise.▪He has made immense contributions tonanomaterials over the last two decades, besideshis work on hybrid materials.

▪Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Make in India programme on 25September 2014 in a function at the Vigyan Bhavan. On 29 December 2014, a workshopwas organised by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion which was attendedby PM Modi, his cabinet ministers and chief secretaries of states as well as variousindustry leaders.

▪The major objective behind the initiative is to focus on job creation and skillenhancement in twenty-five sectors of the economy..The initiative also aims at highquality standards and minimising the impact on the environment. The initiative hopes toattract capital and technological investment in India

▪"Zero Defect Zero Effect" is a slogan coined by Prime Minister of India, NarendraModi which signifies production mechanisms wherein products have no defects and theprocess through which product is made has zero adverse environmental and ecologicaleffects..The slogan also aims to prevent products developed from India from beingrejected by the global market.

Make in India focuses on the following 25 sectors of the economy:

•Automobiles•Automobile Components•Aviation•Biotechnology•Chemicals•Construction•Defence manufacturing•Electrical Machinery.

•Electronic systems•Food Processing•Information Technology and Business process management•Leather•Media and Entertainment•Mining•Oil and Gas•Pharmaceuticals•Ports and Shipping

Our Position in the Global Scenario!!

Where We stand?

Why we can’t find the Next Raman!!

As per latest available figures, India isspending less than 1% on research anddevelopment compared to 1.9% inChina and 2.75% in US

The goal of spending at least 2 percent of GDP onscience research – outlined in the govts policy of2003- has not been met

Indian’s filed just 17 patents permillion population compared to 541in China and 4,451 in South Korea.

India has just 4 scientific researchersfor every 10,000 people in the workforce, much lower than developingcountries like China and Brazil.

Citations were below world average!!!

According to Prof.Rao……

‘I am no worried about the quantity as much as the quality of Science coming form

India, it is also not showing any improvement. India still contributes less than one percent world’s top one percent of research’

‘’They are a few individuals in various places who are doing well, but this is not enough. We need many good institutions doing out standing work, so that we can

accommodate capable young scientists’’

WHY IS INDIA LAGGING IN SCIENCE-LED INNOVATION?

➢Spending on research activities in India is low: 0.85% of Gross Domestic Product in 2013 and projected at 0.9% in 2014. Global spending averages around 1.8%.

➢While the United States spends around 2.8% of GDP on R&D, China spends 2% and Russia 1.5%, according to a report by Batelle, a non-profit research and development organisation.

➢On an average, an Indian researcher is paid around Rs 2.5 lakh/year, which is 22% lower than the average minimum salary range of Rs 3.2-5 lakh/year paid by well-known IT and engineering firms to fresh graduates.

2) Research Fellowship to be raised

Good Fellowships for Students for PhD. Post doc..

1) Spending on research activities in India is as low as 0.85% of the gross domestic product.

3) Without research, India struggles with innovation

➢Low spending on R&D is the major reason India lags similar economies in innovation and scientific development. I

➢n 2012, Manmohan Singh, then Prime Minister, had expressed concerns that expenditure on research and development in India has been “too low and stagnant”.

➢India had 0.44 million R&D personnel, as compared to China’s 3.2 million, Japan’s 0.86 million and Russia’s 0.83 million, according to data last available.

Tenure track faculties

4) India’s niggardly contribution to patent filing

➢In terms of filing patents, India lags major countries, and its contribution to global patent filings was 1.8% in 2012.

➢The number of patents filed by foreigners in India largely exceeds patents filed by residents between 2005-2012, a trend also observed in Brazil and South Africa, according to data available with the World Bank .

➢The number of female R&D personnel in India is low: 15% are female, compared to 29% in France, 41.4% in South Africa and 27.3% in Germany. Bulgaria, where women comprise 53.3% of personnel, tops the list.

➢Invent-Patent-Publish-Commercialise

SETTING AN INDIAN AGENDA FOR LEADER SHIP IN SCIENCE –LED INNOVATION

➢Sustained increase in plan allocations for scientific departments.

➢Setting up of new institutions for science education and research.

➢Launch of new Science, Technology and Innovation Policy .

➢Creation of centre's of excellence for research and facilities in emerging and frontline science andtechnology areas in academic and national institutes.

➢Establishment of new and attractive fellowships.

➢Strengthening infrastructure for R&D in universities.

➢Encouraging public-private R&D partnerships

➢Recognition of R&D units.

➢Focused mission projects

➢Fiscal incentives and support measures for enhancing industry participation in R&D

CONCLUSION

➢In the next two decades, India is likely to become an economically prosperous nationCountry with lots of young people

➢Pressing needs such as affordable health care, good education, and safe drinkingwater, housing can only be provided by making use of our scientific capabilities.

➢We should promote close collaboration between the private and the public sectors,and between academia and industry

➢We have to develop critical competitiveness in Science, Technology, EngineeringMathematics (STEM)

➢India should spend at lease 3% of GDP on research and development

➢We should work very hard......

➢The challenges facing us may appear formidable, but they afford many opportunitiesfor scientists to contribute in a big way.

Invent!!Discover!!Make!!