mahatma gandhi university restructured curriculum … · curriculum for bsc.zoology programme the...

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

PRIYADARSHINI HILLS, KOTTAYAM 686 560

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM

AND SYLLABI IN

CHOICE BASED COURSE,

CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM

( CBCSS )

BSc ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

INTRODUCED FROM 2009 ADMISSION ONWARDS

(Modified syllabus for 2012 admission onwards)

BOARD OF STUDIES IN ZOOLOGY (UG)

Mahatma Gandhi University P D Hills Kottayam .Kerala.

Curriculum for BSc.Zoology Programme

The Board of Studies in Zoology (UG), Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam

2

CONTENTS

A. Model I B.Sc. Zoology Programme

COURSE STRUCTURE Scheme of Examination

Syllabus – (1) Zoology Core Courses 1-12

Theory

Practical

(2) Zoology core choice based courses

(3) Zoology open courses for other streams

4. B. Sc. Zoology Complementary courses for Botany Model I

5. B. Sc. Zoology Complementary courses for Botany Model II

Scheme of Examination

Syllabus

Theory

Practical

B. Biological Techniques and Specimen preparation – UGC Sponsored.

C. Model II B.Sc. Zoology Programme (Vocational)

1. Aquaculture

2. Food Microbiology

3. Medical Microbiology

Subjects – work distribution,

Scheme of Examination and Syllabus

Core subject – Zoology

Vocational Subjects

Complementary Subjects

D. Double core B.Sc. Zoology and Industrial Microbiology.

Report of the Board of Studies



3

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

Programme Objectives

The B.Sc. Zoology programme is designed to help the students to:

1. Impart basic knowledge of various branches of Zoology and General

biology meant both for a graduate terminal course and for higher studies.

2. Inculcate interest in and love of nature with its myriad living creatures.

3. Understand the unity of life with the rich diversity of organisms and their

ecological and evolutionary significance

4. Acquire basic skills in the observation and study of nature, biological

techniques, experimental skills and scientific investigation

5. Acquire basic knowledge and skills in certain applied branches to enable

them for self employment

6. Impart awareness of the conservation of the biosphere.



4

Programme Outcomes

The graduate of this programme should be able to

1. Identify and list out common animals

2. Explain various physiological changes in our bodies

3. Analyze the impact of environment on our bodies

4. Understand various genetic abnormalities

5. Develop respect for nature

6. Explain the role and impact of different environmental conservation

programmes

7. Identify animals beneficial to humans

8. Identify various potential risk factors to health of humans

9. Explain the importance of genetic engineering

10. Use tools of information technology for all activities related to zoology

Comments

1. These outcomes do not naturally get translated into specific courses

2. Designing courses to meet these outcomes is very difficult task and would

constitute significant deviation from the current text book based

approaches.



5

Course structure:

The U.G.programme in Zoology must include (a) Common Courses, (b)

Core Courses, (c) Complementary Courses, (d) Open Courses and (e) Project.

No course shall carry more than 4 credits. The student shall select any Choice

Based Course offered by the Department which offers the core courses,

depending on the availability of teachers and infrastructure facilities, in the

institution. Open course shall be offered in any subject and the student shall have

the option to do courses offered by other Departments.

Course coding:

Every course in the programme is coded according to the following criteria.

1. The first letter plus second letter /another letter from the programme ie., ZY

2. One digit to indicate the semester. ie., ZY1 (Zoology, 1st semester)

3. One letter from the type of courses such as, A for common course, B for

core course, C for Complementary course, D for Open course. ie.., ZY1B

(Zoology, 1st semester Core course)

4. Two digits to indicate the course number of that semester. ie.., ZY1BO1

(Zoology, 1st semester, Core course, course number is 01)

5. The letter U to indicate for Under Graduate Programme.

6. One letter V for the Vocational course

7. ie., ZY1BO1U (Zoology, 1st semester, Core course, courses number 01,

U for UG Programme)

8. The letter (P) denotes practical



6

ZOOLOGY CODES

Code

ZY Zoology

ZYB Zoology Core Course

Zoology Core, Choice Based (ZY6B13U/ZY6B14U/ZY6B15U)

ZYB (P) Zoology Core Practical

ZYD Zoology Open Course

(ZY5D01U/ZY5D02U/ZY5D03U)

ZYC Zoology Complementary Zoology

(ZY1C01U/ZY2C02U/ZY3C03U/ZY4C04U)

ZYC (P) Zoology Complementary Zoology Practical ‘Model I’

(ZY1C01U [P]/ZY2C02U [P]/ZY3C03U [P]/ZY4C04U [P])

ZAV Zoology Vocational Aquaculture

ZMV Zoology Vocational Medical Microbiology

ZFV Zoology Vocational Food Microbiology

ZBV UGC Sponsored Vocational – Biological Techniques and

Specimen preparation.

ZY6BPVU Zoology 6th semester core project viva undergraduate.

ZYCV Zoology Complementary Zoology for Vocational (Model II)

(ZY1CV01U/ZY2CV02U/ZY3CV03U/ZY4CV04U)



7

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT, FIELD STUDY/ (STUDY TOUR) AND

GROUP ACTIVITY

A. Study tour/ field study, visit to research institute and various places of

zoological Importance

Field study/study tours should be conducted for not less than 6 days

(completed during the entire programme), preferably spreading the study in the

first to sixth semesters. Students are expected to visit research institutes and

various places of zoological importance.

B. Group Activity

Students are expected to do one group activity in the fifth semester and

submit the report in the sixth semester for external practical examination, along

with study tour report

A maximum of ten students can choose any one group activity like

aquarium management, vermicomposting, bee keeping, and conduct of zoological

exhibitions, designing of posters of zoological importance, surveys related to

disease outbreaks, community health programmes or any matter of zoological

interest.

C. Project Work

Each student is expected to complete 1 investigatory project in the sixth

semester and report shall be submitted for the external practical

examination.Project presentation and Viva- Voce will be conducted by the

external examiners along with the 6th semester practical examinations. The projects

are to be identified during the second semester of the programme with the help of

the supervising teacher, and the work can be started latest by the beginning of the

3rd semester. The student has to maintain a log book showing the progress of the

project work, duly signed by the supervising teacher, and may be shown to the

external examiners on demand.

For A, B and C- total 36 hours and total 1 credit (18 hours in 5th semester and

18 hours in 6th semester).

Zero Credit Courses:

Zero Credit courses shall be included in the programme to encourage

advanced learners and shall be indicated in the score sheet. Permission for

obtaining Zero credit courses shall be in accordance with the rules and regulations

of the University. The Zero Credit courses shall be done only under the

supervision of a university approved permanent faculty member of the department

which offers the core courses.



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Examinations:

The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts such as Internal or In-

Semester Assessment (IA) and External or End-Semester Assessment (EA). The

ratio between internal and external examinations shall be 1:3. The Internal and

External examinations shall be evaluated using Direct Grading system based on 5-

point scale as given below.

Letter

Grade

Performance Grade point (G) Grade Range

A Excellent 4 3.5 to 4.00

B Very Good 3 2.5 to 3.49

C Good 2 1.5 to 2.49

D Average 1 0.5 to 1.49

E Poor 0 0.00 to 0.49

PROGRAMME CLASSIFICATION.The grade cards shall indicate the

percentage equivalent to corresponding points of CGPA with a 7 point

scale secured by the student as follows.

CGPA Grade Percentage

3.80 to 4.00 A+ 95.00--100

3.50 to 3.79 A 87.50<94.99

3.00 to 3.49 B+ 75.00<87.49

2.50 to 2.99 B 62.50<74,99

2.00 to 2.49 C+ 50.00<62.49

1.50 to 1.99 C 37.50<49.99

1.00 to 1.49 D 25<37.49



9

A separate minimum of D grade for internal and external are

required for a pass for a course. For a pass in a programme a separate

minimum of Grade D is required for all the courses and (must score a

minimum of CGPA 1.5 to 1.99 ) an overall grade of C and above.

Internal or In-Semester Assessment (IA):

Internal evaluation is to be done by continuous assessments on the

following components. The Components of the internal evaluation for theory and

practical and their weights are as below.

Theory

Component Weight

Attendance* 1

Assignment 1

Seminar 1

Best two test papers 2

Total 5



10

*Attendance

% of Attendance Grade

Above 90% A

Between 85 and 90 B

Between 80 and 85 C

Between 75 and 80 D

Below 75 E

Assignments: Best of two assignments are considered per course. The

student has to take a minimum of 1 seminar per course. A minimum of 2 class tests

are to be attended. The grades of best 2 tests are to be taken.

Practical

*Attendance & Laboratory Involvement **

Attendance *

Attendance above 90%= A

89% to 85% = B

84% to 80% = C

79% to 75% = D

Below 75 =E

Laboratory Involvement **

Punctuality +

Handling Equipments +

Skill in Laboratory work +

Group Interaction = A

Component Weight

Attendance * 1

Laboratory Involvement

**

2

Test 2

Record 2

Viva-Voce/Quiz 1

Total 8



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The evaluation of all components is to be published and is to be acknowledged by

the candidate. All documents of internal assessments are to be kept in the

institution for 2 years and shall be made available for verification by the

university. The responsibility of evaluating the internal assessment is vested on

the teacher(s) who teach the course.

External or End-Semester Assessment (EA):

The external examination of all semesters shall be conducted by the

university on the close of each semester. There will be no supplementary exams.

For reappearance/ improvement as per university rules, students can appear along

with the next batch.

Examinations (Practical):

The practical examinations for the odd semesters are conducted

internally by the question papers and schedule from the university . For even

semesters external practical examinations are conducted by the university with a

common time-table and questions set by the university. One examiner shall be

external and the other internal , both selected from a panel of examiners

published by the university.The duration of practical examinations of Core&.

Complementary of model 1 ,2, &3 Zoology are of 3 hours,

. The graded score sheet of practical&theory internals duly certified by

the head of the institution, should be sent to the university before the

commencement of the end semester university examinations on theory courses. .

Pattern of Questions (Theory):

Questions shall be set to assess knowledge acquired, standard

application of knowledge, application of knowledge in new situations, critical



12

evaluation of knowledge and the ability to synthesize knowledge. The question

setter shall ensure that questions covering all skills are set. He/She shall also

submit a detailed scheme of evaluation along with the question paper.

A question paper shall be a judicious mix of objective type, short

answer type, short essay type /problem solving type and long essay type questions.

Different types of questions shall be given different weights to quantify their

range.

For all semesters:

1. The examination has duration of 3 hours

2. Each question paper has four parts A, B, C & D.

3. Part A contains 16 objective type questions of which the candidate has to

answer all. Each bunch of 4 questions carries a weightage of 1.

4. Part B contains 8 short answer type questions spanning the entire syllabus

and the candidate has to answer 5 questions. Each question carries a weight

of 1.

5. Part C contains 6 short essay type spanning the entire syllabus and the

candidate has to answer 4 questions. Each question carries a weight of 2.

6. Part D contains 3 essay type questions spanning the entire syllabus and the

candidate has to answer 2 questions. Each question carries a weight of 4.

Evaluation of problems in the grading system:

Numerical problems in Biostatistics & Bioinformatics shall be graded in

the following way.

1. Correct formula with correct substitution and answer : A

2. Correct formula with correct substitution and

answer but wrong or no unit. : B



13

3. Correct formula with correct substitution and wrong answer : C

4. Formula alone is correct : D

5. Even formula is incorrect : E

Evaluation of practical examinations:

The Board of Examiners constituted by the University shall have the

freedom for formulating the scheme of evaluation of the concerned practical

examination.

Student Strength for practical:

There shall be at least one teacher to supervise a batch of not more than 15

students in each laboratory session.



14

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM FOR

B.Sc. DEGREE IN ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

COURSE STRUCTURE

SCHEME OF INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS AND CREDITS

(TOTAL CREDITS 120)

Semester I Total Credits 20

No Course Title Hrs/

Week

Credits

1 Common Course English - 1 5 4

2 Common Course English - 2 4 3

3 Common Course III Second Language - 1 4 4

4 Core Course I General Methodology and Perspectives in

Science

2 2

5 Core Course I Practical General Methodology and

Instrumentation

2 1

6 1st Complementary Course Chemistry I/Biochemistry I 2 2

7 1st Complementary Course Chemistry Practicals I 2 1

8 2nd Complementary Course Botany I 2 2

9 2nd Complementary Course Botany Practicals I 2 1

Total 25 hrs 20

Semester 2 Total Credits 20


Week

Credits

1 Common Course IV English 3 5 4

2 Common Course V English 4 4 3

3 Common Course VI Second Language -2 4 4

4 Core Course II Biodiversity and Modern Systematics 2 2

5 Core Course II Practical Biodiversity and Modern Systematics 2 1

6 1st Complementary Course Chemistry II/Biochemistry II 2 2

7 1st Complementary Course Practicals II 2 1

8 2nd Complementary Course Botany II 2 2

9 2nd Complementary Course Practicals II 2 1

Total 25 hrs 20



15



Week

Credits

1 Common Course VII English 5 5 4

2 Common Course VIII Second Language 3 5 4

3 Core Course III Animal Diversity - Non Chordata 3 3

4 Core Course III Practical Animal Diversity - Non Chordata 2 1

5 1st Complementary Course III Chemistry III/Biochemistry III 3 3

6 1st Complementary Course III Practicals III 2 1

7 2nd Complementary Course III Botany III 3 3

8 2nd Complementary Course III Practicals III 2 1

Total 25 hrs 20



Week

Credits

1 Common Course IX English -6 5 4

2 Common Course X Second language 4 5 4

3 Core Course IV Animal Diversity –Chordata 3 3

4 Core Course IV Practical Animal Diversity –Chordata 2 1

5 1st Complementary Course IV Chemistry IV/Biochemistry IV 3 3

6 1st Complementary Course IV Chem. Practicals. 2 1

7 2nd Complementary Course IV Botany IV 3 3

8 2nd Complementary Course IV Botany Practicals. 2 1

Total 25 hrs 20



16

Semester 5

Total Credits 20


Week

Credits

1 Core Course V Cell Biology and Molecular Biology 3 3

2 Core Course VI Environmental Biology, Toxicology and

Disaster management

3 3

3 Core Course VII Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology 3 3

4 Core Course VIII Biochemistry, Human Physiology and

Endocrinology

3 3

5 Core Course Practicals (Core V, VI, VII &VIII) 8 4

6 Core Course Field Study , Study tour and Group activity

(Credit 1 in 6th semester with investigatory project and visit to

research institutes.)

1

7 Open Course (For other streams)/

Elective 1 – Man, Nature and Sustainable Development

Elective 2 – Human Genetics, Nutrition, Community health

and Sanitation

Elective 3 – Vocational zoology Elective 4 Food

MicrobiologyElective- 5 Ecotourism

4

4

Total 25 hrs 20



Week

Credits

1 Core Course IX Reproductive and Developmental Biology 3 3

2 Core Course X Genetics and Biotechnology 3 3

3 Core Course XI Microbiology and Immunology 3 3

4 Core Course XII – General informatics, Bioinformatics and

Biostatistics

3 3

6 Core Course Choice based (Electives)

Elective I - Ecotourism

Elective 2 -Nutrition, Community Health, and

Sanitation

Elective 3 Economic Zoology

4

3

7 Core Course Practicals (IX, X, XI & XII) 8 4

8 Project work & Field Visit/Study Tour, Visit to research

institutes , Group activity

1 1

25 hrs 20



17

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

CORE COURSES

SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS

Name of semester Theory Practical

First semester 2 2

Second semester 2 2

Third semester 3 2

Fourth semester 3 2

Fifth semester 16 8

Field Study and Group activity 1

Sixth semester 16 8

Project work ( in 6th semester), Visit to

research institutes

1

RECORDS

1. General Methodology and Instrumentation

2. Biodiversity and Modern Systematics

3. Animal Diversity - Non-Chordata

4. Animal Diversity - Chordata

5. Cell Biology and Molecular Biology

6. Environmental Biology, Toxicology and Disaster Management

7. Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology

8. Biochemistry, Physiology and Endocrinology

9. Reproductive and Developmental Biology

10. Genetics and Biotechnology

11. Microbiology and Immunology

12. General Informatics, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics



18

Each Record will be having external and internal evaluation. A total of one

credit is allotted for each record and the respective practical.

CORE COURSES

SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS AND CREDIT

Name

of

semest

er

Code Name of core course Hrs Inst

Hrs/

wee

k

Credit

1 ZY1B01U General Methodology and

Perspectives in science

36 2 2

1 ZY1B01U

[P]

(Practical)- General Methodology

& instrumentation

36 2 1

2 ZY2B02U Biodiversity & Modern systematics 36 2 2

2 ZY2B02U

[P]

(Practical) Biodiversity & Modern

systematics

36 2 1

3 ZY3B03U Animal Diversity Non Chordata 54 3 3

3 ZY3B03U

[P]

(Practical) Animal Diversity Non

chordata

36 2 1

4 ZY4B04U Animal Diversity Chordata 54 3 3

4 ZY4B04U

[P]

(Practical) Animal Diversity –

Chordata

36 2 1

5 ZY5B05U Cell Biology and Molecular

Biology

54 3 3

5 ZY5B05U

[P]

(Practical) – Cell Biology and

Molecular Biology

36 2 1

5 ZY5B06U Environmental Biology,

Toxicology and Disaster

Management

54 3 3

5 ZY5B06U

[P]

(Practical) – Environmental

Biology, Toxicology and Disaster

36 2 1



19

Management

5 ZY5B07U Evolution, Zoogeography and

Ethology

54 3 3

5 ZY5B07U

[P]

(Practical) Evolution,

Zoogeography and Ethology

36 2 1

5 ZY5B08U Biochemistry, Physiology and

Endocrinology

54 3 3

5 ZY5B08U

[P]

(Practical) - Biochemistry,

Physiology & Endocrinology

36 2 1

6 ZY6B09U Reproductive and Developmental

Biology

54 3 3

6 ZY6BO9U[P

]

(Practical) - Reproductive and

Developmental Biology

36 2 1

6 ZY6B10U Genetics and Biotechnology 54 3 3

6 ZY6B10U

[P]

(Practical) Genetics &

Biotechnology

36 2 1

6 ZY6B11U Microbiology and Immunology 54 3 3

ZY6B11U

[P]

(Practical) – Microbiology and

Immunology

36 2 1

6 ZY6B12U General informatics Bioinformatics

and Biostatistics

54 3 3

6 ZY6B12U

[P]

(Practical) General

Informatics,Bio informatics and

Bio statistics

36 2 1



20

CORE CHOICE BASED COURSE (6th SEMESTER) Core- Course Electives

The students of Zoology Programme of each college can select any of the three in

consultation with the Faculty of the Department .

6 ZY6B13U Ecotourism 72 4 3

6 ZY6B14U Nutrition, community health and

Sanitation

72 4 3

6 ZY6B15U Economic Zoology 72 4 3

Project

6 ZY6BPVU

Project and Viva (6th Semester )

Visit to research institutes (6th

Semester) Study tour/Field study

, Group activity (5th Semester)

18

18

1

1

1

Students are free to choose any Research Topic related with courses of

Zoology programme for their investigatory project work in consultation with

their supervising teacher.

OPEN COURSES FOR OTHER STREAMS - Electives

Vth

semest

er

(Zoology Department can offer any one of the five open courses )

5 ZY5D01U Man , Nature and Sustainable

Development

72 4 4

5 ZY5D02U Human Genetics, Nutrition,

Community health and Sanitation

72 4 4

5 ZY5D03U Vocational Zoology 72 4 4

5 ZY5D04U Food Microbiology 72 4 4

5 ZY5D05U Ecotourism 72 4 4



21

COMPLEMENTARY ZOOLOGY COURSES FOR BSc. BOTANY (MODEL I)

/HOME SCIENCE / BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN

PREPARATION

Semest

er 1

ZY1C01U

ZY1C01U

[P]

Animal Diversity – Non-Chordata

(Practical) - Animal Diversity –

Non-Chordata

36

36

2

2

2

1

Semest

er 2

ZY2C02U

ZY2CO2U

[P]

Animal Diversity –Chordata

(Practical) - Animal Diversity –

Chordata

36

36

2

2

2

1

Semest

er 3

ZY3C03U

ZY3C03U

[P]

Human Physiology and

Immunology

(Practical) - Human Physiology and

Immunology

54

36

3

2

3

1

Semest

er 4

ZY4C04U

ZY4C04U

[P]

Applied Zoology

(Practical) - Applied Zoology

54

36

3

2

3

1



22

COMPLEMENTARY ZOOLOGY COURSES FOR B.Sc BOTANY

(MODEL II) OFFERED BY ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Semest

er

Code Course Hrs Hrs/

week

Credit

Semes

ter 1

ZY1CVO1U

ZY1CVO1U

(P)

Animal Diversity-Non Chordata

Animal Diversity-Non Chordata

(Practical)

54

36

3

2

2

1

Semest

er 2

ZY2CVO2U

ZY2CVO2U

(P)

Animal Diversity-Chordata

Animal Diversity-Chordata

(Practical)

54

36

3

2

2

1

Semest

er 3

ZY3CVO3U

ZY3CVO3U

(P)

Human physiology & Immunology

Human physiology & Immunology

(Practical)

54

36

3

2

3

1

Semest

er 4

ZY4CVO4U

ZY4CVO4U

(P)

Applied Zoology

Applied Zoology (Practical)

54

36

3

2

3

1



23

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION THEORY (CORE COURSE)

Weightage ratio

SEME-

STER

CODE

ZY

COURSE HRS INTE-

RNAL

EXTE-

RNAL

CREDITS

SEM I ZY1B01U General Methodology and

Perspectives in Science

3

1

3

2

SEM II ZY2B02U Biodiversity and Modern

Systematics

3

1

3

2

SEM III ZY3B03U Animal diversity -Non

Chordata

3

1

3

3

SEM IV ZY4B04U Animal Diversity

Chordata

3

1

3

3

SEM V ZY5B05U Cell Biology And

Molecular Biology

3

1

3

3

ZY5B06U Environmental Biology

Toxicology and Disaster

Management

3

1

3

3

ZY5B07U Evolution Zoogeography

and Ethology

3

1

3

3

ZY5B08U Biochemistry Physiology

SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS

Theory Examinations will be conducted by the University at the end of the respective

semester in which the course is conducted

Duration 3 Hrs (Internal: External weightage =1:3)



24

and Endocrinology 3 1 3 3

SEM VI ZY6B09U Reproductive and


3

1

3

3

ZY6B10U Genetics and

Biotechnology

3

1

3

3

ZY6B11U Microbiology and

Immunology

3

1

3

3

ZY6B12U General Informatics,

Bioinformatics and

Biostatistics

3

1

3

3

ELECTI

VES

ZOOLO

GY

CORE

CHOICE

BASED

ZY6B13U Ecotourism

3

1

3

3

ZY6B14U Nutrition, Community

health And Sanitation

3

1

3

3

ZY6B15U Economic Zoology 3

1

3

3



25

OPEN COURSES FOR OTHER STREAMS

SEM 5

Electives

ZY5D01U Man, Nature and

Sustainable Development

Exam hr

3

1

3

4

ZY5D02U Human Genetics, nutrition,

community health and

Sanitation

3

1

3

4

ZY5D03U

ZY5D04U

Vocational Zoology

Food Microbiology

3

3

1

1

3

3

4

4

ZY5D05U Ecotourism 3 1 3 4

SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS

University Practical Examinations will be conducted at the end of even

Semesters with one external & one internal examiner and for odd semesters

with one internal examiner

A. Scheme of Practical Examinations at the end of 1, 2, 3 & 4 semester Weightage ratio 1:3

Semest

er

Code Exam

duration

Internal External Credit

1

ZY1B01U

[P]

3Hrs General Methodology &

Instrumentation

1 3 1

2

ZY2B02U

[P]

3Hrs Biodiversity & Modern

systematics

1 3 1

3

ZY3B03U

[P]

3Hrs Animal Diversity – Non

chordata

1 3 1

4 ZY4B04U

[P]

3Hrs Animal Diversity Chordata 1 3 1



26

B. Scheme of Practical Examinations at the end of 5th Semester

5 ZY5B05U

[P]

3Hrs

------------

3Hrs

Cell Biology & Molecular

Biology

1 3

1

5 ZY5B06U

[P]

Environmental

Biology,Toxicology,and Disaster

Management

1 3

1

5 ZY5B07U

[P]

3Hrs

------------

3Hrs

Evolution & Zoogeography 1 3

1

5

ZY5B08U

[P]

Biochemistry ,

Physiology & Endocrinology

1 3

1

C. Scheme of Practical Examinations at the end of 6th Semester

6

ZY6B09U

[P]

3Hrs

-----------

3Hrs

Reproductive and Developmental

Biology

1

3

1

6

ZY6B10U

[P]

Genetics & Biotechnology

1 3 1

6 ZY6B11U

[P]

3Hrs

--------------

3Hrs

Microbiology and Immunology 1 3 1

6

ZY6B12U

[P]

General Informatics , Bio

informatics and Biostatistics

1 3 1

6

ZY6BPVU

3Hrs

Project and Viva

Study Tour, Field Study Report,

Group activity

1 3 1

Total

13



27

TOTAL CREDIT

Theory

Core + Choice Based Core 37

Open course 4

Practical

Practical + Project and Viva + Field Study Report, Group

activity

13

Total 54 credits

SCHEME OF PRACTICAL CORE COURSES

(External exam)

(SEMESTER -1,2,3,4,&6)

External Weightage: 25

Record 4

Part-A Major practical a) 4+ b) 4 = 8

Part-B Minor practical a) 2+ b) 1 = 3

Part-C Spotters/problem a) 5 items of 2 weightage each

5×2 = 10

Total

25

SEMESTER 5 RECORD WEIGHT -4

PART A MAJOR PRACTICAL WEIGHT a)-4,b)-4,c)-4

PART B MINOR ,, WEIGHT 4&1

PART C SPOTTERS WEIGHT 2X2 =4

_________________________________________________________

TOTAL WEIGHT 25

CREDIT -1



28

FIELD STUDY, RESEARCH INSTITUTE VISIT, GROUP ACTIVITY,

PROJECT AND VIVA (Credit 1)

Weightage

Weightage (Internal) Weightage

(External)

Field Study report 4

Group Activity 2

Project 2

Log book showing the

progress of project work

duly signed by the

supervising teacher &

HOD

Project report

Title-1

Abstract-2

Introduction + Literature

review-2

Methodology-4

Results-4

Discussion &

Conclusion-4

Neat presentation and

Novelty-4 ( presentation

using OHP / LCD, / chart/

brief narration in front of

-examiners & students -in 7

Minutes)

Viva Voce-4 /(Question

&answer session after

powerpoint or OHP / chart/

narration/ any type of

presentation -4)

Total

8

25



29

B.Sc ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

MODEL - I



30



31

SYLLABI

SEMESTER I

ZY1B01U Core Course I

GENERAL METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVES IN SCIENCE 36 hrs

Credits 2

Objectives

To make aware of the basic philosophy of science, its history, concepts and

scope

To develop proper scientific mind, culture and work habits

To familiarize with the basic tools and techniques of scientific study with

emphasis on biological sciences

Pre-requisite:

Basic knowledge on various sciences and definitions of scientific terms

An awareness on role of research in science

PART – I BIOLOGY - THE LIFE SCIENCE 25 Hrs

Module I. Science and Scientific Studies (4 hrs)

Types of knowledge: practical, theoretical, and scientific knowledge.

Information.

What is science; what is not science; laws of science.

Basis for scientific laws and factual truths.

Science as a human activity, scientific temper, empiricism.

Vocabulary of science, science disciplines.

Revolutions in Science and Technology

Core Readings

Bowler Peter J. and Iwan Rhys Morus. 2005 Making Modern Science: A

Historical Survey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL:

Ernst Mayr 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution and

Inheritance. Published by Harvard University Press.

Ervin Schrodinger 1944. What is life? Mind and Matter. Cambridge University

Press.



32

Jacques Monod 1971. Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy

of Modern Biology. Vintage Pub. NY

Kuhn, Thomas. 1996 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3rd ed.: University of

Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

Taylor, Green, Stout (2008) Biological Science, Cambridge University, Press, p

951.

Thomas, A.P. (Editor) 2009. Biology – Perspectives and Methods. Green Leaf

Publishers, Kottayam.

Module II. What is Biology? (4 hrs)

Life and its manifestations.

History of Biology

Biology in ancient times

Landmarks in the progress of Biology

Branches of Biology

Core Readings

Bowler Peter J. and Iwan Rhys Morus. 2005 Making Modern Science: A Historical

Survey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL:

Ernst Mayr 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution and


Ernst Myer. 1997. This is Biology: The Science of the living World. University

Press, Hyderabad, India

Ernst Myer. 1997. This is Biology: The Science of the living World. University


Kuhn, Thomas. 1996 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3rd ed.: University of

Chicago Press, Chicago, IL


Publications,Kottayam.



33

Module III. Tools and Techniques in Biology (12 hrs)

Scientific drawing -Purpose and principle

Basic understanding on principle and uses of the following:

Microscopy (a) Light microscopy,

Bright field (Compound Microscope), Phase contrast, Dark field

microscopy, Fluorescence, Polorization microscopy, Video microscopy.

(b) Electron - Scanning (SEM), Transmission (TEM) and STEM

Micrometry – Stage and Eyepiece micrometers

Camera Lucida

Instrumentation

- pH Meter

Separation Techniques

- Centrifuge

- Chromatography

- Electrophoresis

Analytical techniques

- Colorimeter

- Spectrophotometer

- X-ray crystallography

Core readings

Aggarwal S.K, 2009 Foundation Course in Biology Ane’s Students Edition P- 79-

93.

Eldon D. Enger, Frederick C. Ross and David Bailey 2008(Eleventh Edition)

Concepts in Biology. Tata – McGraw Hill, New Delhi

Taylor, Green, Stout (2008) Biological Science, Cambridge University, Press, p

161-163

Wilson & Walkar 2008 Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular

Biology Cambridge University Press. Chapters 9,10,11,15.



34

Zoological Society of Kerala Study Material 2002 – Cell Biology, Genetics &

Biotechnology. Chapter- 2 Tools and Techniques.

Module IV. Animal Collection techniques (5 hrs)

- Collection methods, techniques and equipments

Plankton

Insects

Fish

Bird

- Preservation techniques – Taxidermy

- Rearing techniques

Laboratory and field.

Core Readings

Killick, H.J. 1971. Beginning ecology. Ibadan University Press.


Pubslishers, Kottayam.

PART II: BIOLOGY AND RESEARCH (11 hrs)

Module V. Bioethics (5 hrs)

Introduction

Animal rights and animal laws in India.

Prevention of cruelty to animals Act 1960

Wildlife protection act 1972 and Amendments

Biodiversity Act 2003.

Concept of 3 R – conservation (Refined- to minimize suffering, Reduced – to

minimize animals, Replaced – modern tools and alternate means )

Animal use in research and education.

Laboratory animal use, care and welfare

Animal protection initiatives

Animal Welfare, Animal Welfare Board, India CPCSEA

Working with Humans, harm, risk, and benefits.Consent.

Special Cases: Children and Vulnerable people, Equality, Anonymity,

Confidentiality, Information Storage and dissemination

Human Rights Act-1995, 1998.

Right to information- 2005.



35

Core Readings

Debbies Holmes, Peter Moody and Diana Dine 2006 Research methods for the

Biosciences. International student Edition: Oxford University Press. P.

288-299.

Marie, M. 2005. Animal Bioethics: Principles and Teaching Methods

Wageningen Academic Publishers

Module VI. Research Methodology (5 hrs)

Scientific method

Research Projects- Steps and process. Types.

Research Communication

Research report writing (Structure of a scientific paper)

Presentation techniques

Project proposal writing

Assignment, seminar, debate, workshop, colloquium, Conference

- Brief description and major differences

Core Readings

Anderson, J, Durston, B.H. and Poole, M. 1992. Thesis and assignment writing.

Wiley Eastern Ltd.


Biosciences. International student Edition: Oxford University Press.

Chapters.1-8.

Hawkins C. and Sorgi, M. 1987. Research: How to plan, speak and write about it.

Narosa Publishing House.

Ruxton, G.D. and Colegrave, N. 2006. Experimental design for the life sciences.

Oxford University Press. Chapters 1-6.

Module VII. Units of measurements (1 hr)

Calculations and related conversions of each:

- Metric system- length; surface; weight

- Square measures

- Cubic measures (volumetric)

- Circular or angular measure

http://www.flipkart.com/m-marie/



36

- Concentrations- percent volume; ppt; ppm

- Chemical – molarity, normality

- Temperature- Celsius, centigrade, Fahrenheit

Core readings

D.K. Illustrated Oxford Dictionary.2006 Chapter on Measurements p-968.

Knut Schimidt – Nielsen 2007 Animal Physiology, 5th Edition, Appendix -A

Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O, Stout G.W. Editor R. S. Oper, 2008 Biological science

( Third edition Cambridge University press. P-960

Selected Further Readings

Aggarwal. S.K. 2009 Foundation Course in Biology, 2nd Ed.. Ane’s Student

Edition. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

Anderson, J, Durston, B.H. and Poole, M. 1992. Thesis and assignment writing.

Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Bowler Peter J., and Iwan Rhys Morus. 2005 Making Modern Science: A

Historical Survey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL:

Day, R.A. 1993. How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge

University Press. (Module VI)

Day, R.A. 2000. Scientific English: A guide for Scientists and other Professionals.

Universities Press. (Module VI)


Biosciences. International student Edition : Oxford University Press .

Eldon D. Enger ,Frederick C. Ross and David Bailey 2008 (Eleventh Edition)

Concepts in Biology .Tata-McGraw Hill , New Delhi.( Module VII, II & III)

Ernst Mayr 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and


Ernst Myer .1997. This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Universities


Ervin Schrodinger 1944. What is life? Mind and Matter. Cambridge University

Press

Gupta K.C, Bhamrah, H.S and G.S.Sandhu 2006.Research Techniques in

Biological Sciences. Dominant Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.



37

Hawkins C. and Sorgi, M. 1987. Research: How to plan, speak and write about it.

Narosa Publishing House.

Jacques Monod 1971. Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy

of Modern Biology. Vintage Pub. NY

Kuhn, Thomas. 1996 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed.: University

of Chicago Press, Chicago, ILMarie, M. 2005. Animal Bioethics:

Principles and Teaching Methods Wageningen Academic Publishers

Michael Roberts,Tim King and Michael Reiss.1994.Practical Biology for Advance

Level. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Surrey, UK.

Ruxton, G.D. and Colegrave, N. 2006. Experinmental design for the life sciences.

Oxford University Press.

Sateesh, M.K. 2008 Bioethics and Biosafety; I.K. International Publishing

House (Module V)

Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O, Stout G.W. Editor R. S. Oper, 2008 Biological science

(Third edition Cambridge University press

http://www.flipkart.com/m-marie/

http://www.flipkart.com/m-k-sateesh/



38

ZY1B01U [P] Practical I: General Methodology and Instrumentation

36 hours

Credit 1

1. Study of simple and compound light microscopes

2. Micrometry –calibration and measurement of microscopic objects –low

power

3. Camera Lucida (draw a few diagrams using Camera Lucida)

4. Paper chromatography (demonstration only)

5. Instrumentation – demonstration (write notes on principle, equipment and

its use)

pH Meter

Colorimeter/ Spectrophotometer

Centrifuge

Electrophoresis

6. Scientific drawing (representatives from any five taxa)

7. Insect collection and preservation techniques (Group Activity)



39

SEMESTER II

ZY2B02U Core Course 2

BIODIVERSITY AND MODERN SYSTEMATICS

36 hrs

Credits 2

Objectives:

To create appreciation on diversity of life on earth

To understand different levels of biological diversity

To familiarize taxa level identification of animals

To learn biodiversity estimation techniques

To create interest for conservation of biodiversity

Pre requisite:

Basic knowledge on the living world, plant and animal kingdom

Knowledge on biodiversity and its conservation

Knowledge on biological classification and representative organism of

major taxa

PART I: BIODIVERSITY (26 Hrs )

Module I – Introduction to Biodiversity (2 hrs)

Definition

Historical perspective

Concepts –

Nature – environment – biodiversity

Scope and importance

Core Readings

Chapman J.L. & M.J. Reiss 2006 Ecology, Principles and Applications. Sec

Edition Cambridge University Press.

Supriyo Chakraborty.2004 Biodiversity. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Thomas AP.,(Editor) 2009 Biodiversity,Scope and Challenges- Green Leaf

Publications Kottayam



40

Wilson E.O., 1988 (Editor).Biodiversity. National Academy press, Washington

DC, USA.

Module II – Levels of biodiversity (5 hrs)

Genetic, Species, Ecosystem

Domesticated, Microbial diversity

Distribution of biodiversity on earth

Tropical, temperate and polar

Landscapes and interactions

Biodiversity hotspots

Core Readings



Myers, Norman.1984. The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future.

W.W. Nortan & Company, NY.

Myers,N., Mittermiere,R.A., Mittermeier,C.G., Dea Fonseca,G.A.B and J.Kent.

2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403:853-

858.



DC, USA.

Module III – Values of biodiversity (4 hrs)

Direct use value

Indirect use value

Non use value

Ecosystem services

Core Readings





858.



41


Module IV – Threats to biodiversity (5 hrs)

Types of threats

Habitat loss, man- wildlife conflict (with case studies)

Invasive species

Pollution

Over exploitation and human population

Climate change

Core Readings




DC, USA.

Module V – Biodiversity conservation and management (6 hrs)

Conservation strategies

In situ, ex situ

National parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves

International efforts

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

IUCN- WCMC, UNEP

Legal measures

Wild life Protection Act, 1972

The Environment Protection Act, 1986

Forest (Conservation) Act1980, 1988

Biodiversity Act 2002

Biodiversity rule 2004

National biodiversity action plan

People’s participation – Peoples biodiversity register (PBR)

Local initiatives

Core Readings



42

A.P.Thomas( Editor)2009 Biodiversity –Scope&Challenges .Green leaf

publications .Kottayam

Andrew S. Pullin 2002. Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK.




DC, USA

Module VI – Biodiversity estimation – tools and techniques (4 hrs)

Sampling techniques -

Quadrate

Line transect

Measurements

Density

Abundance

Frequency

Biodiversity indices – concepts

Shannon-Weiner, Simpson

Core Readings

Anne E. Magurran 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity .Blackwell Publishing,

MA, USA.

PART II – MODERN TAXONOMY (10 hrs)

Module VII – Taxonomical Principles (6 hrs)

Brief history

Concepts and definition

Approaches of taxonomy

Molecular taxonomy

Importance of classification

Phylogeny and Taxonomy– Tree of Life, bar coding of life

Zoological nomenclature

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)



43

Core Readings

Kapoor ,V.C.1998. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH

Pub.Co, New Delhi.

Module VIII – Tools and techniques (4 hrs)

Identification Keys

Dichotomous keys (Single access key)

Polytomous key

Multi access key

Advantages and disadvantages

Core Readings


Pub.Co, New Delhi.



Cambridge, UK.

Anne E. Magurran 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity .Blackwell Publishing,

MA, USA.



Daily,G.C. (Ed.), 1997.Nature’s Services : Societal Dependence on Natural

Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington D C.

Forman, R.T and M. Gordaon. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley &Sons, NY,

USA.


Pub.Co, New Delhi

Karunakaran, C.K. 2003. Politics of vanishing forests in Kerala. Kerala Sastra

Sahitya Parishat, Thiruvananthapuram.

Land resource based perspective plan for 2020 AD. Kerala State Land Use Board,

Thiruvananthapuram





44



858.

Nair, K.N.S and Parameswaran,P.1976. Keralathinte Sampath ( Wealth of

Kerala). Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishad, Trivandrum, Kerala.

Nair, M.P., Pushpangathan, P., Rajasekharan, S.,Narayanan Nair.K. and Dan

Mathew. “Jaivavaividhyam” (Biodiversity). State Institute of Languages,

Thiruvananthapuram

State of the Environment Report, Kerala. (Annual Publication), Kerala State

Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Thiruvananthapuram


Thomas A.P.,( Editor) 2009 Biodiversity scope & challenges. Green Leaf

publications Kottayam


DC, USA.

Web Resources

http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov.

http://tolweb.org

http://www.biosis.org

http://ucmp.berkely.edu

http://species.enviroweb.;org

http://iczn.org

http://www.unep.org

http://www.iucn.org

http://www.cbd.org

http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/

http://tolweb.org/

http://www.biosis.org/

http://ucmp.berkely.edu/

http://species.enviroweb.;org/

http://iczn.org/

http://www.unep.org/

http://www.iucn.org/

http://www.cbd.org/



45

ZY2B02U [P] Practical 2

BIODIVERSITY AND MODERN SYSTEMATICS

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Quadrate study

2. Transect study

3. Sampling

4. Species area curve

5. Identification using keys

Insect

Fish

Snake

6. Taxa, identification techniques

Bird body parts

Butterfly/ dragonfly body parts and venation

7. Simple identification of any 20 animals (local – represent all taxa)

Common name and scientific name

8. Field study (compulsory)

Visit to two important areas of biodiversity

Report on local biodiversity conservation efforts

Eg. Sacred grooves, medicinal plant garden

Report should be submitted by each student



46

SEMESTER III

ZY3B03U CORE COURSE 3

ANIMAL DIVERSITY- NON CHORDATA

Objectives 54 hrs. Credits 3

1. To study the scientific classification of invertebrate fauna.

2. To learn the physiological and anatomical peculiarities of some invertebrate

phyla through type study.

3. To learn the evolutionary significance of various invertebrate fauna

4. To stimulate the curiosity in living things around them.

MODULE I

Introduction: Briefly mention the following (2 hrs)

Classification – Keys and Principles.

Nomenclature (Uninominal, Binomial, & Trinomial), Law of Priority.

Two kingdom and Five kingdom classification.

Symmetry - Asymmetry, Spherical, Radial, Biradial and Bilateral

Coelom – Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Eucoelomates

Schizocoelom, Enterocoelom., Protostomia and Deuterostomia

Kingdom Protista Type: Paramecium (10hrs)

Salient features and classification up to phyla

1. Phylum Rhizopoda : Amoeba

2. Phylum Actinopoda : Actinophrys

3. Phylum Dinoflagellata : Noctiluca

4. Phylum Parabasalia : Trychonympha

5. Phylum Metamonada : Giardia

6. Phylum Kinetoplasta : Trypanosoma

7. Phylum Euglenophyta : Euglena

8. Phylum Cryptophyta : Cryptomonas

9. Phylum Opalinata : Opalina

10. Phylum Bacillariophyta :Diatoms

11. Phylum Chlorophyta :Volvox



47

12. Phylum Choanoflagellata : Proterospongia

13. Phylum Ciliophora : Paramecium

14. Phylum Sporozoa : Plasmodium

15. Phylum Microsporidia :Nosema

16. Phylum Rhodophyta :Red Alga

(Mention any five general characters for each phylum. Detailed accounts of

examples are not necessary.)

General Topics : (1)Parasitic Protozoans (2). Life cycle of Plasmodium

Kingdom Animalia Outline classification of Kingdom Animalia. (1hr)

Three branches - Mesozoa, parazoa, Eumetazoa.

Core Readings

Dhami.P.S. and Dhami J.K. 1979 Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co. Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual of Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate

part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

MODULE II

Mesozoa - Eg. Rhopalura.

Phylum Porifera. (3 hrs)

Classification upto classes.

Class I- Calcarea. Eg. Sycon., Class II – Hexactinellida . Eg. Euplectella.

Class III – Demospongia Eg. Cliona.

General Topics

1. Reproduction in sponges 2. Canal system in sponges.

Phylum Coelenterata Type: Obelia (6hrs)


Class I - Hydrozoa Eg. Halistemma. Class II – Scyphozoa Eg.

Rhizostoma. Class III- Anthozoa Eg. Fungia.

General Topics: Coral and coral reefs with special reference to conservation of

reef fauna.

2. Polymorphism in Coelenterates

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002.



48



MODULE III

Phylum Ctenophora. ( 1 hr)

Eg. Pleurobrachia.

Phylum Platyhelminthes (3hrs)


Class I - Turbellaria. Eg. Planaria.

Class II – Trematoda Eg. Fasciola

Class III- Cestoda Eg. Taenia saginata.

General Topics-

1. Life history of Fasciola hepatica.

2. Platyhelminth parasites of Man and Dog (Schistosoma, Taenia solium,

Echinococcus ).

Phylum Nematoda (3hrs)

Class phasmidia Eg. Enterobius, Ascaris

Class Aphasmidia Eg. Trichinella

General Topic-

Pathogenic nematodes. (Wuchereria bancrofti, Ancylostoma duodenale,

Trichinella).

Phylum Annelida (2 hrs)


Class I- Archiannelida Eg. Polygordius

Class II – Polychaeta Eg. Chaetopterus

ClassIII- Oligochaeta Eg. Megascolex.

Class IV - Hirudinomorpha Eg. Ozobranchus,Hirudinaria

Core Readings






49

MODULE IV (12 hrs)

Phylum- Onychophora

Eg. Peripatus (Mention its affinities).

Phylum Arthropoda

Type: Panaeus


Divided into 3 subphyla.

1. Sub Phylum - Trilobitomorpha

Class - Trilobita (mention salient features).

2. Sub Phylum- Mandibulata

Class I – Crustacea Eg. Sacculina

Class II- Chilopoda Eg. Centipede (Scolopendra)

Class III – Symphyla Eg. Scutigerella

Class IV – Diplopoda Eg. Millipede (Spirostreptus)

Class V - Insecta Eg. Dragon fly

Class VI – Pauropoda Eg. Pauropus

3. Sub Phylum - Chelicerata

Class - Merostomata Eg. Limulus

Class II – Arachnida Eg. Scorpion

General Topics

1. Vectorial Arthropods

2. Larval forms of Penaeus

Core Readings




MODULE V

Phylum Mollusca (4 hrs)

Classification upto classes

Class I- Monoplacophora Eg. Neopilina



50

Class II- Amphineura Eg. Chiton

Class III- Gastropoda Eg. Aplysia

Class IV- Scaphopoda Eg. Dentalium

Class V- Pelecypoda Eg. Pinctada

Ciass VI- Cephalopoda Eg. Sepia

General Topic-

Pearl formation and culture

Phylum Echinodermata (4 hrs)


Class I- Asteroidea Eg. Astropecten

Class II- Ophiuroidea Eg. Ophiothrix

Class III- Echinoidea Eg. Echinus

Class IV- Holothuroidea Eg. Holothuria

Class V – Crinoidea Eg. Antedon

General Topics

1. Water vascular system.

2. Larval forms of Echinoderms

Minor Phyla ( 2 hrs)

1. Chaetognatha Eg. Sagitta

2. Sipunculida Eg. Sipunculus

3. Rotifera Eg. Brachionus

Phylum Hemichordata (1 hr)

Eg. Balanoglossus

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002 &2010

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual of Zoology. Volume 1. Invertebrate



Anderson D.T. 2001Invertebrate Zoology Sec Edition Oxford University Press

Barnes R.D. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. W. B. Saunders. New York.



51

Dhami.P.S. and Dhami J.K. 1979 Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co. New

Delhi.



Hyman L. H. The Invertebrate Volumes. Mc Graw Hill.

Jordan. E. L., and Verma P.S. 2000. Invertebrate zoology. S. Chand and Co. ltd.,

New Delhi.

Kotpal R. L, Agarval S. K. and R. P. Khetharpal 2002. Modern Textbook of

Zoology.

Kotpal.R. L., 1988-92 ( All series). Rastogi Publishers, Meerut.

Parker & Haswell. Textbook of Zoology. Invertebrate . Vol. I 7th Edition.

Thomas A.P (Editor) 2009 Invertebrata .Green leaf publications Kottayam



52



36 hrs.

Credit 1

Scientific Drawing:-

Make scientific drawings of 5 locally available invertebrate specimens belonging

to different phyla.

Anatomy:-

Study of sections. (Any two)

1. Hydra.

2. Ascaris

3. Earthworm

4. Fasciola

Dissections

1. Prawn - Nervous system

2. Cockroach - Nervous system

Mounting:-

1. Nereis - Parapodia

2. Cockroach - Salivary glands

3. Mouth parts –Plant bug/ House fly / Mosquito. (Any Two)

4. Prawn appendages.

Identification:-

General identification- The students are expected to identify the following

Phylum –wise number of animals by their generic names and 20% of these by their

specific names. Protista -2, Porifera-1, Coelenterata-2, Platyhelminthes-1,

Annelida-2, Arthropoda-3, Mollusca- 2, Echinodermata-2

Taxonomic identification with key:-

Identification of insects up to the level of order.



53

SEMESTER IV


ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

54 Hrs

3 Credits

Objectives

1. To make the student observe the diversity in chordates and their systematic

position.

2. To make them aware of the economic importance of some classes.

MODULE I

Introduction (1 Hr)

Phylum Chordata - General classification

(Classification up to order – Sub phylum, Super class, Class, Subclass, Order)

1. Sub phylum : Urochordata (3 Hrs)

Class I Larvacea Eg. Oikopleura

Class II Ascidiacea Eg: Ascidia (Mention Retrogressive

Metamorphosis)

Class III Thaliacea Eg: Doliolum

2. Sub phylum: Cephalochordata (2 Hrs)

Example - Amphioxus

Core Readings

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol. II .S. Viswanathan and Co.

Young J.Z, 1981, The Life of Vertebrates Oxford University Press.

Young J.Z. 2006 The life of Vertebrates Oxford University Press (Third Ed.)

India Ed.



54

MODULE II

3. Sub phylum: Vertebrata

4. Division 1 – Agnatha (2 Hrs)

Class I Ostracodermi Eg: Cephalaspis

Class II Cyclostomata Eg: Petromyzon

Division 2 – Gnathostomata (10 Hrs)

Super class Pisces

Class: Chondrichthyes

Sub class - Elasmobranchi Eg: Narcine

Sub class Holocephali Eg: Chimaera

Class: Osteichthyes

Sub class – Choanichthyes

Order 1 Crossopterigii Eg: Latimeria

Order 2 Dipnoi Eg: Lepidosiren

Sub class: - Actinopterygii

Super order 1. Chondrostei Eg: Acipencer

Super order 2. Holostei Eg: Amia

Super order 3. Teleostei Eg: Sardine

General topics

1. Accessory respiratory organs in fish.

2. Parental care in fishes.

3. Scales in fishes.

4. Migration in fishes

5. Common culture fishes of Kerala

6. Lung fishes

Core Readings

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol. !!.S. Viswanathan and Co.


India Ed.



55

Jhingran 1977, Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Co.

MODULE III

Super class: Tetrapoda (10 Hrs)

Class Amphibia

Type Frog

Order I Anura Eg: Hyla

Order II Urodela Eg: Amblystoma (Mention

axolotl larva and neotony)

Order III Apoda Eg: Ichthyophis.

Class Reptilia (4 Hrs)

Sub class I: Anapsida

Order Chelonia Eg: Chelone

Sub class II: Parapsida Eg: Ichthyosaurus

Sub class III: Diapsida

Order I Rhynchocephalia Eg: Sphenodon

Order II Squamata Eg: Chamaleon

Sub class IV: Synapsida Eg: Cynognathus

General topic

Identification of poisonous and non poisonous snakes

Class Aves 4 Hrs

Sub class I: Archeornithes Eg: Archaeopteryx (Affinities)

Sub class II: Neornithes

Super order I: Palaeognathe Eg: Struthio

Super order II: Neognathe Eg; Brahminy kite

General topics

1. Migrations in birds

2. Flight adaptations in birds

Core Readings Jordan E L and .P.S. Verma, 2002 Chordate Zoology S. Chand and Co. New

Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol.II S. Viswanathan and Co.



56

MODULE IV

Class Mammalia (18 Hrs)

Type: Rabbit

Sub class I: Prototheria Eg: Echidna

Sub class II: Metatheria Eg: Macropus

Sub class III: Eutheria

Order 1. Insectivora Eg: Talpa

Order 2 Dermoptera Eg:Galeopithecus

Order 3. Chiroptera Eg: Pteropus

Order 4. Primates Eg: Loris

Order 5 Carnivora Eg: Panthera

Order 6 Edentata Eg: Armadillo

Order 7 Pholibota Eg: Manis

Order 8 Proboscidea Eg: Elephas

Order 9 Hydracoidea Eg: Procavia

Order 10 Sirenia Eg: Dugong

Order 11 Perissodactyla Eg: Zebra

Order 12 Artiodactyla Eg: Cameleus

Order 13 Lagomorpha Eg: Oryctolagus

Order 14 Rodentia Eg: Porcupine

Order 15 Tubulidentata Eg: Orycteropus

Order 16 Cetacea Eg: Delphinus

General topics

1. Dentition in Mammals

2. Aquatic Mammals


Delhi.


Thomas A P (Editor) 2010 Chordata .Green leaf publications Kottayam

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002&2011



57




Jordan E L and .P.S. Verma, 2002 Chordate Zoology S. Chand and Co. New

Delhi.

Kotpal R.L. 2000, Modern Text Book of zoology, Vertebrates, Rastogi

Publications, Meerut.

Nigam and Sobti 2000, Functional Organization of Chordates. Shoban Lal Nagin

Chand and Co. New Delhi.



India Ed.



58

ZY4B04U [P] PRACTICAL 4

ANIMAL DIVERSITY CHORDATA

36hrs

Credit 1

1. Morphology: Scientific Drawing

Make scientific drawing of 5 locally available vertebrate specimens

belonging to different classes

2. Dissections

Frog: Photographs/diagrams/one dissected & preserved specimen

each/models may be used for study.

1. Frog Viscera

2. Frog Digestive System

3. Frog Arterial System

4. Frog 9th & 1st Spinal nerve

5. Frog Sciatic Plexus

6. Frog Brain

Mounting of placoid scales/cycloid/ctenoid scales

3. Osteology

Frog vertebrae

Pectoral and pelvic girdles of Frog and Rabbit

Skull of Rabbit (Diastema -dentition

Turtle – plastron and carapace

4. Study of sections.

Amphioxus T. S. through pharynx/T.S. through intestine

5. Identification:-

General identification-

Identify all the animals by their generic names and 25 % of them by their

specific names.



59

Protochordata-1, Pisces-4, Amphibia-3, Reptilia- 4, Aves-1,

Mammalia-2.

7. Taxonomic identification with key:-

i) Identification of fishes up to the level of order.

ii) Identification of snakes up to family.



60

SEMESTER V


CELL BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

54 Hrs

Credits 3

Objectives:

1. To emphasize the central role of Cell biology and Molecular biology, being

the most developing areas of biological science.

2. To make aware of different cell organelles, their structure and role in living

organisms.

3. To introduce the nature of genetic materials at molecular level, their

expression and regulation.

4. To develop critical thinking, skill and research aptitudes.

PART I - CELL BIOLOGY (27 Hrs)

Module I History of cell and molecular biology (2 hrs)

Cell theory, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasmas,

Virus, Virion and Viroids, Prions,

Core Readings

Thomas AP (Editor)2011 Cell&Molecular Biology T

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002. Cell Biology, Genetics and

Biotechnology Chapter – 1

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2008. Microbiology and

Immunology Chapter – 1

Module II Cell membrane & Permeability (6 hrs)

Molecular models of cell membrane

(Sandwich model, Unit membrane model, Fluid mosaic model)

Modifications of plasma membrane. (Microvilli, tight junction, gap

junction, desmosomes)



61

Cell permeability - Diffusion, Osmosis, Passive transport, Active

transport, Cell coat and Cell recognition.

Core Readings

Thomas AP(Editor) 2011 Cell &Molecular Biology The Fundamentals. Green

leaf publications .TIES Kottayam.



Gupta M.L. & M.L. Gangir. (1998) Cell Biology. Agrobotanica

James Darnell. (1998) Molecular Biology. Scientific American Books Inc.

Module III Ultrastructure of Cytoplasm ( 7 hrs )

Cytoskeleton - Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.

Endoplasmic reticulum - Structure and functions

Ribosomes (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic)

Golgi complex - Structure and functions.

Lysosomes - Polymorphism - GERL concept, functions

Mitochondria - Structure and functions

Symbiont hypothesis.

Core Readings



Module IV Nucleus (6 hrs)

Structure and functions of interphase nucleus, Nuclear membrane,

pore complex, structure and functions of nucleolus Chromosomes –

Structure; Heterochromatin, Euchromatin, Nucleosomes, Polytene

chromosomes-Balbiani rings, Endomitosis, Lamp brush

chromosomes.

Core Readings



Powar C.B. (1983) Cell Biology (Himalaya Pub. Company)



62

Rastogi S. C. (1998) Cell Biology,Tata Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Co.

NewDelhi

Module V Cell Division (3 Hrs.)

Cell cycle - G1, S, G2 and M phases

Mitosis and Meiosis

Core Readings




Rastogi S. C. (1998) Cell Biology. Tata Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Co., New

Delhi

Module VI Cell Communication (3 Hrs.)

Cell signalling - Signalling molelcules (neurotransmitters,

hormones, growth factors, cytokines, vitamin A and D derivatives)

Role of cyclic AMP

Core Readings

Karp. G., 1996 Cell and Moecular Biology, Concepts and Experiments

John Wiley and Sons New York.

PART II - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 27 Hrs.

Module VII Nature of Genetic Materials (7 Hrs)

Discovery of DNA as genetic material – Griffith’s transformation

experiments. Hershey Chase Experiment of Bacteriophage

infection Structure and.types of DNA & RNA . .DNA replication.

Modern concept of gene (Cistron, muton, recon, viral genes).

Prokaryotic genome,Eukaryotic genome, Brief account of the

following-- Split genes (introns and exons), Junk genes,

Pseudogenes, Overlapping genes, Transposons

Core Readings



63

Thomas AP (Editors)2011 Cell&Molecular Biology The Fundamentals.Green

leaf publicationsTIES Kottayam

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamental of Molecular Biology, Ane’s Books,

India Chapter -5 pp. 124-138.



Module VIII Gene Expressions ( 12 hrs)

Central Dogma of molecular biology, One gene-one enzyme

hypothesis, One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis. Characteristics

of genetic code, Contributions of Hargobind Khorana. Protein

synthesis-Transcription (Prokaryotic and eukaryotic), Reverse

transcription, post transcriptional modifications, Translation, Post

translational modifications.

Core Readings

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamental of Molecular Biology, Ane’s Books,

India Chapter -12 pp. 282-292, Chapter 13, pp293-318.

Sobti R.C. & G. Obe. (2000) Eukaryotic Chromosomes. Narosa Publishing

House.

Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O and stout Biological Science 2009 3rd edition Chapter 23

pp.802-807.

Module IX Gene regulations (8 hrs)

Prokaryotic (inducible, repressible systems), Operon concept -Lac

operon and Tryptophan operon. Brief account of Eukaryotic gene

regulation, Definitions- Global control – Stimulon and modulon,

Catabolite repression (Glucose effect).

Core Readings

Madigan, Martinko and Parker 2002. Biology of Microorganisms 8th edition

Prentice Hall, Chapter 7 pages 226-245.

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, Ane’s Books,

India Chapter 15, pp343--378.



64




Ariel G Loewy Philip Sickevitz, John R. Menninger and Jonathan A.N. Gallants

(1991) Cell structure and function. Saunder's College Publication

Arthur & Tania. (1991) DNA Replication. W.H. Freeman & Co. New York.

Arthur M Lesk. (1990) Introduction to Genomics. Oxford University Press

Carraway K.L. & C.A.C. Carraway. (2002) Cyto skeleton signalling, Oxford

University Press

Charlotte J Avers. (1986) Molecular Cell Biology. The Benjamin / Cummings

Publishing Company Inc.

Cohn N.S. 1979 Elements of Cytology (Freeman Book Company).

Daniel & Elizabeth. (1996) Genetics-Principle and Analysis. Jones & Bartlett

Publishers

David A Micklos & Greg A Freyer. (2006) DNA Science. Cold Spring Harbor

Laboratory Press

David Latchman. (2006) Gene Regulation. London Unwin Hyman

David M. J. Lilley. (2003) DNA-Protein Structural Interactions. Frontiers in

Molecular Biology.

De- Robertis E.D. and De Robertis Jr.E.M.F (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology

(Lea & Febiger/Info-Med)

Earl R Stadtman & P. Boon Chock. (2000) Current Topics in Cellular Regulation.

Academic Press

Edwards & Hassall. Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Co.Ltd., U.K.

Finean & Michell. (1998) Membrane Structure. Holland Bio-Medical Press,

Netherland.

Gardner E.J. and Snustand D.P. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons, New

York.

Gupta M.L. & M.L. Gangir. (1998) Cell Biology. Agrobotanica

James Darnell. (1998) Molecular Biology. Scientific American Books Inc.



65

Karp G. (1996) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments John

Wiley and Sons m, New York

Kimball J.W. 1984 Cell Biology (Addison - Wesley Pub. Co.)

Kwang W Jeon. (1997) A Survey of Cell Biology. Academic Press

Malcolm N. Jones & Dennis Chapman. (1991) Micelles, Monolayers and

Biomembranes. John Willey & Sons Inc. Publication

Michael T.A. Michael, E.R. and Toya S.K. (1975) Electron Microscopy and Cell

Structure. Cambridge University Press

Mitchison J.M. (1991) The Biology of the Cell Cycle, Cambridge University

Press


Rastogi S. C. (1998) Cell Biology. Tata Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi

Sinnot Dunn & Dobzhanasky. (1991) Principles of Genetics. T.M.H. New Delhi.

Sobti R.C. & G. Obe. (2000) Eukaryotic Chromosomes. Narosa Publishing

House.

Stanley G. Schultz. (2002) Basic Principles of Membrane Transport. Cambridge

University Press

Stephen L Wolfe. (1981) Biology of the Cell. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc.

Swanson Metz and Young (1983) Cytology and Cytogenetics (Macmillan and Co.

Ltd.)

Samuel J M,Lilly Chacko,Abraham Samuel and Punnen Kurian 2011 Cell and

Molecular Biology The Fundamentals -Green leaf publications TIES

Kottayam



66

Varma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. (1988) Cytology (S.Chand & Co., New Delhi)

Varma P.S. and Agerwal V.K. (2008) Genetics (S.Chand & Co., New Delhi)

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamental of Molecular Biology, Ani Books, India

West I.C. (2002) Biochemistry of membrane transport. Chapman & Hall, London

William & Daphne. (2008) Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. Oxford

University Press



67


CELL BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Squash preparation of onion root tip for mitotic stages

2. Mounting of polytene chromosome (Drosophila/Chironomous.) Demonstration

3. Tissues (permanent slides of epithelial tissues, striated muscle, smooth muscle,

cartilage, bone)

4. Identification of meiotic stages (slide/figure)

5. Identification of cell organelles

6. Models (DNA, DNA replication, RNA – Different types.)

7. Preparation of temporary whole mount.

8. Preparation of permanent whole mount (demonstration)

9. Preparation of human blood smear and identification of Leucocytes



68

SEMESTER V


ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY AND

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives

To impart basic knowledge on ecosystems and their functioning

To learn about various types of anthropogenic pressures on ecosystem,

related degradation and management measures

To study toxicants, their impacts on human health and environment and

remedial measures

To create awareness about disasters, prevention and mitigation measures

Pre-requisite:

Basic knowledge on ecosystem, food chain, food web and energy flow

General awareness on pollution and their impacts

PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (44 Hrs)

Module I – Introduction (2 hrs)

History, development

Scope, branches

Core Readings

Bharucha, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate

Courses. University Grants commission

Miller, Tyler. G. (Jr) 2005. Essentials of Ecology. Thomson Brooks/cole.

Nambiar, K.R. 2008.Textbook of Environmental Studies (For Undergraduate

Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India) Pvt.

Ltd. Chennai, India.

Odum, E.P. 1971.Fundamentals of Ecology.W.B. Saunders College Publishing,

Philadelphia.



69

Rajagopalan,R. 2005.Environmental Studies from Crisis to Cure. Oxford

University Press, New Delhi.

Module II – Ecosystems (20 hrs)

Concept, classification

Terrestrial ecosystem

Abiotic/ biotic components (Brief description only)

Interactions

Classification (Types)

Forest

Desert

Grassland

Causes of land degradation with special reference to Kerala

Freshwater ecosystem

Physico chemical nature (Brief description only)

Types

Lentic

Lotic

Ground water

Threat to freshwater resources of Kerala

Watershed management

Marine ecosystem

Physico chemical nature (Brief description only)

Intertidal zone

Rocky shore

Muddy shore

Sandy shore

Coral reefs

Open sea



70

Pelagic realm

Benthic realm

Wetland and mangroves

Estuaries

Convention on wetlands (Ramsar, 1971)

Ramsar sites in Kerala –threats and conservation aspects

Core Readings








Philadelphia.



Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002. Environmental Biology and

Ethology Published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

Module III – Man and Environment (8 hrs)

Natural resources

Introduction (concept)

Energy resources

Conventional

Non conventional

Inexhaustible

Energy conservation measures

Core Readings

Andrew S. Pullin 2002 Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK



71



Kaufman G.Donald and Cecilia M. Franz. 2000. Biosphere 2000 Protecting Our

Global Environment. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Iowa, US

Module IV – Global environmental changes (9 hrs)

Global warming

Green house effect

Ozone depletion

Climate change (Brief description only)

Definition- recent developments

Kyoto protocol

IPCC/UNFCC

Carbon credit

Carbon sequestration

Carbon trading

Core Readings







Module V – Municipal Solid Waste (3 hrs)

Plastic pollution

Types of plastics

Problems of plastics

Management strategies



72

Biowastes and their management. –aerobic and anaerobic systems.

e-waste

Major types and sources

Toxic ingredients

Effects on environment and human health (Brief description only)

Management strategies

Core Readings





Philadelphia.

Module V – Local environmental issues (2 hrs)

Impact of tourism on ecology

Landscape changes

Core Readings

Santra, S.C. 1994. Ecology Basic and Applied. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi.

PART II. DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND TOXICOLOGY (10 Hrs)

Module VI – Disaster Management (5 hrs)

Definition

Classification

Natural

Anthropogenic

Hybrid

Earthquake

Landslide

Flood

Drought

Cyclone



73

Tsunami

Mitigation measures

Core Readings

Singh, S.R., 2008 Disaster Management. A.P.H Publishers

Module VII: Toxicology 5 hrs

Definition

History of toxicology

Classification – occurrence/ source

Role of toxicology

Toxicants of biological origin

Afflatoxin

Botulinum toxin

Heavy metal toxicants

Food additives

Core Readings

Stiling Peter, 2002. Ecology: Theories and applications. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi

Pandey Kamleshwar , J.P.Shukla and S.P.Trivedi.2005. Fundamentals of

Toxicology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata, India




Ahuwalie V.K., Sunita Malhotra, 2009 Environmental science, Ane Books Pvt.

Ltd.



74

Alan Beeby, 2006 Anne – Maria Brennan First Ecology, Ecological principles

and Environmental issues . International students edition Sec. edition

Oxford University Press.

Andrew S. Pullin 2002 Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK

Banerjee, L.K., Sastry, A.R.K. and Nayar, M.P. 1989. Mangroves in India:

Identification manual. Botanical Survey of India.



Erach Bharucha 2008 (UGC).Test Book of Environmental Studies of

Undergraduate course. University Press

Kaufman G.Donald and Cecilia M. Franz. 2000. Biosphere 2000 Protecting

Our Global Environment. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Iowa, US


Misra S.P., Pandy S.N. 2009Essential Environmental Students , Ane books

Pvt. Ltd.


Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India)

Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.


Philadelphia.

Pandey Kamleshwar , J.P.Shukla and S.P.Trivedi.2005. Fundamentals of

Toxicology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata, India



Robert May & Angela Mc Lean 2007 Theoretical Ecology. Principles and

Application , Oxford University press (India Ed.)

Santra ,S.C. 1994. Ecology Basic and Applied. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi.

Sharma, P.D. 2007. Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publishers



75

Stern, Nicholas. 2006. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Stiling Peter, 2002. Ecology: Theories and applications. Prentice Hall of India

pvt. Ltd. New Delhi



76


ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Estimation of dissolved oxygen

2. Estimation of dissolved carbon dioxide

3. Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon(Demonstration only)

4. Plankton count

5. Identification of freshwater/ marine plankton

6. Extraction of soil organisms(Demonstration only)

7. Identification of minerals and rocks

8. Sechi disc, Plankton Net

9. Compulsory Field Study report on one Terrestrial/Marine/Fresh

water ecosystem



77

SEMESTER V


EVOLUTION, ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ETHOLOGY

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives:

To acquire knowledge about the evolutionary history of earth (living and

non living)

To learn various tools and techniques for evolutionary studies

To study the distribution of animals on earth, its pattern, evolution and

causative factors

To impart basic knowledge on animal behavioural patterns and their role

Prerequisite:

Basic knowledge on principles of inheritance and variation

Knowledge on molecular basis of inheritance

Basic understanding on the mechanism and factors affecting evolution

Knowledge on origin and evolution of man,Evidences of Evolution.

PART I – EVOLUTION (30 hrs)

Module I – Origin of life (5 hrs)

Introduction

Origin of universe

Chemical evolution

Miller-Urey experiment

Haldane and Oparin theory

Module II – Theories of organic evolution (7 hrs)

Lamarckism

Critical analysis of Lamarck’s propositions

Weisman’s germplasm theory

Mutation theory.



78

Darwinism.

Critical analysis of Darwinism

Modern Synthetic theory(Neo Darwinism)

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

Module III – Population genetics and evolution (6 hrs)

Genetic basis of variation

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Change in gene frequencies

Factors affecting gene frequencies (brief account only)

Module IV – Evolution above species level (8 hrs)

Adaptive radiation

Microevolution

Macroevolution

Evolution of horse

Mega evolution

Punctuated equilibrium

Speciation -Phyletic and True- Sympatric and Allopatric.

Evolution of horse.

Module V – Geological time scale (4 hrs)

Geological dating with radioactive elements

Mass extinction

Core Readings (Modules 1-5)

Barnes, C.W. 1988. Earth, Time and Life. John Wiley &Sons, NewYork (Module

2 & 3)

Bendall , D. S. (ed.)1983.Evolution from Molecules to Man. Cambridge University

Press,U.K.( Module 2,3 and 5)

Bull J.J and H.A.Wichman.2001.Applied Evolution. Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst. 32:183-

217 (Visit the Annual Reviews home page at www.AnnulReviews.org.)

Chattopadhyay Sajib.2002. Life Origin, Evolution and Adaptation. Books and

Allied (P) Ltd.Kolkata,India.

http://www.annulreviews.org/



79

Goodwin,B. 1996. How the Leopard Changed its Spots: The Evolution of

Complexity. Simon &Schuster, NY,USA. (Module 4 & 5)

Jerry A.Coyne and H.Allen Orr.2004. Speciation. Sinauer Associates (Module 4)

Rob Desalle and Ian Tattersall 2008.Human Origins: What Bones and Genomes

Tell Us about Ourselves. Texas A&M University Press, USA. (Module 3 &

4)

Sean B. Carroll and David M. Kingsley .2005 Evolution: Constant Change and

Common Threads. Holiday Lectures on Science. Webcast or DVD

available at www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution. (Module 3 & 4)

Strickberger, M.W.2000. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett, Boston. ( Module 1-5)

Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K 2007 Cell biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology,

Evalution and Ecology, S. Chand & Company New Delhi (Moldule 1-5)

PART II – ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ETHOLOGY (24 hrs)

Module VI – Zoogeography: Introduction (5 hrs)

Origin of oceans and continents

Platetectonics – continental drift

Zoogeographical realms

Insular fauna-Continental Islands eg Medagascar.

Oceanic Islands eg Galapagoes.

Biogeography of India – with special reference to Western Ghats

Module VII – Animal distribution (5 hrs)

Types and means of animal distribution

Barriers in animal distribution.

Core Readings

Zoogeography

Andrews. M.I and Joy, K.P. 2003. Environmental biology, evolution, ethology and

Zoogegraphy. St.Mary’s press and book dept. (Module Vi, VII, VIII and

IX)

Briggs, J.C. 1996. Global Biogeography. Elsevier Publishers. (Module VI and

VII).

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution



80

Chandran, Subash M .D.1997. On the ecological history of the Western Ghats.

Current Science, Vol.73, No.2.146-155.

Chundamannil , Mammen.1993. History of Forest management in Kerala. Report

number 89. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, India.

Daniels, R.J.R and J.Vencatesan .2008. Western Ghats

Biodiversity.People.Conservation. Rupa &Co.New Delhi.India.

Mani, M.S. 1974.Ecology and Biogeography of India. Dr. W. Junk b..v. Publishers

, The Hague.

Nair, C.S.1991. The Southern Western Ghats : A Biodiversity Conservation Plan.

INTACH, New Delhi.

Ramesh,B.R and Rajan Gurukkal., 2007.Forest Landscapes of the Southern

Western Ghats, India Biodiversity, Human Ecology and management

Strategies. French Institute of Pondicherry, India.

Tiwari, S. 1985. Readings in Indian Zoogeography, (Module VI)

Module VIII – Ethology (1 hr)

Definition

History and scope of ethology

Module IX – Learning and imprinting (8 hrs)

Types of learning with examples

Experiments by K. Lorenz

Module X – Ethology of man (5 hrs)

Sociobiology and evolution of human behaviour

Primates and human socio groups

Human pheromones

Core Readings

Bonner, J.T. 1980. The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton University

Press..NJ,USA. (Module 10)

David McFarland. 1999. Animal Behaviour. Pearson Education Ltd . Essex,

England. (Module 8 and 9)

Dawkins, M.S. 1995.Unravelling Animal Behaviour. Harlow:Longman. (Module

8, 9 and 10)



81

Dunbar,R. 1988. Primate Social Systems.Croom Helm,London. (Module 10 & 11)

Manning Aubrey and Marian Stamp Dawkins 1998. An Introduction to Animal

Behaviour.Cambridge University Press,UK. (Module 8, 9 & 10)

Paul W. Sherman and John Alcock.,2001 Exploring Animal Behaviour- Readings

from American Scientist 3rd Edn. Sinauer Associates Inc. MA,USA.

(Module 10 & 11)

Wilson, E.O. 1975. Sociobiology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

USA. (Module 9)

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002. Environmental Biology and

Ethology Published by Zoological Society of Kerala (Module 6, 7, 8 & 9)


Evolution

Barnes, C.W. 1988. Earth, Time and Life. John Wiley &Sons, NewYork

Bendall , D. S. (ed.)1983.Evolution from Molecules to Man. Cambridge University

Press,U.K.

Bull J.J and H.A.Wichman.2001.Applied Evolution. Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst. 32:183-

217 (Visit the Annual Reviews home page at www.AnnulReviews.org.)



Goodwin,B. 1996. How the Leopard Changed its Spots: The Evolution of

Complexity. Simon &Schuster, NY,USA.

Jerry A.Coyne and H.Allen Orr.2004. Speciation. Sinauer Associates

Rob Desalle and Ian Tattersall 2008.Human Origins: What Bones and Genomes

Tell Us about Ourselves. Texas A&M University Press, USA.

Sean B. Carroll and David M. Kingsley .2005 Evolution: Constant Change and

Common Threads. Holiday Lectures on Science. Webcast or DVD

available at www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution.

Strickberger, M.W.2000. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett, Boston.

Ethology

Bonner, J.T. 1980. The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton University

Press.NJ, USA.

http://www.annulreviews.org/

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution



82

David McFarland. 1999. Animal Behaviour. Pearson Education Ltd. Essex,

England.

Dawkins, M.S. 1995.Unravelling Animal Behaviour. Harlow: Longman.

Dunbar, R. 1988. Primate Social Systems.Croom Helm, London.

Manning Aubrey and Marian Stamp Dawkins 1998. An Introduction to Animal

Behaviour.Cambridge University Press,UK.

Paul W. Sherman and John Alcock.,2001 Exploring Animal Behaviour- Readings

from American Scientist 3rd Edn. Sinauer Associates Inc. MA,USA.

Thomas A P (Editor)2011 Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology. Green leaf

publications TIES Kottayam.

Wilson, E.O. 1975. Sociobiology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

USA.



83


EVOLUTION, ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ETHOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Identification of Zoogeographical realms using map

2. Study on endemic species of each realm

3. Identification of different stages of horse evolution

4. Study on Homology / Analogy

5. Study on connecting links

6. Pheromone traps

7. Skinner box/T Maze

8.Identification of behaviour showing pictures

9.Experiment to demonstrate phototaxis using Drosophila/House fly

10.Experiment to demonstrate chemotaxis using Drosophila/House fly



84

SEMESTER V


BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives:

1. This course will provide students with a deep knowledge in biochemistry,

physiology and endocrinology.

2. Defining and explaining the basic principles of biochemistry useful for

biological studies for illustrating different kinds of food, their structure,

function and metabolism.

3. Explaining various aspects of physiological activities of animals with special

reference to humans.

4. Students will acquire a broad understanding of the hormonal regulation of

physiological processes in invertebrates and vertebrates.

5. By the end of the course, students should be familiar with hormonal regulation

of physiological systems in several invertebrate and vertebrate systems.

6. This also will provide a basic understanding of the experimental methods and

designs that can be used for further study and research.

7. The achievement of above objectives along with periodic class discussions of

current events in science, will benefit students in their further studies in the

biological/physiological sciences and health-related fields, and will contribute

to the critical societal goal of a scientifically literate citizenry.



85

Part I. BIOCHEMISTRY 18 Hours

Module 1 - GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOELEMENTS AND

BIOMOLECULES 4 hrs

Carbohydrates, protein and lipids – structure of basic compounds, classifications

with examples and its biological importance.

Core Readings

Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed, Mc Graw Hill

Module -2 METABOLISM 9 hrs

Carbohydrate metabolism- Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,

glycolysis –citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, Hexose, monophosphate shunt

Lipid metabolism- Biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids- Beta oxidation,

Physiologically important compounds synthesized from cholesterol.

Protein metabolism- Deamination, transamination, transmethylation,

decarboxylation, ornithine cycle.

Core Readings


Module 3- ENZYMES 4 hrs

Chemical nature of enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action, factors influencing

enzyme action (temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration),

enzyme activation, enzyme inhibition, allosteric enzyme, isoenzymes, co-enzyme.

Core Readings


Part II. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 26 Hrs

Module 4- NUTRITION 5 hrs

Nutrients,classification,RDA,Balanced diet.

Antioxidants and functions, Mineral metabolism,Role of Ca,Fe,Na,K,andP.

Role of vitamines

Food adulteration, Defects of modern food habits (importance of fibers in food),

weight control, nutrition during pregnancy, breast feeding, anorexia, acidity and



86

ulcers, flatulence, fasting and its significance, malfunctions of gastro intestinal

tract.

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp.718-833

Prosser & Brown 2006 : Comparative Animal Physiology

Zoological Society of Kerala, Study material 2002. Biochemistry, Physiology and

Developmental Biology Published by Zoological Society of Kerala

Module 5 -RESPIRATION 5 hrs

Gas transport, Factors affecting transport of respiratory gases through blood,

oxy-hemoglobin curve, Bohr effect, reverse Bohr effect, Haldane effect, neural

(voluntary and automatic) and chemical control (mention the role of carotid and

aortic bodies) of respiration, smoking and its physiological effects, carbon

monoxide poisoning, oxygen toxicity, nitrogen narcosis, dysbarism, oxygen

therapy, artificial respiration, respiratory disorders –hypoxia, hypocapnia,

hypercapnia, asphyxia.

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp432-509 Zoological

Society of Kerala, Study material 2002. Biochemistry, Physiology and


Module 6–CIRCULATION 4 hrs

Cerebral circulation, blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid, Haemo dynamic

principles, formation and fate of blood cells, Blood composition ,blood clotting

mechanism – intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, clotting factors, anticoagulants,

blood transfusion (safety and security problems), mention haemostasis,

haemolysis, jaundice, thrombosis, ESR.

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp.144-262, 382-429,

711-715.



Module 7 –EXCRETION 4 hrs



87

Urea cycle (in detail), renal handling of individual substances eg. glucose, sodium,

urea, water, factors affecting GFR, concept of plasma clearance, acid base balance

and homeostasis, kidney disorders – acute renal failure, chronic renal failure-

glomerular nephritis, pyelonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and kidney stones.

Core Readings




Module 8-MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 3hrs

Ultra structure of striated muscle.Mechanism of muscle

contraction.Biochemistry of muscle contraction,isotonic and isometric

contraction.

Electrical, chemical and morphological changes and ionic fluxes during

contraction of striated muscle fibre, Cori cycle, electrophysiology of muscle,

threshold and spike potentials, simple muscle twitch, whole muscle contraction,

isotonic and isometric contraction, latent and refractory periods, summation,

beneficial effect, superposition curve, tetanus, tonus, staircase phenomenon,

fatigue, oxygen debt, rigor mortis.

Core Readings




Module 9 –NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 3 hrs,

Synaptic transmission & properties of synapses, neurotransmitters, role of

dopamine and serotonin. EEG, memory, short term and long term sleep, dream,

Neural disorders- dyslexia, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease,

schizophrenia.

Core Readings






88

Module 10 -SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY 2hrs

Muscular, Respiratory and cardiovascular changes during exercise, dope test, drug

abuse.

Significance of exercise in body fitness. (Guyton pp 968-978)

Core Readings




Part III ENDOCRINOLOGY 11 hrs

Module 11 5 hrs

Hormones as messengers, classification and types of hormones. General principles

of hormone action, Concept of hormone receptors, hormonal control of

homeostasis.

Core Readings




Module 12 6 hrs

Secretion, Regulation, Functions and Disorders of hormones of Hypothalamus,

Hypophysis, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Islets of Langerhans, Adrenal,

Gonads, Placenta, Gastro intestinal hormones.

Core Readings





Human Physiology

Best and Taylor: Physiological basis of Medical practice

Chakrabarti, Ghosh &: Human Physiology, the New Book StallSchana.

Chatterjee C.C.: Human Physiology, Vol I & II Medical Allied Agency



89

Eckert & Randall : Animal Physiology, Mechanism and Adaptations , CBS

publishers, New Delhi.

Ganong W F : Review of Medical Physiology, Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.

Guyton : Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders

Joshi : Nutrition and Dietetics , Tata Mc. Graw Hill

Knut Schmidt Nilesen 2007 Animal Physiology – Adaptation and environment.

Cambridge University press 5 th ed.

Mackenna & Callander : Illustrated Physiology, Churchill Livingstone

Powar Human Physiology

Prosser & Brown : Comparative Animal Physiology

Sarada Subramanyam & K. Madhavankutty : Textbook of human physiology, S.

Chand & Co Ltd, New Delhi.

Endocrinology

Barrington, E.J.W. General and Comparative Endocrinology, Oxford, Clarendon

Press.

Bentley, P.J.Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology, Cambridge University Press.

David O. Norris Vertebrate Endocrinology 3th Edition,

Gorbman ,A et. al. Comparative endocrinology, John Wiley &Sons.

Hadley, M.E. 2000. Endocrinology, 5th

ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Martin, C.R. Endocrine Physiology, Oxford University Press

Norris, D.O. 1997. Vertebrate Endocrinology, 3rd

ed. Academic Press, Sand Diego,

CA.

Williams, R.H. Textbook of Endocrinology, W.B. Saunders

Biochemistry

Ackerman E, Biophysical Science, Prentice Hall Inc.

Awapara J, Introduction to Biological chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India

Cohn E E and Stumpf P K, outlines of Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern

Foster, R.L. Nature of Enzymology

Garett and Grisham. Biochemistry.


Lehninger, Biochemistry , Kalyani Publications



90

Lodish et. al. Molecular Cell Biology

Rangnatha Rao K, Text Book of Biochemistry, Prentice-Hall of India

Roy K N, A Text Book of Biophysics, New Central Book Agency

Stryer, Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and Co., Newyork

Voet, D. and J.G. Voet. Biochemistry. J. Wiley & Sons



91


BIOCHEMISTRY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND

ENDOCRINOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

PHYSIOLOGY

1) Determination of haemoglobin content of blood

2) Total RBC count using Haemocytometer

3) Total WBC count using Haemocytometer

4) Estimation of PCV

5) Effect of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions on the diameter of RBC.

6) Instruments: Kymograph, Sphygmomanometer and Stethoscope (principle and

use) Measurement of blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer (demonstration)

ENDOCRINOLOGY

1. Cockroach – Corpora cardiaca & Corpora allata (Demonstration)

2. Human hormonal disorders (Diagrams/Photographs)

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Qualitative analysis of protein, glucose, starch and lipids.



92

SEMESTER VI

ZY6B09U Core course 9

REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives

1. This will provide a basic understanding of the experimental methods and

designs that can be used for further study and research.

2. The achievement of above objectives along with periodic class discussions

of current events in science, will benefit students in their further studies in

the biological/physiological sciences and health-related fields, and will

contribute to the critical societal goal of a scientifically literate citizenry.

Module 1 10 hrs

Introduction

Scope of developmental biology, definition, sub-divisions (Descriptive,

Comparative, Experimental and Chemical). Early history of embryology.

(Preformation and Epigenesis, Recapitulation theory or Biogenetic law,

Germplasm theory (Weisman)

Reproductive Organs and Gametogenesis.

Human reproductive organs and gametogenesis (brief account) significance.

Egg types.

Classification of eggs, based on the amount, distribution and position of

yolk. Mosaic, regulative and cleidoic eggs. Influence of yolk on development.

Polarity, symmetry and egg content.

Sexual cycle

Estrus cycle (non-primate) and menstrual cycle (primate cycle). Hormonal

control of menstrual cycle.



93

Fertilization

Approach and binding of spermatozoa, activation of the egg, amphimixis.

Parthenogenesis (brief account) natural and artificial. Arrhenotoky, Thelytoky,

Obligatory and Facultative

Significance

Core Readings

Balnisky B.I 1981 An Introduction to Embryology, W.B. Saunders and Co.

Majumdar N. N - Vetebrate embryology

Vijayakumarn Nair K.and P. V George. A manual of developmental biology,

Continental publications , Trivandrum



Module II 18 hrs

Cleavage

Types, planes of cleavage (radial and spiral with examples) Cell lineage

(brief account). Holoblastic (equal, unequal) and Meroblastic cleavage (discoidal

and superficial). Patterns of clevage (radial , bilateral and rotative). Influence of

yolk on cleavage.

Blastulation

Blastula formation, Types of blastula (coeloblastula, stereoblastula,

Discoblastula, Blastocyst with examples).

Fate maps

Concept of fate maps, construction of fate maps. (artificial and natural). A

typical vertebrate fate maps. Significance of fate map.

Gastrulation

Definition, Morphogenetic cell movements (brief account). Epiboly,

Emboly (invagination, involution , delamination , convergence, divergence

infiltration). Concept of germ layers (brief account) and its derivatives.



94

Cell differentiation and gene action—with special reference to Drosophila.

Totipotency, Pleuripotency, Unipotency of embryonic cells. Determination

and differentiation in embryonic development, Gene action, control of gene

expression. (brief accounts)

EMBRYOLOGY OF FROG - Gametes,Fertilization,cleavage, blastulation,fate

map,gastrulation,notogenesis ,neurulation,development of nervous system and

sense organs(eye only) Metamorphosis (brief account only)

Core Readings







Module III 18 hrs

Embryology of chick

Structure of egg, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation. Mention

brief account of 18 hour chick embryo and 24 hour chick embryo. Extra

embryonic membranes in chick.

Human development

Blastocyst, foetal membranes and placenta. Types of placenta (brief

account). Classification of placenta based on

Nature of contact.

Mode of implantation.

Histological intimacy of foetal and maternal tissue.

Functions of placenta.

Experimental embryology.

Spemann’s constriction experiments, Organizer and embryonic induction.

Invitro fertilization (test tube baby) Amniocentesis, Embryo transfer technology,

Cloning, Stem cell research.

General Topics



95

1. Regeneration in animals

2. Placentation in mammals and their significance.

3. Human intervention in reproduction- contraception & birth control,

Abortion – biological aspects, Ethical issues, Infertility, IVF, GIFT, & ZIFT

(Intra fallopian transfer gamete/zygote)

Core Readings

Taylor D J, Green NPO & G W Stout. Biological Science (2008) third edition.

Cambridge university press. Ref pp 748 biology 755







Module IV 8 hrs

Teratology / Dysmorphology.

Definition, Teratogen / Teratogenic agents. Ionizing radiation, infection

(herpes virus, parvo virus-B 19, rubella virus, syphilis, cytomegalovirus ,

toxoplasmosis).

Developmental defects

Prenatal death (miscarriage and still birth). Intrauterine Growth

Retardation (IUGR)

Congenital abnormalities (birth defects)

Structural defects (malformation, deformation, disruption) functional

defects. (inborn errors of metabolism, mental retardation).

Causes of malformation. (brief accounts.)

Genetic disorders (single gene defects)

Chromosome aberration, aneuploidy (numerical abnormalities.

Structural abnormalities (deletion, insertion and re-arrangements)

Chromosomal mosaicisms

Environmental factors. (external factors)



96

Chemicals, drugs, hormones and vitamins.

Multifactorial and idiopathic disorders

Core Readings

Dutta 2007 Obstrestics , Church Livingston 17 Ed

Harrison , Harriosns Book of Internal Medicine Chruch Livingston 17th Ed.



Berril, N.J and Kars G. 1986. Developmental biology, Mc Graw Hills

Berry A. K - An introduction to embryology.

Dutta 2007 Obstrestics , Chuch Livingston 17 Ed

Gibbs (2006). Practical guide to developmental biology.

Gilbert S. F - Developmental biology

Harrison , Harriosns Book of Internal Medicine Chruch Livingston 17th Ed.

Jain P. C - Elements of developmental biology.

John Rigo Fundamental Genetics Cambridge University Press. 2009

Julio Collado Vides & Relf Hofestadt Gene Regulation and Metabolism Post

genomic Computated Approaches, Ane Book 2004


Melissa A – Gibbs, A practical Guide to Developmental Biology, Oxford

university press ( Int. student edition) 2006

Pattern M.B. and Carlson B.C. 1974 Foundations of Embryology, TMH, New

Delhi.

Sobte R.C., Sharma V.L. Essentials of Modern Biology Press Book India 2008


Continental publications , Trivandrum.

Werne A Muller. Dev. Biology, Springer Verlay New York 2008

Arora M.P. Embryology. Himalaya Publishing House (Module I, Module II,

Module III)

Suresh.C. Goel. Principles of Animal Developmental Biology. Himalaya

Publishing House.



97

Arumugam. N. Text Book of Embryology. Saras Publication. (module I, Module II,

Module III)

Sastry & Shukal. Developmental biology. Rastogi publications (Module I,

Module II, Module III)

Web Resources

www.Wikipedia.com. (Module IV)

www.medpedia.com. (Module IV)

http://www.wikipedia.com/



98


REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

Practical

Model/Chart/ Slide/ specimen may be used for items 1 to 5

1. Embryological studies- Blastula (frog, chick)

2. Embryo transfer, cloning, gastrula (frog, chick)

3. Amniocentesis

4. Study of placenta- pig and man

5. 18 hour, 24 hour, 33 hour and 48 hour chick embryo (18-48 hrs, any four

slides).

6. Candling method.

7. Vital staining- (chick embryo)-{Has to be done by every student.}

8.GSI.Gonado Somatic Index(Demonstration only)

9.Study of male and female reproductive system of a teleost fish/cockroach

.(Dissect and display,sketch and label)



99



100

SEMESTER VI


GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives of the Course

1. To emphasize the central role that genetics and biotechnology plays in the

life of all organisms.

2. To introduce the student to some of the present and future applications of

bio-sciences

3. To develop critical thinking skill and research aptitude among students, by

introducing the frontier areas of the biological science.

Part I GENETICS 34 hrs

Module -I Introduction: Scope and importance of genetics, Brief explanation of

the following terms- gene, alleles, genotype, phenotype, genome,

homozygous and heterozygous, wild type and mutant alleles,

dominant and recessive traits, test cross and back cross, reciprocal

cross, Mendelism – Mendel’s laws , Mendelian traits in man

Chromosome theory of heredity.

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material 2002. Cell Biology

Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 1 &2.

2 hrs

Module –II Interaction of genes: Allelic and non Allelic. Allelic- incomplete

dominance Co-dominance Non allelic interactions, – complementary

5 hrs



101

supplementary, epistasis – dominant (feather colour in fowl) and

recessive (coat colour in mice) Polygenes (Skin colour inheritance in

man) pleiotropism, modifying genes, lethal genes (Brief account

with one example each) Multiple alleles(eg) Coat Colour in rabbits.

Man ABO blood group Rh factor, Blood group and its inheritance

(Genetic problems related to this topic are included in practicals)

Core Readings


Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 3 &4.

Module-III Linkage and recombination of genes based on Morgan’s work in

Drosophila (Complete and incomplete linkage) .Linkage map

Chromosome mapping ./.

Core Readings


Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 5

3hrs

Module IV Sex determination: Chromosome theory of sex determination (sex

chromosomes and autosomes ) chromosomal mechanism (XX-XO,

XX-XY, ZW-ZZ) Barr bodies and Lyon hypotheses : Sex

determination in man- role of Y chromosome. Sex determination in

honey bees. Genic balance theory. Drosophila- intersex,

gynandromorphs. Hormonal Influence on sex determination

Environmental influence - Hermaphroditism

Core Readings

3hrs



102


Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 6

Module V

Mutations, Types of Mutations. Germinal, Sex linked mutations.

Chromosomal mutations - structural and numerical changes. Gene

mutation (point mutation) Molecular basis of gene mutations –

tautomerism- Induced mutations Physical and chemical mutagens

Core Readings


Genetics and Biotechnology

Gardner E.J. & Snustand D.P 1984. Principles of Genetics (John

Wiley & Sons ) New York

5hrs

Module VI Extra nuclear inheritance (Cytoplasmic inheritance Characteristics:

Organella DNA ( Mitochondrial and plastid DNA) Kappa particles

in paramecium.

Core Readings

Vijayakumaran Nair 2006, Genetics and Molecular Biology.

Continental Publications, Trivandrum.

2hrs

Module

VII

Bacterial genetics; Bacterial genome Recombination in Bacteria –

Bacterial transformation. Transduction, conjugation F mediated sex

duction. Resistance transfer factor (RTF) Mechanism of drug

resistance in bacteria Transposable genetic elements in bacteria,

basic components and mechanisms of transposition in bacteria.

5hrs



103

Core Readings

Panicker S. Abraham G and Francis G. 2008. Microbiology and

Immunology Published by Zoological Society of Kerala Chapter 10

Ananthanarayanan & Jayaram Panicker, 2006. A textbook of

Microbiology. Orient Longman pvt. Ltd.

Module

VIII

Human Genetics: Karyotyping- Normal human chromosome

complement. Pedigree Analysis Aneuploidy and Non disjunction.

Genetic disorders in Man. Chromosomal anomalies Autosomal (eg.

Down syndrome, Edward’s syndrome and Cridu chat syndrome) Sex

chromosomal anomalies (Klinefelter’s syndrome, and Turners

syndrome ) Single gene disorders Gene mutation and disorders

(Brief mention) Autosomal single gene disorders (Sickle cell

anaemia, brachydactyly; inborn errors of metabolism such as

phenyle ketonuria, alkaptonuria ). Sex linked inheritance. Definition

- characteristics criss-cross inheritance. Haemophilia and colour

blindness. Pseudoautosomal genes (incompletely sex-linked genes

and holandric genes. Multifactorial disorders - Polygenic traits -

Cleft lip and cleft palate. Sex limited and sex influenced traits in

man with examples. Prenatal Diagnosis (Amniocentesis) and

choriovillus sampling - Ultrasound scanning and Fetoscopy. Genetic

counselling, Eugenics and Euthenics.

Core Readings

Stern C. 1973. Principles of Human Genetics (W.H. Freeman and

9hrs



104

Co.)

Veer Bala Rastogi – Fundamental of Mol. Biology Ane students

Education 2008

Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. 1988 Genetics (S. Chand and Co.

New Delhi)

Winchester A.M. 1966. Genetics (Oxford & IBH Publications.

Part II BIOTECHNOLOGY 20hrs

Module IX

Module X

Module X1

Definition and scope of Biotechnology

Core Readings

Sudha Gangal- Principles & Practice of Animal Tissue Culture.

University Press. Pp- 128-135

Basic aspects of Genetic Engineering. (6hrs )

Tools-Enzymes-Restriction enzymes and DNA ligases.

Vectors-Plasmids and Phage vectors.

Isolation of gene/DNA.

Techniques-Production of recombinant DNA.Briefly mention

rDNAtransfer and screening methods.Cloning in host cells.Virus

mediated gene transfer,DNA mediated gene transfer.

General Techniques in Biotechnology. ( 5 hrs)

Techniques in gene cloning;PCR technique and DNA

Amplification.

Blotting Techniques- Southern Blotting

Northern Blotting

Western Blotting

(1 hr)



105

.Identification of DNA, mRNA, and Protein.

DNA hybridization,Fluorescence insitu Hybridization (FISH),

Colony hybridization.

DNA finger printing and its applications.

RFLP- markers Applications. Gene libraries, Genomic and cDNA

libraries Human DNA library, Construction of genomic library and

cDNA library.

Stem cell cultures, Therapeutic cloning, human ES cell cultures,

Human EG cell cultures and Human EC cell cultures, Potential

uses of stem cells.Animal cell and tissue culture.

Core Readings

Sobti & Sharma 2008 Essentials of Modern Biology Ane’s Student

Edition Chapter 2 p. 89


Genetics and Biotechnology , Published by Zoological Society of

Kerala

Wilson & Walker 2008 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 6th

edition, Cambridge University Press. Chapter -5

Core Readings

John Ringo 2009 Fundamental Genetics Cambridge University

Press, Chapter 29.

Sobti & Sharma 2008 Essentials of Modern Biology Ane’s Student

Edition Chapter 2 p. 89



106


Genetics and Biotechnology , Published by Zoological Society of

Kerala

Wilson & Walker 2008 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 6th

edition, Camebridge University Press. Chapter -5

Veer Bala Rastogi – Fundamental of Mol. Biology Ane students

Education 2008 Chapter 16 p. 379-424.

Module XII Practical Applications of Biotechnology (Brief account only)

Bioremediation.

(5 hrs)

Tissue culture – Principle and uses

.Technology of mammalian and plant cell culture.

Single cell protein (SCP) The economic implications of SCP.

Biotechnology and Medicine:

Gene therapy

Stem cell therapy

Monoclonal antibodies,

Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals -Hormones(insulin,

somatostatin, interferon, Lymphokines , Cytokines) Antibiotics,

Vaccines .

Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry – Microbial insecticides,

Resistance of plants to weedicides, insect pest and microbial

diseases. Production of transgenic plants .

Animal biotechnology – Genetic Engineering for transgenic

animals.

Fermentation technology in food and beverages

Core Readings


Genetics and Biotechnology , Published by Zoological Socieyt of



107

Kerala

John E. Smith Biotechnology Cambridge Low priced ed. (Third

Ed) 2005

Singh B. D Biotechnology 2002, Kalyan Publishers New Delhi

Module XIII Problems in Biotechnology 3 hrs

Hazards of genetic engineering Problems of biologically active

biotechnology products.Problems of biotechnological

inventions:Patenting and Patent protection – Trade secrets Plant

breeder’s rights. Biowar and biopiracy

Core Readings

John E. Smith Biotechnology Cambridge Low priced ed. (Third

Ed) 2005

Singh B.D. Biotechnology 2002, Kalyan Publishers Nw Delhi.



108


Bala Subramanian D., C.F & Bryle & K. Dharmarajan J. Green Kunthala

Jayaraman, Concept in Biotechnology. University Press 2007

Benjamin Lewin 2004 Gene VIII Oxford University Press

Brown C.H., Campbell I & Priest F, G. 1987. Introduction of Biotechnology

(Blackwell scientific publishers Oxford)

C.W. Fox, J.B. Wolf Evolutionary Genetics Concept of Case Studies, Oxford

university Press 2006

Colin Ratledge & Bijorn Kristiansen, Basic Biotechnology 3 rd ed. Cambridge

University (2008)

De Robertis E.D. and De. Robertis E.M. 1987 cell & Molecular Biology (Lea &

Febya / Info- Med)

Desmand S.T. Nicholi An introduction to Genetic Engineering Cambridge Sec,

Ed. 2007.

Frank H, Stephenson Calculation for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology .

Academic press 2006

Gardner E.J. and Snustand D.P. 1984. Principles of Genetcis (John Wiley & Sons

New York.)

Gerhard Fuchs. Biotechnology & in Corporative Perspective. Study in global

Competition series, Ane Book 2003

Jan Vijay Aging of the Genome The dual role of DNA in life and Deaths. Oxford

university Press 2008

Janarthanan S & Vincent S., Practical Biotechnology, Method of Protocols.

University Press . 2007

John E. Smith Biotechnology Cambridge Low priced ed. (Third Ed) 2005

Madingan , Martinko and Parker 2002, Biology of Microorganisms , Brock Eighth

Ed. Prentice Hall

Powar. C.B. 1983. Cell biology (Himalaya Publishing company )

Prave D. Faustu and Sitting W and Subasten D.A (Eds) 1987 Fundamentals of

Biotechnology (VCH publishers. Germany)



109

R.C. Sobte and Suparna. S. Pachauri. Essentials of Biotechnology Ane Book Pvt.

Ltd. 2009

Singh B.D. Biotechnology 2002, Kalyan Publishers New Delhi.

Sinnat Dunn & Dobzhansky 1959. Principles of Genetics (T.M.H. New Delhi)

Stern C. 1973. Principles of Human Genetics (W.H. Freeman and Co.)

Strickberger W.M. 1990. Genetics (Mac Millan Publishing Co.)

Sudha Gangal Biotechnology Principles And & practice of Animal Tissue culture,

Universities Press 2007

Susantha Gosnalibke – Merged Evolution (Long term implication of

Biotechnology and Information Technology) Gordon & Breech Pub. 2005

Veer Bala Rastogi – Fundamental of Mol. Biology Ane students Education 2008

Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. 1988 Genetics (S. Chand and Co. New Delhi)

Winchester A.M. 1966. Genetics (Oxford & IBH Publications.



110


GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Genetic problems – (Problems from each type)

(a) Mono and Dihybrid ratio (b) Back cross (c) Multiple alleles.

2. Study of barr body in human buccal epithelium.

3. Study through photographs of the Karyotype- Turner’s

Syndrome , Klinefelters and Down’s Syndrome.

4. Study of the karyotype and idiogram from the given

photograph of somatic metaphase chromosome-(Human)

5.Sexing of Drosophila melanogaster

6.Isolation of DNA (Demonstration)

7. Study of Polymerase Chain Reaction (Demonstration)

8. Western blotting of proteins from SDS-polyacrylamide gel

(Demonstration)

9. Southern blotting of DNA fragments from agarosegel

(Demonstration)

10. Northern Blotting of RNA molecules (Demonstration)

(Students are expected to visit the near by research institution /

Biotechnology departments/ research centre, and see the demonstration of

practicals 5, 6 7, and 8,/Video showif they do not have such facility in their

institution)

Core Reading

S. Janardhanan and Vincent S.2008 Practical Biotechnology Methods and

protocols Cambridge University Press.



111

SEMESTER VI


MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives of the course

1. To inspire the students in learning the frontier areas of biological sciences

2. To make them aware of the pathogens , health related problems, their origin

and treatment.

3. To equip the students with the knowledge of modern developments and

recent trends in biological sciences

PART I MICROBIOLOGY 27hrs

Module1 Introduction and Scope of Microbiology 2 hr

Outline classification of bacteria, fungi, viruses,

Core Readings

Panicker, S. Francis G., and Abraham G.K. 2008 , Microbiology and

Immunoloy, Study Material Series published by Zoological

Society of Kerala

Anthanarayan R & C.K. Jayaram Panicker. Textbook of Microbiology

(2008) Orient Longman Private Ltd.

Kanika Sharema. Manual of Microbiology tools techniques 2nd Ed.

Ane’s student Editions 2009

Module 2 Methods in Microbiology 6 hrs

Sterilization and disinfection. Different methods, physical and

chemical. Sterilization by moist and dry heat, by filtration, by

irradiation, preparation of culture media (aerobic and anaerobic

cultivation) Selective media, enrichment media and differential media,

Plating techniques and isolation of pure colonies, culture preservation

techniques – refrigeration, deep freezing, freezing under liquid

nitrogen and lyophilization.



112

Core Readings



Society of Kerala Chapter 5 p. 107-137





Module 3 Morphology and fine structure of bacteria, size, shape and

arrangements. Flagella, Pili, Capsule, cell wall and its composition,

Cytoplasmic membrane, protoplast, spheroplast, , nuclear material ,

cell inclusions, Bacterial spores

Core Readings


Immunology, Study Material Series published by Zoological Society

of Kerala Chapter 1 p. 1-36





5 hrs

Module 4 Bacterial Growth, Effect of various factors on bacterial growth. 2 hrs

cell division., Nutritional requirements.Enumeration of bacteria ;Total

count & viable count Bacterial growth curve

Core Readings


Immunology, Study Material Series published by Zoological

Society of Kerala Chapter 3

Anthanarayan R & C.K. Jayaram Paniker. Textbook of Microbiology






113

Module 5 Basic Virology 3 hrs

Viruses -Structure of Viruses Human, Animal, Plant and Bacterial

Viruses. Replication of viruses, cultivation of animal and plant viruses.

Viral assay

Core Readings



of Kerala Chapter 2

Anthanarayan R & C.K. Jayaram Paniker. Textbook of Microbiology




Module 6 Infections

Types, Primary and secondary infections. Cross infection , nosocomial

infection

Infection, endogenous and exogenous infections, different sources of

infections, contagious diseases (Epidemic, endemic and pandemic)

modes of transmission of diseases (by food, water, air, vectors, and

carriers. Mention different types of carriers, healthy carriers,

convalescent carriers, temporary and chronic carriers, contact carriers,

paradoxical carriers , bacteraemia, Septicaemia

Core Readings


(2008) Orient Longman Private Ltd



Society of Kerala Chapter 8.

Park K., Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine – 2002,

17t Ed. Banarasidass Bhenot Publications

2 hrs



114

Module 7 Diseases caused by different pathogens, epidemiology, symptomology,

principles of laboratory diagnosis of Bacterial,viral and fungal diseases:

A brief study of two examples from each category

bacterial:Tuberculosis & Typhoid

Viral : Infuenza & Polio

Fungal: Dermatophytoses & Candidiasis

Core Readings








7 hrs

PART II IMMUNOLOGY 27 hrs

Module 8 Introduction to immunology 4 hrs

Types of immunity, innate immunity, Mechanism of innate immunity

(eg. Barriers, Phagocytosis, inflammation.) acquired - passive & active

Vaccines types of vaccines , live, killed , toxoids,recombinant DNA

Core Readings




Ivan Roitt, 2002 Essentials of Immunology ELBS

Module 9 Antigens Antibodies Complements 7hrs

Types of Antigens, haptens, antigenic determinants. Basic structure of

immunoglobulins. Different classes of immunoglobulins and functions

Complement system, biological effects of complements- a brief study

Core Readings





115



Module 10 Antigen-antibody reactions, Precipitation test, Agglutination Test,

Clinical applications of antigen antibody reaction : Eg: Widal , VDRL

, HIV test (ELISA) Complement fixation test, Coombs test

Core Readings



Society of Kerala


7 hrs

Module 11 Immune Response system 5 hrs

Primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Cells of the immune system –

Leucocytes, Lymphocytes T & B cells, Macrophages, Plasma cells,

Memory cells, MHC Antibody synthesis, primary and secondary

responses, Monoclonal antibodies – Hybridoma technology , uses,.

Core Readings





Module 12 Immunopathology- immune disorders

(Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency)

4hrs

Different types of hypersensitivity reactions -

Abrief study on anaphylaxis, atopy, , serum sickness and delayed

hypersensitivity

Autoimmunity, mechanisms of autoimmunization

A brief study on autoimmune diseases eg. Lymphadenoid

goiter,thyrotoxicosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus

erythematosis

Transplantation Immunity - Graft rejection , major

histocompatibility, Human leukocyte antigen system - (HLA) immuno



116

-suppression Immunohaematology, Immunology of blood transfusion,

Erythroblastosis foetalis.

Core Readings



Society of Kerala



Anthanarayan R & C.K. Jayaram Panicker. Textbook of Microbiology (2008)

Orient Longman Private Ltd.

Colemen: 2002 Fundamentals of Immunology

Darla J. Wise & Gordon R. Carter: 2004:Immunology A Comprehensive Review

Iowa state University Press. A Blackwell science company,

Hans G. Sch Legal General Microbiology Seventh Ed. Cambridge Low Price

Ed.

Helen Hapel, Maused Harney Siraj Misbah and Next Snowden: 2006 Essentials of

Clinical Immunology Fifth Ed. Blackwell Publishing Company,

Heritage, J ., E.G.V. Evaus & R.A.Killungten 2007: Introductory Microbiology

Cambridge University Press

Ivan Roitt: 2002 Essentials of Immunology ELBS.

K. Park, Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine – 2002, 17t Ed.

Banarasidass Bhenot Publications

Kanika Sharema. Manual of Microbiology tools techniques 2nd Ed. Ane’s student

Editions 2009

Keith Wilson and John Walker, 2009, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry

and Molecular Biology Sixth Ed. Cambridge University Press

Mangi, E.M.T El. C.F.A Bryca, A.L Demain, A.K. Allman Fermentation

Microbiology & Biotechnology Sec. Ed. Taylor Framics London New York

2006



117

Michael J. Pelczar ECS,Chan & Noel. R. Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill

5th ed. 1996.

Monica Cheesbrough: Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol.II

Microbiology, ELBS – Cambridge Ed. 1986.

Panicker, S. Francis G., and Abraham G.K. 2008 , Microbiology and Immunology,

Study Material Series published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

Prakesh Arora M. Anes Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, Ane Book India.

2002

Prescott. Microbiology 2nd edition



118


MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 1 1. Instruments –Autoclave, Hot air oven, Bacteriological incubator – Working

and use in Microbiology lab.

2. Cleaning and sterilization of glasswares

3. Preparation of solid and liquid media for microbial cultures. (Ingredients, pH

and method of preparation)(Demonstration)

(a) Solid media (1) Nutrient agar (2) Mac Conkey’s agar (b) Liquid Media (1) Nutrient broth (2) Peptone water.

(c ) Semi solid agar

(d) Firm agar

4. Culture methods (Demonstration)

(a) Streak plate technique and isolation of pure colonies.

(b) Lawn culture (c) Stab culture

(d) Pour plate culture

(e) Liquid culture

5. Serial dilution and Standard Plate Count (SPC) calculation of

C fu /ml in well water sample (demonstration).

6. Examination of microbes in living condition

(a) Wet mount

(b) Hanging drop method for demonstrating motility of bacteria.

7. Gram staining – preparation, procedure, identification of Gram + ve and Gram

–ve bacteria.

8. Antibiotic sensitivity test (demonstration).

9. Preparation of a fungal smear – Lactophenol cottonblue staining and mounting

10. Determination of ABO blood groups and Rh factor (Antigen –antibody

Reaction)

11. Study through photographs/ illustration, the primary immune (Bone marrow

and thymus) and secondary immune (spleen and lymph nodes) organs in

Rat/Man.



119

SEMESTER VI


GENERAL INFORMATICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND

BIOSTATISTICS

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives of the course

1. To inspire the students in learning the frontier areas of biological sciences

2. To update and expand basic informatics skills and attitudes relevant to the

emerging knowledge of society and also to equip the students to

effectively utilize the digital knowledge resources in learning.

3. To equip the students with the knowledge of modern developments and

recent trends in biological sciences

Part I GENERAL INFORMATICS 12 hrs

Module 1. Introduction

Microprocessors – RAM, ROM, EPROM, Memory systems, input, output devices.

Disk operating systems, booting, formatting.

Core Readings

Sinha, Pradeep K. and Sinha, Priti. [2003], Computer Fundamentals – concepts

systems and applications, Third Edition, BPB publications, New Delhi.

Module 2. Operating systems:

DOS, Windows, Linux (only basics), MS Office (MS word, Excel, Access and

PowerPoint) computer programming, Networking (LAN, WAN), Internet, World

Wide Web, Databases and information retrieval.

New technology in Internet

Core Readings

Gupta, Vikas [2002], Comdex –computer course kit, Eight Edition, Dramtech,

New Delhi.



120

Part II BIOINFORMATICS 24 hours Module 3 8 hrs

Definition, Nature & Scope of Bioinformatics - Contrast between Bioinformatics

and Computational Biology; Key Bio-sequences in Molecular Biology - DNA, RNA

and Amino-acid sequences -Popular Databases in Bioinformatics - NCBI, DDJB,

PDB, OMIM; BLAST & FASTA sequence file formats, Approach of Comparative

Biology based on sequence comparison - The basic idea of sequence comparison

(algorithms not required) - idea of scoring matrices

Core Readings

1. Claverie & Notredame, Bioinformatics - A Beginners Guide, Wiley-Dreamtech India Pvt Ltd,

2003

2. Dan E. Krane and Michael L. Raymer, Fundamental Concepts of Bio-informatics, Pearson

Education.

3. Rastogi et. al., Bioinformatics: Methods and Applications, Prentice Hall of India.

Further Readings:

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics, Arthur M. Lesk, OXFORD publishers.

2. D. Mount, Bioinformatics: sequence & Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor press,

USA.

3. Rashidi, Hooman H. and Buehler, Lukas K. [2001]. Bioinformatics Basics

applications in biological science and medicine, CRC Press, Washington,

D.C.

Module 4 8 hrs.

The Blast search engine - important features - Idea of Multiple sequence

alignment – Proteomics: Basic ideas of Protein Structure prediction- Concept of

Homology Modeling- Idea of Molecular Phylogenetics - advantages and

computational procedure (only description of use of a package such as Phylip)- Core Readings


2003


Education.


Selected further Readings

1.Introduction to Bioinformatics, Arthur M. Lesk, OXFORD publishers.

2. D. Mount, Bioinformatics: sequence & Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor press, USA.



121

3. Rashidi, Hooman H. and Buehler, Lukas K. [2001]. Bioinformatics Basics

applications in biological science and medicine, CRC Press, Washington, D.C.

Module 5 6 hrs.

Basic concepts of computer Aided Drug Discovery- General description of drug

discovery pipeline- concept of Personalized medicine; Bioinformatics tools:

(i)Molecular Visualization Software - Rasmol (Basic features only) - (ii) ORF

finding (iii) gene finding, (iii) BLAST (iv) Hydrophobicity Prediction (v) Single

Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) prediction using GENSNIP

Core Readings


2003


Education.


Slected further Readings

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics, Arthur M. Lesk, OXFORD publishers.

2. D. Mount, Bioinformatics: sequence & Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor press,

USA.

3. Xiong, Jin. [2006], Essential Bioinformatics, Cambridge University Press, New

York.

Module 6 Future Prospects: 2 hrs.

1. Human brain Project

2. Computer simulation and visualization of molecular structure

3. Protein structure prediction.

Core Readings

Rashidi, Hooman H. and Buehler, Lukas K. [2001]. Bioinformatics Basics

applications in biological science and medicine, CRC Press, Washington,

D.C.

Part III BIOSTATISTICS Total- 18 hrs.

Module7. Sample & Sampling techniques 2 hrs

Collection of data, Classification of data, Frequency distribution tables,



122

Graphical representation: - Bar diagrams, Histogram, Pie diagram and

Frequency curves.

Core Readings

Dutta, Naren. [2002], Fundamental of Biostatistics- Practical Approach,

Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi.

Rastogi, V.B .2009. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi.

Module 8. Measures of Central Tendency 3hrs

Mean, Median, Mode (Direct method only)

Core Readings




Delhi.

Module 9. Measures of dispersion 4 hrs

Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, Standard error.

(Merits & demerits).

Core Readings




Delhi.

Module 10. Probability Distributions 3 hrs

Normal, Binomial, Poisson distribution (Brief description only)

Core Readings


Delhi.

Module 11. Correlation 4 hrs

Definition, Types of correlation.

Core Readings Campbell, R.C. [2005], Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge Universtiy Press,

New York.



123


Delhi.

Module 12.Test of Hypothesis and Test of Significance 2 hrs

Basic concept, Levels of significance, test of significance, Procedure for testing

hypothesis, types of hypothesis- Null hypothesis and Alternate hypothesis. Chi-

square test.

Core Readings

Campbell, R.C. [2005], Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge Universtiy Press,

New York.


Delhi.


Campell, R. 1990. Statistics for biologists. CBS Publishers and distributors.

Chavali. L.N. 2009 Bioinformatics & Bioprogramming in Cambridge University

press

David. G. Kleinbaum and Mitchel Klein 2009 Survival analysis Statistics for

Biology & Health 2nd .Ed. Springer International ed.

Jin Xiang 2008 Essential Bioinformatics 1st Ed. Cambridge University Press.

Khan and Khanum, 1990 Fundamentals of biostatistics

Neil C.Jones and Pavel A.Pevzner. 2004An introduction to Bioinformatics

Algorithms. Ane Book Pvt Ltd.

Nikolay Kolchamvov and Ralf Hofestaedt-2008 Bioinformatics of Genome

Regulation and structure. Springer international Ed.

Norman T.J. Bailey Statistical methods in biology 2007 Cambridge University

press.

Paul.G. Hegg’s and Teresa .K. Altwood- 2005., Bioinformatics and Molecular

Evolution Blackwell publishers.

Pennington S.R. and M.J.Dunn.Proteomics.2005 Ane Books.


Delhi.

Warren J.Ewens, Gregory .R.Grant. 2008. Statistical methods in Bioinformatics an

Introduction



124

ZY6B12U [P] Core Course 12 Practical

General informatics, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. MS Word: Mail merge—Preparing mark sheet of students

2. MS Excel : To create mean and median

3. MS Access: To create grade of students

4. Internet: Access a web page on any biological topic.

5. Frequency distribution of the given samples to find out arithmetic mean,

median, mode.

6. Range and standard deviation for a biological data

7. Correlation using any biological data.

8. Download a specified sequence from NCBI and search with it in BLAST and

report results with comments.

9. Download molecular structure data files of DNA, Sugar, Water etc and

inspect them through Rasmol. .

10. Download a specified DNA sequence from NCBI and identify ORF & genes,

if any, in it.

11. Download a specified AA sequence from NCBI and plot its hydrophobicity

profile.

.

12. Download and study at least two samples of genome sequences.

13. . . Spotters—copies of genome sequences and proteins.

14. Graphical representation of data. Construction of bar diagrams,

Histograms, Pie diagram and Line graphs.

Model questions of Bioinformatics (Theory and Practicals)

1. Define bioinformatics. How is it different from computational biology?

2. Explain one standard file format for bio-sequences.

3. Explain important features of NCBI or PDB.



125

4. How does bioinformatics help comparative biology?

5. Explain how two DNA fragments ATTT and TTT can be compared?

6. What are scoring matrices? Why is it essential in sequence comparison?

7. Explain important features of BLAST.

8. What is multiple sequence alignment? Where is it useful?

9. What is the need for protein structure prediction?

10. Explain the concept of homology modeling.

11. Compare molecular phylogenetics with traditional phylogenetics.

12. Explain the process of Tree construction using molecular phylogenetics

software.

13. Explain the basic drug discovery pipeline.

14. Explain the features of Rasmol.



126

CORE CHOICE BASED COURSES

MODEL – I/MODEL- II/Double Core/BT&SP SEMESTER VI

ZOOLOGY CORE CHOICE BASED COURSES

FOR B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ELECTIVE I

ZY6B13 U ECOTOURISM

72 hr

4hrs/week

Credits 3

Objectives:

1. To introduce the concepts, principles and applications of tourism and

its sustainability

2. To critically analyse the cost and benefits of ecotourism, including

related laws and policies, community involvement and future trends

3. To develop an appreciation among students with respect to tourism

development from the sustainability perspective

4. To equip the students with basic knowledge for the emerging

ecotourism industry

Module I. Fundamentals of Tourism (5 hr)

Tourism, concepts and definitions

History, types

Motivation of travel – future trends

Core Readings

Bruner, E.M. 2005. Culture on tour: ethnographies of travel. The University of

Chicago Press.

Karan Singh. 1980. Indian Tourism: Aspects of great adventure. Department of

tourism. New Delhi.

Ratandeep Sing. 2003. National Ecotourism and Wildlife tourism: Policies and

guidelines. Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi



127

Module II. Ecotourism (12 hr)

What is ecotourism?

Concepts of eco-tourism

The facilitating sectors

Attractions

Geography, heritage

Wildlife, nature

Quality Control

Core Readings


Chicago Press.

Ghimire, K.B. and M. Pimbert. 1997. Social change and conservation:

environmental politics and impacts of national parks and protected areas.

London: Earthscan Publications.


tourism. New Delhi.



Whelan, T. 1991. Nature tourism: managing for the environment. Washington,

D.C.: Island Press.

Module III. Major areas of eco-tourism (10 hr.)

Concepts, practices and case studies for each:

Marine tourism

Wildlife tourism

Adventure tourism

Core Readings

Brian Garrod and Julie C. Wilson. 2002. Marine Ecosystem. Channel View

Publications.



128






Module IV. Tourist destinations (10 hr)

Common characteristics of tourist destinations

Spatial strategies for destinations

Visitor Management strategies for destinations with special reference to

tourist spots of Kerala

Public sector initiatives

Private enterprises

Core Readings

Honey, M. 2002. Ecotourism & certification: setting standards in practice.

Washington, D.C. Island Press.

Ratandeep Sing. 2003. National Ecotourism and Wildlife tourism:

Policies and guidelines. Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi

Module V. Problems and prospects of eco-tourism (8 hr)

Economics and benefits of ecotourism

Cultural issues and negative aspects of ecotourism

Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Core Readings

Bhattacharya, A.K. 2005. Ecotourism and livelihoods. Concepts publishing Co,

New Delhi-

Rave Chauhan. 2006. Ecotourism: Trends and challenges. Vista International

Publishing group, New Delhi.

Module VI. Environment, conservation of natural resources

and eco-tourism (10hr)

Environment and conservation: basic principles

Current practices of eco-conservation in tourism industry

Sustainable tourism and society



129

Community based eco tourism

Eco-development committee (EDC) of Periyar Tiger Rerserve

People’s initiatives

Core Readings



London: Earthscan Publications. Honey, M. 2002. Ecotourism &

certification: setting standards in practice. Washington, D.C. Island Press.

Middleton, V. 1998. Sustainable tourism: a marketing perspective. Woburn, MA :

Butterworth-Heinemann.



Wearing S. and J. Neil. 1999. Ecotourism: impacts, potentials, and possibilities.

Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Weaver, D. 1998. Ecotourism in the less

developed world. New York : CAB International.

Wells, M. and Brandon, K. 1992. People and Parks: linking protected area

management with local communities. Washington, D.C.: the World Bank.

West, P.C. and Brechin, S.R., eds. 1991. Resident Peoples and National Parks:

social dilemmas and strategies in international conservation. University of

Arizona Press.

Western, D. and Wright, R.M., eds. 1994. Natural Connections: perspectives in

community-based conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. (Module

VI)

Module VII. Eco-tourism business (10 hr)

Ecotourism marketing

Who are eco-tourists? Ecotourism companies

Emerging trends in eco-tourism

Cultural tourism

Pilgrimage tourism

Farm tourism

Backwater tourism



130

Health tourism

Core Readings


New Delhi-




Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Weaver, D. 1998. Ecotourism in the less developed world. New York : CAB

International.

Module VIII. Eco-tourism guides (7 hr)

Ecotourism guiding and case studies

Core Readings


International.

Activities Preparation of questionnaire

Field testing

Report writing on an ecotourism initiative



New Delhi

Brian Garrod and Julie C. Wilson. 2002. Marine Ecosystem. Channel View

Publications.


Chicago Press.

Ghimire, K.B. and M. Pimbert. 1997. Social change and conservation :





131

Honey, M. 2002. Ecotourism & certification: setting standards in practice.

Washington, D.C. Island Press.


toursm. New Delhi.

Middleton, V. 1998. Sustainable tourism: a marketing perspective. Woburn, MA:

Butterworth-Heinemann.






Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.


International.

Wells, M. & Brandon, K. 1992. People and Parks: linking protected area

management with local communities. Washington, D.C.: the World Bank.

West, P.C. & Brechin, S.R., eds. 1991. Resident Peoples and National Parks:

social dilemmas and strategies in international conservation. University of

Arizona Press.

Western, D. & Wright, R.M., eds. 1994. Natural Connections: perspectives in

community-based conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Whelan, T. 1991. Nature tourism: managing for the environment. Washington,

D.C.: Island Press.



132

SEMESTER VI



ELECTIVE II ZY6B14 U

NUTRITION, COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SANITATION

72 hrs

4 hrs/week

Credits 3




2. To emphasize the central role that biological sciences plays in the life of all

organisms.


bio-sciences

Course outline

PART – I NUTRITION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 36 hrs

Module -I Definition and Meaning of Health

Dimensions and Determination of Health

Physical Activity and Health benefits

Effect of exercise on body systems – Circulatory, Respiratory,

Endocrine, Skeletal and Muscular

Programmes on Community health promotion (Individual, Family and

Society) Dangers of alcoholic and drug abuse, medico-legal

implications

Core Readings

Fashey , Tomas D, Insel , Paul M and Roth Walt (2005) Fit and

Well. New York; Mc Graw Hill Inc

Greenberg, Jerol S and Dintiman George B (1997) Wellness

10 hrs



133

Creating a life of Health and Fitness , London Allyn and

Bacon Inc.

Tom Sanders and Peter Emery. (2004) Molecular basis of human

nutrition: Taylor & Francis Publishers Ane Book

Rai. B.C. Health Education and Hygiene. Published by Prakashan

Kendra, Lucknow

Module II Nutrition and Health

Concept of Food and Nutrition, Balanced diet

Vitamins, Malnutrition, Deficiency Disease

Determining Caloric intake and expenditure

Obesity, causes and preventing measures – role of Diet and exercise,

BMI

Core Readings

K Park, (2008) Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Mediine 18th

Edition. Banarasidass Bhenot Publication



10 hrs

Module III Safety Education and Health Promotion Principles of Accident

prevention, Health and Safety in daily life. Health and Safety at work.

First aid and emergency care. Common injuries and their management.

Modern life style and hypokinetic diseases. Diabetes, Cardiovascular

diseases, Diet & Cancer - Prevention and Management, Ageing,

Theories of Ageing. Cellular changes with ageing.

Core Readings

Norman Bezzaant HELP First Aid for everyday emergencies. Jaico

Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi



10 hrs

Module IV Life Skills Education 6 hrs

Physical activity, emotional adjustment and well being, Yoga,



134

Meditation and Relaxation, Psychoneuroimmunology

Core Readings

Edlen Gordon Janes and Barttlet. Human Genatics a modern Synthesis.

Published by Boston. P 39, 266-270

PART II COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SANITATION 36 hrs

Module V Public health and water quality. Prevention of Water borne diseases.

Potable water quality monitoring and waste water management. Faecal

bacteriae and pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by water.

Cholera and Typhoid. Determination of sanitary quality of drinking

water, water purification techniques – Methods of waste water

treatment and disposal Physical and Biological treatment – Anaerobic

digesting system

Septic tank method, Aerobic process – Oxidation ponds, trickling

filters, activated sludge processes – Vermi composting a method of

solid waste management

Core Readings

Pelczar M.J. Jr. E.C.S. Chane & N.R. Krieg, Microbiology

(Concept & Applications). 5th edition. Tata McGraw

Publishing Company Ltd.

Monica Cheesbrough, Laboratory Manual for Tropical Counties

Vol.II LBS.

12 hrs

Module VI Public Health and Food borne diseases. Their preventive measures.

Food poisoning caused by toxins produced by microbes eg

Staphylococcal food poisoning, Botulism, Salmonellosis. Food

infection caused by growth of microorganisms in the human body after

the contaminated food has been eaten. Eg Food Infection hepatitis

(hepatitis A)

12 hrs



135

Core Readings




Panicker S, Franis G And Abraham g. (2008) Microbiology &

Immunology. Zoological Society Study Material Series.

Published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

Module VII Public health and diseases

Emerging pathogens and diseases - Swine Flue (H1N1), Bird Flue

(H5N1), SARS, Anthrax, Reemerging pathogens and diseases –TB,

Chikungunya)

Vector borne (mosquito) diseases and their control measures

(Chikungunya , Malaria, Filariasis and Dengu fever)

Mosquito eradication

Leptospirosis and preventive measures – Rodent control measures.

Cancer – Types of cancers, Carcinogens, Causes of Cancer,

Morphological Structural Biochemical & behavioural changes of

cancer cells

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study Material Series 2002– Cell Biology

Genetics & Biotechnology published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

K Park, (2008) Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine

12 hrs


Fashey, Tomas D, Insel, Paul M and Roth Walt (2005) Fit and Well. New York;

Mc Graw Hill Inc

Greenberg, Jerol S and Dintiman George B (1997) Wellness Creating a life of

Health and Fitness , London Allyn and Bacon Inc.


Published by Boston.

Monica Cheesbrough, Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Vol.II LBS.



136

Norman Bezzaant HELP First Aid for everyday emergencies. Jaico Publishing

House, Bombay, Delhi

Pelczar M.J. Jr. E.C.S. Chane & N.R. Krieg, Microbiology (Concept &

Applications)

Rai. B.C. Health Education and Hygiene. Published by Prakashan Kendra,

Lucknow

Tom Sanders and Peter Emery. (2004) Molecular basis of human nutrition:

Taylor & Francis Publishers Ane Book



137

SEMESTER VI



ELECTIVE III

ZY6B15U ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

72 hrs

4 hrs/week

Credits 3




2. To emphasize the central role that biological sciences plays in the life of

all organisms.


bio-sciences

Part I APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 18 hrs

Module I Pests of common crops of Kerala ( Paddy and Coconut )

Morphology, damages caused and control measures.

Pests of coconut – Oryctes rhinoceros, Rhyncophorus ferrugineus, Nephantis

serinopa, eriophid mite ( Aceria guerreronis ),

Pest of paddy – Leptocorisa acuta, Spodoptera mauritia, Rice stem borer

(Scirpophaga incertulas, Nilaparvata lugens)

Pest of stored food products – Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium castaneum,

Sitophilus oryzae

Insect pest management

1 Chemical control- Classification and chemical composition of pesticides

Insecticides and their mode of action, trade names

2. Biological control methods – give examples, insects used in biological control

programme Microbial insecticides

3. Autocidal control (sterile male technique)

4. IPM – Integrated Pest Management.



138

Core Readings

Nair M R G K- Insect pests of Crops of India

Vijayakumaran Nair – Protista & Animal Diversity. Academica

Press. 2009

Nair K K. Ananthakrishnan, T N David, B V. 1976 – General & Applied

Entomology

M S Mony – Applied Entomology

Larry P. pedigo, Entomology and Pest management, prentice hall of India Delhi.

Part II MANAGEMENT OF ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING AND

AQUARIUM MANAGEMENT 18 hrs

Module 2

1 Ornamental Fish Breeding 15 hrs

Introduction. Present status of ornamental fish culture. Fresh water aquarium fish

culture. Marine ornamental fishes. Breeding of gold fish, koei, tetra, barb, fighter,

gourami, live bearers and clown fish. Nutrition and feed of aquarium fishes.

Establishment of commercial ornamental fish culture unit. Common diseases of

aquarium fishes and their m,anagement.

Core Readings

MPEDA A hand Book on Aquafarming- Ornamental fishes, MPEDA Kochin.

Applied Zoology, Study Material Published by Zoological Society of Kerala, CMS

College Campus

George cust & Peter Bird, Tropical Fresh water Aquaria, Hamlyn London.

Module 3 Aquarium management 3hrs

Aquarium,Aims of aquarium, Requirement of an aquarium, Setting an aquarium,

Aquarium fishes

Core Readings

Applied Zoology , Study Material Published by Zoological Society Of Kerala ,

CMS college Campus

Pillai T.V.R., Aquaculture , principles and practices.

Part III – VERMICULTURE 8 hrs



139

Module 4 Vermiculture

Introduction, ecological classification of earth worms. Life history.

Species of earth worms used for vermicultre, role of earth worm in solid waste

management, in agriculture, in medicine etc. preparation of vermibed, preparation

of vermi compost, Preparation of vermiwash,

Core Readings

Applied Zoology , Study Material Zoological Society Of Kerala , CMS college

Campus

Part IV – APICULTURE 18 hrs

Module 5 Bee Keeping

Definition, Uses of bees. Sp.of bees cultured, organization of honey bee colony,

Social life and adaptation of honey bees. Communication among honey bees. bee

keeping methods (modern method only) and equipments, management and

maintenance of an apiary-growth period, dividing the colony, uniting two colonies,

replacing old queen with new queen, honey flow period, dearth periodswarming

management, monsoon management. Enemies of bees. Bee diseases. Bee

pasturage. Honey and wax composition. Testing the quality of honey. Extraction of

wax Uses of honey and wax. Apitherapy. Royal jelly , propolis. Agencies

supporting apiculture.

.

Field visit and report writing 10 hrs

Field visit and report writing on any two items are taken for internal

evaluation, instead of assignment and seminar

Core Readings

NPCS Board, The complete book on Bee keeping and honey processing, NIIR

Project consultancy services, 106- E kamala nagar Delhi – 110007.


Addison Webb, Bee Keeping- for profit and pleasure, agrobios India Ltd.

Alka Prakash, Lab. Manual of entomology , New age International publ. Deilhi.

Ananthakrishnan T.N.Dimensions of Molecular Entomology. University



140


Campus

Chauhan, H.V.S. Poultry, Disease, diagnosis and treatment, Wiley eastern Ltd

Delhi.

Cowey C. B. et. al.( 1985) Nutrition and feeding in fishes, academy press.

Dhooria M.S. - ‘Ane’s – Dictionary of General & Applied Entomology 2007

Farm made aquafeeds FAO fisheries technical paper, 343.


Harisankar J. Alappat & A. Bijukumar, Aquarium Fishes. B. R. Publ. Corporation,

Delhi.

Larry P. pedigo, Entomology and Pest management, Prentice hall of India Delhi.

MPEDA A hand Book on Aquafarming- Ornamental fishes, MPEDA Kochin.

Nalina Sundari, R, santhi Entomology, MJP publ. Chennai.


Project consultancy services, 106- E kamala nagar Delhi – 110007.


Ronald j. Roberts (1978 ) Fish pathology , Cassel Ltd London.

Sukla. Upadhay, Economic Zoology

Tembhare, D.B. modern entomology, Himalaya Publ. House.

Verreth J. , Fish larval nutrition , Chapman & Hall Publ.



141




142

SEMESTER V


ELECTIVE I

ZY5D01U MAN, NATURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

72 hrs

4hrs/Week

Credits 4

Objectives

1. To understand how Man originated and attained present status

2. To learn the basic concepts of Ecosystems and its functioning

3. To study the use and abuse of nature by Man

4. To learn the different resources available on earth

5. To Study global environmental problems and its impact on human well

being

6. To appreciate the perspectives of Man on nature and learn the strategies for

conservation

7. To familiarize with sustainable development and develop an attitude for

sustainability

8. To dismantle compartmentalization of knowledge, reveals links between

different disciplines and promotes solutions which reconcile interests of

nature and human beings. Such a holistic approach is necessary for

sustainable development.

Module I. Man in Nature 10 hrs

Introduction

Evolution of Man

Out of Africa and Candelabra Model

The Fossils and the Molecular Evidences

Ancient Migration and Peopling of India

Hunter-Gatherer and the Agriculturist

Speech and Languages



143

Cultural Evolution

Altruism and Morality

Core Readings

Conroy,G.C. 1997.Reconstructing Human Evolution: A Modern Synthesis. Norton,

NY,USA.

Encyclopedia Britannica .1987 .Evolution. Macropedia Vol.18 Knowledge in

Depth pp930-979. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.UK

Harrison, Lawrence E. and Samuel P. Huntington. 2000. Culture Matters: How

Values Shape Human Progress. Basic Books. Perseus.

Rob DeSalle and Ian Tattersal.2008. Human Origins:What Bones and Genomes

Tell Us about Ourselves. Texas A&MUniversity Press, USA.


Module II. The Biosphere 10 hrs

Earth-Continents and Continental drift

Concept of Landscapes and Habitats

Lithosphere- Forest (Tropical and Temperate)

Grasslands, Deserts and Montane

The Biomes of the World

Hydrosphere- Oceans, Estuaries

Freshwater

Water the Elixir of Life

Atmosphere- Structure and stratification

Core Readings

Forman, R.T and M. Gordaon. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley &Sons,

NY,USA.


Khanna ,G.N.1993. Global Environmental Crisis and Management. Ashish

Publishing House, New Delhi.


Western Ghats, IndiaBiodiversity, Human Ecology and management

Strategies. French Institute of Pondicherry, India



144

Module III. Dominance of Man on Earth 7 hr

Industrial Revolution

Human Population Growth

Resource Utilization

Environmental Consequences

Modern Agriculture and Green Revolution

Environmental Impacts

Imperialism and its Ecological Root

Core Readings

Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpending.2009.The 10,000 Year Explosion: How

Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. Basic Books

Module IV. Natural Resources 5 hr

Renewable and Non- renewable

Biodiversity

Importance of Biodiversity -the Six E S

Hotspots of Biodiversity

Biotic Richness of India

Monoculture and loss of Genetic Diversity

Extinction Crisis, IUCN and Red Data Book

Core Readings

Joy A.Plamer (Edn.).2004. Fifty Great Thinkers on the Environment. Routledge,

London and New York.

Module.V .Global Environmental Issues Threatening Natural Resources and

Human Life 12 hr

Deforestation, Landscape alterations, Soil erosion, Flood and

Drought,Desertification, Overexploitation, Pollution (Air, Water and

Soil- Pollutants and Consequences only), Acid rain, Ozone depletion,

Green house effect and Global Warming ( use case studies to

illustrate the points) Waste disposal ( Biodegradable and Non-

degradable eg. Plastic and E- waste), Oil spill Energy - Production,



145

Consumption and its Impact on Environment Quality of the

Environment and Human Health

Core Readings



Module VI. Man’s Perspective on Nature 10 hr

Eco Spirituality, Eco-theology and Eco-feminism

Community initiatives

Indigenous People’s Perspective (tribal and traditional communities)

Native American, Amazonian,. Australian Aborigines, Bishnoi

Contributions of -John Muir, Aldo Leopold, Thoreau, Rachel Carson

Edward Abbey, Arne Ness, Carolyn Merchant, Vandana Shiva

Core Readings

Lester R. Brown. 2001. Eco-Economy Building an Economy for the

Earth.W.W.Norton & Company, NY, USA.

Module VII. Global Strategies for Conservation 8 hrs

UN conference on Man and Environment-1972

UNEP and its Contributions

The World Conservation Strategy-1980

World Commission on Environment and Development

The Earth Summit -1992

The UNFCC and IPCC

Conservation Strategies in India-MoEF

Legal System- Mention Major Conservation Acts

People’s Participation in Conservation:

Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan,

Silent Valley

Core Readings


Cambridge, UK.



146

Donella H.Meadows et al.1972.The Limits to Growth. Universe Books Ny,USA.

Module VIII Sustainable Development 10 hrs

Definition and Concept

Principles and Goals

Environment versus Development Debate

Johannesburg Conference -2002

Strategies for Sustainable development

Sustainable Development in the era of Globalization

Gandhian Environmentalism

Education for Sustainable Development (UNESCO-ESD)

Building a Sustainable society

Sustainable life styles

Core Readings

Richard T. Wright &Bernard J.Nebel.2002.Environmental Science-Toward a

Sustainable Future.Pearson Education Inc.NY,USA.

Zimmerman, Michael. 2004a. Integral Ecology: A Perspectival, Developmental,

and Coordinating Approach to Environmental Problems. World Futures.


Agrawal, Arun and Clark C. Gibson. 1999. “Enchantment and Disenchantment:

The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation,” World

Development 27(4): 629-649.

Agrawal, Arun. 2001. “Common Property Institutions and Sustainable

Governance of Resources,” World Development, 29(10): 1649-1672,

Alfred W.Crosby.1995.Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of

Eurpoe, 900-1900. Cambridge University Press, MA. USA.


Cambridge, UK.



147

Barnes, C.W. 1988. Earth, Time and Life. John Wiley &Sons, NewYork

Barry Commoner.1990.Making Peace with the Planet. Pantheon Books, New

York,USA.

Berry Thomas.1988.The Dream of the Earth. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco.

Bickerton,D. 1995.Language and Human Behaviour. University of Washington

Press, Seattle.

Carlos Hernandez and Rashmi Mayur.1999.Pedagogy of the Earth:Education for a

Sustainable Future. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, India.

Chandran, Subash M .D.1997. On the ecological history of the Western Ghats.

Current Science, Vol.73, No.2.146-155.



Conroy,G.C. 1997.Reconstructing Human Evolution: A Modern Synthesis. Norton,

NY,USA.

Donella H.Meadows et al. 1992.Beyond the Limits.Chelesa Green Publishing

Com.Vermont,USA.

Donella H.Meadows et al.1972.The Limits to Growth. Universe Books Ny,USA.

Encyclopedia Britannica .1987 .Evolution. Macropedia Vol.18 Knowledge in

Depth pp930-979. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.UK

Foley,R.1987.AnotherUniqueSpecies:PatternsinHumanEvolutionary

cology.Longman,Harlow,UK.

Forman, R.T and M. Gordaon. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley &Sons,

NY,USA.

Gandhi,M.K.-Writings on Ecology

Gore A.1993.Earth in Balance.Penguin Books, NY.USA.

Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpending.2009.The 10,000 Year Explosion: How

Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. Basic Books

Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, 162(1968):

1243-1248.

Harrison, Lawrence E. and Samuel P. Huntington. 2000. Culture Matters: How

Values Shape Human Progress. Basic Books. Perseus.



148

Herman Daly. 1990.”Toward Some Operational Principles of Sustainable

Development”.Ecological Economics 2:1-6.

IUCN-UNEP-WWF 1991. Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living.

Gland, Switzerland.

Joy A.Plamer (Edn.).2004.Fifty Great Thinkers on the Environment. Routledge,

London and New York.



Lester R. Brown. 2001. Eco-Economy Building an Economy for the

Earth.W.W.Norton &Company,NY,USA.

Lieberman,P.199..Uniquely Human: The Evolution of Speech, Thought and

Selfless Behaviour.Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.




Orr,David,W.1992.Ecological Literacy.State University of New York Press,

Albany.

Primack, R. 2002. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc.; 3rd

edition


Western Ghats, IndiaBiodiversity, Human Ecology and management

Strategies. French Institute of Pondicherry, India

Richard T. Wright &Bernard J.Nebel.2002.Environmental Science-Toward a

Sustainable Future.Pearson Education Inc.NY,USA.

Rob DeSalle and Ian Tattersal.2008. Human Origins:What Bones and Genomes

Tell Us about Ourselves. Texas A&MUniversity Press, USA.

Sapru,K.K.1987.Environment Management in India.Ashigh Publishing House,

New Delhi.

Sharma P.D.1994. Ecology and Environment.Rastogi Publications, Meerut-2.



149

Shellenberger, Michael and Ted Nordhaus. 2005. The Death of Environmentalism:

Global Warming Policies in a Post-environmental World. Grist Magazine.

www.grist.org

Stiling Peter.2002. Ecology: Theories and Applications. Prentice Hall of India pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi


Wilber, Ken. 2001. Theory of Everything. Shambala.

Wilson, E.O.1975. Sociobiology Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

USA.

World Commission on Environment and Development .1987. Our Common

Future. Oxford University Press.

Zimmerman, Michael. 2004a. Integral Ecology: A Perspectival, Developmental,

and Coordinating Approach to Environmental Problems. World Futures.

Web Resources

http://www.unesco.org/education/desd

http://ucmp.berkely.edu

http://www.unep.org

http://www.iucn.org

http://www.iisd.org

http://www.natrual-resources.org

http://www.sdnp.nic.in

http://www.teriin.org

www.grist.org

http://www.grist.org/

http://www.unesco.org/education/desd

http://ucmp.berkely.edu/

http://unep.org/

http://www.iucn.org/

http://iisd.org/

http://www.natrual-resources.org/

http://sdnp.nic.in/

http://www.teriin.org/

http://www.grist.org/



150

SEMESTER V


ELECTIVE II

ZY5D02U HUMAN GENETICS, NUTRITION, COMMUNITY

HEALTH AND SANITATION

72 hrs

4hrs/Week

Credits 4


To develop critical thinking skill and research aptitude among students, by


To emphasize the central role that biological sciences plays in the life of all

organisms.

To introduce the student to some of the present and future applications of

bio-sciences

PART I HUMAN GENETICS 18 hrs

Module I Human normal chromosome complement. Genetic disorders in man.

Chromosomal anomalies. Eg. Down Syndrome and Cridu chat

syndrome. Sex chromosomal anomalies – Syndromes- Klinefelters

Syndrome and Turners Syndrome. Single gene mutation disorders-

Eg. Sickle Cell anaemia. Polygenic – Cleft lip and palate. Sex linked

inheritance – Haemophilia and Colour blindness. Pre – natal

Diagnosis (Amniocentesis, and Chorionic Villus Sampling) Ultra

sound scanning and Fetoscopy Genetic Counselling. Eugenics and

Euthenics.

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study Material Series 2002– Cell

biology Genetics & Biotechnology published by Zoological Society

of Kerala.

9 hrs



151

Module II Human blood groups and their inheritance pattern. Rh factor Blood

transfusion – Universal Donor, Universal recipient – Importance of

Blood donation.

DNA finger printing and applications – Probing for criminals –

Method to resolve paternity and maternity disputes.

Causes of human infertility – a brief account. Human genome project

– a brief account.

Core Readings



of Kerala.

9 hrs

PART – II NUTRITION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 18 hrs

Module -III Definition and Meaning of Health

Dimensions and Determination of Health

Physical Activity and Health benefits

Effect of exercise on body systems – Circulatory, Respiratory,

Endocrine, Skeletal and Muscular

Programmes on Community health promotion (Individual, Family and

Society) Dangers of alcoholic and drug abuse, medico-legal

implications

Core Readings

Fashey , Tomas D, Insel , Paul M and Roth Walt (2005) Fit and

Well. New York; Mc Graw Hill Inc

Greenberg, Jerol S and Dintiman George B (1997) Wellness

Creating a life of Health and Fitness , London Allyn and

Bacon Inc.



5 hrs



152

Rai. B.C. Health Education and Hygiene. Published by Prakashan

Kendra, Lucknow

Module IV Nutrition and Health

Concept of Food and Nutrition, Balanced diet

Vitamins, Malnutrition, Deficiency Disease

Determining Caloric intake and expenditure

Obesity, causes and preventing measures – Role of Diet and Exercise,

BMI

Core Readings

K Park, (2008) Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Mediine

18th Edition. Banarasidass Bhenot Publication



5 hrs

Module V Safety Education and Health Promotion Principles of Accident

prevention, Health and Safety in daily life. Health and Safety at

work. First aid and emergency care. Common injuries and their

management. Modern life style and hypokinetic diseases. Diabetese,

Cardiovascular disorders - Prevention and Management.

Core Readings

Norman Bezzaant HELP First Aid for everyday emergencies. Jaico

Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi



5 hrs

Module VI Life Skills Education 3 hrs

Physical activity, emotional adjustment and well being,. Yoga,

Meditation and Relaxation, Psychoneuroimmunology

Core Readings

Edlen Gordon Janes and Barttlet. Human Genatics a modern

Synthesis. Published by Boston. P 39, 266-270



153

PART III COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SANITATION 36 hrs

Module VII Public health and water quality. Prevention of Water borne diseases.

Potable water quality monitoring and waste water management.

Faecal bacteriae and pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by

water. Cholera and Typhoid. Determination of sanitary quality of

drinking water, water purification techniques.

Vermi composting a method of solid waste management

Core Readings




Monica Cheesbrough, Laboratory Manual for Tropical Counties

Vol.II LBS.

12 hrs

Module VIII Public Health and Food borne diseases and their prevention

Food poisoning caused by toxins produced by microbes eg

Staphylococcal food poisoning, Botulism, Salmonellosis

Food infection caused by growth of microorganisms in the human

body after the contaminated food has been eaten. Eg Food Infection

hepatitis (hepatitis A)

Core Readings




Panicker S, Franis G And Abraham g. (2008) Microbiology &

Immunology. Zoological Society Study Material Series.

Published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

12 hrs

Module IX Public health and diseases (a) Emerging pathogens and diseases –

Swine flue (H1N1), bird flue (H5N1), SARS, Anthrax

Reemerging pathogens and diseases – TB, Chikungunya

12 hrs



154

. (b) Vector borne diseases (mosquito) and their control measures

(Chikungunya , Malaria, Filariasis and Dengu fever)

Mosquito eradication (c) Leptospirosis and preventive measures –

Rodent control measures (d) Cancer different types, causes of cancer,

carcinogens, diet & cancer (e) HIV, AIDS – causes & preventive

measures

Core Readings



of Kerala.

K Park, (2008) Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social


Fashey, Tomas D, Insel, Paul M and Roth Walt (2005) Fit and Well. New

York; Mc Graw Hill Inc

Greenberg, Jerol S and Dintiman George B (1997) Wellness Creating a life of

Health and Fitness , London Allyn and Bacon Inc.


Published by Boston.

Monica Cheesbrough, Laboratory Manual for Tropical Counties Vol.II LBS.

Norman Bezzaant HELP First Aid for everyday emergencies. Jaico Publishing

House, Bombay, Delhi

Pelczar M.J. Jr. E.C.S. Chane & N.R. Krieg, Microbiology (Concept &

Applications)

Rai. B.C. Health Education and Hygiene. Published by Prakashan Kendra,

Lucknow



155

SEMESTER V


ELECTIVE III

ZY5D03U VOCATIONAL ZOOLOGY 72 hrs 4hrs/Week

Credits 4


To develop critical thinking skill and research aptitude among

students, by introducing the frontier areas of the biological

science.

To emphasize the central role that biological sciences plays

in the life of all organisms.

To introduce the student to some of the present and

future applications of bio-sciences

Module 1 Ornamental Fish Breeding 15hrs

Introduction. Present status of ornamental fish culture. Fresh water aquarium fish

culture. Marine ornamental fishes. Breeding of gold fish, koei, tetra, barb, fighter,

gourami, and live bearers. Nutrition and feed of aquarium fishes. Establishment of

commercial ornamental fish culture unit. Common diseases of aquarium fishes and

their management.

Core Readings



Delhi.

MPEDA A handbook on Aquafarming- Ornamental fishes, MPEDA Kochin.


Ronald j. Roberts (1978 ) Fish pathology , Cassel Ltd London .

Module 2 Aquarium management 5hrs



156

Aquarium, Aims of aquarium, Requirement of an aquarium, Setting an aquarium,

Aquarium management ,Aquarium fishes.

Core Readings

Applied Zoology, Study Material Zoological Society Of Kerala, published by

Zoological Society of Kerala



Delhi.


Ronald j. Roberts (1978 ) Fish pathology , Cassel Ltd London .

Module 3 Rabbit farming 10hrs

Attributes of rabbit as a live stock. Breeds of rabbits for farming. Housing. Feeding

and feed formulation. Reproduction. Importance of record keeping. Handling of

rabbit.

Sexing. Slaughter and skin processing. Diseases and treatment .Agencies

supporting rabbit farming.Sources of good quality broiler rabbit in south India.

Activity:- visit a rabbit farm and make a report on the economics of rabbit

farming.

Core Readings

Applied Zoology , Study Material Zoological Society Of Kerala , published by


Packages of Practices and Recommendations , Veterinary and Animal

Husbandary 2001, Directorate of extension, Kerala Agriculture University,

Mannuthy.

Module 4 Quail farming ( Coturnix coturnix ) 4 hrs

Introduction, care of quail chicks, care of adult quails, care of breeding quails

,ration for quail, care of hatching eggs, health care, use of quail egg and meat.

Sources of quality chicks.

Core Readings



157

H.V.S. Chauhan, Poultry, Disease, diagnosis and treatment, Wiley eastern Ltd

Delhi.

Module 5 Vermiculture and composting 8 hrs

Species of earth worms used for vermicultre.. Preparation of vermibed, preparation

of vermi compost, Preparation of vermiwash. Maintenance and management. Role

of vermiculture in solid waste management.

Activity :- Preparation of a vermiculture unit or visit to a vermicomposting unit.

Core Readings

Applied Zoology, Study Material Zoological Society Of Kerala , published by


Module 6 Bee Keeping 16 hrs

Definition, sp. Of bees cultured, organization of honey bee colony, bee keeping

methods (modern method only) and equipments, management and maintenance of

an apiary-growth period, dividing the colony, uniting two colonies, replacing old

queen with new queen, honey flow period, Bee pasturage. Dearth period. Enemies

of bees. Bee diseases. Uses of honey and wax. Apitherapy.Propolis Royal jelly. .

Agencies supporting apiculture.

Activity :- visit to an apiculture unit and prepare a note.

Core Readings




Project consultancy services, 106- E kamala Nagar Delhi – 110007.

Module 7 Sericulture 14hrs

Definition. Composition of silk. Sp. Of silk worms. Life history of Bombyx mori.

Rearing of silk worm- rearing house, Environmental conditions-temperature, light,

humidity.Leaf feeding and feeding methods. Rearing of young age silk worm or

chawki, paraffin paper rearing and box rearing. Silk work handling- brushing,

feeding, bed cleaning, spacing. Rearing of late age larvae- shelf rearing and floor

rearing. Mounting of worms- chandrika and natrika. Cocoon harvesting and

sorting. Silk worm diseases and pest.control measures



158

Activity :-. Visit a sericulture unit and make report

Core Readings

Applied Zoology, Study Material Zoological Society Of Kerala , published by


Field visit and report writing

Visit to any two units and present the report separately. This is to be taken

for internal evaluation in the place of assignments and seminar.


Addison Webb, Bee Keeping- for profit and pleasure, agrobios India Ltd.

Alka Prakash, Lab. Manual of entomology , New age International publ. Deilhi.


Campus Kottayam.

Armugan N. (2008) Aquaculture, Saras publ.

Cowey C. B. et. al.( 1985) Nutrition and feeding in fishes, academy press.

D.B. Tembhare, modern entomology, Himalaya Publ. House.

Farm made aquafeeds FAO fisheries technical paper, 343.


H.V.S. Chauhan, Poultry, Disease, diagnosis and treatment, Wiley eastern Ltd

Delhi.


Delhi.


MPEDA A handbook on Aquafarming- Ornamental fishes, MPEDA Kochin.

Munro ISR (1982) The marine and fresh water fishes, Sony reprints.



Project consultancy services, 106- E kamala Nagar Delhi – 110007.

Packages of Practices and Recommendations , Veterinary and Animal

Husbandary 2001, Directorate of extension, Kerala Agriculture University,

Mannuthy.



159

SEMESTER V

OPEN COURSE FOR OTHER STREAMS

ELECTIVE IV

ZY5D04U - FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

72 hrs

4 hrs / week

Credit 4

Module1. Food as a substrate for micro organisms, micro-organisms important in

food microbiology- moulds, yeasts and bacteria; brief account of each

group; general characteristics and importance; Principles of food

preservation – asepsis – removal of micro organisms, anaerobic conditions

– high and low temperatures – drying, chemical preservatives – food

additives. - 15Hrs

Module 2. General principles underlying food spoilage and contamination; canned

food – sugar products; vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, milk and

milk products, fish, sea food – spoilages.

- 12 Hrs

Module 3. Dairy Microbiology - Bacteriological examination of milk. Preservation

of milk – pasteurization , different methods and advantages, sterilization,

dehydration, Bacteriological standards and grading of milk, Fermented

dairy products- Cheese ,Buttermilk, lassie, cheese, cream, condensed and

dry milk products, yoghurt; , low lactose milk, Kefis and Kumiss

-10 Hrs

Module 4 Food fermentations and food produced by microbes; bread, vinegar,

Single Cell Proteins, mushroom cultivation; production of alcohol and

fermented beverages, beer and wine.

- 10 Hrs

Module 5 Food borne poisonings, infections and indications; Microbiology of food

sanitation- Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP),

Microbiological criteria for foods.

- 7Hrs

MODULE 6 (Activity Oriented Study) 18 hrs

1. Isolation and identification of micro organisms from infected fruits and vegetables

2. Observation of food borne pathogens



160

3. Identification of bacteria from Idli batter and curd

4. Direct microscopic examination of milk / water by standard plate count

5. Methylene blue Reductase test for milk

Report writing Report of activity oriented study is to be prepared and submitted by

each candidate and has to be taken for internal evaluation in the place of assignment and

seminar

Core Readings

1. W.C. Frazier and Westhoff - Food Microbiology

2. Jey - Modern food Microbiology

3. Powar and Daginawala - General Microbiology

4. Stanier - Microbial World

5. Prescot,Harley,and Klein’s - Microbiology

OPEN COURSE FOR OTHER STREAMS

ELECTIVE 5 ZY5D05U ECOTOURISM

72 hrs,4hrs/week Credit -4

(Syllabus and hour distribution is exactly same as that

given in choice based Zoology core course elective

ECOTOURISM & have 4 credits as open course)



161

ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSES FOR

MODEL I & II



162

ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR BOTANY

MODEL I AND SIMILAR PROGRAMMES (HOME SCIENCE/

BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION)

Semester I

ZY1C01U Animal Diversity – Non Chordata

2 hrs/week

36/hrs

Credit – 2

Objectives

1. To acquire knowledge on the taxonomic status of various Invertebrate

animals and animal groups.

2. To familiarize the students with the diverse group of organisms around us.

3. To develop an aptitude for understanding nature and its rich bio-diversity.

Module 1

General Introduction

5 Kingdom classification, Classification in general

Core Readings

Ekambaranatha Ayyer M (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume 1.

Invertebrate Part I and Part II S Viswanathan printers 7 Publishers

Pvt.Ltd

Vijayakumaran Nair, Jayakumar J & Paul P I (2007)

Protista & Animal Diversity Academica Publications. Zoological Society

of Kerala.

Animal Diversity (2002). Published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

1 hr

Module 2

Kingdom Protista 7 hrs



163


















(Mention any five general characters for each phylum. Detailed

accounts of examples are not necessary.)

Pathogenic protista –Plasmodium, Entamoeba.

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd


Protista & Animal Diversity Academica Publications.

Zoological Society of Kerala. Animal Diversity (2002). Published by

Zoological Society of Kerala.

Module 3

Mesozoa – eg. Rhopalura (mention 5 salient features ) 2 hrs

Parazoa



164

Phylum Porifera – eg Leucosolenia

Phylum Placozoa –e g. Trycoplax adherens.

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd





Module 4

Phylum : Coelenterata

Salient features, Classification up to classes

3hrs

1. Hydrozoa – Physalia

2. Scyphozoa – Aurelia

3. Anthozoa – Adamsia

Corals and coral reefs.

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd





Module 5

Phylum - Platyhelminthes 2 hes

Salient features, classification upto classes

1. Turbellaria – Planaria



165

2. Trematoda – Fasciola

3. Cestoda – Taenia solium

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd





Module 6

Phylum Nematoda 2 hrs

Salient features, classification up to classes

1. Phasmidia - Wuchereria

2. Aphasmidia – Trichinella

Module 7

Phylum - Annelida 2 hrs

Salient features, classification upto classes

1. Polychaeta, - Nereis

2. Oligochaeta – Earthworm – Pheretima

3. Hirudinomorpha – Hirudinaria

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd





Module 8

Phylum Arthropoda 10 hrs



166

Salient features

Type - Prawn - Penaeus


Subphylum Chelicerata

Class 1. Merostoma – Limulus

2. Arachinida – Spider

3. Pycnogonida – Nymphon

Subphylum Mandibulata

Class 1. Crustacea – Daphnia

2. Chilopoda - Centepede

3. Symphyla - Scutigerella

4. Diplopoda - Millipede

5. Pauropoda - Pauropus

6. Insecta - Butterfly

(Detailed account of examples are not necessary)

Phylum Onychophora – eg. Peripatus (Mention its affinities)

Insect pests

1. Pests of coconut – Oryctes rhinoceros, Rhynchophorus

ferrugineus, Nephantis serinopa, Eriophid mite

2. Pests of paddy – Leptocorisa acuta, Spodoptera mauritius

3. Pests of stored grains - Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium

castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd



Zoological Society of Kerala.Animal Diversity (2002). Published by


Module: - 9



167

Phylum – Mollusca 3 hrs

Salient features and classification upto classes

1. Apalcophora – Neomenia

2. Monoplacophora – Neopalina

3. Bivalvia – Perna

4. Polyplacophora – Chiton

5. Gastropoda – Xancus

6. Cephalopoda – Sepia

7. Scaphopoda – Dentalium

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd





Module 10

Phylum - Echinodermata 3 hrs

Salient features , classification upto classes

Class 1. Asteroidea – Astropecten

2. Ophiuroidea - Ophiothrix

3. Echinoidea – Echinus

4. Holothuroidea – Cucumaria

5. Crinoidea – Antedon

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd


Protista & Animal Diversity Academica Publications. Zoological Society



168

of Kerala.

Animal Diversity (2002). Published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

Module 11

Phylum Hemichordata 1 hr

Salient features eg: Balanoglossus

Core Readings



Pvt.Ltd






Barnes, R.D. , 1987. Invertebrate Zoology (W.B. Saunders, New York).

Barrington, E.J.W., 1967. Invertebrate Structure and function (ELBS and Nelson ,

London).

Dhami, P.S. and Dhami, J.K. 1979. Invertebrate Zoology (R. Chand and Co. New

Delhi).

Ekamberanatha Ayyar M. (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume I. Invertebrate

Part I and Part II S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Groove, A.J. and Newell, G.E. 1974. Animal Biology – Indian Reprint

(University Book Stall, New Delhi).

Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrate vols. (McGraw-Hill) 1942. Comparative vertebrate

Anatomy (The University of Chicago Press).

James R.D. (1987). Invertebrate Zoology, W.B. Saunders, New York.

Kapoor V.C. (1994). Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy.

Kapoor, V.C. 1994. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy (Oxford and IBH

Publishing Co., New Delhi.)

Kotpal R.L. Agarwal S.K. and R.P. Khetharpal (2002). Modern Text Book of

Zoology.



169

Parker T.J and Haswell W.A. (1962). Text Book of Zoology Vol. I. Invertebrate

(ELBS & Macmillan, London).

Marshall, A.J. and Williams, W.D. 1972. Text Book of Zoology Vol.

Invertebrates (ELBS and Macmillan, London).

Mayer, E. 1980. Principles of Systematic Zoology (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Co., New Delhi.)

Nair, K.K. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. David, B.V. 1976. General and Applied

Entomology (T.M.H. New Delhi).



170

Practicals

ZY1C01U [P] ANIMAL DIVERSITY – NON CHORDATA

2 hr/week,

36 hrs

Credit – 1

1. Scientific drawing - 5 specimens

2. Simple identification – 25 invertebrates (Out of which 15 by their scientific

names)

3. T.S - Earthworm, T.S Fasciola

4. Dissection - Prawn Nervous system

5. Dissection - Cockroach Nervous system

6. Mounting – Prawn Appendages

7. Mounting – Cockroach Mouth parts



171

SEMESTER II

ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR BOTANY MODEL I

AND SIMILAR PROGRAMMES (HOME SCIENCE/ BIOLOGICAL

TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION)

ZY2C02U - ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA 36 hrs

Credits 2

Objectives

1. To acquire knowledge on the taxonomic status of the various vertebrate

animals and animal groups.

2. To familiarise the students with the diverse groups of organisms around us.

3. To develop an aptitude for understanding nature and its rich biodiversity.

Module I 7hrs

Phylum Chordata

General characters of the Phylum Chordata


Sub phylum I Urochordata

General characters

Class 1 Larvacea eg . Oikopleura

2. Ascidiacea eg. Ascidia

3. Thaliacea eg. Salpa

Subphylum II Cephalochordata

General characters eg. Brachiostoma

Subphylum III Vertebrata

General characters

Division I Agnatha

General characters

Class 1 Cyclostomata eg. Petreromyzon

Class 2 Ostracodemi eg. Cephalapis

Division 2 Gnathostomata

General characters



172

Super class Pisces and Super class Tetrapoda

Core Readings

Animal Diversity (2002). Zoological Society Of Kerala Study Material

Series. Published by Zoological Society of Kerala

Ekamberanatha Ayyar M. (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume I.

Vertebrate Part I and Part II S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers

Pvt. Ltd.

Young J.Z. 1981. The life of Vertebrate s (Oxford University Press).

Module II 3 hrs

Super class Pisces

General characters

Class 1. Chondrichthyes eg. Narcine

Class 2. Osteichthyes eg. Latimeria

Accessory respiratory organs in fishes.

Core Readings





Pvt. Ltd.


Module III

Super Class Tetrapoda

General characters

16 hrs

Class : Amphibia General characters

Type : Rana hexadactyla

Order I. Urodela eg. Amblystoma

II. Anura eg. Bufo

III . Apoda eg. Icthyophis

Core Readings



173





Pvt. Ltd.


Module IV Class Reptilia 4 hrs

General characters

Sub class I: Anapsida Eg. Chelone

Sub class II Diapsida Eg. Chameleon

Subclass III Parapsida eg. Icthyosaurus

Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes of India

Core Readings





Pvt. Ltd.


Module V Class Aves

General characters

Sub class I : Archeornithes Eg: Archaeopteryx

3 hrs

Sub class II. Neornithes Eg: Struthio

Flight adaptations of birds

Core Readings





Pvt. Ltd.




174

Module VI Class – Mammalia 3 hrs

General characters

Sub class I Prototheria eg. Echidna

Sub Class II Metatheria eg. Macropus

Sub class III Eutheria eg. Elephas

Aquatic mammals

Core Readings





Pvt. Ltd.



Deoras, P.J. 1981. Snakes of India (National Book Trust of India.)

Ekamberanatha Ayyar M. (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume I. Vertebrate Part

I and Part II S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Groove, A.J. and Newell, G.E. 1974. Animal Biology - Indian Reprint Universal

Book Stall, New Delhi.

Induchoodan, 1986, Kweralathile Pakshikal (Kerala Sahitya Academy, Trichur).

Kapoor, V.C. 1994, Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy (Oxford and IBM

Publishing Co. New Delhi.

Lagler, K.F. , Bardach, J.E. , Miller, R.R. Passino, D.R.M. 1977 Ichthyology (John

Wiley and Sons).

Mayer, E. 1980. Principles of Systematic Zoology (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Co. New Delhi.

Newman, H.H. 1939. Phylum Chordata, (Macmillan Pub. Co. New York)

Nigam H.C. 1978 , Zoology of Chordata (S. Chand and Co. New Delhi).

Parker, T.J. and Haswell W.A. 1962. Text Book of Zoology Col. II Vertebrates

(ELBS and Macmillan , London).

Parter S.H. 1971. The Book of Indian Animals (Bombay Natural History Society).



175

Salim Ali, 1969. Birds of Kerala (Oxford University Press).

Sinha A.K. , Adhikari S. Ganguly, B.B. 1988. Biology of Animals Vol. II (New

Central Book Agency, Calcutta.)

Whitaker, R. 1978 Common Indian Snakes – A field Guide Macmillan and Co. of

India Ltd.)


Young J.Z. Life of mammals ) Oxford University Press).



176

Practicals

ZY2C02U [P] - ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

2 hrs/week

36 hrs

Credit I

1. Morphology

Scientific drawing – 5 specimens of chordates

2. Simple identification of 10 chordates (Out of which 5 by their scientific

names)

3. Osteology – Vertebrae and girdles of Frog

4. Snake identification - 3 poisonous and

3 non poisonous with key

5. Mounting of placoid scales of shark

6. Dissections:

Frog: Photographs/Diagrams/one dissected & preserved specimen each/

models may be used for the study.

1. Frog – Viscera

2. Frog – Digestive System

3. Frog – Arterial System

4. Frog – Sciatic plexus

5. Frog – Brain



177

SEMESTER III

ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR BOTANY (MODEL

I) AND SIMILAR PROGRAMMES (HOME SCIENCE/

BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION)

ZY3C03U - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

3 hrs/week

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives

To inspire the students in learning the frontier areas of biological sciences

To appreciate the correlation between structure and function of organisms

To make them aware of the health related problems, their origin and

treatment.

Part I HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 36 hrs

Module 1 : Nutrition 3 hrs

Malnutrition disorders, Vitamin deficiencies, and mineral deficiencies (Iron,

Calcium and Iodine)

Core Readings



Zoological Society of Kerala, Study material 2002. Biochemistry,

Physiology and Developmental Biology Published by Zoological

Society of Kerala

Module 2: Respiration 5 hrs

Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood, respiratory disorders – Dyspnoea,

Hypoxia, Asphyxia, Hypo and Hypercapnia, CO poisoning, smoking and its

physiological effects.



178

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp432-509


Physiology and Developmental Biology Published by Zoological Society of

Kerala

Module 3: Circulation 7 hrs

Blood – Composition and function, Brief account of mechanism of blood

clotting; Disorders of blood clotting – Haemophilia, cerebral and pulmonary

thrombosis, Cerebral haemorrhage, Blood pressure and factors controlling it;

electrocardiogram, Cardiovascular disorders – Arteriosclerosis, Myocardial

infraction, Angiogram and Angioplasty.

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp.144-262, 382-

429, 711-715.



Society of Kerala

Module 4 Excretion 6 hrs

Structure of human nephrone, composition of urine – normal and abnormal

constituents, urine formation (ultra filtration , selective reabsorption, tubular

secretion and counter current mechanism); Hormonal control of renal

function, Kidney disorders – myeleonephritis, glomerular nephritis,

nephrotic syndrome, Dialysis

Core Readings




Society of Kerala

Module 5 Neurophysiology 6 hrs

Structure of typical neuron, myelenated and non myelenated nerve fibres;

Nerve impulse – initiation and propagation of nerve impulse, All or none



179

law, Saltatory conduction, Synaptic transmission, Neurotransmitters, Brian

waves, Electroencephalogram, Neural disorders – Parkinson’s disease,

Epilepsy, Alzheimier’s syndrome, Dyslexia.

Core Readings




Society of Kerala

Module 6 Muscle Physiology 4 hrs

Striated, Non striated and Cardiac muscle, Ultra structure of striated muscle

fibre, Mechanism of muscle contraction, Threshold and spike potential,

Fatigue, O2 dept, Rigor mortis.

Core Readings




Society of Kerala

Module 7 Endocrinology 5 hrs

Endocrine glands and their hormones, mode of action (in brief) ,

Hypothalamus, Pituitary , Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus , Islets of

Langerhands, Adrenal, Testis and ovary , Hormonal disorders.

Core Readings




Kerala

Part II IMMUNOLOGY 18 hrs

Module 8 3 hrs

Introduction to immunology

Types of immunity, innate immunity , acquired, passive , active



180

Mechanism of innate immunity (eg. Barriers , phagocytosis , inflammation )

Complement System, biological effects of complements.

Core Readings



of Kerala Chapter 1


Module 9 5 hrs

Antigens and antibodies

Types of antigens , haptens, antigenic determinants.

Basic structure of immunoglobulins , Different classes of immunoglobulins

and functions.

Core Readings



of Kerala Chapter 4


Module 10 5 hrs

Antigen antibody reactions

Precipitation test, agglutination test ,

Clinical applications of antigen antibody reaction, Widal, VDRL, HIV test

(ELISA), Complement Fixation Test, and Coombs test.

Core Readings



of Kerala


Module 11 5 hrs

(Brief accounts of the followings)

Immune response system

Primary and secondary lymphoid organs,



181

Cells of Immune system – Leucocytes, lymphocytes, T&B cells,

Macrophages, Plasma cells , Memory cells, MHC, Antibody synthesis,

Monoclonal antibodies, Hybridoma technology

Immune disorders – hypersensitivity, Auto immunity & Immunodeficiency,

AIDS,

Vaccines - Major types of vaccines (BCG, DPT, Polio vaccine and TAB

vaccines). Recent trends in vaccine preparation.

Core Readings



of Kerala Chapter 10.


Sobha & Sharma (2008) Essentials of Modern Biology One’s Student edition

PP 463-468.




Colemen: Fundamentals of Immunology

Guyton, Medical Physiology

Ivan Roitt: Essentials of Immunology ELBS.

Madhavankutty, Medical Physiology

Mahupathra, Human Physiology, Current Books

Michael J. Pelczar ECS,Chan & Noel. R. Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw

Hill 5th ed. 1996.

Michael J. Gibuay, Ian A. Macdonald and Helen M. Roche, Nutrition and

Metabolism.





182

Paniker S., Francis G. and Abraham G.K 2008, Microbiology and

Immunology, Study Material Series published by Zoological Society of

Kerala.

Park, K. Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine – 2002, 17t Ed.


Prosser and Brown, Comparative Animal Physiology

Sebastian Prof. M.M., Animal Physiology

William S Hoar, Animal Physiology.



183

ZY3C03U[P] - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

2Hrs/Week

36Hrs

Credit 1

1 Preparation of Human Blood smear & identification of leucocytes

2 Qualitative analysis of Reducing Sugar, Protein and Lipid

3 Acion of Salivary amylase on Starch (Demonstration Only)

4 Estimation of Haemoglobin (Demonstration only)

5 Identification of human blood groups, A, AB, B and O, Rh factor

6 Instruments (Principle & use)– Sphygmomanometer , Stethoscope ,

Measurement of blood pressure using Sphygmomanometer (demonstration)



184

SEMESTER IV

ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR BOTANY (MODEL

I) AND SIMILAR PROGRAMMES (HOME SCIENCE/ BIOLOGICAL

TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION)

ZY4C04U - APPLIED ZOOLOGY 3hrs/week

54 hrs

Credits 3

OBJECTIVES

Equip the students interested in the applied branches of zoology with skills

and knowledge which can lead to self employment opportunities.

Module 1: Aquaculture 24 hrs

Traditional methods of aquaculture, Advantages and salient features of

aquaculture, Types of aquaculture, Biotic and abiotic factors of water,

Importance of Alga in aquaculture, Common Cultivable fishes of Kerala

Economic importance and morphology of culturable species

Catla,Rohu,Mrigal, Cyprinus carpio,Etroplus,& Tilapia .

Penaeus indicus,P.monodon,Perna viridis/Perna indicus,Pinctada fucata.

Pond culture (Construction and maintenance ) Brief Description of Carp

culture Composite fish culture. Integrated Fish Culture, Induced breeding in

fishes, Important Fish Diseases. Fish preservation and processing

Aquarium management, Setting up of an Aquarium, Biological filter and

Aeration . Common species of Aquarium fishes.

Prawn culture, Mussel culture , Pearl culture

Core Readings:

Applied Zoology; (2002) Published by Zoological Society Of Kerala

Module 2 Sericulture 12 hrs

Four species of silkworms, Life history of silkworms, Silkworm Rearing

Techniques. Diseases and Pests of silkworms. Mounting of worms.

Harvesting and stiffling of cocoons. Silkworm diseases. Preventive and

control measures.



185

Core Readings:


Sudheeran, M.S. & John P.C., 1989 Economic Zoology (Prathibha Publ.,

Kottayam)

Module 3 Vermiculture 6 hrs

Species of Earthworms suitable for vermiculture. Reproduction and Life

Cycle . Physical and Chemical effects of Vermiculture, Vermicomposting,

Site Selection, Cement pit Soil pit . Preparation of pit. Maintenance and

Monitoring

Core Readings:


Venkitaraman, P.R., 1983, Text Book of Economic Zoology (Sudarsana

Publ. Cochin)

Module 4 Apiculture 12 hrs

Species of Honey bees. Organization of honeybee colony. Bee keeping

methods and equipments Apiary management and maintenance. Bee

pasturage, Byproducts of honey bees and their uses. Diseases and pests of

honey bees, control measures.

Core Readings:


Shukla G.S., & Updhyay V.B., Economic Zoology (Rastogi Publ. Meerut)


Alikunhi, K.h., Fish Cluture in India (ICAR, New Delhi)

Bhosh, C.C., 1949, Silk Production and Weaving in India (CSIR), New Delhi)

Director. Zoological Survey of India, 1994, earthworms Resources and

Vermiculture

Edwards, C.A. & Lafty, J.R. 1972 Biology of Earthworms (Chapman and Hall

Led. London)

Jhingran, V.G., 1985 Fish and Fisheries of India (Hindustan Publ. Corporation,

New Delhi)



186

Kurien, C.V. & Sebastian V.C., Prawn Fisheries in India (Hindustan Publ.

Corporation, New Delhi)

Krishnaswami, S., 1986 Improved Method of Rearing Young age Silk worms

(Central Silk board Bangalore)

Krishnaswami, S., 1986, New Technology of Silkworm Rearing (Central Silk

Board Bangalore )

Lee, K. E., 1985 Earthworms, Their Ecology and relationships with Soils and

Land use. Academics Press.

Menon, K.N., 1970 Malsyakrishi (State Institute of language, Trivandrum)

Mysore Silk Association, 1986, Silkworm rearing and Diseases of Silkworms

Padmanabha Aiyer, K.S., 1992, Records of the Indian Museum Vol. XXXI, Part I,

PP. 13-76 An Account of the Oligochacta of the Travancore

Shiggene, K., 1969, Problems in Prawn Culture (American publ. Co., New Delhi)


Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hydrabad)

Sinhan, V.R.P. & Ramachandran, V., 1985, Fresh water Fish Culture (ICAR, New

Delhi)

Singh, S., 1962 Bee keeping in India (ICAR, New Delhi)

Singh, V.P.P. and Ramachandran, V., 1985 Freshwater Fish Culture (ICAR, New

Delhi)


Kottayam)

Ullal, S. R. and Narasimahanna, M.N., Handbook of Practical Sericulture (Central

Silk Board Bombay.)

Venkitaraman, P.R., 1983, Text Book of Economic Zoology (Sudarsana Publ.

Cochin)



187

Practicals

ZY4C04U [P] - APPLIED ZOOLOGY

2 hrs/week

1 credit

36 hrs

1. General Identification, Economic importance, Morphology, scientific

names and common names of the following

a. Economic importance and morphology of culturable species

(Catla, Rohu, Mrigal ,Grass carp, Common carp, , Etroplus

Tilapia)

Penaeus indicus,/P.monodon,

Perna viridis/P.indicus

Pinctada fucata

b. 2 species of earthworms used in Vermiculture

c. Two species of honey bees

d. Silkworm. Cocoon/Adult

2. Castes of bees

3. Bee keeping equipments Beehive, Smoker, honey extractor

4. Beeswax, Honey, Silk, Vermicompost (Identification-Uses)

5. Chandrika /Natrika used in sericulture

6. Fish diseases (any 2diagrams/specimens)

7. Fish Parasite (any one)



188



189

SEMESTER I

ZY1CV01U


(MODEL II) ANIMAL DIVERSITY- NON CHORDATA

Objectives 54 hrs. Credits 2

1. To study the scientific classification of invertebrate fauna.

2. To learn the physiological and anatomical peculiarities of some invertebrate

phyla through type study.

3. To learn the evolutionary significance of various invertebrate fauna

4. To stimulate the curiosity in living things around them.

MODULE I

Introduction: Briefly mention the following (2 hrs)

Classification – Keys and Principles.

Nomenclature (Uninominal, Binomial, & Trinomial), Law of Priority.

Two kingdom and Five kingdom classification.

Symmetry - Asymmetry, Spherical, Radial, Biradial and Bilateral

Coelom – Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Eucoelomates

Schizocoelom, Enterocoelom. Protostomia and Deuterostomia

Kingdom Protista Type: Paramecium (10hrs)














190







(Mention any five general characters for each phylum. Detailed accounts of

examples are not necessary.)

General Topics : (1)Parasitic Protozoans (2). Life cycle of Plasmodium

Kingdom Animalia Outline classification of Kingdom Animalia. (1hr)

Three branches - Mesozoa, parazoa, Eumetazoa.

Core Readings

Dhami.P.S. and Dhami J.K. 1979 Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co. Delhi.



MODULE II

Mesozoa - Eg. Rhopalura.

Phylum Porifera. (3 hrs)


Class I- Calcarea. Eg. Sycon., Class II – Hexactinellida . Eg. Euplectella.

Class III – Demospongia Eg. Cliona.

General Topics

1. Reproduction in sponges 2. Canal system in sponges.

Phylum Coelenterata Type: Obelia (6hrs)


Class I - Hydrozoa Eg. Halistemma. Class II – Scyphozoa Eg.

Rhizostoma. Class III- Anthozoa Eg. Fungia.



191

General Topics-

1. Coral and coral reefs with special reference to conservation of reef fauna.

2. Polymorphism in Coelenterates

Core Readings




MODULE III

Phylum Ctenophora. ( 1 hr)

Eg. Pleurobrachia.

Phylum Platyhelminthes (3hrs)


Class I - Turbellaria. Eg. Planaria.

Class II – Trematoda Eg. Fasciola

Class III- Cestoda Eg. Taenia saginata.

General Topics-

1. Life history of Fasciola hepatica.

2. Platyhelminth parasites of Man and Dog (Schistosoma, Taenia solium,

Echinococcus ).

Phylum Nematoda (3hrs)

Class Phasmidia Eg. Enterobius, Ascaris

Class Aphasmidia Eg. Trichinella

General Topic-

Pathogenic nematodes. (Wuchereria bancrofti, Ancylostoma duodenale,

Trichinella).

Phylum Annelida (2 hrs)


Class I- Archiannelida Eg. Polygordius

Class II – Polychaeta Eg. Chaetopterus

ClassIII- Oligochaeta Eg. Megascolex.

Class IV - Hirudinomorpha Eg. Ozobranchus, Hirudinaria



192

Core Readings




MODULE IV (12 hrs)

Phylum- Onychophora

Eg. Peripatus (Mention its affinities).

Phylum Arthropoda

Type: Panaeus


Divided into 4 subphyla.

1. Sub Phylum - Trilobitomorpha

Class - Trilobita (mention salient features).

2. Sub Phylum- Mandibulata

Class I – Crustacea Eg. Sacculina

Class II- Chilopoda Eg. Centipede (Scolopendra)

Class III Symphyla Eg. Scutigerella

Class IV – Diplopoda Eg. Millipede (Spirostreptus)

Class V - Insecta Eg. Dragon fly

Class VI – Pauropoda Eg. Pauropus

3. Sub Phylum - Chelicerata

Class - Merostomata Eg. Limulus

Class II – Arachnida Eg. Scorpion

General Topics

3. Vectorial Arthropods

4. Larval forms of Penaeus

Core Readings






193

MODULE V

Phylum Mollusca (4 hrs)


Class I- Monoplacophora Eg. Neopilina

Class II- Amphineura Eg. Chiton

Class III- Gastropoda Eg. Aplysia

Class IV- Scaphopoda Eg. Dentalium

Class V- Pelecypoda Eg. Pinctada

Ciass VI- Cephalopoda Eg. Sepia

General Topic-

Pearl formation and culture

Phylum Echinodermata (4 hrs)


Class I- Asteroidea Eg. Astropecten

Class II- Ophiuroidea Eg. Ophiothrix

Class III- Echinoidea Eg. Echinus

Class IV- Holothuroidea Eg. Holothuria

Class V – Crinoidea Eg. Antedon

General Topics

1. Water vascular system.

2. Larval forms of Echinoderms

Minor Phyla ( 2 hrs)

1. Chaetognatha Eg. Sagitta

2. Sipunculida Eg. Sipunculus

3. Rotifera Eg. Brachionus

Phylum Hemichordata (1 hr)

Eg. Balanoglossus

Core Readings






194


Anderson D.T. 2001Invertebrate Zoology Sec Edition Oxford University Press

Barnes R.D. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. W. B. Saunders. New York.

Dhami.P.S. and Dhami J.K. 1979 Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co. New

Delhi.



Hyman L. H. The Invertebrate Volumes. Mc Graw Hill.

Jordan. E. L., and Verma P.S. 2000. Invertebrate zoology. S. Chand and Co. ltd.,

New Delhi.

Kotpal R. L, Agarval S. K. and R. P. Khetharpal 2002. Modern Textbook of

Zoology.

Kotpal.R. L., 1988-92 ( All series). Rastogi Publishers, Meerut.

Parker & Haswell. Textbook of Zoology. Invertebrate . Vol. I 7th Edition.



195

ZY1CV01U [P] Practical 1


36 hrs.

Credit 1

Scientific Drawing:-

Make scientific drawings of 5 locally available invertebrate specimens belonging

to different phyla.

Anatomy:-

Study of sections. (Any two)

1. Hydra.

2. Ascaris

3. Earthworm

4. Fasciola

Dissections

1. Prawn - Nervous system

2. Cockroach - Nervous system

Mounting:-

1. Nereis - Parapodia

2. Cockroach - Salivary glands

3. Mouth parts –Plant bug/ House fly / Mosquito. (Any Two)

4. Prawn appendages.

Identification:-

General identification- The students are expected to identify the following

Phylum –wise number of animals by their generic names and 20% of these by their

specific names. Protista -2, Porifera-1, Coelenterata-2, Platyhelminthes-1,

Annelida-2, Arthropoda-3, Mollusca- 2, Echinodermata-2

Taxonomic identification with key:-

Identification of insects up to the level of order.



196

SEMESTER II

ZY2CV02U

ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

54 Hrs

Credits 2

Objectives

1. To make the student observe the diversity in chordates and their systematic

position.

2. To make them aware of the economic importance of some classes.

MODULE I

Introduction (1 Hr)

Phylum Chordata - General classification

(Classification up to order – Sub phylum, Super class, Class, Subclass, Order)

5. Sub phylum : Urochordata (3 Hrs)

Class I Larvacea Eg. Oikopleura

Class II Ascidiacea Eg: Ascidia (Mention Retrogressive

Metamorphosis)

Class III Thaliacea Eg: Doliolum

6. Sub phylum: Cephalochordata (2 Hrs)

Example - Amphioxus

Core Readings




India Ed.

MODULE II



197

7. Sub phylum: Vertebrata

8. Division 1 – Agnatha (2 Hrs)

Class I Ostracodermi Eg: Cephalaspis

Class II Cyclostomata Eg: Petromyzon

Division 2 – Gnathostomata (10 Hrs)

Super class Pisces

Class: Chondrichthyes

Sub class - Elasmobranchi Eg: Narcine

Sub class Holocephali Eg: Chimaera

Class: Osteichthyes

Sub class – Choanichthyes

Order 1 Crossopterigii Eg: Latimeria

Order 2 Dipnoi Eg: Lepidosiren

Sub class: - Actinopterygii

Super order 1. Chondrostei Eg: Acipencer

Super order 2. Holostei Eg: Amia

Super order 3. Teleostei Eg: Sardine

General topics

7. Accessory respiratory organs in fish.

8. Parental care in fishes.

9. Scales in fishes.

10. Migration in fishes

11. Common culture fishes of Kerala

12. Lung fishes

Core Readings



India Ed.




198

MODULE III

Super class: Tetrapoda (10 Hrs)

Class Amphibia

Type – Rana hexadactyla

Order I Anura Eg: Hyla

Order II Urodela Eg: Amblystoma (Mention

axolotl larva and neotony)

Order III Apoda Eg: Ichthyophis.

Class Reptilia (4 Hrs)

Sub class I: Anapsida

Order Chelonia Eg: Chelone

Sub class II: Parapsida Eg: Ichthyosaurus

Sub class III: Diapsida

Order I Rhynchocephalia Eg: Sphenodon

Order II Squamata Eg: Chamaleon

Sub class IV: Synapsida Eg: Cynognathus

General topic

Identification of poisonous and non poisonous snakes

Class Aves 4 Hrs

Sub class I: Archeornithes Eg: Archaeopteryx (Affinities)

Sub class II: Neornithes

Super order I: Palaeognathe Eg: Struthio

Super order II: Neognathe Eg; Brahminy kite

General topics

3. Migrations in birds

4. Flight adaptations in birds


Delhi.



199

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol.!S. Viswanathan and Co.

MODULE IV

Class Mammalia (18 Hrs)

Type: Rabbit

Sub class I: Prototheria Eg: Echidna

Sub class II: Metatheria Eg: Macropus

Sub class III: Eutheria

Order 1. Insectivora Eg: Talpa

Order 2 Dermoptera Eg:Galeopithecus

Order 3. Chiroptera Eg: Pteropus

Order 4. Primates Eg: Loris

Order 5 Carnivora Eg: Panthera

Order 6 Edentata Eg: Armadillo

Order 7 Pholibota Eg: Manis

Order 8 Proboscidea Eg: Elephas

Order 9 Hydracoidea Eg: Procavia

Order 10 Sirenia Eg: Dugong

Order 11 Perissodactyla Eg: Zebra

Order 12 Artiodactyla Eg: Cameleus

Order 13 Lagomorpha Eg: Oryctolagus

Order 14 Rodentia Eg: Porcupine

Order 15 Tubulidentata Eg: Orycteropus

Order 16 Cetacea Eg: Delphinus

General topics

1. Dentition in Mammals

2. Aquatic Mammals

Core Readings


Delhi.




200

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002





Delhi.

Kotpal R.L. 2000, Modern Text Book of zoology, Vertebrates, Rastogi

Publications, Meerut.

Nigam and Sobti 2000, Functional Organization of Chordates. Shoban Lal Nagin

Chand and Co. New Delhi.



India Ed.



201

ZY2CV02U [P] PRACTICAL 2

ANIMAL DIVERSITY CHORDATA

36hrs

Credit 1

1. Morphology: Scientific Drawing

Make scientific drawing of 5 locally available vertebrate specimens

belonging to different classes

2. Dissections

Frog: Photographs/diagrams/one dissected & preserved

specimensach/models may be used for study.

1. Frog Viscera

2. Frog Digestive System

3. Frog Arterial System

4. Frog 9th 7 1st Spinal nerve

5. Frog Sciatic Plexus

6. Frog Brain

Mounting of placoid scales/cycloid/ctenoid scales

3. Osteology

Frog vertebrae

Pectoral and pelvic girdles of Frog and Rabbit

Skull of Rabbit (Diastema -dentition

Turtle – plastron and carapace

4. Study of sections.

Amphioxus T. S. through pharynx/T.S. through intestine

5. Identification:-

General identification-

Identify all the animals by their generic names and 25 % of them by their

specific names.



202

Protochordata-1, Pisces-4, Amphibia-3, Reptilia- 4, Aves-1,

Mammalia-2.

6. Taxonomic identification with key:-

i) Identification of fishes up to the level of order.

ii) Identification of snakes up to family.



203

SEMESTER III (common for model 1&2)


(MODEL II) AND SIMILAR PROGRAMMES

ZY3CV03U - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

3 hrs/week

54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives

To inspire the students in learning the frontier areas of biological sciences

To appreciate the correlation between structure and function of organisms

To make them aware of the health related problems, their origin and

treatment.

Part I HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 36 hrs

Module 1 : Nutrition 3 hrs

Malnutrition disorders, Vitamin deficiencies, and mineral deficiencies (Iron,

Calcium and Iodine)

Core Readings





Society of Kerala

Module 2: Respiration 5 hrs

Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood, respiratory disorders – Dyspnoea,

Hypoxia, Asphyxia, Hypo and Hypercapnia, CO poisoning, smoking and its

physiological effects.

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp432-509




204

aPhysiology and Developmental Biology Published by Zoological Society of

Kerala

Module 3: Circulation 7 hrs

Blood – Composition and function, Brief account of mechanism of blood

clotting; Disorders of blood clotting – Haemophilia, cerebral and pulmonary

thrombosis, Cerebral haemorrhage, Blood pressure and factors controlling it;

electrocardiogram, Cardiovascular disorders – Arteriosclerosis, Myocardial

infraction, Angiogram and Angioplasty.

Core Readings

Guyton 2002: Text Book of Medical Physiology Saunders pp.144-262, 382-

429, 711-715.



Society of Kerala

Module 4 Excretion 6 hrs

Structure of human nephrone, composition of urine – normal and abnormal

constituents, urine formation (ultra filtration , selective reabsorption, tubular

secretion and counter current mechanism); Hormonal control of renal

function, Kidney disorders – myeleonephritis, glomerular nephritis,

nephrotic syndrome, Dialysis

Core Readings




Society of Kerala

Module 5 Neurophysiology 6 hrs

Structure of typical neuron, myelenated and non myelenated nerve fibres;

Nerve impulse – initiation and propagation of nerve impulse, All or none

law, Saltatory conduction, Synaptic transmission, Neurotransmitters, Brian

waves, Electroencephalogram, Neural disorders – Parkinson’s disease,

Epilepsy, Alzheimier’s syndrome, Dyslexia.



205

Core Readings




Society of Kerala

Module 6 Muscle Physiology 4 hrs

Striated, Non striated and Cardiac muscle, Ultra structure of striated muscle

fibre, Mechanism of muscle contraction, Threshold and spike potential,

Fatigue, O2 dept, Rigor mortis.

Core Readings




Society of Kerala

Module 7 Endocrinology 5 hrs

Endocrine glands and their hormones, mode of action (in brief) ,

Hypothalamus, Pituitary , Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus , Islets of

Langerhands, Adrenal, Testis and ovary , Hormonal disorders.

Core Readings




Kerala

Part II IMMUNOLOGY 18 hrs

Module 8 3 hrs

Introduction to immunology

Types of immunity, innate immunity , acquired, passive , active

Mechanism of innate immunity (eg. Barriers , phagocytosis , inflammation )

Complement System, biological effects of complements.



206

Core Readings


Immunoloy, Study Material Series published by Zoological Society of

Kerala Chapter 1


Module 9 5 hrs

Antigens and antibodies

Types of antigens , haptens, antigenic determinants.

Basic structure of immunoglobulins , Different classes of immunoglobulins

and functions.

Core Readings



Kerala Chapter 4


Module 10 5 hrs

Antigen antibody reactions

Precipitation test, agglutination test ,

Clinical applications of antigen antibody reaction, Widal, VDRL, HIV test

(ELISA), Complement Fixation Test, and Coombs test.

Core Readings



Kerala


Module 11 5 hrs

(Brief accounts of the followings)

Immune response system

Primary and secondary lymphoid organs,

Cells of Immune system – Leucocytes, lymphocytes, T&B cells,

Macrophages, Plasma cells , Memory cells, MHC, Antibody synthesis,



207

Monoclonal antibodies, Hybridoma technology

Immune disorders – hypersensitivity, Auto immunity & Immunodeficiency,

AIDS,

Vaccines - Major types of vaccines (BCG, DPT, Polio vaccine and TAB

vaccines). Recent trends in vaccine preparation.

Core Readings



Kerala Chapter 10.


Sobha & Sharma (2008) Essentials of Modern Biology One’s Student edition

PP 463-468.




Colemen: Fundamentals of Immunology

Guyton, Medical Physiology

Ivan Roitt: Essentials of Immunology ELBS.

Madhavankutty, Medical Physiology

Mahupathra, Human Physiology, Current Books

Michael J. Pelczar ECS,Chan & Noel. R. Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw

Hill 5th ed. 1996.

Michael J. Gibuay, Ian A. Macdonald and Helen M. Roche, Nutrition and

Metabolism.



Paniker S., Francis G. and Abraham G.K 2008, Microbiology and

Immunology, Study Material Series published by Zoological Society of

Kerala.



208

Park, K. Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine – 2002, 17t Ed.


Prosser and Brown, Comparative Animal Physiology

Sebastian Prof. M.M., Animal Physiology

William S Hoar, Animal Physiology.



209

ZY3CV03U[P] - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

2Hrs/Week

36Hrs

Credit 1

1 Preparation of Human Blood smear & identification of leucocytes

2 Qualitative analysis of Reducing Sugar, Protein and Lipid

3 Acion of Salivary amylase on Starch (Demonstration Only)

4 Estimation of Haemoglobin (Demonstration only)

5 Identification of human blood groups, A, AB, B and O, Rh factor

6 Instruments (Principle & use)– Sphygmomanometer , Stethoscope ,

Measurement of blood pressure using Sphygmomanometer (demonstration)



210

SEMESTER IV (common for model 1&2)


(MODEL II) AND SIMILAR PROGRAMMES

ZY4CV04U - APPLIED ZOOLOGY 3hrs/week

54 hrs

Credits 3

OBJECTIVES

Equip the students interested in the Applied branches of zoology with skills

and knowledge which can lead to self employment opportunities.

Module 1: Aquaculture 24 hrs

Traditional methods of aquaculture, Advantages and salient features of

aquaculture, Types of aquaculture, Biotic and abiotic factors of water,

Importance of Alga in aquaculture, Common Cultivable fishes of Kerala

Economic importance and morphology of culturable species .

Catla,Rohu,Mrigal,Cyprinus carpio,Etroplus,Tilapia

,Penaeus indicus,P.monodon,

Perna viridis/Perna indicus Pinctada fucata

Pond culture (Construction and maintenance ) Brief Description of Carp

culture Composite fish culture. Integrated Fish Culture, Induced breeding in

fishes, Important Fish Diseases. Fish preservation and processing

Aquarium management, Setting up of an Aquarium, Biological filter and

Aeration . Common species of Aquarium fishes.

Prawn culture, Mussel culture , Pearl culture

Core Readings:


Module 2 Sericulture 12 hrs

Four species of silkworms, Life history of silkworms, Silkworm Rearing

Techniques. Diseases and Pests of silkworms. Mounting of worms.



211

Harvesting and stiffling of cocoons. Silkworm diseases. Preventive and

control measures.

Core Readings:



Kottayam)

Module 3 Vermiculture 6 hrs

Species of Earthworms suitable for vermiculture. Reproduction and Life

Cycle . Physical and Chemical effects of Vermiculture, Vermicomposting,

Site Selection, Cement pit Soil pit . Preparation of pit. Maintenance and

Monitoring

Core Readings:


Venkitaraman, P.R., 1983, Text Book of Economic Zoology (Sudarsana

Publ. Cochin)

Module 4 Apiculture 12 hrs

Species of Honey bees. Organization of honeybee colony. Bee keeping

methods and equipments Apiary management and maintenance. Bee

pasturage, Byproducts of honey bees and their uses. Diseases and pests of

honey bees, control measures.

Core Readings:




Alikunhi, K.h., Fish Cluture in India (ICAR, New Delhi)

Bhosh, C.C., 1949, Silk Production and Weaving in India (CSIR), New Delhi)

Director. Zoological Survey of India, 1994, earthworms Resources and

Vermiculture

Edwards, C.A. & Lafty, J.R. 1972 Biology of Earthworms (Chapman and Hall

Led. London)



212

Jhingran, V.G., 1985 Fish and Fisheries of India (Hindustan Publ. Corporation,

New Delhi)

Kurien, C.V. & Sebastian V.C., Prawn Fisheries in India (Hindustan Publ.

Corporation, New Delhi)

Krishnaswami, S., 1986 Improved Method of Rearing Young age Silk worms

(Central Silk board Bangalore)

Krishnaswami, S., 1986, New Technology of Silkworm Rearing (Central Silk

Board Bangalore )

Lee, K. E., 1985 Earthworms, Their Ecology and relationships with Soils and

Land use. Academics Press.

Menon, K.N., 1970 Malsyakrishi (State Institute of language, Trivandrum)

Mysore Silk Association, 1986, Silkworm rearing and Diseases of Silkworms

Padmanabha Aiyer, K.S., 1992, Records of the Indian Museum Vol. XXXI, Part I,

PP. 13-76 An Account of the Oligochacta of the Travancore

Shiggene, K., 1969, Problems in Prawn Culture (American publ. Co., New Delhi)


Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hydrabad)

Sinhan, V.R.P. & Ramachandran, V., 1985, Fresh water Fish Culture (ICAR, New

Delhi)

Singh, S., 1962 Bee keeping in India (ICAR, New Delhi)

Singh, V.P.P. and Ramachandran, V., 1985 Freshwater Fish Culture (ICAR, New

Delhi)


Kottayam)

Ullal, S. R. and Narasimahanna, M.N., Handbook of Practical Sericulture (Central

Silk Board Bombay.)

Venkitaraman, P.R., 1983, Text Book of Economic Zoology (Sudarsana Publ.

Cochin)



213

Practicals

ZY4CV04U [P] - APPLIED ZOOLOGY 2 hrs/week

1 credit

36 hrs

1. General Identification, Economic importance, Morphology, scientific names

and common names of the following

a. Economic important and morphology of culturable species

(Catla, Rohu, Grass carp, Common carp, Etroplus

Tilapia)

Penaeus indicus/P. monodon

Perna viridis,Pinctada fucata

b. 2 species of earthworms used in Vermiculture

c. Two species of honey bees

d. Silkworm. Cocoon/Adult

2. Castes of bees

3. Bee keeping equipments Beehive, Smoker, honey extractor

4. Beeswax, Honey, Silk, Vermicompost (Identification-Uses)

5. Chandrika /Natrika used in sericulture

6 .Fish diseases(any 2 diagrams/ specimens)

.7 .Fish parasite (any 1)



214

UGC SPONSORED PROGRAMME

BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN

PREPARATION



215

BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION

(BT & SP) (UGC SPONSORED)

Total Credits 120

Total Instructional Hours 150

SCHEME

SEMESTER I

Hrs/Week Credit

1 “Common Course In English” (From Board ofstudies –

English)

5 4

2 Core 1: General Methodology And Perspectives in Science

(From Board of Studies – Zoology)

2

2

Practical 2 1

3 Core 2: Preparation Of Biological Specimens: Plants 2 2

Practical 2 1

4 Core 3: Preparation Of Biological Specimens: Animals 2 2

Practical 2 1

5 Practical Training OJT 54 Hrs 1

6 Complementary-1:“Biochemistry-1”(From Board of

Studies – Biochemistry)

2 2

Practical 2 1

7 Complementary- 2:“Zoology -1” (From Board of Studies-

Zoology)

2 2

Practical 2 1

Total 25 20

SEMESTER II

Hrs/Week Credit

1 “Common Course In English” (From Board ofstudies –

English

5 4

2 Core 4: General Biological Techniques 2 2

Practical 2 1

3 Core 5: Preparation of Permanent Slides 2 2

Practical 2 1

4 Core 6: Clinical Chemistry And Clinical Microbiology 2 2

Practical 2 1

Practical Training OJT 54 Hrs 1

5 Complementary-1:“Biochemistry-2”(From Board Of Studies – Biochemistry)

2 2



216

Practical 2 1

6 Complementary- 2:“Zoology -2” (From Board of Studie-

Zoology)

2 2

Practical 2 1

Total 25 20

SEMESTER III

Hrs/Week Credit

1 Core 7: Physiology With Clinical Correlation-1 3 3

Practical 2 1

2 Core 8: Physiology With Clinical Correlation- 2 3 3

Practical 2 1

3 Core 9: General Laboratory Techniques And Electronics 3 3

Practical 2 1



3 3

Practical 2 1

5 Complementary- 2:“Zoology -3” (From Board of Studies

Zoology

3 3

Practical 2 1

Total 25 20

SEMESTER IV

Hrs/Week Credit

1 Core 10: Teaching Laboratory Techniques, And Water,

Soil And Air Analysis

3 3

Practical 2 1

2 Core 11: Tissue Culture And Gene Manipulation 3 3

Practical 2 1

3 Core 12: Production And Marketing Of Biological

Specimens

3 3

Practical 2 1



3 3

Practical 2 1

5 Complementary- 2:“Zoology -4” (From Board of Studies -

Zoology

3 3

Practical 2 1

Total 25 20

*During the 2nd year /3rd year the students will undergo 36 hours of Practical

Training in Plant Tissue Culture at an Industrial Center = 2 Additional Credits.



217

SEMESTER V

Hrs/Week Credit

1 Core 13 : Cell Biology And Molecular Biology (From

Board of Studies- Zoology)

3 3

Practical 2 1

2 Core 14: Environmental Biology, Toxicology And

Disaster Management (From Board of Studies - Zoology)

3 3

Practical 2 1

3 Core 15: Radiological, Biochemical And Advanced

Instrumentation Techniques

3 3

Practical 2 1

4 Core 16: Entrepreneurship Development And Marketing 4 3

Practical 2 1

5 Open Course: Human Genetics, Nutrition, Community

Health And Sanitation – /Food Microbiology (From

Board of Studies - Zoology)

4 4

Total 25 20

SEMESTER VI

Hrs/Week Credit

1 Core 17: Genetics And Biotechnology (From Board of

Studies - Zoology)

3 3

Practical 2 1

2 Core 18: Reproductive And Developmental

Biology (From Board of Studies - Oology)

3 3

Practical 2 1

3 Core 19:Microbiology And Immunology (From Board of

Studies - Zoology)

3 3

Practical 2 1

4 Core 20:General Informatics, Bioinformatics And

Biostatistics (From Board of Studies – Zoology)

4 3

Practical 2 1

5 Core Choice-Based: Nutrition, Community Health And

Sanitation/ Ecotourism (From Board of Studies - Zoology)

4 3

6 OJT Training BT & SP 1

Total 25 20



218

SEMESTER I

ZB1VB02U CORE 2: PREPARATION OF BIOLOGICAL

SPECIMENS-1: PLANTS

36 hrs

2 credits

Module 1 (9 hrs)

Broad classification of plants; Plants of economic value; identification of

common biological specimens for classroom use.

Module 2 (9 hrs)

Where and how to collect plants; preparation and storage of herbarium sheets;

preparation of dry specimens for display boxes; preparation of museum

specimens.

Module 3 (6 hrs)

Collection and preservation of specimens for anatomical and cytological

studies.

Module 4 (12 hrs)

Modeling materials: characteristics of teaching models, proportions, durability,

attractiveness, innovativeness.

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4

1. Knudsen,J.W. 1966. Biological Techniques Harper International Edition by

Harper & Row

2. Green, N.P.O., Stout, G. W. & Taylor, D.J. 1990. Biological Science 2nd Ed.

Cambridge Low Price Edition, Cambridge University Press

3. Campbell, N.A., and Reece J.B. 2005. Biology . 7th (International) Edition.

Pearson- Benjamin-Cummings

4. Blamire, J. Exploring Life- The Principles of Biology 1994. Wm. C. Brown

Publishers



219

ZB1VB02U CORE 2 PRACTICALS

PREPARATION OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS-1: PLANTS

36 hrs

1 credit

1. Preparation of herbarium sheets. (6 hours)

2. Preparation of museum specimens (5 hours)

3. Preparation of display boxes of dry plant and plant product mounts.

(5 hours)

4. Preparation of whole mounts. (6 hours)

5. Collection and preservation of materials for anatomical and cytological

studies. (2 hours)

6. Preparation of teaching models [plaster of Paris, epoxy resin, clay] (12 hours)



220



221

SEMESTER I

ZB1VB03U CORE 3: PREPARATION OF BIOLOGICAL

SPECIMENS-2: ANIMALS

36 hrs

2 credits

Module 1 (10 hrs)

Where and how to collect animals (from Protozoa to Mammals)

Module 2 (12 hrs)

Life cycles of representative animals from each phylum.

Module 3 (2 hrs)

Preparation of museum specimens.

Module 4 (2 hrs )

Preparation of skeletons.

Module 5 (2 hrs)

Alizarin preparation and resin-embedded specimens

Module 6 (8 hrs)

Taxidermy

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1. Knudsen, J.W. 1966. Biological Techniques Harper International Edition

by Harper & Row

2. Green, N.P.O., Stout, G. W. & Taylor, D.J. 1990. Biological Science 2nd

Ed. Cambridge Low Price Edition, Cambridge University Press

3. Campbell, N.A., and Reece, J.B. 2005. Biology . 7th (International)

Edition. Pearson- Benjamin-Cummings

4. Blamire, J. Exploring Life- The Principles of Biology 1994. Wm. C.

Brown Publishers

5. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A 2003. Animal Diversity 3rd

Ed. Mc Graw Hill

6. Miller, S.A., and Harley J.P. 2005. Zoology. 6th Ed. Mc Graw Hill



222

ZB1VB03U CORE 3: PRACTICALS PREPARATION OF

BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS-2: ANIMALS

36 hrs

1 credit

1. Whole mount preparation of small animals and parts of animals.

(10 hours)

2. Alizarin preparation and resin-embedded specimens (6 hours)

3. Preparation of articulated skeletons. (6 hours)

4. Taxidermy (10 hours)

5. Preserving materials for class room use. (4 hours)



223

SEMESTER II

ZB2VB04U CORE 4: GENERAL BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

36 hrs

2 credits

Module 1 (9 hrs)

Microscopes: Light, phase contrast, fluorescence, stereoscopic, electron;

Magnification and Resolution; Ocular and stage micrometers; Hemocytometer;

Camera lucida; Common problems associated with light microscopes.

Module 2 (6 hrs)

Staining: Fixatives, mounting media, and sealing methods; stains for anatomy,

histochemistry, cytology and microorganisms – the principles behind their

uses.

Module 3 (9 hrs)

Special Techniques: Hanging drop culture; fixing and embedding of plant and

animal materials; Preparation of blocks; microtome and its maintenance;

Section cutting.

Module 4 (12 hrs)

Micrbiological Techniques: Types of solid and liquid culture media for

bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa (at least 2 for each); Sterilization methods;

Maintenance of Autoclave; Cell counting and other methods for measuring

microbial growth; Storage and maintenance of Stock cultures.


1. Knudsen, J.W. 1966. Biological Techniques Harper International Edition by

Harper & Row

2. Green, N.P.O., Stout, G. W. & Taylor, D.J. 1990. Biological Science 2nd Ed.

Cambridge Low Price Edition, Cambridge University Press

3. Campbell, N.A., and Reece, J.B. 2005. Biology . 7th (International) Edition.

Pearson- Benjamin-Cummings

4. Talaro, K.P., and Talaro, A. 2002. Foundations in Microbiology 4th Ed. Mc

Graw Hill.

5. Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. Practical Microbiology 2002 S.Chand

& Company Ltd.

6. Cappucchino J.G., and Sherman, N. Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual

3rd Ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.



224

ZB2VB04U CORE 4: PRACTICAL GENERAL BIOLOGICAL

TECHNIQUES 36 hrs

1 credit

1. Light microscope: its parts and their description (2 hours)

2. Use of ocular and stage micrometers for measurement of width of hair etc.

(2 hours)

3. Hanging drop technique. (1 hour)

4. Microtomy [plant or animal] (12 hours)

5. Aseptic procedures in initiating and maintaining a bacterial culture.

(6 hours)

6. Histochemistry of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

(9 hours)

7. Counting cells in hemocytometer ; Growth Curve (4 hours)



225

SEMESTER II

ZB2VB05U CORE 5: PREPARATION OF PERMANENT SLIDES

36 hrs

2 credits

Module 1 (9 hrs)

Anatomy of Plants: Special features of anatomical sections of monocot and

dicot stems and roots; Double staining methods; Special staining methods;

Preparation and storage of permanent slides.

Module 2 (12 hrs)

Anatomy of Animals: Organs and tissues commonly used in the classroom;

Preparation of sections involving microtome and cryostat; Special staining

methods; Preparation and storage of permanent slides.

Module 3 (6 hrs)

Cell division stages: Stages of Mitosis and Meiosis in Plants and Animals;

Sources of materials; Preparation of permanent slides showing stages of

division; Use of chemicals to arrest division; Special stains and their

preparation.]

Module 4 (9 hrs)

Microorganisms: Identification of common microorganisms; their sources and

culture techniques; Staining and preparation of permanent slides and their

storage.


1. Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. Practical Microbiology 2002 S.Chand

& Company Ltd.

2. Cappucchino, J.G., and Sherman N. Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual

3rd Ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co

3. Talaro ,K.P., and Talaro, A. 2002. Foundations in Microbiology 4th Ed. Mc

Graw Hill.

4. Bhaskaran, K.K. 1986. Microtechnique and Histochemistry.Evershine

Press, Vellangalloor

5. Junqueira, L.C., and Carneiro, J.. 2005 Basic Histology 11th Ed. Mc Graw

Hill



226

ZB2VB05U CORE 5: PRACTICAL PREPARATION OF

PERMANENT SLIDES 36 hrs

1 credit

5. Preparation of double stained permanent slides of animals and plants.

(12 hours)

6. Preparation of stained permanent slides of organs and tissues of animals.

(12 hours)

7. Preparation of permanent slides of microorganisms. (12 hours)



227

SEMESTER II

ZB2VB06U CORE 6: CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 36 hrs Credits 2

Module 1 (9 hrs)

Functions of various organs and their clinical assessment (Brief treatment only

but emphasizing the biochemical aspect): e.g., liver, kidney, heart, pancreas,

lung, ..

Module 2 (6 hrs)

Biochemical changes in the organs under pathological conditions.

(Liver,kidney,heart,pancreas,lungs)

Module 3 (12 hrs)

Routine biochemical tests: e.g., Estimation of: blood glucose, Total protein in

serum, serum albumin, blood urea, creatinine in blood, serum bilirubin, serum

triglycerides, serum cholesterol.

Module 4 (4 hrs)

Microorganisms of medical importance: Examples each from clinically

important bacteria, (Pseudomonas,Vibrio) fungi (Dermatophytes),

viruses(Chicken pox virus,Measles virus), protista (E.histolytica) and

helminthes(Round worm,Pinworm).

Module 5 (5 hrs)

Diagnostic characteristics of the examples given in module 4 above (culture

characteristics, morphology etc).

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1. Mukherjee, K.L. (ed,) 1988. Medical Laboratory Technology Vol. 1. Tata

McGraw Hill


McGraw Hill


McGraw Hill

4. Cheesbrough, M. 1998. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries

Part 1. Cambridge Low Price Edition. Cambridge University Press

5. Cheesbrough, M. 1998. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries

Part 2. Cambridge Low Price Edition. Cambridge University Press

6. Talaro, K.P., and Talaro, A. 2002. Foundations in Microbiology 4th ed. Mc

Graw Hill.



228

ZB2VB06U CORE 6: PRACTICAL CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 1

1.Estimation of: blood glucose, total protein in serum, serum albumin,

blood urea, creatinine in blood, serum bilirubin, serum triglycerides, serum

cholesterol, (15 hours)

2. Media preparation, Inoculation, and maintenance of bacteria.

(8 hours)

3.Gram staining (2 hours)

4.HIV spot test (2 hours)

5.Identification of microorganisms

(Bacteria - Staphylococcus, E.coli, Klebsiella,Bacillus,Pseudomonas,),

(Fungi-Aspergillus,Penicillium)

(Protista-E.histolytica) and

( Helminthes –Round worm,Pin worm) of clinical significance .9hrs



229

SEMESTER III

ZB3VB07U CORE 7: PHYSIOLOGY WITH CLINICAL

CORRELATION-1 54 hrs

Credits 3

Module 1 (3 hours)

Homeostasis

Module 2 (12 hrs)

Gastro-intestinal system: Anatomy and functional organization; common clinical

abnormalities associated with nutrient metabolism.

Module 3 (15 hrs)

Cardiovascular system: Anatomy and functional organization; Common clinical

abnormalities

Module 4 (9 hrs)

Respiratory system: Anatomy and functional organization, common clinical

abnormalities.

Module 5 (15 hrs)

Endocrine system:(Brief account only) Major hormones, common clinical

abnormalities.

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1. Tortora, G.J., and Derrickson, B. 2006. Principles of Anatomy and

Physiology 11th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2. Thibodeau, G.A., and Patton, K.T. 2007. Anthon’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. 18th ed. Mosby

3. Seeley, R.R., Stephens, T.D., and Tate, P. 2006. Anatomy and Physiology

7th ed. McGraw Hill International Edition

4. Fox, S.I.2006. Human Physiology 9th ed. McGraw Hill International

Edition



230

ZB3VB07U 7 CORE 7: PRACTICALPHYSIOLOGY WITH

CLINICAL CORRELATION-1

36hrs

Credit 1

1. Action of trypsin / pepsin on proteins. (2 hours)

2. Influence of concentration, pH and temperature on activity of salivary

amylase. (4 hours)

3. Determination of O2 uptake by cockroach [Respirometer] (3 hours)

4. Effect of adrenalin on the heart beat of frog. (2 hours)

5. Determination of rbc, wbc, differential wbc, and platelet counts

(12 hours)

6. Estimation of haemoglobin (2 hours)

7. Demonstration of hemin crystals (1 hour)

8. ESR (2 hours)

9. Blood grouping (ABO, Rh). (2 hours)

10. Bleeding time and Clotting time (6 hours)



231

SEMESTER III


CORRELATION-2

54 hrs

Credits 3

Module 1 (15 hrs)

Nervous system(brief account only): Anatomy and functional organization,

common clinical abnormalities.

Module 2 (15 hrs)

Sense organs: Anatomy and functional organization of the sense organs for

vision, hearing, taste, common clinical abnormalities.

Module 3 (12 hrs)

Muscular system:(brief account only) Details of muscle contraction, common

clinical abnormalities.

Module 4 (12 hrs)

Excretory system: Anatomy and functional organization, common clinical

abnormalities.


4. Tortora, G.J., and Derrickson, B. 2006. Principles of Anatomy and

Physiology 11th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

5. Thibodeau, G.A., and Patton, K.T. 2007. Anthon’s Textbook of Anatomy

and Physiology. 18th ed. Mosby

6. Seeley, R.R., Stephens, T.D., and Tate, P. 2006. Anatomy and Physiology

7th ed. McGraw Hill International Edition

7. Fox, S.I.2006. Human Physiology 9th ed. McGraw Hill International

Edition



232


CORRELATION-2

36 hrs

Credits 2

1. Effect of acetylcholine on the heart rate of frog (compare with the effect of

adrenaline) (2 hours)

2. Recording of muscle twitch in frog using kymograph. (4 hours)

3. Detection of glucose, protein and occult blood in urine. (6 hours)

4. Survey of colour blindness in the student population. (6 hours)

5. Hospital visit to study the incidence of otolaryngological, and renal

diseases in the local community. (18 hours)



233

SEMESTER III

ZB3VB09U CORE 9: GENERAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

AND ELECTRONICS 54 Hrs

Credits 3

Module 1 (6 hrs)

Distillation of water: Types of distillation stills [metal, solar, glass still].

Module 2 (9 hrs)

Ion exchangers and how they work, regeneration of ion exchangers.

Module 3 (4 hrs)

Cleaning agents for various types of dirty glass wares, pipette cleaners.

Module 4 (4 hrs)

Methods of sterilization and storage of glassware.

Module 5 (6 hrs)

Solutions: Definition of solute, solvent, molar, molal, normality, weight by

weight, weight by volume, percent, ppm, ppb; inter conversion between percent,

molar and normal; method of dilution and sources of error.

Module 6 (6 hrs)

pH meter and its working [various types of electrodes] Theory of buffering, some

standard buffers [acetate, phosphate, tris, tris-glycine]

Module 7 (12 hrs)

Simple circuits: How to read a circuit diagram, parallel and series connections,

fuses, plugs, wires for common electrical equipment, voltage stabilizers, safety in

handling electrical equipment.

Module 8 (7 hrs)

Temperature sensing control devices: thermometers, thermocouples, thermostats.

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

1. Jones, M., Jones, Geoff, G. and Marchington, P. 1999. Physics 2nd ed.


2. Jones, M., Jones, Geoff, G, and Acaster D. 1999. Chemistry 2nd ed.


3. Blei, I and Odian, G. 2006. General, Organic and Biochemistry-

Connecting Chemistry to your Life 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company



234

ZB3VB09U CORE 9: PRACTICAL GENERAL LABORATORY

TECHNIQUES AND ELECTRONICS

36 Hrs

Credit 1

1. Components of distillation stills and ion exchanger. (2 hours)

2. Cleaning of dirty glass wares using various cleaning agents. (3 hours)

3. Sterilization of glass wares [using hot air oven and autoclave (4 hours)

4. Preparation of solutions with molar/molal/normal concentrations. (3 hours)

5. Preparation of buffers and measurement of pH. (3 hours)

6. Simple circuits, soldering, changing plugs, wires and fuses. (12 hours)

7. Electronic components: Capacitors, diodes, Zenor diode, inductor, resistor,

transformer, transistor [understanding the function of electromagnetic relay]

(9 hours)



235

SEMESTER IV

ZB4VB10U CORE 10: TEACHING LABORATORY TECHNIQUES,

AND WATER, SOIL AND AIR ANALYSIS

54 Hrs

Credits 3

Module 1 (9 hrs)

Organization of a teaching laboratory: equipment, reagents, glass wares,

specimens, purchase and maintenance of stock register

Module 2 (9 hrs)

Maintenance of living organisms: aquarium, terrarium, animal houses, garden.

Module 3 (9 hrs)

Distribution of plants and animals, methods of survey, determination of frequency

dominance

Module 4 (9 hrs)

Abiotic and biotic pollutants of water and their indicators; assay techniques.

Module 5 (9 hrs)

Air pollution-Assay techniques

Module 6 (9 hrs)

Soil pollution-Assay techniques.

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1. Kuravamveli, S.J. 2002. The Aquarium Handbook Amity Aquatech Pvt.

Ltd.

2. Shukla, G.S., and Upadhyay, V.B. 1995. Economic Zoology Rastogi

Publications

3. Arms, K. 1990. Environmental Science Saunders College Publishing

4. Sharma, P.D.1994. Ecology and Environment 6th ed. Rastogi Publications

5. Khopkar, S.M. 1993. Environmental Pollution Analysis New Age

International (P) Limited Publishers



236

ZB4VB10U CORE 10: PRACTICAL TEACHING LABORATORY

TECHNIQUES,AND WATER, SOIL AND AIR ANALYSIS

36 Hrs

Credit 1

1. Maintenance of living organisms [aquarium and terrarium] common

problems and their solutions. (9 hours)

2. Survey methods [quadrate, transect and point method] (12 hours)

3. Frequency distribution of animals in a specific area of campus.(3 hours)

4. Analysis of water pollutants [abiotic & biotic] (6 hours)

5. Analysis of soil pollutants [abiotic] (4 hours)

6. Analysis of air pollutants [abiotic] (2 hours)



237

SEMESTER IV

ZB4VB11U CORE 11: TISSUE CULTURE AND GENE

MANIPULATION 54 Hrs

Credits 3

Module 1 (9 hrs)

Plant and animal cell culture, growth media and maintenance of culture.

Module 2 (15 hrs)

Characteristics of plant cells in culture, meristem, anther, embryo, ovule, ovary

and endosperm culture.

Module 3 (9 hrs)

Characteristics of animal cells in culture, hybridoma technology.

Module 4 (6 hrs)

Germ plasm storage, somatic hybridization.

Module 5 (8 hrs)

Restriction enzymes, ligases, cloning vectors [plasmids & phage DNA]

Module 6 (4 hrs)

Isolation of DNA, gene transfer methods, identification and selection of

recombinants.

Module 7 (3 hrs)

An overview of a cloning experiment [from start to finish]

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1. Prakash, M., and Arora, C.K. 1998. Cell and Tissue Culture Anmol

Publications Pvt. Ltd.

2. Rema, L.P. 2006. Applied Biotechnology MJP Publishers

3. Watson, J.D., Caudy, A.A., Myers, R.M. and Witkowski, J.A., 2007.

Recombinant DN:Genes and Genomes- A Short Course Cold Spring

Harbor Laboratory Press

4. Surzycki, S. 2003. Human Molecular Biology Laboratory Manual

Blackwell Publishing

5. Brown, T.A.2007. Genomes 3. GS Garland Science



238

ZB4VB11U CORE 11: PRACTICAL TISSUE CULTURE AND GENE

MANIPULATION

36 Hrs

Credit 1

1. Media formulation for plant tissue culture (4 hours)

2. Surface sterilization. (2 hours)

3. Callus induction. (2 hours)

4. Auxillary bud culture. (2 hours)

5. Isolation of protoplast. (4 hours)

6. Isolation of genomic DNA and its quantification. (9 hours)

7. Isolation of plasmid DNA. (6 hours)

8. Restriction digestion, ligation, bacterial transformation. (5 hours)

9. PCR demonstration. (2 hours)



239

SEMESTER IV

ZB4 VB12U CORE 12: PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF

BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

54 Hrs

Credit 3

Module 1 (3 hrs)

Market survey techniques.

Module 2 (6 hrs)

Organization of a production centre, minimal requirements, stage-wise expansion,

purchase, collection and storage of raw materials.

Module 3 (12 hrs)

Accounts, book keeping and quotations, storage and packing of finished products,

recovery of waste materials.

Module 4 (9 hrs)

Need, scope and approaches for project formulation, structure of project reports.


1. Khanna, O.P. and Sarup A. 1999. Industrial Engineering and Management

Dhanpat Rai Publications (P) Ltd.

2. Khanna, O.P 1999. Work Study Dhanpat Rai Publications (P) Ltd.

3. Khanna, O.P 1999. Textbook of Mecahnical Estimating and Costing




240

ZB4 VB12U CORE 12: PRACTICAL PRODUCTION AND

MARKETING OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Conduct of mini market survey: Data collection through questionnaire and

personal visits. (20 hours)

2. Break even analysis. (10 hours)

3. Business letters. (6 hours)



241

SEMESTER V

ZB5VB15U CORE 15: RADIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND

ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES 54 hrs

Credits 3

Module 1(6 hrs)

Types and sources of radiation-effect of various types of radiation on biological

systems, LD

Module 2 (12 hrs)

Isotopes, definition, isotopes of common biological use, techniques for

detection of isotopes [autoradiography, Geiger counting technique, liquid

scintillation, Gamma counter]

Module 3 (7 hrs)

Isotope dilution technique; waste disposal and cleaning of contaminated glass

ware.

Module 4 (5 hrs)

Safety in use of radiation sources and radio isotopes.

Module 5 (9 hrs)

Chromatography techniques- theory, methods and application of paper, gas,

affinity, ion exchange chromatography, TLC, HPLC, Gel filtration.

Module 6 (6 hrs)

Electrophoresis: Theory, methods and applications, paper and gel

electrophoresis

Module 7 (9 hrs)

Polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, DNA fingerprinting.

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1. Jones, M., Jones, Geoff, G. and Marchington, P. 1999. Physics 2nd ed.


2. Jones, M., Jones, Geoff, G, and Acaster D. 1999. Chemistry 2nd ed.


3. Blei, I and Odian, G. 2006. General, Organic and Biochemistry-

Connecting Chemistry to your Life 2nd Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company



242

4. Kotz, J.C., and Treichel, P 1999. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 4th ed.

Saunders College Publishing

5. Anblagan, K. 1999. An Introduction to Electrophoresis The

Electrophoresis Institute, Biotech-Yercaud

6. Wilson, K., and Walker, J. 2000. Practical Biochemistry- Principles and

Techniques 5th ed. Cambridge Low Price Editions, Cambridge University

Press

ZB5VB15U CORE 15: PRACTICAL

36 hrs Credit 1

1. Types and effects of various radiations. Isotope dilution techniques. (Visit

to a radioisotope lab.) (5 hours)

2. Problems in radiology [on half cycle, quantity, disposal] (3 hours)

3. Paper chromatography, TLC (8 hours)

4. AGE, PAGE (10 hours)

5. Southern blotting (4 hours)

6. PCR (6 hours)



243

SEMESTER V

ZB5VB16U CORE 16: ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT

AND MARKETING

72 hrs

4hrs/week

Credits 3

Module 1 (18 hrs)

Institutions, financing procedure and financial incentives.

Module 2 (18 hrs)

Resource management: man, machine and materials, quality control/ quality

assurance and testing of products

Module 3 (18hrs)

Elements of marketing & sales management [ Nature of product and market

strategy, packaging and advertising, after sales service]

Module 4 (18 hrs)

Income tax, sales tax and excise rules

Core Readings for Module 1, 2, 3, 4.

1. Khanna, O.P. and Sarup A. 1999. Industrial Engineering and Management


2. Khanna, O.P 1999. Work Study Dhanpat Rai Publications (P) Ltd.

3. Khanna, O.P 1999. Textbook of Mecahnical Estimating and Costing




244

ZB5VB16U (P) CORE 16: PRACTICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Preparation and analysis of a project (18 hours)

2. Entrepreneurial motivation training through games, role

playing, discussions and exercises (8 hours)

3. Preparation of report on an industry/firm (10 hours)



245

MODEL II B.SC. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

(VOCATIONAL)

1. Aquaculture (ZAV)

2. Food Microbiology (ZFV)

3. Medical Microbiology (ZMV)



246

VOCATIONAL SUBJECT – AQUACULTURE

VOCATIONAL COURSES

COURSE I : PRINCIPLES AND METHODS IN AQUACULTURE

ZA1V01U

COURSE II : HATCHERY AND CULTURE TECHNIQUES

ZA1V02 U

PRACTICAL-I : PRINCIPLES AND METHODS IN AQUACULTURE &

ZA1V02 U (P) HATCHERY AND CULTURE TECHNIQUES

COURSE III

ZA2V03U : CAPTURE FISHERY

COURSE IV

ZA2V04U : BIOLOGY OF FISHES

PRACTICAL 2 : CAPTURE FISHERY & BIOLOGY OF FISHES

ZA2V04 U (P)

COURSE V

ZA3V05U : FISHERIES ENVIRONMENT

PRACTICAL 3 : FISHERIES ENVIRONMENT

ZA3V05U (P)

COURSE VI : FISH NUTRITION

ZA3V06U

Practical 4 : FISH NUTRITION

ZA3V06U (P)

COURSE VII : REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND

ZA4V07U ENDOCRINOLOGY

Practical 5 : REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND

ZA4V07U (P) ENDOCRINOLOGY

COURSE VIII : MICROBIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND POST

ZA4V08U HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

Practical 6 : MICROBIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND POST HARVEST

TECHNOLOGY

ZA4V08U (P)



247

VOCATIONAL SUBJECT: FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

VOCATIONAL COURSES

COURSE I : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZF1V01U

COURSE II : BIOINSTRUMENTATION

ZF1V02U

Practical I : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZF1V02U (P) &BIOINSTRUMENTATION

COURSE III : GENERAL METHODOLOGY

ZF2V03U

COURSE IV : ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL

ZF2V04U MICROBIOLOGY

Practical II : GENERAL METHODOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND

ZF2V04U (P) AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

COURSE V : DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY

ZF3V05U

Practical III : DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY

ZF3V05U (P)

COURSE VI : FOOD MICROBIOLOGY – MICROBIOLOGY OF

SPOILAGE OF FOOD, METHODS OF FOOD

ZF3V06U PRESERVATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL

EXAMINATION OF FOOD

Practical IV : FOOD MICROBIOLOGY – MICROBIOLOGY OF

ZF3V06U(P) SPOILAGE OF FOOD, METHODS OF FOOD

PRESERVATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL

EXAMINATION OF FOOD

COURSE VII : FOOD MICROBIOLOGY - MICROBIOLOGY OF

ZF4V07U CEREALS , BEVERAGES , EGG, MEAT AND

FERMENTED FOOD

Practical V : FOOD MICROBIOLOGY - MICROBIOLOGY OF

ZF4V07U (P) CEREALS , BEVERAGES , EGG, MEAT AND

FERMENTED FOOD

COURSE VIII : INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZF4V08U

Practical VI: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZF4V08U (P)



248

VOCATIONAL SUBJECT: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

VOCATIONAL COURSES

COURSE I : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZM1V01U

COURSE II : BIOINSTRUMENTATION

ZM1V02U

Practical I : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZM1V02U (P) &BIOINSTRUMENTATION

COURSE III : GENERAL METHODOLOGY

ZM2V03U

COURSE IV : ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL

ZM2V04U MICROBIOLOGY

Practical II : GENERAL METHODOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND

ZM2V04U (P) AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

COURSE V : PARASITOLOGY

ZM3V05U

Practical V : PARASITOLOGY

ZM3V05U (P)

COURSE VI : MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AMD MYCOLOGY

ZM3V06U

Practical VI : MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AMD MYCOLOGY

ZM3V06U (P)

COURSE VII : MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

ZM4V07U

Practical VII : MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

ZM4V07U (P)

COURSE VIII : MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZM4V08U

Practical VIII : MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

ZM4V08U (P)



249

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM FOR B.SC. (MODEL II VOCATIONAL)

DEGREE IN ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

COURSE STRUCTURE

Total Credits 120

Total Instructional Hours 150

3 Vocational Programmes

Aquaculture (A) / Food Microbiology (F)/ Medical Microbiology (M)

SEMESTER 1

Sl.

No.

Course Title Hrs/Week Credit

1 Common Course English – 1 5 4

2 Common Course Sec. Language – 1 5 4

3 Core Course - 1 General Methodology and Perspectives in

Science

2 2

Practical- I - General Methodology and Instrumentation 2 1

4 Vocational Course – 1 Principles and Methods in

Aquaculture (A) / General Microbiology F/M

2 2

5 Vocational Course – II Hatchery and Culture techniques

(A)/ Bioinstrumentation (F/M)

2 2

Practical 1

Principles and Methods in Aquaculture, Hatchery and

Culture techniques (A)/ General Microbiology and

Bioinstrumentation (F/M)

2 1

6 Complementary Course – 1 3 2

Practical 2 1

Total 25 19



250

SEMESTER 1I

Sl.

No.



2 Common Course Sec. Language – 2 5 4

3 Core Course - 2 Biodiversity and Modern Systematics 2 2

Practical 2 - Biodiversity and Modern Systematics 2 1

4 Vocational Course – 3 Capture Fishery (A) / General

Methodology (F/M)

2 2

5 Vocational Course – 4 Biology of Fishes (A) /

Environmental and Agricultural l Microbiology (F/M)

2 2

Practical 2 Capture Fishery and Biology of Fishes (A) /

General Methodology, Environmental and Agricultural

Microbiology (F/M)

2 1

6 On The Job Training ( 2 Weeks ) 2


Practical 2 1

Total 25 21



251

SEMESTER 1II

Sl.

No.



2 Core Course - 3 Animal Diversity Non-Chordata 3 3

Practical 3 - Animal Diversity Non-Chordata 2 1

3 Vocational Course – 5 Fisheries Environment (A)/Dairy

Microbiology (F)/ Parasitology (M)

2 2

Practical 3 Fisheries Environment (A)/Dairy Microbiology

(F)/ Parasitology (M)

3 2

4 Vocational Course – 6 Fish nutrition (A) / Medical

Entomology and Mycology(M) / Microbiology of Spoilage

of food , Methods of Preservation of food and

Microbiological examination of food (F)

2 2

Practical 4 Fish nutrition (A) / Medical Entomology and

Mycology(M) / Microbiology of Spoilage of food ,

Methods of Preservation of food and Microbiological

examination of food (F)

3 2


Practical 2 1

Total 25 20



252

SEMESTER 1V

Sl.

No.



2 Core Course - 4 Animal Diversity Chordata 3 3

Practical 4 - Animal Diversity Chordata 2 1

3 Vocational Course – 7 Reproductive Physiology and

Endocrinology (A)/ Medical Bacteriology and Virology (M)

/ Microbiology of cereals, beverages, Egg, Meat and

Fermented food (F)

2 2

Practical 5 Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology

(A)/ Medical Bacteriology and Virology (M) / Microbiology

of cereals, beverages, Egg, Meat and Fermented food (F)

3 2

4 Vocational Course – 8 Microbiology , Pathology and Post

Harvest Technology (A)/ Clinical Microbiology (M) /

Industrial Microbiology (F)

2 2

Practical 6 Microbiology , Pathology and Post Harvest

Technology (A)/ Clinical Microbiology (M) / Industrial

Microbiology (F)

3 2


Practical 2 1

Total 25 20



253

SEMESTER V

Sl.

No.


1 Core Course - 5 Cell Biology and Molecular Biology 3 3

Practical 5 - Cell Biology and Molecular Biology 2 1

Group activity and Field Study (Practical Hr 1) Report to be

submitted in VIth Semester along with Project in Practical

Exam

1

2 Core Course 6 Environmental Biology , Toxicology and

Disaster Management

3 3

Practical 6 Environmental Biology , Toxicology and

Disaster Management

2 1

3 Core Course 7 Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology 3 3

Practical 7 Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology 2 1

4 Core Course – 8 Biochemistry, Human Physiology and

Endocrinology

3 3

Practical 8 Biochemistry, Human Physiology and

Endocrinology

2 1

5 Open Course: Man, Nature and Sustainable Development/

Human Genetics, Nutrition , Community Health and

Sanitation/ Management of Ornamental fish breeding ,

Rabbit farming, Poultry, Quail farming, Vermiculture,

Beekeeping and Sericulture /Food Microbiology

4 4

Total 25 20



254

SEMESTER VI

Sl.

No.


1 Core Course - 9 Reproductive and Developmental

Biology

3 3

Practical 9 - Reproductive and Developmental Biology 2 1

2 Core Course 10 Genetics and Biotechnology 3 3

Practical 10 Genetics and Biotechnology 2 1

3 Core Course11 Microbiology and Immunology 3 3

Practical 11 Microbiology and Immunology 2 1

4 Core Course – 12 General Informatics , Bioinformatics and

Biostatistics

3 3

Practical 12 General Informatics , Bioinformatics and

Biostatistics

2 1

5 Core Choice based Courses

Ecotourism/ Nutrition, Community Health and Sanitation/

Applied Entomology, Management of Ornamental fish

breeding/ Vermiculture and Beekeeping

4 3

6 Project

Practical – Field Study and Group Activity (as in Core) (1

hour)

1

1

Total 25 20

Model 2 Programmes in Zoology and Core Courses

Instructional Hours, Credit, Total Instructional Hours, University Examination,

Weightage Internal and External Evaluation of Core Courses will follow the same pattern

as in Model 1 Zoology Programme.

For Vocational Courses also University Examination will be conducted at the end of each

Semester both for Theory and Practical . Duration of examination is 3 hrs and Internal

External weightage rato is 1:3



255

C. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION COMPLEMENTARY SUBJECT

Semester

Course Weightage ratio

Theory Pract.

Ext. Int. Ext. Int.

1 I 3 1 3 1

2 II 3 1 3 1

3 III 3 1 3 1

4 IV 3 1 3 1



256

SEMESTER I

MODEL II B.SC. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME (VOCATIONAL)

AQUACULTURE

THEORY

ZA1V01U COURSE I PRINCIPLES AND METHODS IN

AQUACULTURE

36Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (1 hrs)

History of aquaculture –Scope and importance. Significance of aquaculture

compared to other agricultural systems and commercial fisheries.

Core Readings 1. Aquaculture – Principles and Practices

T.V.R.Pillay

Fishing News Books

2. Open sea Mariculture

Hanson and Goodwin

Module 2 (3 hrs)

Types of aquaculture – Freshwater brackish water and Mari culture. Shell fish

culture, Finfish culture, Monoculture, Polyculture.


T.V.R.Pillay

Fishing News Books

2. Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Module 3 (3 hrs )

Integrated farming – The concept of recycling of organic waste for maximum

production. Rice cum fish culture. Culture practices and economics of duck cum

fish, poultry cum fish and pig cum fish culture.


T.V.R.Pillay

Fishing News Books

2. Hanbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture




257

Additional Reading

3. Coastal Aquaculture in India

R.Santhanam, N.Ramanathan and B. Jegadeesan

CBS Publishers & distributors, New Delhi. 1990.

Module 4 (7 hrs )

Site selection procedures – study of topography of pond site. Soil quality

parameters –physical, soil type, porosity, percolation, shear strength rate of

compassion etc.Chemical –salinity, pH, nutrients, toxic gases etc.Water quality

parameters-Chemical salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, pollution,. Physical –

suspended solids, availability. Biological parameters-presence of

juveniles/seedlings, predators/ competitors, introduction to plankton, nekton and

important groups.

Core Readings

1. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture.

C.E.Boyd. 1990

Agricultural experiment Station , Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

482 pages

2. Handbook on design, construction and Equipment in coastal aquaculture

(Shrimp Farming).

Anand.S. Upadhyay

Allied publishers Ltd., Bombay

Additional reading

1. Water quality management in Aquaculture, 53 pages. 1985

CMFRI Special Publication No. 22.

CMFRI, Kochi.

2. Handbook on Aquafarming

Aquaculture Engineering and Water quality Management

The Marine Products Export Development Agency.

MPEDA, Kochi.

Module 5 (5 hrs )

Pond construction – preparation of site plan. Measurements and calculation of

area-total area and water area. Preparation of bunds and dykes.Calculation of earth

works, sluice gates, types, fixing.

Core Readings


(Shrimp Farming).

Anand.S. Upadhyay




258

2. A text book of fish culture- Breeding and cultivation of fish

Marcel Huet

Fishing News (Books) Ltd

23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet , Surrey, England

3. A guide to prawn farming in Kerala. 52 pages

CMFRI Special publication No.21.

4. A Manual of Freshwater Aquaculture

R.Santhanam,N.Sukumaran& P. Natarajan, (1990)

Oxford &IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 193 pages.

Additional Reading

1. A Manual on shrimp farming

The Marine products Export Development Agency, MPEDA

Module 6 (5 hrs ) Pond preparation-Drying, elimination of pests and predators. Preparation of

nursery and stocking ponds.Manuring, Production of plankton. Stocking -

acclimatization. Use of happa .Stocking density. Harvesting-Harvesting methods.

Core Readings

1. Principles of Aquaculture

Robert.R.Stickney

John Wiley and Sons Inc., 502 pages.

2. Encyclopedia of Aquaculture

Robert R. Stickney




4. Fish and Fisheries of India

V.G.Jhingran

Additional Reading

1. A guide to prawn farming in Kerala. 52 pages

CMFRI Special publication No.21.

2. Aquaculture Engineering

Wheaton

3. Breeding and Seed production of finfish and shellfish

P.C.Thomas, Suresh Ch. Rath and Kanta Das Mohapatra

Daya Publishing House, New Delhi

Module 7 (5 hrs )

Fresh water cultivable fishes and their external characters-Indian Major Craps,

Catfish, Eel, Tilapia, Trouts, Salmon ,Mahseer, Channa sps.Clarius, Anabas,

Heteropnuestes. Fresh water resource of India-Rivers,Reservoirs,Lakes.



259

Core Readings

1. Fresh water fishes of India Vol I and II

Arun Jhingran

2. Taxonomy of Freshwater fishes of India

Jayaraman

Additional reading

1. Freshwater Fishes

Handbook on Aquafarming

The Marine Products Export Development Authority

2. Rath.R.K. 1993. Freshwater aquaculture. Scientific Publishers.Jodhpur. 493

pages.

Module 8 (5 hrs )

Cultivable species of crustaceans and mulluscs: Identification and external

characters. Shrimp, freshwater prawn, crab, lobster, pearl oyster, edible oyster,

mussel clams.

Core Readings

1. The commercial molluscs of India

CMFRI Bulletin No. 25.

2. Winter School on Recent advances in Mussel and Edible oyster farming and

Marine Pearl production

CMFRI

Compiled and Edited by K.K.Appukuttan, Director Winter School, CMFRI

2005.

3. Pearl Culture.

CMFRI, Bulletin No. 39., 1987. 136 pages

4. Oyster Culture-Status and Prospects

CMFRI, Bulletin No. 38., 1987. 78 pages

5. Coastal aquaculture: Mussel farming: Progress and Prospects.

CMFRI Bulletin No. 29., 1980. 56 pages

Additional Reading


Molluscs

MPEDA

Module 9 (2 hrs )

Brackish water aquaculture-Introduction, the tidal range, salinity and the biota.



260

Core Readings


Marcel Huet


23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet , Surrey, England




3. Coastal Aquaculture in India



Additional Reading


(Shrimp Farming).

Anand.S. Upadhyay


Module 10 (1 hrs )

Reservoir fisheries management practices and present problems. Development of

fisheries of Indian reservoirs.

Core Readings

1. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 345. (1995)

Reservoir Fisheries of India

Sugunan.V.V.


Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchAdditional Reading


V.G.Jhingran.

Hindustan Publishing House. Delhi.


A text book of fish culture- Breeding and cultivation of fish,Marcel Huet

Fishing News (Books) Ltd,23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet , Surrey,

England

Principles of Aquaculture, Robert.R.Stickney, John Wiley and Sons Inc.

502 pages.Coastal Aquaculture in India





261

SEMESTER I

ZA1V02U COURSE II HATCHERY AND CULTURE TECHNIQUES 36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (2 hrs )

Present status and future prospects of fin fish culture and shell fish culture.

Core Readings

1. Hanbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture


Website:

www.fao.org

Module 2 (3 hrs )

Hatcheries – Different types, fin fish (Carp, Mullet), Molluscan (Edible and pearl

oyster), Crustacean ( Prawn)

Core Readings

1. CRC Handbook of Mariculture

Vol.I . Finfish culture

Vol.II. Crustacean culture

2. Marine shrimp culture- Principles and Practices

Editors : James Lester and Arlo .W. Fast

3. Aquaculture – Principles and Practices

T.V.R.Pillay

Fishing News Books

4. Aquaculture

John.E.Bardach, John.H.Ryther and William O. McLarney

Additional Reading

5. MPEDA Handbook on aquaculture

Module 3 (5 hrs )

Culture of Indian Major Carps, Nursery, Rearing and stocking ponds. Preparation

of ponds. Stocking and post stocking management. Harvesting. Culture of air

breathing fishes, channa sps, Clarias.

Core Readings


T.V.R.Pillay

Fishing News Books



http://www.fao.org/



262


V.G.Jhingran

4, Coastal Aquaculture in India


CBS Publishers & distributors, New Delhi. 1990




Module 4 (4 hrs )

Culture of Tilapia- Different species and culture techniques of Mullet, Milk fish

Core Readings

1. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture.

Boyd C.E. 1990

Agricultural Experiment station, Auburn University,Auburn

Alabama.482pages.

2. Aquaculture- The farming and Husbandry of freshwater and Marine

Organisms.

John.E.Bardach, John.H.Ryther and William O. McLearney


T.V.R.Pillay

Fishing News Books


Marcel Huet


23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet , Surrey, Engl


Aquaculture Engineering and Water quality Management


MPEDA, Kochi.


Sea Fishes


MPEDA, Kochi.

Module 5 (3 hrs )

Culture of cold water fishes in India. History, Practices followed and prospects

Core Readings

1.Cold water fisheries of India

Jhingran V.G. & K.L. Sehgal (1978)



263

Module 6 ( 4 hrs )

Culture of macrobrachium sps; Prawn and Crab. Present status and future

prospects. Prawn culture-Seed resources, prawn filtration practices, shrimp

farming-extensive, semi intensive and intensive.

Core Readings

1. Artificial reef &sea Farming Technologies

CMFRI bulletin No.48,(1996),126 pages.

2. Marine Shrimp Culture,Principles & Practices

Arlo W.Fast & James Lester

3. CRC Handbook of Mariculture Vol V – Crustacean Aquaculture.

4. Breeding & Seed Production of Finfish and Shell fish

P.C. Thomas , Suresh CH. Rath ,Kantha DasMAhapatra(2003)

Daya Publishing House , New Delhi.

Additional Reading

1. MPEDA

A Manual on Shrimp Farming

2. MPEDA

3. Hand book on Shrimp Farming

4. MPEDA

A Manual on Seed production and Farming of the giant Fresh water Prawn

Macrobrachium Rosenbergii

5. MPEDA

Hand book on Aquafarming

Shrimp Hatchery

6. CMFRI Special Publication No. 21(1985),52 pages

A guide to prawn Farming in Kerala.

Module 7 (4 hrs )

Culture of Mollusca- mussel, pearl oyster, edible oyster, clams.

Core Readings

1. Korringa P. 1976

Farming Marine Organisms Low in the food Chain

Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.

` Amsterdam,Netherlands,264 pages.

2. Farming Bivalve Molluscs : Method for study &development

DB Quayle and G.F. Newkirk

World Aquaculature,Vol I.Published by the world Aquaculture Society in

Association with The IDRC. 294 pages.

1. CMFRI bulletin No. 29(1980)

Coastal Aquaculture, Mussel Farming ,Progress and prospects,56 pages



264

4. CMFRI (2005) Winter School on Recent advances in Mussel and Edible

Oyster farming & Pearl Production Compiled and edited by Appukuttan

K.K.

1. CMFRI Bulletin No.38.Oyster Culture- Status and Prospets (1987) 78

pages.

2. CMFRI: Bulletin No. 39, Pearl Culture(1987), 136 pages.

Module 8 (5 hrs )

Culture of ornamental fishes- setting up and maintenance of Aquaria. Breeding

techniques of Aquarium fishes; gold fish, angel fish, gouramies.

Core Readings

1. Breeding and Seed production of finfish and shellfish

P.C.Thomas, Suresh Ch. Rath and Kanta Das Mohapatra

Daya Publishing House, New Delhi

2. Matsya Alankar ’99 Souvenier .Department of Fisheries,Government of

Kerala &Matsyafed

3. Breeding of Aquarium Fishes .Herbert R. Axelrod Vol.I &II

Module 9 (2 hrs )

Frog culture: Different species of edible frog, their biology, prospects and

constraints, culture of sea weeds, culture of holothurians

Core Readings

1. Santhanam R. ,SukumaranN,and NatarajanP. (1990). A manual of

Freshwater Aquaculture. Oxford & IBH publishing companyPVT. LTD.

193 pages.

2. Aquaculture

John.E.Bardach, John.H.Ryther and William O. McLarney

3. Robert R. Stickney. Encyclopedia of Aquaculture .John Wiley & Sons

Inc.

Module 10 (2 hrs )

Culture of live feeds- micro algae, artemia, rotifer, daphnia.

Core Readings

1. CMFRI Spl. Publication No. 15,1984,Production and use of Artemia in

Aquaculture.42 pages..

2. MPEDA Handbook on Aquafarming Live Feed .

3. CMFRI Bulletin No.48, 1996. Artificial reefs and Sea Farming

Technologies.126 pages



265

Module 11 (2 hrs )

Fish culture in relation to public health. Larvivorous fishes and their biology.

Core Readings


V.G.Jhingran

2. Khanna S.S.

An Introduction to Fisheries ,Central Book Depot, Allahabad.



266

SEMESTER II

ZA2V03U COURSE III CAPTURE FISHERY

36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (5 hrs )

Craft and gear-Types of fishing craft in India –Traditional and Mechanized –

Fishing gear material: Properties of fishing gear appurtenances,floats,sinkers-

description. Major fishing gears and their operation.Static gear –Gill nets,Long

line and Fish traps,Mobile gear-Drag nets-Trawl,Seine nets-Pure seine,Shore

seines.

Core Readings

1. Sreekrishna.Y. and Latha Shenoy (2001). Fishing gear and craft

technology..ICAR. New Delhi.

2. Von Brandt. Fishing gears of the world

Module 2 (4 hrs )

Commercially important orders, families, genera and species of elasmobranches

and teleost of the Indian region and their identification. Identification of

commercially important species of prawn, crab, lobster, bivalve, gastropod and

cephalopods.

Core Readings

1. FAO species identification sheets for the western Indian ocean.

2. Talwar and Kakker. Commercial sea fishes of India

3. Kurien C.V. and Sebastian.V.C.. Prawns and prawn fisheries of India

4. Munro.I.S.R. The marine and freshwater fishes of Ceylon. Narendra

Publishing House.New Delhi.

5. CMFRI. Bulletin No.14. Prawn fisheries of India.1969. 360 pages

6. CMFRI. 1974. Bulletin No,25. The Commercial mollusks of India.

7. Website: www.fishbase.org

Module 3 (4 hrs )

Inland capture fishery resources of India. Riverine fisheries. Fisheries of major

carps and catfishes.



267

Core Readings

1. Jhingran.V.G. 19910 Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing

Corporation. Delhi.

2. Handbook of Fisheries and aquaculture. Indian Council of agricultural

research. New Delhi

3. Khanna .S.S. An Introduction to fisheries. Central Book Depot, Allahabad

Module 4 (4 hrs )

Cold water fisheries resources. Fisheries of trout, mahseer and other cold water

species, Development and management

Core Readings

1. Jhingran V.G. and K.L.Sehgal. 1968. Coldwater fisheries of India


research. New Delhi.

3. 3.Jhingran.V.G. 19910 Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing

Corporation. Delhi.

Module 5 (4 hrs )

Lacustrine fisheries- Species, catches, potential and problems of development and

management.

Core Readings


Corporation. Delhi.


research. New Delhi..

Module 6 (4 hrs )

Estuarine fisheries, Fisheries of clupeids, prawns, mollusks and other important

groups. Problems confronting to brackish water fisheries and inland fisheries.

Core Readings


Corporation. Delhi.


research. New Delhi

Module 7 (2 hrs )

Marine fisheries resources of India. Historical background and recent trends.

Fisheries resources of the continental shelf.



268

Core Readings

1. CMFRI.Bulletin No. 27. (1976). Exploited marine Fishery resources of

India. A synoptic survey with comments on potential resources. 36 pages.

2. CMFRI. Status and Perspective sin Marine Fisheries Research in India.

(2007). 404 pages.

3. CMFRI. (2003). Status of exploited Marine Fishery resources of India. 308

pages

Module 8 (2 hrs )

Pelagic fishery resources of India. Fisheries of oil sardine, lesser sardine,

anchovies, mackerel, ribbon fishes.

Core Readings


pages.

2. CMFRI. (2000). Marine Fisheries Research and Management. Ed:

V.N.Pillai and N.G.Menon.

3. Bal D.V. and Rao.K.V. 1990. Marine Fisheries of India. Tata Mc Graw-Hill

Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 472 pages.

Module 9 (4hrs )

Demersal fisheries. Fisheries of elasmobranches, Bombay duck, cat fishes, silver

bellies, sciaenids, pomfrets, threadfins, threadfin breams and other perches.

Flatfishes, Prawns, Lobsters, Crabs, Mussels, Oysters and Clams.

Core Readings


pages.

2. CMFRI. (2000). Marine Fisheries Research and Management. Ed: V.N.Pillai

and N.G.Menon.

3. Bal D.V. and Rao.K.V. 1990. Marine Fisheries of India. Tata Mc Graw-Hill

Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 472 pages.


5. CMFRI Bulletin No.47. (1994). Perch Fisheries in India.

6. MPEDA. Handbook on aquafarming. Molluscs.



269

Module 10 (3hrs )

Biological aspects of fishery management, Principles of conservation, concept and

practice. Population dynamics. Concept of recruitment and yields, problems of

over fishing, MSY.

Core Readings

1. Devaraj.M. Fish population Dynamics. Course Manual. CIFE .Mumbai.

2. FAO fisheries technical paper306/1. Per Sparre and Siebren .C. Venema.

Introduction to tropical Fish Stock Assessment. Part I – Manual.

3. Bagenal. Methods for fish production in fresh waters.

4. Srivastava.C.B.L (2004). A text book of Fishery Science and Indian

Fisheries.Kitab Mahal.



270

SEMESTER II

ZA2V04U COURSE IV BIOLOGY OF FISHES 36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (3 hrs )

Need for taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, Data requirements for classification

of fishes, Methods for collection of taxonomic data, Study of external morphology

of a typical; elasmobranch and a typical teleost, Variations in form and structures

used in taxonomic studies.

Core Readings


Fisheries.Kitab Mahal,

2. Jayaram.K.C. (2002). Fundamentals of Fish Taxonomy. Narendra

Publishing House . Delhi.

3. College of Fisheries , Tuticorin.(2006). Summer School on Advanced Fish

taxonomical methods for Fisheries Professionals.

4. Lagler.K.F., Bardach.J.E. and Miller. Robert.R. Ichthyology. 506 pages.

5. Ricker.W.E. Hand book No.3. Methods for assessment of fish production in

fresh waters. International Biological Programme. Blackwell scientific

publications.

Module 2 (10hrs )

Internal anatomy of fish- Alimentary canal and associated structures. Gills, swim

bladder, accessory respiratory organs, Heart and circulatory system, cranium and

skeletal system Nervous and lateral line system, sense organs and Reproductive

system. General organization of internal organs of prawn, crab, bivalve and

cephalopod.

Core Readings

1. Karl.E.Bond. Biology of Fishes



4. Harry.M.Kyle. The biology of fishes

5. Rajiv Tyagi and Arvind. N. Shukla. Anatomy of Fishes.

6. Parihar.R.P. A textbook of Fish Biology and Indian Fisheries.


8. Barrington .E.J.W. Invertebrate structure and function.



271

Module 3 (5 hrs ) Excretion, osmotic and ionic regulation in marine and freshwater fishes.

Swimming activity.

Core Readings



Module 4 (5 hrs )

Visual behaviour, Reproductive behaviour and parental care, Social behaviour-

Aggregation and shoaling. Migration of fish- anadromous and catadromous,

Chemoreception and feeding behaviour.

Core Readings

5 William.S. Hoar and D.J.Randall. Fish Physiology. Vol II, III, and IX.

6 Nikolsky. Ecology of Fishes.

7 Norman.J.R. A History of fishes. Agro Botanical Publishers.

8 Harry M. Kyle. The biology of fishes.

9 Khanna .S.S. An Introduction to fisheries. Central Book Depot, Allahabad

Module 5 (5 hrs ) The habits of fishes. Natural food of fishes. Feeding habits in various groups of

marine and fresh water fishes inhabiting contrasting habits. Feeding habits of

prawn, crab, bivalve and cephalopod.

Core Readings

1. Norman.J.R. A History of fishes. Agro Botanical Publishers


3. CMFRI Spl. Publn. No.3. (1978). Summer Institute in Breeding and rearing

of marine prawns (129 pages)

4. CMFRI (2005) Winter School on Recent advances in Mussel and Edible

Oyster farming & Pearl Production Compiled and edited by Appukuttan

K.K.

Module 6 (8 hrs ) Growth of fishes- Absolute and relative growth, isometric growth and allometric

growth. The cube law. Methods for determination of growth checks. Length

frequency analysis. Analysis of growth using hard parts like scales, otoloiths and

vertebrae. Estimation of growth by direct methods. Marking and tagging of fish for

growth studies. Ova Diameter Frequency and Spawning Frequency.

Detemination of size at first maturity and spawning season.



272

Core Readings


6. Ed: Ricker.W.E. Hand book No.3. Methods for assessment of fish

production in fresh waters. International Biological Programme. Blackwell

scientific publications.

7. George.A. Rounsefell and W.Harry Everhart. Fishery Science. Its methods

and applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

8. Bensam.P. 1999. Development of Marine Fisheries in India. Daya

Publishing House. New Delhi.


Fisheries.Kitab Mahal,



273

SEMESTER III

ZA3V05U COURSE V FISHERIES ENVIRONMENT 36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (5 hrs )

General ecological concepts and ecology of a freshwater and brackish water ponds.

Ecological subdivisions of the sea. Concepts in productivity. Micro and macro

nutrients. Principles of limiting factor. Photosynthetic and saprophytic food chain.

Core Readings

3. Otto Kinne. Elements of ecology,

4. Sverdrup et al. The Oceans.

5. Nybakken. Marine Biology

Module 2 (10 hrs )

General introduction to aquatic environments such as lentic, lotic, Lacustrine etc.

Basic marine metereology- weather, air-sea interactions. Monsoons, seasonal

changes, circulation of water masses, Waves, Tides and sediment transportation.

Core Readings

1. Balakrishnan Nair and Thampy. Marine Ecology.

2. Laevatsu and Hayes. Fisheries oceanography

Module 3 (7 hrs )

Physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrition

etc. of aquatic environment. Phytoplankton and primary production, Zooplankton

and secondary production.

Core Readings

1. Santhanam, R., Ramanathan, N., Venketaramanujam.K and Jegatheesan G.

1987. Phytoplankton of the Indian Seas. Daya Publishing House.

2. Plaskitt.F.J.W. (1999). Microscopic Freshwater Life. Biotech Books. New

Delhi.

3. Balakrishnan Nair and Thampy. Marine Ecology.

Module 4 (4 hrs ) Aquatic microbiology: Characteristics of freshwater and marine bacteria. Ecology

of estuaries, mangroves and coastal zone.



274

Core Readings

1. Austen. Marine microbiology

2. Pelczar and Chang. Introduction to Microbiology.

3. CMFRI. (1996). Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Management. 205

pages.

Module 5 (10 hrs )

Ancillary marine resources-Sea weeds, corals. Echinoderms. Uses of sea weeds.

Aquatic pollution, man made changes, conservation and management. Soils,

sediment physicochemical features. Remote sensing techniques, application,

Sampling techniques and instruments used in marine environment studies.

Core Readings

1. CMFRI. Bulletin No. 41. (1987). Seaweed Research and Utilisation in India.

116 pages.

2. CMFRI Bulletin No, 20. (1987)The economic seaweeds of India. 82 pages.

3. CMFRI Spl. Publn. No. 59 (1994). A handbook on Indian Sea cucumbers. 47

pages.

4. CMFRI Spl. Publn. No. 57. (1994). Hatchery techniques and culture of the

sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra. 40 pages.



275

SEMESTER III

ZA3V06U COURSE VI FISH NUTRITION 36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (5 hrs )

Digestive system of fish, Digestive physiology of fish- Proteins, carbohydrates,

fats, vitamins and minerals in fish nutrition.

Core Readings

1. Lehninger. Biochemistry.

2. Sena.S.DeSilva Trevor.A.Anderson. Fish . 1995. Fish nutrition in

Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London .


4. Halver John.E. and Tiews Klaus.1979. Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed .

Berlin.

5. Das.D. Biochemistry. Academic Publishers. Calcutta.

6. Webster, Carol.D and Chhorn Lim.2002. Nutrient requirementsand

feeding of finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing.

7. Garett,R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1995). Biochemistry. Saunders

College.New York.

Module 2 (8 hrs )

Gross energy, Digestive energy, metabolizable energy. Net energy, heat

increment,Protein utilization. (Protein Efficiency Ratio, Protein conversion ratio,

Productive protein value) Crude fibre, Nitrogen free extract and Ash. Food

conversion ratio.

Core Readings


Berlin.

2. Rath.R.K. 1993. Freshwater aquaculture. Scientific Publishers.Jodhpur. 493

pages.

3. CMFRI. Proceedings of the Summer Institute in Recent Advances in

Finfish and Shellfish nutrition.

Module 3 (8 hrs ) Factors affecting digestibility, Nitrogen balance index, Food additives, Binders,

Antioxidants, Chemo-attractants and feeding stimulants, Pigments,

Antimicrobial agents and Anabolic agents. Non conventional feed stuffs.

Food growth equation. Feed ingredients of plant and animal origin.



276

Core Readings

1. Sena.S.DeSilva Trevor.A.Anderson. Fish . 1995. Fish nutrition in

Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.

2. MPEDA Handbook on Aquaculture. Fish Nutrition.


Finfish and Shellfish nutrition


Berlin.

Module 4 (5 hrs )

Feed preparation techniques. Factors affecting the energy requirement of fish.

Non nutrient constituents of the diet. Steroid hormones in fish nutrition.

Measurement of calorific value. Types of feeds (Wet Moist and Dry feeds-

advantages and disadvantages)Larval feeds- Minced diets,

Microparticulate diets, Spray dried and Microencapsulated diets.

Core Readings


Berlin.

2 MPEDA Handbook on Aquaculture. Fish Nutrition.



4. Tom Lovell. 1989. Nutrition and Feeding of fish.

Module 5 (10 hrs ) Growth promoters. Nutritional requirements of different species of cultivable carps

at different stages of life histories. Principle of feed formulation. Different systems

of fish feeding. Proximate composition of different feeds, Feed mills. Economics

of feed preparation.

Core Readings



2. Halver John.E. and Tiews Klaus.1979. Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed. Berlin.

3. Tom Lovell. 1989. Nutrition and Feeding of fish.

4. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 343. Farm made Aquafeeds. Ed:

Michael.B.New, Albert.G.J.Tacon, and Imre Csavas.



277

SEMESTER IV

ZA4V07U COURSE VII REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND

ENDOCRINOLOGY 36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (6 hrs )

Reproductive systems and sexual dimorphism in fish, crab and prawn. Types of

reproduction- Viviparity, ovoviviparity, oviparity. Maturity and maturity stages-

classification. Hermaphroditism- sex reversal and sex determination in fishes.

Core Readings

1. William.S. Hoar and D.J.Randall. Fish Physiology. Vol II, III, and IX.

2. Karl.E.Bond. The biology of fishes.


4. Kotpal.R.L Modern Textbook of Zoology. Invertebrates. Rastogi

Publications.

5. Proceedings of the symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish,

Wageningen, The Netherlands.2-6 August.

6. Adiyodi.K.G. and Rita. G. adiyodi. Reproductive biology of Invertebrates.

Module 2 (6 hrs )

Neurosecretary and endocrine systems in fin fishes- neuroendocrine control of

reproduction, organisation and structure. Hypothalamus and pituitary in fishes-

control of gonadal maturation-gonadotropin releasing hormones, gonadotropin and

sex steroids.

Core Readings


2. Matty .A.J. Fish endocrinology.

3. Turner, Daniel.C. and Bagnara, Joseph.T.General Endocrinology.

4. Yadav.B.N. Fish endocrinology.

5. William.S.Hoar. General and Comparative Physiology.

6. Ed: Tucker. Channel catfish culture. Elsevier Publications.

Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology. John M.Grizzle.



278

Module 3 (6 hrs )

Neuroendocrine systems in crustaceans and control of reproduction. Sinus gland

complex and X- organs. Pericardial and Post-commisural organs.Y- organs-

androgenic gland. Mandibular organs- Hormones produced by Sinus gland-Role

of endocrine glands- Hormonal control of molting and reproduction. Parasitic

castration

Core Readings

1. Averett. S, Tombers. An introduction to Invertebrate endocrinology.

2. Kenneth.C. Highnam and Leonard Hill. The comparative endocrinology of

Invertebrates.

3. Ed: Talbot. H. Waterman. The Physilogy of crustacea.

Vol. I. Metabolism and growth

Vol II. Sense organs, Integration and Behaviour.

Module 4 (10 hrs )

Principles of induced maturation and spawning-Environmental control of

reproduction-Levels of control in induced breeding and maturation. Use of

hormones and hormone analogues(methods of hormonal administration).

HYPHOPHYSATION-ANAESTHETICS-OVAPRIM-LINPE METHOD-Eyestalk

ablation its principle and application in crustacean hatcheries. Use of hormones or

producing monosex population and sex reversal-cryopreservation of gametes.

Core Readings

1. Harvey and Hoar. Induced Breeding in Fish: Theory and Practice.

2. NBFGR Bulletin No.1. (1986). Genetic improvement of fish stock and

resource conservation.

3. Chondar.S.L. Hypophysation of Indian major carps.

4. Indian National Science Academy. Delhi. Symposium on hormonal

steroidsin fish (1978)

5. Ed: Sinha.V.R.P. Aquaculture Productivity. Use of hormones for sex

manipulation and growth promotion in cultivable fishes. Varghese.T.J.,

Basavaraja.N, Nandeesha.M.C., Kesavanath,P., and Shetty.H.P.C.

6. Ed: James F.Muir and Ronald. J.Roberts. Recent advances in Aquaculture.

Vol. .IV. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

7. Advance in Marine Biology. Vol 29,

8. CIBA bulletin No.10.

9. Jamieson. Fish Evolution and Systematics. Evidence from Spermatozoa

Chapter 19- Principles of Biological cryopreservation.



279

Chapter 20- Live preservation of fish gametes.

Module 5 (8 hrs )

Embryonic and early development-Types of egg and larvae- metamorphosis of

larvae, larval life and feeding habits.

Core Readings





280

SEMESTER IV

ZA4V08U COURSE VIII MICROBIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

36hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (6 hrs )

Post harvesting techniques-sorting, grading, processing, packing, storing and

marketing.

Core Readings

1. Sreenivasa Gopal. Food Packaging Technology.

Module 2 (8 hrs )

Biochemical composition of fish, spoilage of fish-post mortem changes and rigor

mortis-Enzymatic, microbial, rancidity. Indices of spoilage-organoleptic, chemical

and microbial.

Core Readings


Fisheries.Kitab Mahal.



2. Govindan T.K. Fish Processing Technology. Oxford and IBH Publishing

Company. 252 pages.

3. Gopakumar.K. (Eds:). Text book of Fish Processing Technology.

ICAR.New Delhi.

Module 3 (6 hrs ) Preservation of fish – Freezing, canning and curing-principle and techniques.

Core Readings

1. Govindan T.K. Fish Processing Technology. Oxford and IBH Publishing

Company. 252 pages.


ICAR.New Delhi.



281

Module 4 (8hrs )

Bacteriology-Important bacteria in spoilage, important bacteria of sanitary

significance-staphylococcus, E-coli, Vibrio cholorae, salmonella. Sterilization

techniques, preparation of different culture media, estimation of total plate count,

staining techniques.

Core Readings

1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinate Bacteriology. 2. Austen. Marine microbiology

Pelczar and Chang. Introduction to Microbiology.

Module 5 (6 hrs )

Diseases of fin fish and shrimp-microbial, viral, fungal, parasitic, protozoan and

nutritional diseases and remedial measures.

Core Readings

1. Sinderman.C.J. Principal diseases of marine fish and shellfish.

2. Sneisko,S.F. and Herbert.R.Axelrod. (1971). Diseases of Fishes.

T.F.H.Publications

Ronald J. Roberts. (1978).Fish Pathology. Cassell Ltd. London.

Module 6 (2 hrs )

Hazard analysis and critical control points in seafood industry.

Core Readings


ICAR.New Delhi.



282

SEMESTER I

AQUACULTURE PRACTICALS

ZA1V02U (P) PRINCIPLES AND METHODS IN AQUACULTURE,

HATCHERY AND CULTURE TECHNIQUES

36 Hrs

Credit 1

1. Identification and major biological characteristics of cultivable organisms

2. Study of common weed and predatory fishes in aquaculture ponds

3. Study of aquatic insects and aquatic weeds.

4. Gut content analysis of herbivorous and carnivorous fishes for evaluating

the food and feeding habits.

5 Identification of different larval stages and hatchery operations of prawn

6 Setting up and keeping of aquariums

7 Visit to carp and prawn hatcheries.

SEMESTER II

ZA2V04U (P) PRACTICAL – II CAPTURE FISHERY & BIOLOGY

OF FISHES 36 Hrs

Credit 1 1. Identification of commercially important fishes, crustaceans and molluscs.

2. Fish- Study of external morphology, scales and alimentary canal.

3. Dissecting and identification of internal organs of a fish and Dissection of

fish otoliths.

4. Prawn- Study of external morphology, digestive system and nervous system

5. Gill structure- Herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous fishes.

6. Gill structure of a prawn - Dissection

7. Molluscs- Study of morphology, and Dissection of Gills

8. Rate of oxygen consumption in relation to body weight of a fish or

prawn

9 Visit to marine landing centre.



283

SEMESTER III

ZA3V05U(P) PRACTICAL – III FISHERIES ENVIRONMENT

54 Hrs

Credit 2

1. Determination of salinity, dissolved oxygen, primary productivity,

PH, total alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia.

2. Determination of soil pH, organic matter

3. Study of common fresh water, brackish water and marine

phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos

4. Quantitative evaluation of phytoplankton and zooplankton in

culture ponds

5. Calculation of lime requirement

6. Identification of the common Ancillary Marine Resources – Corals,

Sea cucumber and Sea weeds

7. Equipments and Instruments used for the collection of

Environmental Data – Plankton samplers and Counters including

haemocytometer, Digital pH meter, Salinometer,

Spectrophotometer, Colorimeter etc.

8. Study of Ecological sub-divisions of the sea, Principles of Remote

sensing and software used (Wikimapia.org)



284

SEMESTER III

ZA3V06U (P) PRACTICAL – IV FISH NUTRITION

54 Hrs

Credit 2

1. Analysis of organic manure for determining organic matter.

2. Comparative study of Digestive system of Herbivorous (Mullet) and

Carnivorous (Saurida sp) fishes

3. Estimation of proteins and Polysaccharides

4. Formulation of artificial feed for aquarium fishes and prawns with

locally available ingredients.

5. Study of identification feed ingredients of plant origin and animal

origin (oil cakes and meals eg: Groundnut oil cake, coconut oil

cake, Mustard oil cake, Fish meal, Crustacean meals, Molluscan

meals, Blood meal etc)

6. Use of Pearson’s square method in balancing feed Ingredients.

7. Study of equipments used in feed preparation (Oven, Pelletiser,

Feed Press and Die Plate, Extruders etc.)

8. Study of non-conventional feed stuffs eg. Spirulina etc. and Feed

Additives (Binders, Antibiotics etc)



285

SEMESTER IV

ZA4V07U(P) PRACTICAL – V REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

AND ENCOCRINOLOGY

54 Hrs

Credit 2

1. Dissection of reproductive organs of Teleost fish.

2. Dissection of reproductive organs of Prawn and Crab.

3. Eyestalk ablation technique and electrocautery

apparatus(Demonstration)

4. Methods of hormone injection in fish.

5. Observation of larval and embryonic stages in fish egg

development.

6. Estimation of maturity stages and fecundity in fish

7. Neuroendocrine organs in fishes and prawns

8. Equipments used in cryopreservation (Cryocan, French straws etc)



286

SEMESTER IV

ZA4V08U(P) PRACTICAL – VI MICROBIOLOGY , PATHOLOGY

AND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

54 Hrs

Credit 2

1. Sterilisation techniques, preparation of culture media (TGBE and

Nutrient Agar Media), nutrient agar slants, staining

techniques.(Gram staining)

2. Determination of total plate count

3. Types of bacterial colonies

4. Instruments used in bacteriological Studies (Inoculation chamber,

Autoclave, Colony counter etc.)

5. Examination of internal and external organs of diseased fish and

shell fishes.

6. Identification of parasites in fishes and shell fishes.

7. Materials used in fish processing and packaging (Cans, Retortable

pouches etc.)


A.J Matty Fish Endocrinology

Advances in harvest technology- ICAR Winter School 2003, Fishing technology

division, CIFT, Cochin.

Artificial reefs and sea farming technologies. CMFRI Bull No. 48.

Bal and Rao, Marine fisheries.

Bardach, Rhyther & Mclarney : Aquaculture

Benegal, Methods of fish production in fresh waters.

Beveridge, M.C.M. (1987) Cage aquaculture. Fishing news.

Biswas, k. P. (1992). Prevention and control of fish and prawn diseases, Daya

publishing House, Delhi.

Carl, J. Sinderman (1997), Disease diagnosis and control in North America,

Aquaculture scientific publication, New York.



287

Chemistry and biochemistry of marine food products, Roy E. Martin AVI Publ.

Co. West Port.

Chen, T.P. (1976). Aquaculture Practices in Taiwan.

CMFRI- Statistics of marine landings in India.

CMFRI-The commercial molluscs of India.

Collin E. Purdom (1993). Genetics and fish breeding. Chapman and Hall.

Cowey, c.B. et al. (eds.) 1985. Nutrition and feeding in fishes, Academic Press I

Das, D (20W), Biochemistry, Academic Publishers, Calcutta

Das, P. and Jhingran, A.G. (Eds.). Fish Genetics in India.

Development of marine fisheries in India-P. Bensam 1999. Daya publishing

house, New Delhi.

E.J.W Barrington, Invertibrate structure and function.

Ed. T.V.R. Pillai: Advances in Aquaculture

Ed. T.V.R. Pillai: Coastal Aquaculture in the Indo Pacific.

Farber Jeffery, M. and Todd ewen C.D; Safe Handling of foods. New York Ma

dekker, 2000. 552 pp.

Farm made aquafeeds, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 343.

Garrett, R.H., and Grisham, C, M. (1995). Biochemistry. Saunders College New

York.

Gopakumar, K. Text of fish processing technology, New Delhi, ICAR, 2002.

Gopakumar, K. Tropical fishery products, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. New

Delhi.

Gopakumar. K. Fish packing technology Concept Pub. Co., New Delhi.

Gulland, J. A. Manual of sampling and statistical methods for fisheries. Biology

Part I Sampling methods, FAO.

Haard, Norman, F and Simpson, Benjamine, K; Seafood enzymes. New York

Madekker, 2000.

Halver John, E and Tiews Klaus, 1979. Finfish Nutrition and fish feed, Berlin.

Harvey & Hoar, Induced breeding in fish-Theory and practice.

Highnam & Hill, Comparitive Endocrinology of invertebrate.



288

Jeremiah Lester, E. Freezing effects on food quality, Marcel Dekker, New York,

1996.

Jinghran, V.C. Fish and fisheries of India.

Khanna, S.S (1993), Fish and fisheries, Daya publications house, Delhi.

Kurian C.V. and Sebastian V.C.: Prawn and prawn fisheries of India.

Manual on Pearl culture technique: CMFRI, Special publication No.20-1984.

Menon N.G. and Pillai, P.P. (Eds.) (2001). Prespectives in mariculture. The

Marine Biological Association of India Publication.

Modern fishing gear technology M. Shahul hameed and Boopendranath, M.R

(2000) Daya publishing house, New Delhi.

MPEDA Hand Book on aqua farming. Indian lobsters.

MPEDA Hand Book on aqua farming. Sea fishes

MPEDA Hand Book on aqua farming. Seaweed, sea urchin and sea cucumber.

Munro, Marine and Freshwater fishes of Ceylon.

Pillai, T.V.R. (1998). Aquaculture Principles and practices. Fishing news book.

Pillai, T.V.R. Aquaculture development progress and prospects.

Pillai, T.V.R. Aquaculture principles and practices.

Plummer, D.T. (1982). An introduction to practical Biochemistry, Tata Mc Grill

Company, New Delhi.

Prawn farming in Kerala: C.M.F.I. Special publication No. 21-1984.

Roberts, R.J. Fish pathology.

Robertson, G.L. Food packaging, New York, Marcel Dekker, VII.

Ronald J. Roberts (1978) Fish pathology. Cassell Ltd., London.

S.L. Chondar, Hypophysation of Indian major Carp.

Saigal and Jinghran, Cold water fisheries of India

Sandhu, G.S (1990); Research techniques in biological Sciences. Anmol

Publishing hose, Delhi

Santosh kumar and Manju Tembhre, (1996), Anatomy and physiology Publishing

house.

Sindermann, C.J. Principal diseases of marine fish and shell fish.

Singh, R.P. (1990) Introductory biotechnology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.



289

Snahotra, M.K Shrimp feed formulation and feed management, CMFRI Spl. Pub

lications.

Sneisko, S.F. and Herbert R. Axelrod (1971). Diseases of Fishes, T.F.H.

publications.

Srivastava, C.B.L. (1985), A text Book of Fishery Science India mahal, 22,

sarojini naidu Mary

Status of research in marine fisheries and mariculture, CMFRI Spl. Publ. No. 67.

Strayer, L. (1995) Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman Co., New York.

Summer Institute in Breeding and rearing of Marine Prawns: C.I.F.R.I Special

publication. No. 3-1978.

Talwar, P.S. K and R.K. Kakkar (1984) Commercial sea fishes of India

Thomas P.C. (Ed.0 (1998) Shrimp seed production and farming. Cosmo

Publication.

Transportation of live fin fishes and shell fishes, CMFRI Spl. Publ. No.66.

Turner & Bagnara, General Endocrinology.

Verreth, J. Fish larval nutrition. Chapman and Hall, Pub.

Water quality management in aquaculture, CMFRI Spl. Publ. No. 22.



290

VOCATIONAL SUBJECT FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

SEMESTER I

ZF1V01U COURSE I – GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

36 Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (7 hrs )

The historical development of microbiology, classification of micro

organisms – Two types of cellular organization – Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic,

Principles of microbial taxonomy, classification of bacteria according to Bergy’s

manual, classification based on molecular techniques.

Core Readings

Ananthanarayan & Panicker. Text book of Microbiology, 2006. 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.

Microbiology, 5th Edition, M.J. Pelczar, E.C.S Chan & N.R. Kreig, 2002 Tata

McGraw Hill Edition.

Module 2 (5 hrs )

Sterilization & disinfection – Definition, different methods of

sterilization, physical & chemical methods. Sterilization by moist and dry heat, by

filtration, by irradiation. Culture of micro organisms – Types of media, culture

techniques.

Core Readings


Longman.



Module 3 (5 hrs )

Morphology and fine structure of bacteria, size, shape and arrangements.

Flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall and its composition. Cytoplasmic membrane,

protoplasts, spheroplasts, intracellular membrane systems, cytoplasm, vacuoles,

nuclear material, Bacterial spores, cell inclusions.



291

Core Readings

Ananthanarayan & Panicker’s text book of Microbiology, 2006. 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.



Module 4 (5 hrs )

Study of morphology of bacteria – Bacterial staining – simple staining,

gram’s staining, acid fast staining, capsule staining, flagella staining, spore

staining, negative staining – Indian ink staining. Measurement of microbial size

and numbers.

Core Readings

Ananthanarayan & Panicker’s text book of Microbiology, 2006. 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.



Module 5 (3 hrs )

Bacterial growth (eg: E.coli). Modes of cell division, new cell

formation,Factors affecting microbial growth nutritional requirements and

nutritional grouping of microbes. Bacterial growth curve. Cultivation of bacteria.

Culture media and methods, Anaerobic methods

Core Readings


Longman.



Module 6 (6 hrs )

Bacterial genetics – Transformation, Transduction and conjugation. Extra

chromosomal genetic material, plasmids, cosmids, transposons, insertion

sequences, overlapping genes, silent genes, exon and intron, evolutionary



292

significance of silent gene, ribonuleoprotein, genetic recombination and its

prospects, basics of recombinant RNA and recombinal DNA technology. (Brief

account only)

Core Readings


Longman.

Microbiology, 5th Edition, M.J. Pelczar, E.C.S Chan & N.R. Kreig, 2002 Tata McGraw

Hill Edition.


Ananthanarayan & Paniker Text book of Microbiology, 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.

Essentials of Microbiology by Purohit & Singh.

Fundamentals of microbiology, 5th Edition, Alcamo.

Fundamentals of microbiology, 6th Edition, Frobisher, W.B. Saunders Company.

General Microbiology – Vol –II, Powar & Daginawala, Himalaya Publishing

House.

Manual of Microbiology, Tools and Techniques by Kanika Sharma.

Microbiology, 1st Edition, R.P. Singh, Kalyani Publishers.



Microbiology, 6th Edition, Prescott, Harley, Klein, International Edition.



293

SEMESTER I

ZF1V02U COURSE II – BIOINSTRUMENTATION

36 Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (7 hrs )

Microscopy: - light microcopy, bright field, Dark field, phase contrast

microscopy, fluorescence, transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

Specimen preparation for light and electron microscopy.

Core Readings

Benson,Microbiological application laboratory manual in general microbiology, 8th

Edition, McGraw Hill Publication.

Kanika Sharma,Manual of Microbiology, Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Ane

Books Pvt. Ltd.

Upadhyay, Upadhyay, Nath, Biophysical Chemistry Principles & techniques, 4th

revised Edition 2007, Himalaya Publishing House.

Module 2 (4 hrs )

pH meter – different methods of pH measurements. Colorimetry,

spectrophotometry (UV, visible and infrared) – Principle, instrumentation and

application.

Core Readings




Books Pvt. Ltd.



Module 3 (15 hrs )

Centrifugation – Principle, instrumentation, methods and types of

centrifugation, application biological science.



294

Core Readings




Books Pvt. Ltd.



Module 4 (10 hrs )

Basic idea of biological safety cabinets, laminar air flow, incubator,

colony counter, micrometer, autoclave, hot air oven.

Core Readings




Books Pvt. Ltd.




Beacker & Deamer The World of cell.

Benson,Microbiological application laboratory manual in general

microbiology, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Publication.

Harley Klein. Microbiology, 6th Edition by Prescott,

Kanika Sharma,Manual of Microbiology, Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition,

Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

M.J. Pelczar,Microbiology, 5th Edition, E.C.S. Chan and N.R. Kreig, McGraw

Hill Publications.

Rodney Boyer Modern experimental biochemistry, 3rd Edition, , Pearson

education.

Upadhyay, Upadhyay, Nath, Biophysical Chemistry Principles & techniques,

4th revised Edition 2007, Himalaya Publishing House.



295

SEMESTER II

ZF2V03U COURSE III: GENERAL METHODOLOGY

36 Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (10 hrs )

Chromatography techniques: Paper chromatography, thin layer

chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, affinity

chromatography, gel filtration.

Core Readings


Books Pvt. Ltd.

Kllittaker.Fermentation technology

Module 2 (10 hrs )

Electrophoresis: Principle & applications. Types of Electrophoresis:

1. Free electrophoresis – moving boundary electrophoresis. 2. Zone

electrophoresis – paper or gel. Immuno electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing.

Core Readings


Books Pvt. Ltd.


Module 3 (10 hrs )

Fermentation techniques: Factors involved in Fermenter design,

differences between biochemical reactions, rate process, operational consideration,

local conditions within a Fermenter. Fermenter configurations, the batch

Fermenter, continuous stirred tank Fermenter, the tubular Fermenter, the fluidized

bed Fermenter, solid state Fermenter.



296

Core Readings


Books Pvt. Ltd.


Module 4 (6 hrs )

Introduction to tracer techniques: Fluorescent tracer, Isotope, ELISA.

Core Readings


Books Pvt. Ltd.



A.H. Patel.Industrial Microbiology

Jayaram Pamilees & Ananthanarayan, Microbiology,.

Kanika Sharma Manual of Microbiology, Tools & Techniques


Swaroop Pathalc & Arora Laboratory in Biology

Welson & Goulding Tools & Techniques in Biology



297

SEMESTER II

ZF2V04U COURSE IV ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL

MICROBIOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 2

MODULE 1 10Hrs

Microorganisms in soil, Factors affecting soil microflaura, biological

interrelationship of microorganisms: mutalism, synergism (protocooperation)

commensalisms, Amensalism, Parasitism, Predation. Interaction of microbes with

plants (mycorrhizae : Ectomycorrhizae and vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhizae).

Core Readings

Pekzar E.C.S.Chan and Noel .R.Krieg Microbiology, Fifth edition, Michael.; Tata

Mc Graw-Hill publishing company Ltd.

Philip.L.Carpenter, Microbiology, Second Edition, W.B.Saunders company.

MODULE 2 10 Hrs

Sewage (waste water)treatment: Bacteriological examination of drinking water.

Purification and disinfection of water. Sewage microorganism, BOD and COD,

primary treatment, secondary treatment(Oxidation Pond Trickling Filter, the

Activated sludge, Anaerobic digesters),Tertiary treatment.

Core Readings




MODULE 3 10 Hrs

Role of microorganisms in Agriculture: Biofertilizer (Bacterial, Algae,

Mycorrhizae), Biopesticides (Bacterial, viral, fungal). Common bacterial, fungal

and viral plant diseases

Core Readings






298

MODULE 4 6 Hrs

Biodegradation :Definition ,Role of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles.

Carbon and nitrogen cycles, bacterial nitrogen fixation. Brief account on

biodegradation of natural organic compound, plastics, pesticides and petroleum

pollutants.

Core Readings








R.C.Dubey and D.K.Maheshwari, A Text book of microbiology, First Edition, S.

Chand & company Ltd.

R.P Singh,Microbiology, First edition 2005 by Kalayani publishers.



299

SEMESTER III

ZF3V05U COURSE V – DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY 36 hours

Credits 2

Module 1 10 hrs

Introduction, composition and properties of milk, Nutritional importance of milk.

Milk processing sequences. Source of micro organism in milk. Classification of

micro organism in milk – biochemical types, temperature, characteristics and

pathogenicity.

Core Readings

W.C. Frasier & Westhoff , Food Microbiology,

Shakuntala N, Manay, M. Shadaksharaswamy, Food facts and Principles 2nd ed.

New Age International publishers

Module 2 10 hrs

Bacteriological examination of milk. Preservation of milk – pasteurization ,

different methods and advantages, sterilization, dehydration, Bacteriological

standards and grading of milk

Core Readings




Module 3 30 hrs

Type of milk and milk products: whole milk, low fat milk, skim milk, vitamin D

milk, ultra high temperature processed milk, low sodium milk, homogenized milk,

toned milk, concentrated milk, sweetened condensed milk evaporated milk, dry

milk, low lactose milk, Kefis and Kumiss , fermented milks – lahior curd, cream

butter milk, lassie, butter , ghee, chees, yoghurt, frozen disserts, contamination ,

spoilage and preservation . Lactic starter cultures

Core Readings




300



Module 4 6hrs

Milk borne disease, microbial diseases of dairy cattle and its control measures.

Core Readings






James M. Jay , Modern food microbiology, 4th ed.



Marion Bennion, Introductory foods, 10th edition,.

Winton and Winton , Milk and Milk Products

Norman N, Potter, Joseph H Hotchkis, Food Science, 5th ed.

Ahmed, M,.N., Food Science an d Nutrition

Sivasankar B., Food Processing and Preservation

Subha Lakshmi and Sobha , A. Udipi, Food Processing and Preservation

Blank F.C., Hand book of food nutrition



301

SEMESTER III

ZF3V06U COURSE VI FOOD MICROBIOLOGY - MICROBIOLOGY

OF

SPOILAGE OF FOOD, METHODS OF FOOD

PRESERVATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL

EXAMINATION OF FOOD

36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 6 hrs

Food as a substrate for microorganisms. Types of food. Important parameters of

food that affect their microbiology – hydrogen ion concentration (pH) , water

activity, oxidation reduction potential, nutrient content, inhibitory substances and

biological structure.

Core Readings

M.R. Adams, M.O. Moss, Food Microbiology

W.C. Frazier and Westhoff, . Food Microbiology

Module 2 10 hrs

Microorganisms - important in food microbiology, Bacterial – morphological ,

cultural and physiological characteristics important in food bacteriology, Important

groups of bacteria associated with various foods. Moulds and yeast associated

with different foods. Source of contamination of food – from green plants and

fruits, animals, soil , air, sewage, water and during handling and processing.

Core Readings



Module 3 7 hrs

General principles underlying spoilage of food; Chemical changes caused by

microorganisms: Causes of spoilage, classification of food by case of spoilage:

factors affecting kinds and number of growth of microorganisms



302

Core Readings



Module 4 7 hrs

Principles of food preservation, Asepsis, removal of microorganism, maintenance

of anaerobic conditions, preservation by the use of high temperature, low

temperature, drying, food additives and irradiation.

Core Readings



Module 5 6 hrs

Methods for the microbiological examination of foods: indicator organisms, direct

examination , culture techniques, Enumeration methods – plate counts, most

probable number counts: dye reduction test. Rapid methods for the detection of

specific organism and toxins – immunological methods

Core Readings





303

SEMESTER IV

ZF4V07U COURSE VII – FOOD MICROBIOLOGY -

MICROBIOLOGY OF CEREALS , BEVERAGES , EGG, MEAT

AND FERMENTED FOOD 36hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 12 hrs

Microbiology of cereal grains, flours, bread , cakes and other bakery products,

bottled beverages , wines, fruits, and vegetables spices & other condiments.

Core Readings

M.R. Adams, M.O. Moss, Food microbiology, New Age International (P) Ltd.

Publishers

Prescott, Harleg, Klein, Microbiology, 7th ed. Mac Graw Hill International

edition.

Module 2 12 hrs

Microbiology of egg, meat and meat products. Contamination, preservation and

spoilage of egg, meats, of different origin, fish and prawns

Core Readings


Publishers


edition.

Module 3 12 hrs

Fermented foods: oriental fermented foods, fermented vegetables – sauerkraut and

Kinchi, Olives, cucumbers, fermented meat and fish. Bread, wine and malt

beverages, single cell protein, food and folder yeast, algae as food. Mushroom

production food borne diseases - food infection and intoxication. Microbiology

of food plant sanitation – Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP)

Microbiological criteria for food.



304

Core Readings


Publishers


edition.



Publishers

James M. Jay, Modern food microbiology, Van Nostand Reinhold Company


edition.



305

SEMESTER IV

ZF4V08U COURSE VIII – INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (12 hrs)

General introduction, historical developments of industrial microbiology, scope of

indusial microbiology , discovery of the microbial world, experiments of Pasteur,

Era of discovery of antibiotics, the discovery of anaerobic life. Industrial

fermentation, Submerged and solid fermentation, Fermentors fermenter design,

Sterilization, process control.

Core Readings

A.H. Patel, Industrial microbiology, Mac Millan India Ltd.

L.E. Cesida, Industrial Microbiology, New Age International Publishers.

Module 2 (12 hrs)

Biological and bio chemical fundamental. Microorganism and biotechnology.

Properties of a useful industrial microorganism. Primary and secondary

metabolites. Culture preservation and stability . Preservation of microbes – serial

subculture, preservation by overlying culture with mineral oil, lypohilization,

storage of microbes at a very low temperature or in liquid nitrogen. Methods for

the storage of fungi. Screening of microbes for industrial use.

Core Readings


L.E. Cesida, Industrial Microbiology, New Age International Publishers

Module 3 (12 hrs)

Production of organic acids; acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, gibberlllic acid,

oxalic acid. Production of amino acids: lysine and glutamic acid , production of



306

enzymes: porteases and amylases. Production of antibiotics: Penicillin,

Streptomycin, Production of vitamins, Vitamin B12 & riboflavin, Production of

fuels: ethanol and methane.

Core Readings


L.E. Cesida, Industrial Microbiology, New Age International Publishers



L.E. Cesida, Industrial Microbiology, New Age International Publishers.

T. Madigan & John M. Martinko Brock Biology of Microorganism,

International edition.

Jeffrey C. Pommerville, Aeamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology, 7th edition,

Jones & Bartlett Publishers

Prescott, Harley & Klein Microbiology, 7th edition, Mac Graw Hill

International edition.



307

SEMESTER I

ZF1V02U (P) PRACTICAL I GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY &

BIOINSTRUMENTATION

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Cleaning and sterilization of glassware, Autoclave, hot air oven, incubator

and Laminar air flow bench.

2. Preparation of Solid and liquid media for microbial cultures.

a. Liquid media (1) peptone water/Glucose broth (2) Nutrient broth

b. Solid media (1) Nutrient agar (2) Mac Conkey’s agar (3) Blood

agar

(4) Chocolate agar

c. Semi Solid agar (d) Firm agar (e) Biphasic media

3. Culture methods (a) streak culture (b) Lawn culture

(c) Stab culture

(d) pour plate culture (e) Liquid culture.

1. Demonstration of selective and differential media

2. Isolation of pure colonies (a) streak plate method (b) pour plate method

(c) subculturing (picking off) technique (d) Broth cultures.

6Calibration of an ocular micrometer for different objectives of a microscope.

Measurement of microorganisms by the use of an ocular micrometer.

7 Bacterial Staining Method (a)Simple Staining (b)Gram’s staining



308

(c) Acid-fast staining (d) capsule staining (e) flagella staining (f) spore

staining (g) Negative staining –Indian ink preparation.

8 Examination of microbes in Living condition

(a) wet mount (b) Hanging drop method for demonstrating motility of

bacteria

9 Instrumentation and working principle

(a) pH meter (b) colorimeter (c) Laminar air flow Bench (d) Autoclave

(e) Hot air oven (f) Colony counter.



309

SEMESTER II

ZF2V04U(P) - PRACTICAL II GENERAL METHODOLOGY,

ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL

MICROBIOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Introduction to chromatographic techniques.

2. Paper chromatographic separation of aminoacids.

Paper chromatographic separation of carbohydrates.

3. pH measurement of culture media.

4. Measurement of bacterial growth by optical density method.

5. Biofermentor, its parts and function.

6. Isolation and enumeration of bacteria from soil.

Isolation and enumeration of fungi from soil.

7. Enumeration of micro organisms in air by open plate method.

8. Standard plate count count technique for the isolation and enumeration of

microorganisms in water.

9 Basic idea about (a) Trickling filter (b) membrance filter system

(c)Anaerobic sludge digester



310

SEMESTER III

ZF3V05U(P) PRACTICAL-III DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY

54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Qualitative analysis of milk by standard plate count method

2. Quality testing of milk by rezazurin test

3. Methylene blue reduction test for microbial contamination of milk.

4. Litmus milk reaction

5. Detection of mastitis through milk test

SEMESTER III

ZF3V06U(P) PRACTICAL- IV FOOD MICROBIOLOGY -

MICROBIOLOGY OF SPOILAGE OF FOOD, METHODS OF FOOD

PRESERVATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF

FOOD 54hrs

Credit 2

1. Isolation of Lactobacilli and Staphylococcus from curd

2. Enumeration of bacterial from spoiled food.

3. Enumeration of fungi from spoiled food

4. Isolation and identification of bacteria from spoiled food samples

(vegetables, meat, fish) Biochemical tests for microbes used for

identification. Fermentation of carbohydrates IMV i C test , Urease

catalase and oxidase test

SEMESTER IV

ZF4V07U(P) PRACTICAL V – FOOD MICROBIOLOGY -

MICROBIOLOGY OF CEREALS , BEVERAGES , EGG, MEAT

AND FERMENTED FOOD 54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Isolation and identification of fungi from spoiled food samples (vegetables,

meat, fish)

2. Isolation of Aspergillus flavus from spoiled food

3. Inhibitory effect of low temperature on microbial growth



311

SEMESTER IV

ZF4V08U(P) PRACTICAL VI– INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Determination of fermentation by using yeast

2. Wine production

3. Cultivation of edible mushrooms

4. Isolation and maintenance of industrially important microbes from

soil/environment (a) bacteria, (b) algae (c) bacteriophage (d) Fungi


A.H.Patel Industrial Microbiology , Macmillan India.

A.H.Patel.Industrial Biotechnology

Ananthanarayan & Jayaram Panicker Text book of Microbiology.

H.A.Moddy Environment Microbiology

J.R.Norriz, D.J Road, A.K.Varma Methods in Microbiology – Vol.XXIV by

K. R.Aneja Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology by.

New age international publishers.

Monica Cheesbrough, Medical Laboratory manual for Tropical Countries

Microbiology – Vol.I & II ELEBS.

R.C Dubey & D.K.Maheshwari A text book of microbiology, S.Chand &

Company Ltd.

R.C.Dubey, D.K.Maheshwari, Practical microbiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd.

R.Cruickshank et al.Medical Microbiology

Swaroop, Pathak and Arora Laboratory Techniques in Biology

Welson and Goulding Tools and Techniques in Biology



312

VOCATIONAL SUBJECT MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

SEMESTER I

ZM1V01U COURSE I – GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

36 Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (7 hrs )

The historical development of microbiology, classification of micro

organisms – Two types of cellular organization – Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic,

Principles of microbial taxonomy,Classification of bacteria according to Bergy’s

manual, classification based on molecular techniques.

Core Readings

Ananthanarayan & Panicker.Text book of Microbiology, 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.

Microbiology, 5th Edition, M.J. Pelczar, E.C.S Chan & N.R. Kreig, Tata McGraw

Hill Edition.

Module 2 (5 hrs )

Sterilization and disinfection – Definition, different methods of

sterilization, physical & chemical methods. Sterilization by moist and dry heat, by

filtration, by irradiation. Culture of micro organisms – Types of media, culture

techniques.

Core Readings

Ananthanarayan & Panicker’s text book of Microbiology, 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.


Hill Edition.

Module 3 (10 hrs )

Morphology and fine structure of bacteria, size, shape and arrangements.

Flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall and its composition. Cytoplasmic membrane,

protoplasts, spheroplasts, intracellular membrane systems, cytoplasm, vacuoles,

nuclear material, bacterial spores, cell inclusions.



313

Core Readings


Longman.


Hill Edition.

Module 4 (5 hrs )

Study of morphology of bacteria – Bacterial staining – simple staining,

gram’s staining, acid fast staining, capsule staining, flagella staining, spore

staining, negative staining – Indian ink staining. Measurement of microbial size

and numbers.

Core Readings

Ananthanarayan & Paniker. Text book of Microbiology, 7th Edition, Orient

Longman.


Hill Edition.

Module 5 (3 hrs )

Bacterial growth (eg: E.coli). Modes of cell division, new cell

formation.Factors influencing microbial growth. Nutritional requirements and

nutritional grouping of microbes. Bacterial growth curve. Cultivation of Bacteria.

Culture Media and methods. Anaerobic culture methods

Core Readings


Longman.


Hill Edition.

Module 6 (6 hrs )

Bacterial genetics – Transformation , Transduction and conjugation.

Extrachromosomal genetic material, plasmids, cosmids, transposons, insertion

sequences, overlapping genes, silent genes, exon and intron, evolutionary



314

significance of silent gene, ribonuleoprotein, genetic recombination and its

prospects, basics of recombinant RNA and recombinal DNA technology. (Brief

account only)

Core Readings


Longman.


Hill Edition.



Longman.

Essentials of Microbiology by Purohit & Singh.

Fundamentals of microbiology, 5th Edition, Alcamo.

Fundamentals of microbiology, 6th Edition, Frobisher, W.B. Saunders Company.

General Microbiology – Vol –II, Powar & Daginawala, Himalaya Publishing

House.

Manual of Microbiology, Tools and Techniques by Kanika Sharma.

Microbiology, 1st Edition, R.P. Singh, Kalyani Publishers.


Hill Edition.

Microbiology, 6th Edition, Prescott, Harley, Klein, International Edition.



315

SEMESTER I

ZM1V02U COURSE II – BIOINSTRUMENTATION 36 Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (7 hrs )

Microscopy: - light microcopy, bright field, Dark field, phase contrast

microscopy, fluorescence, transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

Specimen preparation for light and electron microscopy.

Core Readings

Benson,Microbiological application laboratory manual in general microbiology,

8th Edition, McGraw Hill Publication.


Books Pvt. Ltd.

Module 2 (4 hrs )

pH meter – different methods of pH measurements. Colorimetry,

spectrophotometry (UV, visible and infrared) – Principle, instrumentation and

application.

Core Readings




Books Pvt. Ltd.

Module 3 (15 hrs )

Centrifugation – Principle, instrumentation, methods and types of

centrifugation, application biological science.

Core Readings




Books Pvt. Ltd.

Module 4 (10 hrs )



316

Basic idea of biological safety cabinets, laminar air flow, incubator,

colony counter, micrometer, autoclave, hot air oven.

Core Readings




Books Pvt. Ltd.


Beacker & Deamer The World of cell.

Benson,Microbiological application laboratory manual in general

microbiology, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Publication.

Harley Klein. Microbiology, 6th Edition by Prescott,

Kanika Sharma,Manual of Microbiology, Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition,

Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

M.J. Pelczar,Microbiology, 5th Edition, E.C.S. Chan and N.R. Kreig, McGraw

Hill Publications.

Rodney Boyer Modern experimental biochemistry, 3rd Edition, , Pearson

education.

Upadhyay, Upadhyay, Nath, Biophysical Chemistry Principles & techniques,

4th revised Edition 2007, Himalaya Publishing House.



317

SEMESTER II

ZM2V03U COURSE III: GENERAL METHODOLOGY

36 Hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 (10 hrs )

Chromatography techniques: Paper chromatography, thin layer

chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, affinity

chromatography, gel filtration.

Core Readings

Jayaram Paniker & Ananthanarayan, Microbiology,.


Module 2 (10 hrs )

Electrophoresis: Principle & applications. Types of Electrophoresis:

1. Free electrophoresis – moving boundary electrophoresis. 2. Zone

electrophoresis – paper or gel. Immuno electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing.

Core Readings



Module 3 (10 hrs )

Fermentation techniques: Factors involved in Fermenter design,

differences between biochemical reactions, rate process, operational consideration,

local conditions within a Fermenter. Fermenter configurations, the batch

Fermenter, continuous stirred tank Fermenter, the tubular Fermenter, the fluidized

bed Fermenter, solid state Fermenter.

Core Readings





318

Module 4 (6 hrs )

Introduction to tracer techniques: Fluorescent tracer, Isotope, ELISA.

Core Readings




A.H. Patel.Industrial Microbiology




Swaroop Pathalc & Arora Laboratory in Biology

Welson & Goulding Tools & Techniques in Biology



319

SEMESTER II

ZM2V04U COURSE IV ENVIRONMENTAL AND

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credits 2

MODULE 1 10Hrs

Microorganisms in soil. Factors influencing soil micro flora, biological

interrelationship of microorganisms: mutualism, synergism (protocooperation)

commensalisms, Amensalism, Parasitism, Predation. Interaction of microbes with

plants (mycorrhizae : Ectomycorrhizae and vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhizae).

Core Readings





MODULE 2 10 Hrs

Bacteriological examination of drinking water. Purification and disinfection of

water. Sewage (waste water)treatment: Sewage microorganism, BOD and COD,

primary treatment, secondary treatment(Oxidation Pond Trickling Filter, the

Activated sludge, Anaerobic digesters),Tertiary treatment.

Core Readings







320

MODULE 3 6 Hrs

Role of microorganisms in Agriculture: Rhizosphere concept, Biofertilizer

(Bacterial, Algae, Mycorrhizae), Biopesticides (Bacterial, viral, fungal). Common

bacterial, fungal and viral plant diseases.

Core Readings





MODULE 4 10 Hrs

Role of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles. Carbon and Nitrogen cycle,

Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Biodegradation :Definition , Brief account on

biodegradation of natural organic compound, plastics, pesticides and petroleum

pollutants.

Core Readings











R.P Singh,Microbiology, First edition 2005 by Kalayani publishers.



321

SEMESTER III

ZM3V05U COURSE V PARASITOLOGY

36 Hrs

Credits 2

MODULE I 6 Hrs

An elementary study of the types of animal association, parasitisim,

commensalisms and symbiosis. Type of parasites, classification of protozoan and

helminthes.

Core Readings

Text book of medical parasitology,fifth edition C.K.Jayaram Panicker,Jaypee

brothers medical publishers.

Medical parasitology,Third Edition,R.L.Ichupujani and Rajesh Bhatia,Jaypee

Brothers medical publishers

MODULE II 10 Hrs

An elementary knowledge of the structure, life history of the parasites belonging

to the following genera with references to the forms seen in human pathological

material and methods used to identify them. Protozoa: Entamoeba, Trichomonas,

Chilomastix, Enteromonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Plasmodium,

Isospora, Eimeria and Balantidium, Toxoplasma.

Core Readings




Brothers medical publishers.

MODULE III 10 Hrs

Morphology, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis of helminthes:(a) Platyhelminthes:

Diphyllobothrium, sparganum, Taenia, Echinococcus Hymnnolep’s, Schistosoma,

Fasciola, Fasciolosis, colonorchis, paragonimus (b) Nemathelminthes: Ascaris,

Ancylostoma, Necator, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Enterobius, Trichurias,

Wuchereria, Brugia, Dracunculus



322

Core Readings





MODULE IV 10 Hrs

Collection and preservation of specimens for parasitological examination,

transport of specimens, detection of intestinal parasites; Detection and

identification of amoeba and other intestinal protozoa and other parasites.

Examination of blood parasites thick and thin smears for malarial, filarial and

other parasites

Core Readings






An introduction to parasitology by A.C.Chandler.

Animal parasites in man by Geoffrey lanage.

Clinical parasitology by E.C.Faust and P.F ,Russel(sections I,II&V)

Human protozoalogy and Helminthology by IRC Macfarlene

Medical parasitology by N.C.Dey

Medical Helminthology by J.K.Watson



Outline of medical parasitology by John Larsh



Text book of medical parasitology by C.H.Parija.



323

SEMESTER III

ZM3V06U COURSE VI MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND

MYCOLOGY

36 Hrs

Credits2

MODULE I 6 Hrs

Classification of arthropods of public health importance, role of Arthropods in the

transmission of disease, insecticides used for the control of arthropods of public

health importance.

Core Readings

Medical Entomology including Epidemiology of Vectroer - borend diseases by

Dr. A.P. Pandya

Text Book of Microbiology, Sixth edition , R. Ananthanarayan and C.K. J.

Paniker.

MODULE II 10 Hrs

Mosquito: Morphology and Bionomics of Anopheles , culex, Ades and mansonia.

mosquito control: various methods mosquito borne diseases and their control.

Phelebotomus (Sand fly): morphology, life history and control Housefly :

morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control.

Xenopsylla cheopis, morphology, life cycle and disease transmitted

Louse: morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control. Bed bug: Life

cycle and control. Ticks: Morphology, Life cycle, public health importance and

control Cyclops and public health importance.

Core Readings


Dr. A.P. Pandya


Paniker.



324

MODULE III 5 Hrs

Classification of fungi; collection of specimens, Examinations of fungus culture

technique, mounting fluids and stains media used in medical mycology Routine

mycological techniques, general consideration, maintenance of fungus culture.

Core Readings


Dr. A.P. Pandya

Text Book of Microbiology, Sixth edition , R. Ananthanarayan and C.K. J. Paniker

MODULE IV 10 hrs

Superficial mycoses: General characters, disease and etiological agents of Tinea

versicolar, Black piedra, White piedra, Tinea nigra subcutaneous: General

characters, disease and etiological agents of Sporotrichosis, Chromoblastomycosis,

Maduromycosis, Systemic mycoses.

Core Readings


Dr. A.P. Pandya


MODULE V 5hrs

Opportunistic fungal infections due to Aspergillus and mucor. Mycotoxins,

Aflatoxicosis.

Core Readings


Dr. A.P. Pandya



A guide to Medical Entomology by W.W. Service

Laboratory Technique for the Study of Malaria by Percy Shate and Maljorke

Maryson



325


Dr. A.P. Pandya

Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi by Bassey B.A.

Manual of Clinical Mycology by Conant N. F., Smith D.T. and Baker R

Medical Mycology by Rippon


Paniker.



326

SEMESTER IV

ZM4V07U COURSE VII MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND

VIROLOGY

36 hrs

Credits 2

Module I 12 hrs

A systematic study of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci (Str. pyogenes and Str.

pneumonia) Neisseriae ( N. meningitides and N. gonorrhoeae ) , Corynebacterium

diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella,

Bordatella Pertussis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae,

Core Readings

Gabriel Virella, B.I. Microbiology and Infectious diseases, 3rd ed. Waery

Publications

Ananthanarayan R. and C.K.J. Paniker. Text book of Microbiology, Sixth edition

Module 2 12 hrs

Diseases caused by different pathogens; epidemiology, symptamology, diagnosis

and treatment of Tuberculosis, Syphylis Actinomycosis, Rickettsial diseases,

chlamydial infections , Mycoplasmal diseases.

Core Readings


Publications


Module 3 12 hrs

Viral diseases: Herpes virus, Orthomyxovirus (influenza) , Paramyxoviruses,

(mumps, measles ) Rubella, Hepatitis, Rhabdo viruses, AIDS Viruses , Polio,

Arboviruses, Oncogenic viruses

Core Readings


Publications




327


Ananthanarayan R. and C.K.J. Paniker. Text book of Microbiology, Sixth

edition ,

Cruikshank R., Medical Microbiology

David Greenwood Richard C.B. Slack and John F. Pentherer, Medical

Microbiology, A Guide to Microbial infections. Pathogenesis,

immunity laboratory diagnosis and control. 16th edition, Chuchill

Lingstone Publications


Publications

Monica Cheesbrough, Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countiesd ,

Vol. I & II Microbiology



328

SEMESTER IV

ZM4V08U COURSE VIII CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credits 2

Module 1 9 hrs

Microbiology laboratory safety, General concepts for specimen collection and

handling, General procedures in the laboratory, diagnosis of infectious diseases,

Antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Core Readings

Ananthanaryanan R. and C.K.J. Paniker Text book of Microbiology , Sixth

edition, , Orient Longman Publishers.

Chakraborthy P., A textbook of Microbiology, 1st edition, , New Central Book

Agency (P) Ltd.

Module 2 10 hrs

Respiratory tract infections: infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract

Core Readings




Agency (P) Ltd.

Module 3 5 hrs

Aetiology, Pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and treatment of

gastrointestinal tract infections.

Core Readings




Agency (P) Ltd.



329

Module 4 7 hrs

Infections of the genitourinary system. Sexually transmitted diseases : Aetiology

,Pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and treatment.

Core Readings




Agency (P) Ltd.

Module 5 5 hrs

Infections of the nerve system. Aetiology, Pathogenesis And clinical features.

Systemic infections-(A brief account). Infections of the body surfaces

Core Readings




Agency (P) Ltd.





Agency (P) Ltd.

Gabriel Virella, B.I. Microbiology and Infectious diseases , 3rd edition ,

Waverly Publications

Shanson. D.C. Microbiology in Clinical Practice, 3rd ed.



330

SEMESTER I

ZM1V01U(P) PRACTICAL I GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY &

BIOINSTRUMENTATION

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Cleaning and sterilization of glassware, Autoclave, hot air oven, incubator

and Laminar air flow bench.

2 Preparation of Solid and liquid media for microbial cultures.

d. Liquid media (1) peptone water/Glucose broth (2) Nutrient broth

e. Solid media (1) Nutrient agar (2) Mac Conkey’s agar (3) Blood

agar

(4) Chocolate agar

f. Semi Solid agar (d) Firm agar (e) Biphasic media

3. Culture methods (a) streak culture (b) Lawn culture (c) Stab culture

(d) pour plate culture (e) Liquid culture.

4Demonstration of selective and differential media

5 Isolation of pure colonies (a) streak plate method (b) pour plate method

(c) subculturing (picking off) technique (d) Broth cultures.



331

6 Calibration of an ocular micrometer for different objectives of a microscope.

Measurement of microorganisms by the use of an ocular micrometer.

7 Bacterial Staining Method (a)Simple Staining (b)Gram’s staining

(c) Acid-fast staining (d) capsule staining (e) flagella staining (f) spore

staining (g) Negative staining –Indian ink preparation.

8 Examination of microbes in Living condition

(a) wet mount (b) Hanging drop method for demonstrating motility of

bacteria

9 Instrumentation and working principle

(a) pH meter (b) colorimeter (c) Laminar air flow Bench (d) Autoclave

(e) Hot air oven (f) Colony counter.



332

SEMESTER II

ZM2V04U(P) - PRACTICAL II GENERAL METHODOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Introduction to chromatographic techniques.

2. Paper chromatographic separation of aminoacids.

3. pH measurement of culture media.

4. Measurement of bacterial growth by optical density method.

5. Biofermentor, its parts and function.

6 Isolation and enumeration of bacteria from soil.

Isolation and enumeration of fungi from soil.

a. Enumeration of micro organisms in air by open plate method.

8 Standard plate count count technique for the isolation and enumeration of

microorganisms in water.

a. Basic idea about (a) Trickling filter (b) membrance filter system

(c)Anaerobic sludge digester



333

SEMESTER III

ZM3V05U(P) PARASITOLOGY 54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Introduction to parasitology - Collection and processing of clinical specimens

for parasites.

2. Examination of faeces for parasites.

3. Examination of blood for parasites.

a) Preparation of thick smear

b) Preparation of thin smear

4. Identification of Protozoan and Helminthic parasites

SEMESTER III

ZM3V06U(P) PRACTICAL-IV MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND

MYCOLOGY

54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Identification of Vectors of clinical importance

a. Mosquito

b. Fleas

c. Ticks and Mites

d. Louse

e. Bed bug

2. Introduction and general principles for the lab diagnosis of fungal

infections. Collection of samples



334

3. Slide culture method for cultivation of fungus

4. Study of morphology of fungi

Fungal staining, lactophenol cotton blue mounting

5. Identification of fungal pathogens

a) Aspergillus b) Penecillium c0 Rhizopus d)Mucor

SEMESTER IV

ZM4V07U(P) PRACTICAL-V MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND

VIROLOGY

54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Biochemical tests for the identification o f microbes

a. Fermentation of carbohydrates

b. IMViC test

c. Urease test

d. Catalase test

e. Oxidase test

2. Antibiotic sensitivity test

3. Carbohydrate utilization test for the identification of E. coli Salmonalla ,

Shiegella and Proteus (Triple sugar iron test)

4. Test for hemolytic property of bacteria

5. Method of cultivation of virus



335

SEMESTER IV

ZM4V08U(P) PRACTICAL-VI CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

54 hrs

Credit 2

1. Microbiology of laboratory safety, General concept for specimen collection,

handling . General procedures in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious

diseases.

2. VDRL

3. Widal

4. Enumeration of bacteria from urine by Pour Plate method.

Selected Further Reference

A.H.Patel Industrial Microbiology , Macmillan India.

A.H.Patel.Industrial Biotechnology

Ananthanarayan & Jayaram Panicker Text book of Microbiology.

H.A.Moddy Environment Microbiology

J.R.Norriz, D.J Road, A.K.Varma Methods in Microbiology – Vol.XXIV by

K. R.Aneja Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology by.

New age international publishers.

Monica Cheesbrough, Medical Laboratory manual for Tropical Countries

Microbiology – Vol.I & II ELEBS.

R.C Dubey & D.K.Maheshwari A text book of microbiology, S.Chand &

Company Ltd.

R.C.Dubey, D.K.Maheshwari, Practical microbiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd.

R.Cruickshank et al.Medical Microbiology

Swaroop, Pathak and Arora Laboratory Techniques in Biology

Welson and Goulding Tools and Techniques in Biology



336

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

PRIYADARSHINI HILLS

KOTTAYAM – 686 560

CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI

FOR

B.Sc INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND

ZOOLOGY

DOUBLE CORE

[VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME]

COURSE, CREDIT AND

SEMESTER SYSTEM AND GRADING

2009 ADMISSION ONWARDS

(MODIFIED SYLLABUS FOR 2012 ADMISSION

ONWARDS)

THE BOARD OF STUDIES ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME



337

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES

The programme is designed to help the students to: -

Impart basic knowledge of Industrial Microbiology, Zoology and related subjects

meant both for a graduate terminal course and for higher studies.

Acquire basic knowledge and skills for employment in the field of Microbiology

especially Industrial Microbiology.

Inculcate interest and love of nature with its myriad living creatures.

Understand the unity of life with the rich diversity of microbes and other

organisms.

Acquire basic skills for the utilization of microbes for human welfare.

Impart awareness of the conservation of the biosphere.

CODES

B Core

C Complementary

EDP Entrepreneur Development Programme

IA Internal Assessment

ZY Zoology Core

IMZ Industrial Microbiology and Zoology Programme

IT Instructional Time

OJT On the Job Training

P Practical

S Semester

T Theory



338

U Under graduate

UE University Examination

VE Vocational Education

ZY1B01U- Zoology Semester I Core Course I Undergraduate

IMZ1B01U- Industrial Microbiology(Zoology) Semester I Core Course I

Undergraduate.

ZY6B11(a)U-Zoology Semester 6 Core Course 11(a) [Immunology]

Undergraduate

Courses Credits Total Credit

1 Common Course – English 4+4 8

2 Complementary I Biochemistry 3+3+4+4 14

3 Complementary II Computer Science 3+7+3+6 19

4 Open Course 4 4

5 Core Industrial Microbiology 7+3+10+7+4 29

6 Core Zoology 3+3+4+4+16+16 46

Grand Total 120 Credits



339

RESTRUCTURED CURICULUM FOR BSc INDUSTRIAL

MICROBIOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME(DOUBLE CORE)

COURSE STRUCTURE AND SCHEME

Total Credits- 120

Total Instructional hours- 150

INSTRUCTIONAL TIME & CREDIT ALLOCATION

[COURSE WISE]

SEMESTER I

SL

NO

Course Title No of

hours/

Week

Number

of Credits

Total

Credits

Total

Hrs/

Sem

Univ.

Exam

Hrs

IA EA

1

ENCN1 Common

Course Communication

skills in English [Board

of studies English]

5

4

4

90

3

1

3

2

Core I Industrial

Microbiology Course I

IMZ1 B 01 U

Fundamentals of

Microbiology

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

3

Core I Industrial

Microbiology Course II

IMZ 1 B 02 U

Biostatistics &

Bioinstrumentation

3

3

3

54

3

1

3

4

Core II Zoology CourseI

ZY 1 B 01 U

General Methodology &

Perspectives in Science

Practical

( Zoology Board syllabus)

2

2

2

1

3

36

36

3

1

3

5

Complementary I

Biochemistry CourseI

Elementary

Biochemistry I

[Biochemistry Board

syllabus]

Practical

2

2

2

1

3 36

36

3 1 3



340

6

Complementary II

Computer Science

Course I Computer

Fundamentals and

Office Automatioon

(Computer Science

Board Syllabus)

Practical

2

2

2

1

3 36

36

3 1 3

TOTAL

25 Hrs

20 Credit

20

Credit

SEMESTER II

SL

NO

Course Title No of

hours/

Week

Numb

er of

Credit

s

Total

Credits

Total

Hrs/

Sem

Univ.

Exam

Hrs

IA EA

1

Common Course in English II

Critical Thinking, Academic

writing & Presentation. [Board

of studies English]

5

4

4

90

3

1

3

2

Core I Industrial Microbiology

CourseIII

IMZ 2 B 03U

Microbial physiology

Practical

4

4

2

1

3

72

72

3

1

3

3

Core II Zoology CourseII ZY 2

B 02 U

Biodiversity & Modern

Systematics

Practical

2

2

2

1

3

36

36

3

1

3

4

Complementary I Biochemistry

CourseII

Elementary Biochemistry II

[Biochemistry Board syllabus]

Practical

2

2

2

1

3 36

36

3 1 3

5

Complementary II Computer

Science Course II

Programming with C Language

(Computer Science Board

Syllabus)

Practical

2

2

4

3

7 36

36

3 1 3

TOTAL

25 Hrs

20

Credit

20

Credit



341

SEMESTER III

SL

NO

Course Title No of

hours/

Week

Number

of Credits

Total

Credits

Tota

l

Hrs/

Sem

Univ.

Exam

Hrs

IA EA

1


Course IV

IMZ 3 B 04 U

Medical Microbiology and

Virology

2

2

2

36

3

1

3

2 Core I Industrial Microbiology

CourseV

IMZ 3 B 05U

Molecular Biology and Microbial

Biotechnology

Practical

2

2

2

1

3

36

36

3

1

3

3


CourseVI

IMZ 3 B 06U

Basics of Industrial Microbiology

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

4 Core II Zoology CourseIII ZY 3 B

03 U

Animal Diversity – Non chordata

( Zoology Board syllabus)

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

5

Complementary I Biochemistry

CourseIII

Enzymology & Metabolism-(1)

[Biochemistry Board syllabus]

Practical

3

2

3

1

4 54

36

3 1 3

6

Complementary II Computer

Science Course III

Web technology and

Programming (Computer Science

Board Syllabus)

Practical

2

2

3

0

3 36

36

3 1 3

TOTAL

25 Hrs

20 Credit

20

Credit



342

SEMESTER IV

SL

NO

Course Title No of

hours/

Week

Number

of Credits

Total

Credits

Total

Hrs/

Sem

Univ.

Exam

Hrs

IA EA

1

Core I Industrial

Microbiology Course VII

IMZ 4 B 07U Fermentation

Technology

Practical

3

2

2

1

3

54

36

3

1

3

2

Core I Industrial

Microbiology Course VIII

IMZ 4B 08U Agricultural

Microbiology &

Biofertilizers

Practical

3

2

2

1

3 54

36

3 1 3

3 Project Core I

Enterprenurship

Development Programme

and OJT 1 week

1 Credit to

be given

in VI sem

18

4

Core II Zoology CourseIV

ZY 4 B 04 U

Animal Diversity-

Chordata

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

2

1

3

5

Complementary I

Biochemistry CourseIV

Biochemistry Metabolism

(2) [Biochemistry Board

syllabus]

Practical

3

2

3

1

4 54

36

3 1 3

6

Complementary II

Computer Science Course

IV

Visual Programming

Techniques

Software lab IV

Practical

2

2

3

3

6

36

36

3

1

3

TOTAL

25

Hrs

20 Credit

20

Credit



343

SEMESTER V

SL

NO

Course Title

No of

hours/

Week

Number

of Credits

Total

Credits

Total

Hrs/

Sem

Univ.

Exam

Hrs

IA EA

1 Open course ZY5D04U

Food Microbiology/ Any

open course offerd by the

Institution

4

4

4

72

3

1

3

2.

Core II Zoology Project

work and group activity

(Credit I in 6th Semester

1

18

3. Core II Zoology CourseV

ZY 5 B 05 U

Cell Biology & Molecular

Biology

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

4

Core II Zoology

CourseVI ZY 5 B 06 U

Environmental Biology,

Toxicology & Disaster

Management

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

5

Core II Zoology

CourseVII ZY 5 B 07 U

Evolution, Zoo geography

& Ethology

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

6

Core II Zoology

CourseVIII ZY 5 B 08 U

Biochemistry, Human

physiology

&Endocrinology

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

TOTAL

25

Hrs

20 Credit

20

Credit



344

SEMESTER VI

SL

NO

Course Title

No of

hours/

Week

Number

of

Credits

Total

Credits

Total

Hrs/

Sem

Univ.

Exam

Hrs

IA EA

1 Core I Industrial

Microbiology Course IX

IMZ 6 B 09 U Microbial

Waste Management

Practical

2

2

2

1

3 36

36

3 1 3

2 Core I project

Enterprenurship

Development programme

& OJT 1 week

1 1 1 18 1 3

3 Core II Zoology

CourseIX ZY 6 B 09 U

Reproductive &


Practical

3

2

3

1

4

54

36

3

1

3

4 Core II Zoology CourseX

ZY 6 B10U Genetics

&Biotechnology

Practical

3

2

3

1

4

36

36

3

1

3

5 Core II Zoology

CourseXI(a)

ZY 6 B 11(a) U

Immunology

( Zoology Core syllabus

modified)

Practical

2

2

2

1

3

36

36

3

1

3

6 Core II Zoology Course

12 ZY6B12 U General

Informatics,

Bioinformatics and

Biostatistics

Practical

3

2

3

1

4 54

36

3 1 3

7 Core II Zoology

Project work and field

visit

Group activity

1

1

1

18

1

3

TOTAL

25 Hrs

20

Credit

20

Credit



345

TOTAL CREDITS – 120 150 Hrs

Common

Course

Complementary Core I Core II

SEME-

STER

ENGLISH BIO-

CHEMISTRY

COMPU-

TER

SCIENCE

INDUS-

TRIAL

MICRO-

BIOLOGY

ZOOLOGY OPEN

COURSE

I 4 3 3 7 3

II 4 3 7 3 3

III 4 3 9 4

IV 4 6 6 4

V 16 4

VI 4 16

TOTAL 8 14 19 29 46 4

RECORDS CORE I– INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. Fundamentals of Microbiology

2. Microbial Physiology

3. Molecular Biology, Microbial Bio technology

4. Basics of Industrial Microbiology

5. Fermentation Technology

6. Agricultural Microbiology & Bio fertilizers

7. Microbial Waste Management

8. Project Record- Entrepreneurship Development Programme

9. Report of the OJT assignments

RECORDS – CORE II ZOOLOGY

1. General Methodology and Instrumentation

2. Biodiversity and Modern Systematics

3. Animal Diversity - Non-Chordata

4. Animal Diversity - Chordata

5. Cell Biology and Molecular Biology



346

6. Environmental Biology, Toxicology and Disaster Management

7. Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology

8. Biochemistry, Human Physiology and Endocrinology

9. Reproductive and Developmental Biology

10. Genetics and Biotechnology

11. Immunology

12. General Informatics, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics.

13. Project Report & Group Activity and field study report

MODE OF TRANSACTION

An optimum combination of classroom lectures, demonstrations, practical work,

assignments, seminars, classroom test, entrepreneurship development programme, On –

the – Job training programme will be used for the transaction of the curriculum.

ON THE JOB TRAINING PROGRAMME [OJT] AND PROJECT OF CORE I

[CREDIT 1]

The On-The-Job Training programme is intended to bring the curriculum to the

reality of the world of work.

This programme enables the students to apply their classroom knowledge to live

situations under the joint supervision of the tutor and a mentor.

The OJT has two components namely OJT-1 and OJT-2, each of one week

duration, implemented during the semester IV and Semestrer VI

At the end of the each OJT programme students are expected to produce a

detailed report of the OJT assignments, which must necessarily be those of direct interest

to the host organization. (Internal Evaluation only)



347

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME [EDP]

(Total 36 Hrs IV Sem 18 Hrs And VI Sem 18 Hrs )

This programme will help the students to develop entrepreneurial capabilities with

the local/regional, production/service establishments in industrial Microbiology. The

programme will expose the students to design and develop an industry/organization

related to industrial microbiology for a small-scale production/service sector.

Project and OJT Credit 1

IA OJT EA Project

Weight Weight

(4+4) = 8 25

Project report have to be submitted in VIth semester

External assessment , Project report and Viva Voce – Weight 25

Project Report:

Scope and relevance: weight 1

Methodology: weight 4

Data analysis: weight 4

Economic viability: weight 4

Language, Literature & Bibliography: weight 4

Presentation of the project report: weight 4

Viva-voce: weight 4

Total weight 25



348

EVALUATION OF OJT

A system of continuous evaluation will be followed during the OJT programme.

As the educational process in the OJT programme seeks out and the Mentor at the

training organisation/institute and the tutor will jointly assess focuses attention on many

latent attributes, which do not surface in the normal classroom situation the OJT

programme of the student.

Mentor Assessment of OJT

The mentor at the training organization will assess the performance of the student

for 50% of the total weight and according to the following scheme.

Attendance and punctuality &

Observation of TO’s etiquette Weight 1

Technical competence: Weight 1

Responsibility/dependability: Weight 1

Group-interpersonal skills: Weight 1

---------

Total Weight 4

Tutor Assessment of OJT

The tutor will assess the performance of the candidate for the rest 50% of the total

weight on the basis of the consolidated OJT assignment report signed by the student’s

mentor and according to the following scheme.

Methodology &Content Weight 1

Presentation style: Weight 1

Technical exposure: Weight 1

Language of the report Weight 1

----------

Total Weight 4



349

Examinations:

The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts such as Internal or In-

Semester Assessment (IA) and External or End-Semester Assessment (EA). The

ratio between internal and external examinations shall be 1:3. The Internal and

External examinations shall be evaluated using direct grading system based on 5-

point scale.

Internal or In-Semester Assessment (IA):

Internal evaluation is to be done by continuous assessments on the

following components. The Components of the internal evaluation for theory and

practical and their weights are as below.

Theory

Component Weight

Attendance* 1

Assignment 1

Seminar 1

Best two test papers 2

*Attendance

% of Attendance Grade

>90% A

Between 85 and 90 B

Between 80 and 85 C

Between 75 and 80 D

< 75 E



350

Assignments: Best of two assignments are considered per course. The

student has to take a minimum of 1 seminar per course. A minimum of 2 class tests

are to be attended. The grades of best 2 tests are to be taken.

Internal Assessment of Practical

Attendance *

Attendance >90%= A

89% to 85% = B

84% to 80% = C

79% to 75% = D

< 75 =E

Laboratory Involvement **

Punctuality +

Handling Equipments +

Skill in Laboratory work +

Group Interaction = A

The evaluation of all components is to be published and is to be acknowledged by

the candidate.

External or End-Semester Assessment (EA):

The external examination of all semesters shall be conducted by the

university on the close of each semester except for EDP (Course XI-

Ind.Microbiology). There will be no supplementary exams. For reappearance/

improvement as per university rules, students can appear along with the next batch.

Component Weight

Attendance * 1

Laboratory Involvement

**

2

Test 2

Record 2

Viva-Voce/Quiz 1

Total 8



351

Pattern of Questions (Theory):

Questions shall be set to assess knowledge acquired,

standard application of knowledge, application of knowledge in new

situations, critical evaluation of knowledge and the ability to

synthesize knowledge. The question setter shall ensure that

questions covering all skills are set. He/She shall also submit a

detailed scheme of evaluation along with the question paper.

A question paper shall be a judicious mix of objective

type, short answer type, short essay type /problem solving type and

long essay type questions. Different types of questions shall be

given different weights to quantify their range.

For all semesters:

2. The examination has duration of 3 hours

3. Each question paper has four parts A, B, C & D.

4. Part A contains 16 objective type questions of which the candidate has to

answer all. Each bunch of 4 questions carries a weightage of 1

5. Part B contains 8 short answer type questions spanning the entire syllabus

and the candidate has to answer 5 questions. Each question carries a

weightage of 1.

6. Part C contains 6 short essay type spanning the entire syllabus and the

candidate has to answer 4 questions. Each question carries a weightage of 2.

7. Part D contains 3 essay type questions spanning the entire syllabus and the

candidate has to answer 2 questions. Each question carries a weightage of 4.



352

SCHEME OF PRACTICAL ON CORE COURSES

(External exam)

External Weight : 25

Record 4

Part-A Major practical a) 4+ b) 4 = 8

Part-B Minor practical a) 2+ b) 1 = 3

Part-C Spotters/problem a) 5 items of 2 weightage each

5×2 = 10

Total 2

FIELD STUDY, RESEARCH INSTITUTE VISIT, GROUP ACTIVITY,

PROJECT AND VIVA (Credit 1)

Weightage

Weight (Internal) Weight (External)

Field Study report 4

Group Activity 2

Project 2

Log book showing the

progress of project work

duly signed by the

supervising teacher &

HOD

Project report

Title-1

Abstract-2

Introduction + Literature

review-2

Methodology-4

Results-4

Discussion &

Conclusion-4

Neat presentation and

Novelty-4 (Student can

present the project using

OHP or LCD, in 7 Minutes)

Viva Voce-4

Total 8

25



353

Double Core – Industrial Microbiology and Zoology

Double Core programme is exempted from Core choice Board Courses

(Electives) thast is designed for Model I and Model II (VIth Semester)

However they have open courses in Vth Semester as other Model I and Model II

progammes.

Syllabus for Core II Zoology follows the same pattern of Instructional Hrs,

University exams credits, Practicals , IA and EA as in Model I Zoology

Programme.

Course I to XII (1-12) are the same as that of Zoology Core Model I except

Course XI (11)

Course XI is ZY6B11 (a) U Immunology as given in scheme.

The Syllabus of ZY6B11 (a) U Theory and ZYB 11 (a) U(P) Practical is gvien

below



354

SYLLABUS FOR

B.Sc ZOOLOGY CORE

(Course I to course XII are the same as that of Zoology Core Model I

except Course XI. Course XI is given below )

ZY 6 B 11(a)U - IMMUNOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 2

Module 1 Introduction to immunology 5 hrs

Types of immunity, innate immunity, acquired , passive , active

Mechanism of innate immunity (eg. Barriers, Phagocytosis,

inflammation.

Core Readings



Society of Kerala Chapter 1 Ivan Roitt, 2002 Essentials of

Immunology ELBS

Module 2 Antigens and Antibodies 8hrs

Types of Antigens,Factors influencing antigenicity,Epitopes, haptens,

antigenic determinants. Basic structure of immunoglobulins. Different

classes of immunoglobulins and functions

Core Readings



Society of Kerala Chapter 4 Ivan Roitt, 2002 Essentials of

Immunology ELBS

Module 3 Antigen-antibody reactions, Precipitation test, Agglutination Test,

Clinical applications of antigen antibody reaction Complement system

7 hrs



355

and its biological importance: Eg: Widal , VDRL , HIV test (ELISA)

Complement fixation test, Coombs test.

Core Readings



Society of Kerala


Module 4 Immune Response system 8 hrs

Primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Cells of the immune system –

Leucocytes, Lymphocytes T & B cells, Macrophages, Plasma cells,

Memory cells, MHC Antibody synthesis, primary and secondary

responses, Monoclonal antibodies – Hybridoma technology , uses,

Polyclonal antibodies. Cytokines

Core Readings





Module 5 Immunopathology- immune disorders

(Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency)

5hrs

Different types of hypersensitivity reactions -

Mechanism of allergic reaction, Anaphylaxis and atopy, Mechanism of

immune complex disease.

(Eg. Arthus reaction, Serum sickness)

Autoimmunity, Delayed hypersensitivity, Autoimmune diseases (A

brief account)

Transplantation Immunity - Graft rejection , major

histocompatibility, Human leukocyte antigen system - (HLA) immuno

-suppression, Graft versus host reaction – Tumour immunity-

Immune responses in malignancy, Immunotherapy,

Immunohaematology, Immunology of blood transfusion,



356

Erythroblastosis foetalis.

Immunodeficiency, AIDS

Core Readings



Society of Kerala


Module 6 Vaccines 3 hrs

Brief history of vaccination, principles of vaccines, major types of

vaccines (BCG, DPT, Polio vaccine and TAB vaccines) DNA vaccines,

toxoides, adjuvants. Recent trends in vaccine preparation

Core Readings

Sobty & Sharma 2008 Essentials of Modern Biology Ane’s Student

edition p .463-468.

Panicker, S. Francis G., and Abraham G.K. 2008, Microbiology and






Colemen: 2002 Fundamentals of Immunology

Darla J. Wise & Gordon R. Carter: 2004:Immunology A Comprehensive Review

Iowa state University Press. A Blackwell science company,

Hans G. Sch Legal General Microbiology Seventh Ed. Cambridge Low Price

Ed.

Helen Hapel, Maused Harney Siraj Misbah and Next Snowden: 2006 Essentials of

Clinical Immunology Fifth Ed. Blackwell Publishing Company,

Heritage, J ., E.G.V. Evaus & R.A.Killungten 2007: Introductory Microbiology


Ivan Roitt: 2002 Essentials of Immunology ELBS.

K. Park, Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine – 2002, 17t Ed.


Kanika Sharema. Manual of Microbiology tools techniques 2nd Ed. Ane’s student Editions 2009



357

ZY 6 B 11(a)U (P) PRACTICAL IMMUNOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 1 .

1. Antibiotic sensitivity test.

2 Determination of ABO blood groups and Rh factor (Antigen –antibody

Reaction)

3. Study through photographs/ illustration, the primary immune (Bone marrow and

thymus) and secondary immune (spleen and lymph nodes) organs in Rat/Man.

4. ELISA

5. RIA

6. WIDAL Test



358

SYLLABUS FOR CORE I

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

SEMESTER I

IM Z 1 B 01 U - FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY

54Hrs

Credit 3

Module 1. The historical development and scope of Microbiology - 5 hrs

Module 2. Diversity of Microbial world- Principle of Classification- Outline

classification of Bacteria according to Bergy’s manual(including Cyanobacteria), Fungi, Viruses, Actinomycetes and Mycoplasma . Two

types of cellular organization – Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

-7hrs

Module 3. Ultra structure of Microbes:

a) Morphology and fine structure of bacteria, size, shape and

arrangements of Flagella, Pili, capsule, cell wall and its composition.

Cytoplasmic membrane, protoplasts, spheroplasts, intracellular membrane

systems, cytoplasm, vacuoles, nuclear material, spores and cysts,

endospores, cell inclusions. Modes of cell division.

b) Viruses- General structure (Plant virus & Animal Virus) - properties-

viral envelope-capsid –virions,prions– Nucleic acid – Replication of Virus

c) Morphology and ultra structure of Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma,

Actinomycetes, and Fungi (Rhizopus, Pencillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and

Fusarium)

- 20 hrs

Module 4. Methods in Microbiology: Sterilization and disinfections – Different

methods of sterilization- physical and chemical methods- sterilization by

moist and dry heat, by filtration, by irradiation.

- 10 hrs

Module5 Preparation of culture media (aerobic and anaerobic cultivation) Selective media,

erichment media and differential media plating techniques- Techniques and

isolation of pure colonies. Culture preservation techniques (Refrigeration,

Freezing and liquid nitrogen and lyophilization). Methods of staining –

simple stain, differential stain (Gram stain, acid fast stain), Structural stain

(spore staining, flagellar staining, capsule staining). Measurement of

microbial size and number.

- 12 hrs



359

IM Z 1 B 01 U (P) PRACTICAL - FUNDAMENTALS OF

MICROBIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Preparation of Media-(Liquid media, Solid media, Semisolid media)

2. Cleaning and Sterilization of glassware

3. Maintenance of culture room

4. Isolation methods

- Serial dilution

- Spread Plate

- Streak Plate , Pour Plate methods , Stab culture method , Lawn

Culture.

5. Staining techniques

- Simple staining

- Differential staining – Gram staining, Acid fast staining

- Capsule staining, Flagella staining, Spore staining, Negative

Staining-Indian ink Preperation

6. Lacto phenol cotton blue mounting of fungi

7. Haemocytometry

8. Motility of Bacteria

- Hanging drop method ,Wet mount

Core Readings

1. Y K Parsher - Modern microbiology

2. Y K Parsher - Microbiology

3. S N Prasad - Applied microbiology

4. S. S Purohit - Microbiology, fundamentals and application 6th edition

5. Pelzar Reid and Chan - Microbiology ; McGraw Hill

6. Prescott - Microbiology

7. Daniel Lim - Microbiology

8. Jeffrey C Pommervil – Fundamentals microbiology

9. K R Aneja - Experiments in Microbiology

10. R C Dubey - Practical Microbiology.



360

SEMESTER I

IM Z 1 B 02 U - BIOSTATISTICS & INSTRUMENTATION

54Hour

Credit 3

Module 1 Biostatistics:Basic idea of Probability-Distribution patterns-Normal

Binomial and poisson distribution –Sampling methods –Mean, Mode,and

Median chi-square and Problems.

-10 hrs

NSTRUMENTATION

Module 2 Instruments – Basic principles & usage: -

Microscopy: Light microscopy, Dark field microscopy, Phase contrast

microscopy, Fluorescence and Electron microscopy. Specimen

preparation for light and electron microscopy.

– 10hrs

Module 3 Micrometers (Ocular and Stage) - Camera Lucida (Prism and Mirror type)

General Instruments: Refrigerator, Deep-freezer, Cryocan - pH meter-

Colorimeter- Spectrophotometer (UV,Visible,& Infrared) – Hot air oven-

Centrifuges –Types of Centrifugation. Autoclave - Incubators –

Chromatography (Paper, Thin layer and column, gas,affinity

chromatography,gel filtration)-

Electrophoresis –types of electrophoresis,Free Electrophoresis, Zone

Electrophoresis -paper and gel..

Filtration apparatus: Laminar air flow (filtration of air), Seitz filter

(filtration of liquids), Sintered Glass Filter, Membrane filter.

-16 hrs

Module 4 Activity 1) Paper chromatography for the identification of amino acids

2) Colorimetric estimation of Amino acids (Any Two)

18 hrs



361

SEMESTER II

IM Z 2 B 03 U COURSE III MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY

72 Hours

Credit-2

Module 1. Nutrition: Nutritional types, Nutritional requirements – C, N, P, S, and

minerals – Phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs; Uptake of

nutrients – passive diffusion, Active transport group translocation

8 hrs

Module 2. Growth: Factors affecting growth, bacterial growth curves; Continuous

culturing of bacteria- chemostat generation time; Counting of bacteria-

viable and non-viable counts, SPC, Direct microscopic count,

turbidometric estimation

10 hrs

Module 3. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic apparatus in prokaryotes- Photosynthetic

microbes – oxygenic / non-oxygenic reaction centres- electron transport-

photophosphorylation - Calvin cycle.

18 hrs

Module 4. Respiratory pathways: Breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis,

Kerb’s cycle & its significance, fermentation, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis

8 hrs

Module 5. Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic and free living

system, Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic systems, oxygen regulation

of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification and ammonifying

bacteria, pathway of nitrate assimilation in photosynthetic and non-

photosynthetic systems, transamination and deamination reactions, Carbon

cycle

. 18 hrs

Module 6. Introduction to Antibiotics:-Classification of Antibiotics Antibiotic

Sensitivity test (Qualitative and Quantitative) Examples- Structure & mode of

action (Penicillin Chloramphenicol.)

10 hrs



362

IM Z 2 B 03U (P) PRACTICAL - MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY 54 hrs

Credit 1

1. Effect of pH on the growth of bacteria on solid media

2. Effect of salt on the growth of Microorganisms

3. Effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth by paper disc method

4. Biochemical Tests

- Triple sugar iron agar test

- IMVIC tests

- Starch hydrolysis

- Gelatine liquefaction

- Catalase test

- Urease test

5. Determination of growth phase of E. coli by measurement of O.D.

CORE READINGS

1. Moat and Foster - Microbial physiology

2. Pelzar Reid and Chan - Microbiology

3. Comprehensive Biotechnology - Vol I, II, III,IV

4. Prescott – Microbiology

5. Ananthanarayan and Jayaram Panicker -Text book of Microbiology

6. Jaquelyin G Black - Microbiology

7. DR. N.Kannan - Laboratory manual of General Microbiology



363

SEMESTER III

IM Z 3 B 04 U MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

36 Hrs

Credit-2

Module 1. Normal microbial flora of Human body, A systematic study of

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci (Str. pyogenes and Str.

Pneumonia) , Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,

Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae.

10hrs

Module2. Urinary tract infections, Genital tract infections,Sexually transmitted disease,

and Nosocomial infections

5 hrs

Module 3. Diseases caused by different pathogens; epidemiology, symptamology,

diagnosis and treatment of Tuberculosis, Syphylis, Actinomycosis.

6 hrs

Module 4. Respiratory tract infections: infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract

5 hrs

Module 5. Viral diseases: Herpes virus, Orthomyxovirus (influenza) , Paramyxoviruses,

(mumps, measles ) Rubella, Hepatitis, Rhabdo viruses, AIDS Viruses ,

Polio, Arboviruses, Oncogenic viruses

10hrs

Module 6. Activity 5 hrs

1. Test for hemolytic property of bacteria

2. Identification of Bacteria

CORE READINGS:

1. Ananthanarayan R. and C.K.J. Paniker - Text book of Microbiology, Sixth edition

2. Cruikshank R. - Medical Microbiology

3. Monica Cheesbrough - Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countiesd , Vol. I & II

Microbiology

4. Topley and Wilson –Principles of Bacteriology,Virology and Immunity,Vol.3

5. Dalton and Nottebart (Eds) --Interpretative Medical Microbiology

6. Baron , Peterson and Finegold - Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology.



364

SEMESTER III

IM Z 3 B 05U - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

36Hours

Credit 2

Module 1. Function of macromolecules: Early observation on the mechanism of

heredity, DNA as the genetic material, Exons and Introns, Transposons, IS

elements, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and regulation of gene

expression in microbes.-Overlapping genes, Silent genes

10 hrs

Module 2. Structural Organization of genomes in prokaryotes

3 hrs

Module 3. Mutation: Molecular mechanism of mutation, forward and reverse

mutation, transition, transversion, and chemical induced mutations

5 Hrs

Module 4. Genetic recombination in bacteria: Transformation, transduction and

conjugation. Use of transformation, transduction and conjugation in

genetic mapping, preparation of genetic maps.

6 Hrs

Module 5. rDNA Technology – Principles, techniques & Application: Restriction

enzymes – types, properties & use, Vectors: Plasmid, cosmids,

bacteriophages, M13, Ti plasmid, pBR 322,SV 40. Steps in gene cloning –

cDNA library & genomic library; Integration of DNA insert into the vector

– Introduction of the vector into a suitable host- Selection analysis of

recombinant clones – DNA sequencing. Colony hybridisation, blotting

techniques, Polymerase chain reaction, Finger printing Vaccines,

Monoclonal antibodies, Recombinant proteins

6 Hrs

Module 6. Antibiotics – Industrial production of Lactam antibiotics ( Penicillin and

its relatives ) Amino glycosides and tetracylines 6 hrs



365

IM Z 3 B 05U (P) PRACTICAL - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY &

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

36 HRS

Credit 1

1. Isolation of Chromosomal DNA

2. Immobilization technique using Yeast cells by alginate beads

3. Study of Transformation, Transduction & Conjugation

4. Detection of blood groups

5. PCR demonstration

6. DNA finger printing steps illustrations

CORE READINGS

1. E. J. Gardner - Principles of genetics

2. Levin - Genes

3. Davis and Harper - General Microbiology

4. Old and Primrose - Biotechnology

5. Glick Molecular - Biotechnology

6. Ananthanaraynan and Jayaram Panicker - Text Book of Microbiology

7. Davis - Immunology

8. Roitt ELBS - Essential Immunology

9. Blair J.et al - Manual of Clinical Microbiology

10. Monica Cheesebrough – Medical Laboratory Manual.



366

SEMESTER III

IM Z 3 B 06 U -BASICS OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

54 Hours

Credit 3

Module1. General introduction: History and development of Industrial Microbiology

- Scope of industrial microbiology – Discovery of microbial world – The

experiments of Pasteur – The era of the discovery of Antibiotic - the

discovery of anaerobic life – The physiological significance of

fermentation. 12 Hrs

Module 2. Production Strains – screening techniques – strain development and

preservation – serial subculture – preservation by over layers – culture

with mineral oil – lyophylization or freeze drying – principles of storage of

microbes at low temperatures or in liquid nitrogen.

Methods for the storage of fungi.

15 Hrs

Module 3. Structure of a typical fermentor: pH, temperature, aeration, agitation, and

antifoams. Principle type of Fermenters: Batch fermenter – continuous

stirred tank fermenter – fabular fermenter – fluidised bed fermenter – solid

state fermenter.Submerged fermentor. Fermentation media, sterilization,

inoculums preparation, recovery; Computer control of fermentation

process.

20 hrs

Module 4 Fermentation process:Suface,Submerged and Continuous fermentation

7 hrs

IM Z 3 B 06 U (P) Practical - BASICS OF INDUSTRIAL

MICROBIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Study of alcoholic fermentation of fruit juice by yeast

2. Production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger

3. Estimation of citric acid

CORE READINGS

1. R. A. Atlas, McMillan - Microbiology, Fundamentals and Application

2. Pelzar, Reid and Chew - Microbiology

3. A H Patel - Industrial Microbiology, Macmillan India

4. Casida - Industrial Microbiology

5. Whittaker - Fermentation Technology

6. P F Stanbury - Principles of Fermentation Technology



367

SEMESTER IV

IM Z 4 B 07 U -FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

54Hours

Credit 2

Module1. Production of Various compounds

Pharmaceuticals: Antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin),

Vitamins : Riboflavin, Cyanocobalamine

Steroids

Organic acids: Acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and Gibberlic acid.

Amino acids: Lysine, glutamic acid

Enzymes: Protease, amylase, peptidase

Solvents: Ethanol, Glycerol

Fuel Methane

- 30Hrs

Module 2. Microbial Recovery of Metals- Bioleaching of copper ,Gold &

Uranium

-9 hrs

Module 3. Microbially enhanced oil recovery(MEOR).

- 15 Hrs

IM Z 4 B 07 U (P) PRACTICAL - FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY 36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Cultivation of mushroom

2. Estimation of Lactic acid

CORE READINGS

1. Whittaker - Fermentation Technology

2. Casida - Industrial Microbiology

3. A.H. Patel - India Industrial Microbiology

4. Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol., I, II, III, IV.

5. Prescott - Industrial Microbiology

6. Purohit S.S. - Pharmaceutical Microbiology

7. P F Stanbury - Principles of Fermentation Technology.



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SEMESTER IV

IM Z 4 B 08 U AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIO FERTILIZERS

54 Hours

Credit 3

Module1. Soil Microorganisms: biological interrelationship of microorganisms:

mutualism, synergism (protocooperation) commensalisms,

Amensalism, Parasitism, Predation .Interaction between plants and

microorganism – microorganisms of rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phylloplane

and mycorhyza.

10 Hrs

Module 2. Microorganisms in Agriculture: Nitrogen fixation, symbiotic and non-

symbiotic associations

10 Hrs

Module 3. Plant Pathogens: Study of microbes as plant pathogens.

- Downy mildew of grapes

- Tikka disease of groundnut

- Citrus canker

- Bacterial leaf blight of rice

- Mycoplasmal diseases – sandal spik

- Grassy shoot disease of sugar cane

- Viral disease – TMV 15 Hrs

Module 4. Bio fertilizers: Production and Quality control: Rhizobium, Acetobacter,

Cyanobacteria. Interaction of microbes with plants (mycorrhizae :

Ectomycorrhizae and vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhizae). Phosphate

Solubilizing Bacillus

12 Hrs

Module 5. Bio pesticides: B. thuringensis, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus 7 Hrs

IM Z 4 B 08 U (P) PRACTICAL - AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIO

FERTILIZERS

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Isolation and enumeration of micro organisms in soil

2. Study of Rhizobium from root nodules

3. Study of antagonism between soil micro organisms

4. Study of Rhizophane and Phylloplane micro organisms

5. Study of plant pathogens

EFERENCES

1. Martin - Soil Microbiology

2. Hill and Wrignt - Pesticide Microbiology

3. R.S. Malhotra - Plant Pathology

4. Carr and Whitton - Biology of Cyanobacteria

5. J.R. Norria D.J. Road, A.K. Verma - Methods in Microbiology, Vol. XXIV



369

SEMESTER V

OPEN COURSE

(Studetns can follow any open course offered by the institution)

ZY5D04U - FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

72 hrs

Credit 4

Module1. Food as a substrate for micro organisms, micro-organisms important in

food microbiology- moulds, yeasts and bacteria; brief account of each

group; general characteristics and importance; Principles of food

preservation – asepsis – removal of micro organisms, anaerobic conditions

– high and low temperatures – drying, chemical preservatives – food

additives.

15Hrs

Module 2. General principles underlying food spoilage and contamination; canned

food – sugar products; vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, milk and

milk products, fish, sea food – spoilages.

12 Hrs

Module 3. Dairy Microbiology - Bacteriological examination of milk. Preservation

of milk – pasteurization , different methods and advantages, sterilization,

dehydration, Bacteriological standards and grading of milk, Fermented

dairy products- Cheese ,Buttermilk, lassie, cheese, cream, condensed and

dry milk products, yoghurt; , low lactose milk, Kefis and Kumiss

10 Hrs

Module 4 Food fermentations and food produced by microbes; bread, vinegar,

Single Cell Proteins, mushroom cultivation; production of alcohol and

fermented beverages, beer and wine.

10 Hrs

Module 5 Food borne poisonings, infections and indications; Microbiology of food

sanitation- Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP),

Microbiological criteria for foods.

7Hrs



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MODULE 6 (Activity Oriented Study) 18 hrs

1. Isolation and identification of micro organisms from infected fruits and

vegetables

2. Observation of food borne pathogens

3. Identification of bacteria from Idli batter and curd

4. Direct microscopic examination of milk / water by standard plate count

5. Methylene blue Reductase test for milk

Report writing

Report of activity oriented study is to be prepared and submitted by each

candidate and has to be taken for internal evaluation in the place of assignment and

seminar

Core Readings

1. W.C. Frazier and Westhoff - Food Microbiology

2. Jey - Modern food Microbiology

3. Powar and Daginawala - General Microbiology

4. Stanier - Microbial World

5. Prescot,Harley,and Klein’s - Microbiology



371

SEMESTER VI

IM Z 6 B0 9 U MICROBIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

54 Hours

Credit 3

Module 1. Solid waste disposal; sanitary landfills, composting; Role of

microorganisms in composting – worm composting - biomethanation.

14 Hrs

Module 2. Treatment of liquid waste; Microbiology of municipal sewage; sewage

treatment – primary secondary and tertiary treatments; disinfections;

industrial effluents – paper mill, leather industries fertilizer industries and

Beveries – Microbial and chemical characteristics, BOD,COD, microbes

as indicators of waste water, pollution treatments processes, septic tank

municipal treatment processes, mechanical treatment and biological

treatment, trickling filters, inhoff tank, activated sludge process, oxidation

ponds, anaerobic sludge digestion rotating disc.

20 Hrs

Module 3. Biodegradation of environmental pollutants; Hospital waste management,

Bioremediation, application of bioremediation of hazardous wastes, dyes,

oil ,pesticides; Bio sorption; Microbial deterioration of paints,

biodegradation of wool, leather, plastics.

20 hrs.

IM Z 6B 09 U (P) PRACTICAL - MICROBIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Bacterial examination of water by MPN technique and IMVIC test

2. Estimation of BOD and COD from water, soil and sewage

Core Readings

1. Pelzer, Reid and Chan - Microbiology

2. Gandy and Gandy - Microbiology for Environmental Scientists and Engineers

3. Rodolfs, Willem - Industrial Waste: Their disposal and Treatment

4. Standard Methods for Water Analysis.



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REPORT OF BOARD OF STUDIES

Members

1. Dr. Susan Panicker (Chairperson)

Associate Professor and HOD, Dept of Zoology, Baselius College, Kottayam

2 Mr. T.G. Ramachandran Pillai, D.B. College, Pampa, Parumala

3 Mr. Baby Augustine, St. Thomas College, Pala

4 Mr. George K. Thomas, St. George College, Aruvithura

5 Dr. Abraham Samuel K., C.M.S. College, Kottayam

6 Mr. Sunny Jose, St. Xavier’s College, Vaikom

7 Mrs. K.V. Zeena, Maharajas College, Ernakulam

8 Dr. John Joseph, S.H. College, Thevara

9 Mr. Thomas M. Paimpalil, St. Stephen’s College, Uzhavoor

10 Mrs. Syamala M.V., Maharajas College, Ernakulam

11 Dr. Jyothis Mathew, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University

Brief Report

The members of the Board of Studies met several times and worked out the

format for the proposed restructuring of the undergraduate programme in Zoology

in Choice Based, Credit and Semester System and introduction of Grading in

Valuation as per the guidelines envisaged by the University. The chairperson and

members met experts in various disciplines of the subject, and attended workshops

conducted by the experts form KSHEC.

The five-day workshop was conducted by the University in continuation of

the Board of Studies chairperson’s meeting on 8-5-09 FN and Board of Studies

members meeting on 8-5-09 AN. The workshop was conducted on 14-5-09, 15-5-

09, 20, 21, and 22 May 2009 at School of Environmental Studies, Mahatma

Gandhi University, P.D. Hills, Kottayam. 61 teachers attended the workshop. The

Hon. Vice Chancellor Dr. Rajan Gurukkal inaugurated the workshop . Hon.



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ProVice-Chancellor Dr. Rajan Varghese presided over the meeting , Prof. K.

Mathew, Prof. Chandra Shekharan and Prof. Sadasivan Nair Members Syndicate

gave the guidelines for the workshop. The resource persons participated in the

workshop (July 24, 25and 31 2009) were Dr. Achuth Sankar Nair, Dr. K.G.

Padmakumar, Dr. Jose Joseph, Dr. Isaac P. Abraham, Rev. Dr. K.M. George , Dr.

Francis Xavier, Dr. Susan Panicker, Prof. K. Mathew, Dr. Punnen Kurian, Dr.

Thomas Philip, Dr. Gigi K.Joseph (May 14, 15, 20, 21, 22 ) Dr. A.P. Thomas, Dr.

N.J. Rao, Dr. Jyothis Mathew, Dr. Aloysius M. Sebastian, Dr. Punnen Kurian, Dr.

Nelson P.Abraham, Dr. Shaju Thomas, Dr. Alice K. Thomas Dr. Shirly Annie

Oommen , Mrs. Gladys Francis, Dr. Reethamma O.V. Mrs. Antonio Roseline, Mr.

T.K. Mukundan, Dr. K.J. Benny, Mr. Jose Abraham , Mrs. Bina Jacob , Dr.

Sampath Kumar, Dr. Susan Thomas, Miss. Tigi Paul , Mr. Madhusudhanan, and

Miss Usha P. Hariharan . Dr. Jyothis Mathew, Dr. T. Thomas Philip Issac P.

Thomas and Mr. Jojo Joseph gave expert advice in the formulation of syllabus

for Microbiology, Immunology, Bioinformatics and Biological Techniques and

Specimen preparation. The teams constituted under the leadership of Members of

Board of Studies, discussed in detail the syllabi and presented the courses and

suggestions emerged form these group discussions and presentations helped to

restructure the programme as envisaged by the Kerala State Higher Education

Council and Mahatma Gandhi University. The participants contributed actively to

the cause and appreciated the University in restructuring the undergraduate syllabi

in Choice Based Course, Credit, and Semester System and introduction of grading

pattern in valuation. The Chairperson Dr. Susan Panicker is thankful to the

authorities of the Kerala Higher Education Council and Mahatma Gandhi

University, the members of Board of Studies, Prof. Jacob Kurian Onattu, Principal

Baselius College, Kottayam, Dr. A.P. Thomas, Director School of Environmental

Sciences and the faculty and resources participants for their wholehearted

cooperation and help throughout the venture. Thanks are due to Lars Computers

MG University, Ms. Chippi Sarah Kuriakose and Rahul Ramesh, Baselius College,

Kottayam. Curriculum review workshop was conducted on 6&7 December 2011

and the Board of studies meeting held on 15/12/2011 discussed and



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recommended the modifications to be implemented in syllabus with effect from

2012 admission onwards.

mahatma gandhi university restructured curriculum … · curriculum for bsc.zoology programme the...

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