Cultures in the Cultural Landscape

• _______ Landscape – the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

• How we have changed and shaped the environment – buildings, signs, fences, statues, etc.

• Reflect values, norms, and aesthetics of a culture.

• Always the same stores… _____________ – loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape, so that one place looks like the next.

Convergence of Cultural Landscapes

• Three dimensions:– Particular _________ forms

and planning ideas have diffused around the world.

– Individual __________ and ________ have become so widespread they now leave a distinctive landscape stamp on far-flung places

– The wholesale _________ of idealized landscape images, though not necessarily fostering convergence, promotes a blurring of place distinctiveness.

Convergence of Cultural Landscape• Extreme case of

transposing landscape ideals from one place to another – regardless of whether there is any tie to those ideals in the culture of the recipient region.

• Various structures designed to evoke different parts of the planet.

• Cultural borrowing and mixing is idea behind the _____-______ ________ – what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales.

Housing Types• Homes = environment,

resources, aesthetic values, uniqueness of place.

• With migration comes notions of how a home should be planned an constructed, but with new __________ those ideas may need to be modified.

• Differences in available materials and new environmental conditions cause changes that contribute to the development of new styles.

Housing in the US

• Eastern seaboard of US.• Fred Kniffen concluded that three principal

types of housing appeared simultaneously in New England, the Middle Atlantic region, and the “Tidewater South” of lower Chesapeake Bay.

• The diverse building styles diffused ________ and ________ in several parallel steams.

• By the 19c., these streams created three distinct ___-_________ regions.

Housing Types• The ___ _______ house,

unlike its Canadian counterparts, is of wood-frame construction.

• Also called a “_______” house, it exemplifies a style that dates from colonial times and became gradually more elaborate over time.

• Typically countered their colder climate by placing the fireplace in the center of the home.

Housing Types• ______ ________ style originated as a one-

room log cabin with a stone chimney and fireplace at one end.

• Middle Atlantic climate is warmer than New England, so the fireplace did not have to be in the center of the house, but where it was functionally best.

• Later, additional rooms, a porch, and a second floor were added.

• In the South, the size and construction of houses reflected the modest means of most builders and the comparative warmth of the climate.

Housing Types

• Smaller than New England houses, traditional Southern dwellings had only one story and a porch.

• Often built on a raised platform to reduce interior heat.

• On low-lying areas, houses were built on raised stone foundations to guard against flood damage.

• Much change since the mid-1800s.

Housing Types

• See Figure 4.19• Shows the diffusion routes of the three

original types into the US interior.• Diffusion of these early American house types

has not been confined to the US.• Does not show the eastward diffusion of

______-________ houses from the West.• Evolved during the 1920s in _________ and

became a cultural symbol of a lifestyle.• Expansion diffusion had carried Eastern

styles westward, but now Western styles diffused in the opposite direction, first along the Sunbelt corridor and then more widely.