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CHAPTER 14: The Nation Divided[The Antebellum (Before the war) Period]

Main Topic:

NORTH & SOUTH DISAGREE ABOUT

SLAVERYBECAUSE OF SLAVERY:

The U.S. Compromises About New States Politics & The Election of 1860 Divides the Country

Violence Begins to Happen

Slavery and theMexican-American War

United States in 1848: 15 slave states 15 free states, The Mexican-American

war threatened tothrow off the balance.

What to do about newland from Texas?

Missouri Compromisedid not cover this issue.

The Wilmot Proviso Proposed by David Wilmot

(1846) Pennsylvania Congressman

Proposed Law:Congress bans slavery in allterritories that might becomepart of the US from Mexico.

It never passed. Southerners believed this was a

direct attack on their way of life. Very controversial!

Wilmot Proviso debate led to a new political party. Free Soil Party (1848)

GOAL: Wanted land gained in the Mexican-American war to befree soil where slavery was banned.

They chose Martin Van Buren to run for President. Lost Badly

Made up of Antislavery Whigs and Democrats.

Election of 1848 Democrats wanted

popular sovereignty. Popular Sovereignty:

people in the territory orstate would vote directly

on issues, rather thanhaving their electedrepresentatives decide.

Presidential Nominees: Free Soil: Martin Van Buren Whig: Zachary Taylor

(WINNER!) Democrats: Lewis Cass

THE CALIFORNIA DEBATE:

PROBLEMS! This would upset balance of free and slave states . Missouri Compromise would split the state in half. Southern leaders threaten to secede IF California

becomes a free state.

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THE CALIFORNIA DEBATE: OPINIONSNORTH

Wants to endsectionalism

Preserve the UNION

I wish to speak today, not as aMassachusetts man, nor as a Northernman, but as an AmericanI speaktodayfor the restorations to thecountry of that quiet and that harmonywhich makes the blessings of this Unionso rich, and so dear to us all.

-Daniel Webster, March 7, 1850

SOUTH Protection of States

Right to Choose(Popular Sovereignty)

OR SECESSION

If something is not done to arrest it, theSouth will be forced to choose betweenabolition and secessionIf you areunwilling we should part in peace, tell usso; and we shall know what to do whenyou reduce the question to submission orresistance.

-John C. Calhoun, March 4, 1850

Henry Clays Proposal For the North:

California admitted to the Union as a free state . Banned slave trade in Washington DC.

For the South: Popular Sovereignty in the Mexican succession

area. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (South)

Legal to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave. Northerners must assist Southerners Northerners were ANGRY & thought it was unfair.

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT IN ACTION

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Stephen Douglas tries to compromise

between North & South Formed 2 New Territories:

Kansas Nebraska

Southerners objected: States would enter as free states

(Because of Missouri Compromise) Popular Sovereignty would determine

slavery in the state(BLEW UP Missouri Compromise)

Passed by both houses, signed into law.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

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Rush to Kansas (1854) Northerners & Southerners go to Kansas

within weeks of the law being passed. Why? Missourians illegally voted in Kansas to

select territorial legislature: Kansas=3000 voters Actual votes cast=8000

39 legislators elected, 36 supported slavery Anti-slavery settlers held a second election. 2 governments in Kansas.

Bleeding Kansas Violence in Kansas over the

elections. Pro-Slavery Sherriff shot and

returns with 800 men John Brown (Antislavery):

Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas:Murdered 5 pro-slavery menand boys

Violence in Senate Sumner (SC Senator) denounced

slavery in Kansas & SenatorButler

Butlers nephew, Preston Brooksbeat Sumner with a cane in theSenate

End of the Whigs & Rise of the Republicans

Whig Party Split: Whig: Pro-Slavery

Weakened by the deaths of Henry Clay & Webster Republican Party: Anti-Slavery

Goal: To stop the spread of slavery into the westernterritories

Attracted: Northern Democrats & Free-Soil Republicans Becomes powerful force: 105 of 245 candidates in House

REMEMBER: Whig Party (1836-1852)

ORIGINS: National Republicans split into 2 political parties: National Republicans (Pro-Andrew Jackson)

Whigs (Anti Andrew Jackson)POWERFUL: 4 Presidents: Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, Filmore

Uncle Toms Cabin

By: Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) She wanted to write:something that will make the wholenation feel what an accursed thingslavery is. A novel about Uncle Tom, a kind

man who is enslaved and abusedby his cruel master, Simon Legree.

Uncle Toms Cabin : The Reaction NORTH:

Bestseller in the North Shocked people and readers began to

view slavery as a moral problem andnot just a political conflict.

SOUTH: Outraged by the book. Claimed that the book was propaganda

Propaganda: false or misleadinginformation that is spread to further acause.

Believed the novel was not accurate.

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Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

Dred Scott was a slave f rom Missouri. (MO)

Dred Scott


Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.

Dred Scott


Scotts owner died after returning to Missouri.

Dred Scott


* Scott sued for his freedom. He c laimed that he should be afree man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.

Dred Scott

A: NO

SUPREME COURTDECISIONS:

Q: Was Scott a U.S.citizen with the right tosue?A: NO

Q: Did living in a freeterritory make Scott afree man?A: NO

Q: Did Congress havethe right to outlawslavery in any territory?

The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.

RESULTS:

Dred Scott was not given his freedom.

Open toslaverythrough

popular sovereignty(Compromiseof 1850)

Open toslavery

through popular sovereignty(KS-NEAct)

Missouri Compromise line is declaredunconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)

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LINCOLN vs. DOUGLAS

Stephen A. Douglas the Little Rock Star

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) Abe Lincoln v Stephen Douglas for

the United States Senate fromIllinois

Lincoln accepts as a Republicanand gives a stirring speech in favorof the Union known as The HouseDivided Speech.

Lincoln never stated he wanted toban slavery, but most Southernersthought that he would.

Neither believed in racial equality.Lincoln thought slavery wasmorally wrong and Douglastolerated slavery as a right of whites to choose their lifestyle.

House DividedA House divided against itself cannot stand. I do notbelieve this government can endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the house to fallbutI do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become allone thing or all the other.

Abraham Lincoln, June 16, 1858

Question for you:WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?

Lincoln and Douglas wentacross IL and debated againsteach other

Douglas supported popularsovereignty

Lincoln was against theexpansion of slavery-hebelieved slavery would dieout on its own eventually

Douglas won the Senateseat, but in two years theywould battle again for thePresidency

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) John Browns Raid (1859) John Brown went from

Kansas back to NewEngland

Hatched a plot to raisean army and free slaves.

He and his followers

gained control of Harpers Ferry where theUS Army stored guns

Federal troops overtookhim though and killedten of his followers.

Brown was found guiltyof murder and treasonand was sentenced todeath by hanging

The North mourned/TheSouth was angry

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Comparison of John BrownNorthern Depiction Southern Depiction

Democratic Party (Divided): Northern Democrats: Senator Stephen A. Douglas

Popular Sovereignty Southern Democrats : John C. Breckinridge

For slavery in the new territories Constitutional Union Party

John Bell Protect the Institution of Slavery

Newly Formed Republican Party Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer

Wanted to keep slavery from spreading Southern states:

Did not even allow Lincolns name to appear on their ballots Threatened to secede (leave) the United States if Lincoln became

president November 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins the election

Electoral Vote Count:Lincoln: 180

Breckinridge: 72Bell: 39

Douglas: 12

Abraham Lincoln won the election without winning asingle electoral vote from a southern state.

Lincolns Inaugural Address

In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen,and not in mine, is the momentous issue of ..war. Thegovernment will not assail (attack) youWe are not

enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.Though passion may have strained, it must not breakour bonds of affection.

Abraham Lincoln, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.

Question for you:WHAT DO THESE WORDS

TELL YOU ABOUTLINCOLNS INTENTIONS

WITH THE SOUTH?

Southern Secession! December 20, 1860: South

Carolina secedes from theUnited States

Why? SouthernersBelieved:

That they would no longer havea voice in government. A president with no Southern

votes should not be allowed inoffice

The Republican Party wouldruin the southern way of life.

Secessionists argued that:States had voluntarily joinedthe Union they could alsovoluntarily leave it.

SECEDE:Withdraw formally from

membership in a federal union,an alliance, or a political or

religious organization.

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Confederate States of America After South Carolina 6 more states followed (11 total) February 1861:

These states formed the Confederate States of America Elected Jefferson Davis their president

Northern Perspectives After SecessionWhen President Lincoln takes office in 1861many northerners are divided over how theunion should respond:

Should they appease southern wishes? Should the let the southern states succeed? Should they attempt to force the Confederacy to

return?

Lincolns Perspective After Secession President Lincoln:

Believes that succession is wrong. Commits to stopping the spread

of slavery, but not ending it. Ignores the role that slavery

played in starting the war. Emphasizes his duty to enforce

the laws of the United States. Believes his job is to preserve the

Union not solve the slavery issue.

The First Shots: Fort Sumter After seceding states took over all federal property in

the South. Fort Sumter: Fort in the harbor of Charleston, South

Carolina March 1861: Unions were still stationed in many Southern

ports Confederate guns were trained on the fort which was in need

of supplies; President Lincoln decided to send the necessarysupplies to the fort, but no soldiers.

April 12, 1861: Confederates, under command of GeneralPierre Beauregard, began to bombard Fort Sumter and thefort surrendered the next day

WHAT IS THE NORTH GONNA DO?

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