culture, beliefs, values, and ethics one health course
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Photo from kidlink.net. Culture, beliefs, values, and ethics One Health Course. Introduction. Culture, beliefs, values, and ethics One Health Course. Module competencies. Competency #1 Identify and interpret local norms, wisdom and culture about human, animal and environmental health - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , VA L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Photo from kidlink.net
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Introduction
MODULE COMPETENCIES
• Competency #1 • Identify and interpret local norms, wisdom and culture
about human, animal and environmental health
• Competency #2• Generate trust among the community within One Health
(OH) interventions
• Competency #3• Demonstrate values, ethics and professionalism in
planning and implementing One Health Interventions
MODULE OVERVIEWTime Topic
75 Minutes Introduction 90 Minutes Culture and Health Beliefs
135 Minutes Cultural Dimensions and Models90 Minutes Culture and Gender60 Minutes Culture and Animals
600 Minutes Culture and the Environment
270 Minutes Creating Trust Across Cultures- Field Observation
60 Minutes Personal Values and Professionalism60 Minutes Protecting Human Subjects in Research
75 Minutes Evaluation
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Culture and Health Beliefs
ORANGUTANS AND THE MINANGKABAU
The future of the orangutan (Pongo spp.) in Sumatra is far from secure despite the species’ high profile and media attention. The traditional threat to the orangutan has been widespread logging, but the continuing conversion of their remaining habitat for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is hastening the organgutan’s extinction in the wild. This situation is driven by a robust global market for palm oil as a vegetable oil and biofuel. In tackling this conservation problem, therefore, economic factors cannot be overlooked. Of significance are the high opportunity costs of orangutan conservation and market failures associated with the public-goods nature of the orangutans’ forest habitat. Conservationists should consider these constraints when formulating remedial action. •
ORANGUTANS AND THE MINANGKABAU (CONTINUED)
There have been reports that the local community in Kalimantan living near oil palm plantations are suffering from infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although some believe tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted to humans from orangutans kept as pets (due to being orphaned as a result of the forest clearing for the plantations), additional studies are needed to determine if the TB actually originated among humans. The Indonesia Government is concerned whether a Minangkabau community in Saluang village in Sumatera is also vulnerable to such zoonoses due to similar exposures. The government has assigned a group of One Health practitioners to assess the situation in Saluang village.
ONE HEALTH PRACTITIONERS• Were you successful in getting permission to interview
each family?• Could qualified local health staff assist with TB screening?• Were you successful in getting the permission to
interview families and do a TB screening?• If yes, how did you approach community members and what made
you successful?• If not, what do you think were the stumbling blocks?
• What did you learn about the Saluang Village culture? Who makes the decisions and what is the protocol for approaching them?
• How did the different One Health practitioners (e.g. veterinarian, health care worker, ecologist, etc.) work together?
SALUANG COMMUNITY
• What were your reactions to the One Health team?• What did the One Health Team do that made you
trust them?• What could the One Health Team have done to
better gain your trust?
CULTURE AND HEALTH CARE BELIEFS
• What are your learnings about working with people from a culture different from your own?
• How would this simulation have been different if this was a patriarchal culture?
• What skills/knowledge is required before working with a local community and how might you obtain this information?
CULTURE AND HEALTH CARE BELIEFS
• From your perspective as a One Health practitioner, what did this activity demonstrate about working with people from a different or new culture?
• How would the simulation have been different if this was a patriarchal culture?
• What skills and knowledge are required before working with a local community and how might you obtain this information?
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Cultural Dimensions and
Models
CULTURE
CULTURE IS…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
Edward Taylor,1871
CULTURE IS…
“…the capacity for constantly expanding the range and accuracy of one's perception of meanings.”
John Dewey, 1916
CULTURE …
“consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action.”
Kroeber and Kluckhold,1952
CULTURE …
“means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learned by each generation. A culture is less precise. It can mean the forms of traditional behavior which are characteristics of a given society, or of a group of societies, or of a certain race, or of a certain area, or of a certain period of time.”
Margaret Mead,1973
CULTURE IS…
“…the software of the mind.”
Hofstede, 1997
Culture is like an iceberg…
SURFACE CULTUREAbove the surfaceWhat we can seeLow Emotion
Culture is like an iceberg
SURFACE CULTUREAbove the surfaceWhat we can seeLow Emotion
DEEP CULTUREJust below the surfaceUnspoken rulesBehavior basedHigh Emotion
Culture is like an iceberg
SURFACE CULTUREAbove the surfaceWhat we can seeLow Emotion
DEEP CULTUREJust below the surfaceUnspoken rulesBehavior basedHigh Emotion
UNCONSCIOUS RULESFar below the surfaceValue basedIntensive emotion
Culture is like an iceberg
THREE MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING CULTURE
Authors:
Geert Hofstede Fons Trompeanaars Edward Hall
HOFSTEDE
1. Power Distance2. Individualism vs. collectivism3. Uncertainty avoidance4. Masculinity vs. femininity5. Long-term vs. short term orientation
TROMPENAARS
1. Universalism vs. particularism2. Individual vs. collectivism3. Neutral vs. emotional4. Specific vs. diffuse5. Achievement vs. ascription6. Sequential vs. synchronic7. Internal vs. external control
HALL
1. Context: - High context vs. low context
2. Time: - Monochromic time vs. polychromic time
3. Space: - High territoriality vs. low territoriality
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• Is it possible to truly understand a culture outside of your own? Why or why not?• In determining the behaviors and values of a
culture, how can we avoid stereotyping?• How are the cultural models similar? Different?• Do you think these models are applicable to
gaining cultural insight into South East Asian community?• How could you apply these models to beliefs
about health/heath care, animals, and the environment?
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Culture and Gender
WOMEN IN INDONESIA
Women play a major role in family nutrition and efforts to improve nutrition. However, lower levels of female education result in a lack of understanding of nutrition. The lower socioeconomic level of women also has an effect on levels of malnutrition. The number of women and children younger than 18 years of age comprises more than half of Indonesia's population. Many of these women and their children have been categorized as vulnerable in the areas of health, education, employment, and income. UNICEF reports that half a million women die from pregnancy complications each year. WHO reports that globally, women represent about half of people with HIV infection. Given these statistics, it has been identified that vulnerable women to be educated, protected and empowered.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?• In your community, what do you see as the most serious issue
facing women? How are the issues facing women different from those facing men?
• How do the issues change over a women’s life cycle (e.g. infant, childhood, adolescence, child bearing, nursing, old age)?
• What is the impact of these challenges on women’s health?• How do women’s health issues impact men?• Think back to the Minangkabau people in the opening
simulation:• Would it be surprising if more women than men got TB? Why?• How do men and women interact differently with domestic animals?
With wildlife?• What is the impact of deforestation on women?
• Topic: There is a difference in health care so that women receive lesser quality health care than men receive.
• 20 minutes to prepare• 20 minutes to debate
DEBATE: CULTURE AND GENDER
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• How difficult was it for you to play the other gender?• As you assumed the opposite role, what
stereotypes did you make about the role you played?• How do these possible stereotypes become
reflected in health care systems?• What are your recommendations for bringing
more equality in health care?• How do men benefit when women are treated
equally in a culture?
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Culture and Animals
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
wildlife
food
petgod
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• Why do you think we see certain animals as food or a pet or a god?• Have you been to another culture or know about
another culture which might classify these animals differently?• What would you do if you were in another culture
and you were given an animal as food to eat, but, in your culture, the animal is seen as a pet or a god?• What are the One Health implications for how
different cultures view animals differently?
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• How can learning about how another culture views animals bring insight into the culture?• How can this insight help a One Health
practitioner?
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Culture and the
Environment
PROVERBS…
• What is the meaning of the proverb?• What does the proverb say about the culture’s
view of nature?• What does the proverb say about the culture’s
relationship with the environment?• How might the culture’s relationship with the
environment impact a One Health initiative?
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• What are the One Health implications for how different cultures view the environment?
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Creating Trust Across Cultures
Field Observation
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• Where do you fit in comparison to the majority of people in your culture?• Where you tend to be different from the majority
of people in your culture?• How do your similarities and differences impact
you as a One Health practitioner in your culture?
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• Consider the presentations. What can we conclude about the communities visited? What do they have in common? How are they different?• If teams selected the same group to observe, how
were the observations similar? Different? What could cause groups to see the same community differently?• What advice would you give a One Health
practitioner to be effective in preventing disease in the community(ies) visited? For promoting human, animal and ecological wellness?
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Personal Values and
Professionalism
VALUESAccomplishment Curiosity Justice Self-Discipline
Adventure Diversity Knowledge Self-RestraintAffiliation Duty Leadership SpiritualityAuthority Family Love StabilityAutonomy Friendship Loyalty StructureBalance Fun Meaning StatusBeauty Harmony Moderation Teamwork
Challenge Health Nature Time FreedomCommunity Helpfulness Obligation TrustCompetence High Earnings Pleasure VarietyCompetition Honesty Predictability WisdomContribution Humility Recognition
Control Independence Respect Cooperation Influence Responsibility Creativity Integrity Risk-Taking
Universality UUnderstanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of people and nature.
Benevolence BConcern for the protection and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent contact.
Tradition TRespect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that one's culture or religion expects of individuals.
Security S Desire for safety, harmony, and stability of society, relationships, and self.
Power PAttainment of social status, prestige, influence, authority, or leadership of people and resources.
Excitement E Seeks pleasure or sensuous gratification. Enjoys unpredictability and variety in life.
Achievement ADesire for personal success or accomplishments; need to demonstrate competence in everyday life.
Self-Direction SD Pursues independent thought or action. Enjoys the ability to choose, create, and explore.
ValueSearch™ Map
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• What do you think are the core values of One Health?• How do your values align with these core values?• As a One Health practitioner, what do you do if
you perceive a value conflict with your values and the community that you are working in? With the One Health values and the community that you are working in?
ONE HEALTH ETHNICAL SITUATIONS• A palm oil company is asking you to help them perused the
Salung people to sell the company some land. They offer to fund portions of your One Health project in the area.
• You are working in a very poor area and you see a farmer selling deer bushmeat.
• You are in the market and see a vendor selling expired medicines at a very low price.
• Villagers have told you that the palm oil plantation has filled the local streams with sediments and pesticides.
• You see an orangutan tied to a tree. The animal is spluttering and seems to be in distress.
C U LT U R E , B E L I E F S , V A L U E S , A N D E T H I C SO N E H E A LT H C O U R S E
Module Review
ONE THING..
• That you liked/felt was a strength of the module.• That you would suggest we change.
Thank you.
This publication was made possible in part through the support provided by the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development or the US Government. USAID reserves a royalty-free nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and to authorize others to use the work for Government purposes.