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Curator (Gakugei-in) training programmes in Japanese Universities
Dr. Tadahito Emizu, Dr. Yuka Inoue, Prof. Hiroaki Hamada(Tokai Univ, Bunkyo Univ, J.F.Oberlin Univ, Japan)
•Definitions of “Museums” in Japan：Article 2, Museum Act (1951, last amended in 2008)
• “The term ‘Museums’ as used in this Act shall mean institutions established by local public governments, by general incorporated associations or general incorporated foundations, by religious juridical persons or by other juridical persons prescribed by Cabinet Order (excluding…)…(continues).”
• “The purpose of these facilities is to collect, to keep in custody(inclusive of to foster; the same shall apply hereinafter), to exhibit and offer materials on history, art, folks, industries and natural science for public use in an educational perspective, and to conduct necessary business to serve people’s cultural attainments, research, surveys, recreation, etc., and to conduct research and surveys concerning these materials.”
1. Research Backgrounds
•Overviews of Museums in Japan (Social Education Survey, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology(MEXT)
•There are a total of 5690 museums in Japan (FY 2015).•3302 History museums (58%)•1064 Art museums (19%)•449 Science museums (8%)
•Publicly run museums: 4246•Of which PPP museums: 1211 (26% )
2.•Curators in Japan: Defined in Museum Act, Article 4
•Article 4-3：Museums shall have curators and specialized personnel
•Article 4-4：Curators shall take charge of specialized matters concerning the collection, custody, exhibition, surveys, research, etc. of museums materials, as well as other matters of related business.
•Qualification of Curator：Stated in Museum Act Article 5
•Article 5:1 Those who have a Bachelor’s degree and have obtained in university the credits in subjects concerning museums in accordance with the Ordinance of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
3.
Survey on the course of graduates who acquired the qualifications of Curators in University faculties
Curator Socialeducation
facility staff
Archive staff
Teacher Public servant Go on to
graduate
school
Ohers Total
Archaeological
staff
others
2007(311 Univ.)
61 36 2 225 16 228 1424 7525 9577
0.6％ 0.4％
0.0％
2.3％ 0.2％
3.0％
14.9％
78.6％
100.0％
1991 (132 Univ.)
114 ー ー 306 470 451 4082 5423
2.1％ ー ー 5.6％ 8.7％ 8.3％ 75.3％
100.0％
MEXT Lifelong learning Policy Bureau Social Education Division Search, Oct, 2008
•After acquired concerning museums credits ,many students deepen their understandings of museums’ role, obtain skills and knowledge as Curator (Gakugei-in) and prepare to tackle with current issues on museums and communities.
6.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
apre visiting the museum at the travelavant visiting the museum at the travel
apres go on a trip to World and Cultural Heritageavant go on a trip to World and Cultural Heritage
apres go to the theaters, concerts, cinemasavant go to the theaters, concerts, cinemas
apres use KOMINKAN ( Community Learning…avant use KOMINKAN ( Community Learning…
apres use Libraryavant use Library
apres visit to Zoos, Aquariumsavant visit to Zoos, Aquarium
apres visit to Science museumsavant visit to Science museums
apres visit to Art museumsavant visit to Art museums
apres visit to Historical, Archeological, Literature…avant visit to Historical, Archeological, Literature…
some times a month once a month some times a year
once a yaer once a some years noneN=583
Fig2 Frequency of visits of museums and others before and after the Curator course
44.9
57.6
49.1
35.4
38.8
36.0
38.2
37.2
70.8
49.6
5.2
3.2
1.6
2.0
2.7
2.7
1.6
4.9
0.8
2.4
33.1
33.4
43.7
57.3
51.8
57.0
56.2
46.3
24.0
41.4
16.7
5.8
5.6
5.3
6.7
4.3
4.0
11.6
4.3
6.5
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
Lifelong Learning
Museum Studies
Museum Materials
Museum Management
Museum Education
Museum Exhibition
Museum Conservation
Museum Info&media
Museum Practice
Total
Full Full&Part Curator&Part Part only
Fig.4 Affiliation of faculty members in curator course
12.
•Many respondents say they are interested in the museums•There are few respondents aiming to become a curator•The number of visits is increasing for most institutions•Some respondents made no visits to museums•Many respondents cite both Museum Exhibition and Museum Conservation for subjects that they would like to study deeply and found as useful subjects•Many faculty members in charge of Museum Exhibition and Museum Conservation are also curators working in museums
13.
Subjects concerning museums (MEXT)
• Lifelong Learning 2 Credits
•Museum Studies 2 Credits
•Museum Management 2 Credits
•Museum Materials 2 Credits
•Museum Conservation 2 Credits
•Museum Exhibition 2 Credits
•Museum Education 2 Credits
•Museum Information & Media 2 Credits
•Museum Practice 3 Credits
4.
Research Method
•We conducted a questionnaire survey (28 universities in total, 590 valid responses) to clarify the characteristics of learning in the Curator training course after finishing this curriculum courses from 2015 to2016
• Investigation: Personal attribute (ex, affiliation, after graduation, faculty) motivation for qualification acquisition.
•Comparison of concerns regarding museums before and after acquiring Curator qualification.
8.
Fig3 Subjects wanted to learn more and subjects found useful for museum practice
11.
0 100 200 300
Museum Studies
Museum Eucation
Museum Materials
Museum Exhibition
Museum Conservation
Museum Management
Museum Info&media
Lifelong Learning
useful manted to learn more
Conclusion
•After finishing this programme, significant number of students become interested in the field of museum studies
•Although the frequency of visits such as museums has increased through learning in this programme, students who have not visited museums, did not change this attitude afterwards.
•Many faculty members in charge of Museum exhibition and Museum conservation are also curators working in museums
14.
Dr. Tadahito [email protected]
Dr. Yuka [email protected]
Prof. Hiroaki [email protected]
These findings have been presented ICTOP Conference, Namibia,2017