ct-520 shdsl router - archive.blue.net.au fileapplications of the request 531r shdsl router. version...

Preface

This manual is written for software version 2.50O.2. It is designed to provide information to network administrators. It covers the installation, operation and applications of the REQUEST 531R SHDSL router.

Version History

The software for this device is upgraded from version 2.50 to 2.50O.2.

Manual Organization

This manual is organized into three parts; Part I: includes a product overview and guide for initial configuration. For most users this section will provide sufficient information to setup and operate your router. Part II: covers advanced configuration. Part III: includes maintenance, applications of the router, and troubleshooting. The manual is arranged as follows:

Part I: Getting Started

Chapter 1: Product features and applications

Chapter 2: Hardware installation

Chapter 3-5: Initial configuration

Part II: Advanced Configuration

Chapter 6-11: Operation and configuration via a console or Telnet

Part III: Maintenance and Applications

Chapter 12: Maintenance via console or Telnet

Chapter 13: Applications

Chapter 14: Troubleshooting

Appendices:

Appendix A: Index of console/ Telnet

Appendix B: Specifications

Appendix C: Pin assignments

I

Copyright

Copyright© 2003 OPEN Networks Limited. All rights reserved. The content of this manual is subject to change without notice. The information and messages contained herein are proprietary to OPEN Networks Limited. No part of this manual may be translated, transcribed, reproduced, in any form, or by any means without prior written permission by OPEN Networks Limited.

Warning

Before servicing or disassembling this equipment, always disconnect all power and telephone lines from the wall outlet.

Use an appropriate power supply and a UL Listed telephone line cord. Specification of the power supply is clearly stated in Appendix B - Specification.

II

TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Part I: Getting Started ........................................... 1Chapter 1 Introduction ..............................................................................2

1.1 Overview...................................................................................... 2 1.2 Features ...................................................................................... 3 1.3 Application ................................................................................... 4 1.4 Front Panel LED Indicators.............................................................. 5

Chapter 2 Installation................................................................................6 2.1 Rear Panel Connectors ................................................................... 6 2.2 Preparing for Installation ................................................................ 6 2.3 Installation Procedures................................................................... 7

Chapter 3 Accessing the Router .................................................................8 3.1 Default IP Address and Passwords.................................................... 8 3.2 Access by Console ......................................................................... 8 3.3 Access by Telnet...........................................................................10 3.4 Keyboard Operations.....................................................................11 3.5 Menu Layout................................................................................12 3.6 Configuration Steps in Console/Telnet..............................................13 3.6.1 Write System Configurations ..........................................................15 3.6.2 Reboot System.............................................................................16

Chapter 4 Initial Configuration ................................................................17 4.1 Initial Setup ................................................................................17 4.2 Quick Configuration ......................................................................18 4.2.1 LAN Interface...............................................................................18 4.2.2 ATM Interface ..............................................................................19 4.2.3 ATM Virtual Channel (VC) Parameters ..............................................21 4.2.4 ISP Configuration .........................................................................23 4.3 SHDSL Characteristics Parameters ..................................................24

Part II: Advanced Configuration............................ 26 Chapter 5 Bridging...................................................................................27

5.1 Overview.....................................................................................27 5.2 Add Static MAC Entry ....................................................................27 5.3 Delete Static MAC Address.............................................................28 5.4 Spanning Tree Protocol..................................................................28 5.5 Forwarding Table ..........................................................................29 5.6 Configuring transparent bridging ....................................................29

Chapter 6 IP Routing ...............................................................................30 6.1 RIP Configuration .........................................................................30 6.2 Advanced RIP Configuration ...........................................................30 6.3 Static Route Configuration .............................................................32 6.3.1 Add a static route .........................................................................32 6.3.2 Delete a Static Route ....................................................................32 6.3.3 Routing Table/ List Static Routes.....................................................33 6.4 Ping Test Utility ............................................................................33

III

Chapter 7 Network Address Translation ..................................................34 7.1 Overview.....................................................................................34 7.2 Network Address Translation ..........................................................35 7.3 Port Address Translation ................................................................37 7.3.1 Bi-directional NAT (Two-Way NAT)...................................................39 7.3.2 Configuration of bi-directional NAT ..................................................39 7.4 Configuration of NAT/PAT...............................................................40 7.4.1 Set Routing Mode .........................................................................41 7.4.2 Configure the LAN Interface ...........................................................41 7.4.3 Configure the ATM interface ...........................................................41 7.4.4 Assign Private IP address Pools.......................................................42 7.4.5 Assign Global IP Address Pools .......................................................43 7.4.6 Pool Mapping ...............................................................................43 7.4.7 Fixed IP Address Mapping ..............................................................44 7.4.8 Configure Virtual Servers...............................................................45 7.4.9 Configure Static Routes .................................................................47 7.5 Applications.................................................................................48 7.5.1 Static One-to-One NAT ..................................................................49 7.5.2 Dynamic One-to-One NAT..............................................................54 7.5.3 Dynamic Many-to-One PAT.............................................................58 7.5.4 Dynamic Many-to-Many PAT...........................................................61 7.5.5 Virtual Server Mapping ..................................................................65

Chapter 8 DNS Proxy ...............................................................................66 8.1 Overview.....................................................................................66 8.2 Configure DNS Proxy ....................................................................66

Chapter 9 DHCP .......................................................................................67 9.1 Overview.....................................................................................67 9.2 Configure DHCP ...........................................................................67

Chapter 10 SNMP ....................................................................................68 10.1 Community..................................................................................68 10.2 Trap Destinations .........................................................................68 10.3 Add Trap Destination Entry ............................................................68 10.3.1 Delete Trap Destination Entry .........................................................69 10.3.2 List Trap Destination Entries...........................................................69

Part III: Maintenance and Applications................. 70 Chapter 11 Maintenance .........................................................................71

11.1 Load Factory Default Values ...........................................................71 11.2 Software Upgrade.........................................................................72 11.3 Configuration Backup and Restoration .............................................73 11.3.1 Configuration Backup ....................................................................73 11.3.2 Configuration Restoration ..............................................................74 11.4 Performance Monitoring.................................................................75 11.4.1 SHDSL Status Monitor ...................................................................75 11.4.2 ATM Interface Monitor ...................................................................75 11.4.3 SHDSL Performance Statistics ........................................................76 11.4.4 Interface Performance Monitor .......................................................76 11.5 Utilities .......................................................................................77 11.5.1 TFTP Application...........................................................................77 11.5.2 Ping Test .....................................................................................78

IV

11.5.3 Routing Table Utility ......................................................................78 11.5.4 Forwarding Table Utility .................................................................78 11.5.5 SHDSL Diagnostics .......................................................................78 11.5.6 EOC Diagnostics ...........................................................................79 11.5.7 Virtual Terminal............................................................................80

Chapter 12 Applications..........................................................................82 12.1 Example 1: Point to DSLAM Application............................................82 12.2 Example 2: Point to Point Application ..............................................84 12.3 Example 3: Bridge Mode with PPPoE Configuration ............................86 12.4 Example 4: Router Mode with PPPoE Configuration ............................88 12.5 Example 5: Router Mode with IPoA Configuration ..............................91 12.6 Example 6: NAT and DHCP Configuration .........................................94

Chapter 13 Troubleshooting..................................................................100 Appendix A – Menu Index of Console/Telnet..........................................101 Appendix B - Specifications....................................................................109 Appendix C - Pin Assignments................................................................111 GLOSSARY . .................................................................................112

V

Part I: Getting Started

This section will provide an overview of the REQUEST 531R, including its features, and applications. Then, it will provide information for hardware installation, access to the router, and initial configuration of the router. For most users this section will provide sufficient information to setup and operate your router.

Chapter 1: Product features and applications

Chapter 2: Hardware installation

Chapter 3: Accessing the Router

Chapter 4: Initial configuration (Console/Telnet)

Chapter 5: Web Configuration

1

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

The REQUEST 531R SHDSL router satisfies the needs of multiple users for small office / home office and remote office / branch office applications. It provides a symmetrical transmission speed up to 2.3 Mbps through SHDSL connection over one ordinary telephone line. In addition, it supports up to 16 virtual concurrent connections to multiple destinations.

The REQUEST 531R SHDSL router can be used for variety of applications, including video conferencing, remote training, e-commerce, and other multimedia applications. Easy configuration and monitoring can be accomplished by using the Web browser.

The REQUEST 531R SHDSL router has full routing capabilities to segment/route IP protocols and is capable of bridging other protocols. It can be also configured in either server or client mode providing a point-to-point connectivity between two sites.

2

1.2 Features

The router has the following features.

Compact and high-performance standalone unit

Bridge function

Comply with ITU-T G.991.2 (G.shdsl)

Auto-negotiation rate adaptation

AAL5 for ATM over SHDSL

UBR/CBR/VBR ATM services

VC-based and LLC multiplexing

Up to 16 VCs

One Ethernet port for LAN connection

One console port for local management

Embedded SNMP agent

Configuration backup and restoration

OAM F4/F5 support

Static route/RIP/RIP v2 routing function

Dynamic IP assignment and Network Address Translation

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1.3 Application

The REQUEST 531R can be applied for DSLAM and point-to-point applications.

531R

531R

Figure 1-1 DSLAM Application

531R 531R

Figure 1-2 Point-to-point Application

4

1.4 Front Panel LED Indicators

There are seven LED indicators provided on the front panel. These LEDs indicate system statuses like power status, activity, and alarm conditions. The description of each LED is given in Table 1-1.

ALERTPOWER COLACT LINK

Broadband G.shdsl Router 531R

TXRXADSL

Figure 1-3 Front View

LED Color Mode Function

On 12VAC power input is supplied to this unit POWER Green

Off Power is not connected

Off Normal status

On An alarm is occurring

ALERT Red

Flash Software downloading or self-testing

On Transmit data or receive data over Ethernet link ACT Green

Off No data transmitted or received over the Ethernet link

COL Yellow On Collision occurs over Ethernet

On The physical link through RJ11 connection cable is established

Flash SHDSL line is training

LINK Green

Off SHDSL connection not established

On Receive data over SHDSL link Data RX Green

Off No data received over the SHDSL link

On Transmit data over the SHDSL link Data TX Green

Off No data transmitted over the SHDSL link

Figure 1-4 LED functions

5

Chapter 2 Installation

2.1 Rear Panel Connectors

There are four connectors on the rear panel. To make a connection with these connectors, refer to Section.2.3.

2.2 Preparing for Installation

Make sure the following equipment is ready before installing the router.

VT-100 Compatible Terminal –

This terminal is essential to perform the initial configuration of the router. This is normally a terminal with a VT-100 emulation program, such as Telix and HyperTerminal Edition 5.

Console Port Cable –

An RS-232, DB9-to-DB9 straight-through cable is required to connect the terminal to the device. For pin definitions, please refer to Appendix C.

AC power adapter-

A suitable power adapter is shipped with the router. It is used to provide the necessary power for the router’s operation.

An optional LAN connection cable –

To connect to the hub, use a straight-through RJ45 cable. To connect to a PC, use a crossover RJ45 cable. Refers to Appendix C for pin definitions of the LAN port.

An optional RJ11 cable –

An RJ11 cable is needed to connect the LINE port.

6

2.3 Installation Procedures

Figure 2-1 illustrates possible connections to the backplane connectors.

Figure 2-1 Installation

Step 1 Connect the Line port to the phone line.

Step 2 Connect the LAN port to a hub with a straight-through RJ45 cable, orconnect the router to a PC with a crossover RJ45 cable.

Step 3 Connect the Console port to the VT-100 compatible terminal with aRS232 straight-through cable for local management.

Step 4 Connect the Power jack to the power cord with the shipped poweradapter cord.

Step 5 Attach the power adapter to the wall outlet or other AC source.

Step 6 After power on, the router performs a self-test. Waiting for a few secondsuntil the test is finished, the router will be ready to operate.

Caution 1: If the router fails to power on, or it malfunctions, first verify that thepower supply is correctly connected. Then power it on again. Ifthe problem persists, contact our technical support engineers.

Caution 2: Always disconnect all telephone lines from the wall outlet beforeservicing or disassembling this equipment.

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Chapter 3 Accessing the Router

This chapter introduces how to access and manage the router. Initial configuration of the router is covered in Chapter 4, Initial Configuration. There are two methods to access the router: console and Telnet. Either of these methods can be used to access, configure, operate or monitor the router.

3.1 Default IP Address and Passwords

The default passwords for the 531R are:

Access level Username Password

Read/write root root

Read only user user

The default LAN IP address is 192.168.1.1

Note: In software version 2.50, the default IP address was 210.65.231.206. The software version is shown in the top right hand corner of the console screen.

3.2 Access by Console

For access by console, the console PC should be installed with a standard VT-100 emulation program, such as HyperTerminal 5 or Telix. The following steps describe how to establish the console session.

Step 1 Start a standard VT-100 program such as HyperTerminal (Ver. 5 is recommended), or Telix in the local terminal; and select an open com port.

Step 2 Enter the following port settings:

Baud rate: 9600

Data bits: 8

Parity: none

Stop bit: 1

Flow control: none

8

Step 3 After the session parameters are set up, as shown in Step 2, pressthe ESC key. You can start operating the router now. [Generaloperation procedures are described in Section 3.4.]

Step 4

Use the up/down-arrow keys to select the utility item you wantand then use the right-arrow key to enter the menu you willconfigure.

Step 6 To change the LAN IP address, enter the MAIN/QC/LAN menu.

Step 7 To set WAN IP addresses, enter the ATM interface menus, e.g.,MAIN/QC/ATM/ATM1 [Refer to Section 4.2.2 ATM Interface details].

Step 8 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the settings.

Step 9 To change the passwords, enter the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu.

Step 10 You can enable the console password check function in the ConsolePassword Check field. Then, a visitor will be requested to enter thepassword.

Step 11 Enter a new password for ADMINISTRATOR in the New AdministratorPassword field and retype the password to confirm.

Step 12 Enter a new password for USER in the New User Password field andretype the password to confirm.

Step 13 Return to the main menu and select WRITE to write theseconfigurations to the flash memory, and then reboot the system.

9

Step 14 In less than one minute, the sentence Press ESC key to enterconsole mode configuration displays on your screen.

Note: After changing the parameters, save them to flash memory and then reboot the system before you quit, or you will lose the new parameters.

3.3 Access by Telnet

The device permits a maximum of one ADMINISTRATOR, and two COMMON users to telnet to the system at the same time. The following steps show the configuration.

Step 1: Telnet to the router with the LAN IP address or WAN IP address [refer to Section 3.1, Steps 6 and 7 on setting the LAN/WAN IP addresses]. The default LAN IP address is 192.168.1.1

Step 2: You will be requested to enter the login name and password as follows.

Login: root

Password: ****

To have full access privileges as an ADMINISTRATOR, type root inthe Login field, and root in the password field; or if the defaultpassword was changed, type the password that was set in theconsole session [refer to Section 3.1 Steps 9-12.]

To have read-only access as a common USER, type user in the Loginfield and user in the password field; or if the default password waschanged, type the password that was set in the console session[refer to Section 3.1 Steps 9-12].

Step 3 The main menu should appear. The menus in a Telnet session arethe same as in the console session.

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3.4 Keyboard Operations

↑ The upward arrow key moves the cursor upward in the menu

↓ The cursor moves downward in the menu.

← Returns to the previous menu. If you are in a leaf menu you may need to push ^S first (to save the information)

→ Skips to the next menu.

^S Hold down the Ctrl-S keys simultaneously to perform different actions such as Save, Add, Delete and Go.

^X In the leaf menu, hold down the Ctrl-X keys simultaneously to returnto the previous menu.

^L Hold down the Ctrl-L keys simultaneously to return to the Home Menu

^T Hold down the Ctrl-T keys simultaneously to reset the value or statistics counted.

^R Hold down the Ctrl-R keys simultaneously to refresh or restore the menu.

Q Press the Q key to stop certain actions, such as software downloading.

Tab In the leaf menu, some configuration fields are marked, TAB. It means you need to press the TAB key to scroll through and select the pre-defined options.

The following backup keys can be used if your software doesn’t support arrow keys

^W Moves the cursor upward [equal to the up arrow key]

^Z Moves the cursor downward [equal to the down arrow key]

^A Return to the previous menu [equal to the left arrow key]

^D Enter the selected item [equal to the right arrow key]

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3.5 Menu Layout

The operating menu of the router follows a tree-structured design with three categories: main menu, branch menu and leaf menu. You can select each menu item by using the up, down, left and right arrow keys in the main and branch menus. The leaf menu is used to program each parameter. The layout of a menu includes messages, such as software version, model name, and keyboard instructions.

Figure 3-1 Menu Layout

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3.6 Configuration Steps in Console/Telnet

This section will briefly explain the steps involved to configure your router from the console or from Telnet. For ease of use, when describing configuration procedures in this document, the full path name is given, e.g.,> MAIN/QC/LAN. For example, if you want to configure the LAN interface of the router, complete the following procedures.

Step 1: Enter the main menu. You can verify you are in the main menu, bychecking the text at the bottom-left of the screen reads: Path> Main.If you are not in the main menu, use the key commands as explainedin Section 3.4 to access the Main Menu.

13

Step 2: Use the up or down arrow keys to select an item. In this case, selectQC. Press the right arrow key to go to the MAIN/QC menu. Thetext at the bottom-left of the screen, should read: PATH> MAIN/QC toindicate the directory of the current operating menu.

Step 3: Use the up or down arrow key to select an item. In this case, selectLAN and press the right arrow key to enter the leaf menu. The text atthe bottom-left of the screen, should read: PATH> MAIN/QC/LAN

Step 4: Enter a parameter in each field. For fields that include the word:TAB, e.g., Network Type (TAB), press the TAB key to select aparameter from the pre-defined values. Then save the settings inRAM by holding down the Ctrl-S keys.

14

Step 5: Return to the main menu and enter the MAIN\WRITE menu to save theconfigurations from RAM to flash memory, and then reboot the device.

Note: Before you exit the Console or Telnet session, make sure you write the changes into the flash memory and reboot the router. You must write the changes, or they will be lost when you reboot the router, or exit the system.

3.6.1 Write System Configurations

When you hold down the Ctrl-S keys, it only saves the parameters in RAM. The parameters will only be kept temporarily, they will be lost after the system is exited or rebooted. To save settings permanently, you must write the configurations into the flash memory and reboot the system. To write the configurations follow the steps below:

Step 1 Enter the MAIN/WRITE menu.

Step 2 The screen will display This will write configurations to flash (Y/N). Type Y.

Step 3 Press any key to return to the main menu when the following messagedisplays: Write configuration to flash complete! Press any key to return to previous menu …

Step 4 Reboot the system. (Refer to Section 3.5.2)

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3.6.2 Reboot System

To reboot the device, follow the steps below:

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/REBOOT menu, the following message will be displayed:This will reboot the system? (Y/N).

Step 2: Type Y to reboot the system.

Step 3: Wait for the message: Press ESC to enter console mode configuration...

Step 4: Press ESC to re-enter the main menu

16

Chapter 4 Initial Configuration

This chapter explains initial configuration, quick configuration and SHDSL characteristics parameters. For further configuration of the specific functions, refer to Chapters 6 to 11.

4.1 Initial Setup

For the initial setup of your router, please complete the following steps:

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu

Step 2: Complete the fields below:

Field Setting Host name: This Field is only used for identification purposes Domain Name: This Field is only used for identification purposes Operation mode: Set to router or bridge mode Terminal Type The device can be used to connect to a DSLAM or for

peer-to-peer application. When it is connected to a DSLAM, select CPE in the Terminal mode field. When two SHDSL devices are used, configure one of them as the CO and the other as the CPE.

Console Password Check:

Normally, a local user does not have to enter a password to enter the console mode. If the console password check function is required, enter the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu and enable this function in the Console Password Check field. Users who attempt to access the device from the console will then be prompted for the password.

New Administrator Password:

Retype Password: New User Password:

Retype Password:

There are two types of login names: root and user. Root is for the system administrator with full read-write privileges, and user is for the common user with read-only privileges. Login names are preset and cannot be changed.

Each login name has a password. The default password for the system administrator is root, and for common users it is user. You can change the password by entering the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu, and assigning a new password for the administrator in the New Administrator Password field and Retype Password field; and assigning a new password for the common user in the New User Password and Retype Password fields.

17

Step 3: Press Ctrl-S to save the configuration to the system RAM

Step 4: If you want to keep the configuration permanently, perform the Write function by entering the MAIN/WRITE menu and then reboot the router. You only need to perform this function before you exit your configuration software, if you will continue to configure your router you can perform the write function later.

4.2 Quick Configuration

This section describes how to configure the basic environment (including the interface setup) for the router via console or Telnet. The router supports two interfaces (LAN and WAN): It can connect to a local area network via the Ethernet interface; and to a wide area network via the SHDSL link interface. The sub-menus of MAIN/QC are also repeated in those of MAIN/CONF. The device can normally function after the quick configuration is completed. To setup the LAN interface follow the steps below:

4.2.1 LAN Interface

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/QC/LAN menu

Step 2: Enter a parameter in each field

Operation Mode: Select bridge [default] or route; see section 5.6 for more details.

Network Type: This field is used for NAT see section 7.3.1 for details

IP address: Enter the address of the IP network

Subnet Mask: Enter the mask of the IP network

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the parameters

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4.2.2 ATM Interface

The ATM interface field defines the data encapsulation and protocol characteristics for the connection between two packet switching devices. The router supports PPP and RFC 1483 routing protocols. For PPP network service, the router supports two authentication protocols: PAP, and CHAP. It can identify the server’s authentication protocol and will auto-adjust itself to the same protocol.

There are 16 configurable ATM interfaces (ATM1 to ATM16). The default setting is: ATM1 enabled, with all others disabled. Follow the steps below to setup an ATM interface:

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/QC/ATM menu

Step 2: Enter one of the ATM interface leaf menus, ATM1 to ATM16, e.g., MAIN/QC/ATM/ATM1


Interface: Enable or disable the ATM interface Protocol: Ethernet: RFC1483 Bridge (default), can be selected in router or

bridge mode

The following only operate in router mode: (see section 4.1)

PPP (PPP over ATM)

PPPOE (PPP Over Ethernet): When running either PPP or PPPOE, the user may have to configurethe following:

Configure the IPCP and ISP fields.

Select the AAL5 encapsulation from the ATM VC leaf menu [seeSection 4.2.3].

IPOA (IP Over ATM): RFC 1483 Routing

IPCP:

(For PPP/PPPOE)

Static – a local IP address is manually assigned during PPP session establishment.

Dynamic – Your ISP IP server will auto-assign an IP address and subnet mask to the router. You can enter the MAIN/MON/ATM menu to check which IP/Subnet you are assigned.

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ISP:

(For PPP/ PPPOE)

Assign this ATM interface to one of the eight ISPs, and then enter the selected ISP menu to assign the required authentication user name and password for PAP and CHAP. For example, if you have selected ISP1 in this field, enter the MAIN/QC/ISP/ISP1 menu to configure the ISP1 parameters. [Refer to Section 4.2.4 for more details.]

ATM VC: The virtual channel number corresponds to the ATM interface, e.g.ATM1 to VC1 or ATM2 to VC2, which is not selectable. The usermay enter the ATM/VC menu [refer to Section 4.2.3] to configurethe VC parameters.

Operation Mode:

Select bridge [default] or route, see section 5.6 for more details.

Network type: USED FOR NAT see section 8.3.1 for details IP address: Enter the IP address Subnet mask: Enter the Subnet mask

Step 4: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the new configurations to your system RAM

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4.2.3 ATM Virtual Channel (VC) Parameters

You may need to define virtual connections (VC) when communicating across an ATM network. There are two types of ATM connections:

Virtual paths, identified by virtual path identifiers (VPI)

Virtual circuits, identified by the combination of a VPI and a VCI (virtual circuit identifier)

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/QC/VC menu

Step 2: Select a Virtual Channel from VC1 to VC16, e.g., MAIN/QC/VC/VC1

Step 3: Enter a parameter in each field.

VPI/VCI: VPI - The Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) is part of the cell header

for ATM cells that are transferred over this connection. TheVPI value ranges between 0 and 255.

VCI - The Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) is part of the cellheader for ATM cells that are transferred over this connection.If you are configuring multiple VCs, enter the number of eachrespective VC in this field. The VCI value ranges between 32and 65535.

AAL5 Encapsulation

VCMUX - VC based multiplexing encapsulation LLC - LLCencapsulation

VC QOS UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate. No limit has been specified for the

information rate. CBR - Constant Bit Rate. This class is usedfor emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant withtime. CBR applications are very sensitive to cell-delay variation.Examples of applications that can use CBR are telephone traffic(i.e., nx64 kbps), videoconferencing, and television. VBR - Variable Bit Rate. A certain rate is specified for the flow ofinformation.

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Peak Cell Rate (bps):

The Peak Cell Rate is the maximum number of bits per secondtransmitted over this connection. This is determined by theminimum intercellular space, in seconds, which is the timeinterval from the first bit of one cell to the first bit of the nextcell. The PCR ranges from 30 to 2312 Kbps.

Sustainable Cell Rate (bps):

This field is for VBR only. This is the average rate at which cellsare transmitted over this connection. The rate is counted in bitsper second. Note that the SCR is less than the PCR.

Burst Tolerance (msec):

This field is for VBR only. This is the maximum number of cellsthat are sent at the peak rate. The number of cells is counted inmilli-seconds. The BT ranges between 10 and 200 cells per milli-second.

Note: MBS (Maximum Burst Size) formula: [1+ PCRSCR

BT11

−] where

[x] stands for the integer part of x. In the formula, BT is counted in seconds and SCR/ PCR in cells per second.


22

4.2.4 ISP Configuration

The ISP (Internet service provider) should be configured when PPP/PPPOE is selected. The router can be connected to up to eight ISPs, each with different VPI/VCI values. The procedure below shows how to configure the necessary parameters to connect to an ISP. Please note, this function can only be performed when your device is set to router mode [see Section 4.1].

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/QC/ISP menu

Step 2: Select an ISP, e.g., MAIN/QC/ISP/ISP1

Step 3: Enter a parameter in each field:

ISP name: You can enter your ISP’s name (maximum 19 characters)

User name: Account user name for logging on to an ISP (maximum 40

characters)

Password: Account password for logging on to an ISP (maximum 19

characters)

Step 4 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the parameters.

Step 5 Write the new configurations into the flash memory by selecting WRITfrom the main menu, and then reboot the system.

E

Note: If any incorrect data is input, the system will respond with an error report.

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4.3 SHDSL Characteristics Parameters

In the MAIN/CONF/SHDSL menu, you can set up the system chipset characteristics.

Field Parameter Description

Minimum Base Rate(1-36)

Nx64 Kbps (N=1-36)

Maximum Base Rate(1-36)

Nx64 Kbps (N=1-36)

Maximum Sub Rate(0-1)

Ix8K (I=0 or 1)

Minimum Sub Rate(0-1)

Ix8K (M=0 or 1)

You can set a fixed data rate when thefollowing two conditions are matched: 1.Maximum subrate is set equal to theminimum subrate 2. Maximum base rateis set equal to the minimum base rateThe data rate can be auto-adaptiveaccording to the line performance withthe following two conditions. Thesystem will give an alarm message whenyou fail to follow. 1. Maximum subrateexceeds the minimum subrate 2.Minimum base rate exceeds themaximum base rate

Start-up margin 0-15 (dB) If the actual SNR margin is less than the start-up SNR margin, during the first 5 seconds of training, the line attempts to retrain.

Loop Attenu Thr 0 = off, 1-127 (dB)

Loop Attenuation Threshold. If the loop attenuation exceeds this value an alarm will be generated.

Loopback Timeout 0 = off, 1-4095 (minutes)

Sets a timer, which will interrupt a loopback test. After the timer expires theloopback will stop. This prevents an idle loopback test from running continuously.

Standard Annex A, B or A/B Select Annex A or B depending on requirements of the country of operation.Australia uses Annex B. Annex A/B will auto sense.

Power Back Off Enable/Disable It is recommended that user keep the default setting for this function. The parameter is used for power reduction onshort loops. For explanation of power backoff, refer to G.991.2 (G.shdsl)

EOC Bitswap Enable/Disable When enabled the bit order of the EOC messages are reversed, for compatibility with some DLSAMs. The default is disabled.

24

Jonathon Exley

Or is this loop attenuation threshold (see G.991.2 §9.5.5.7.5)? It could also be N – SHDSL Loop Attenuation (§9.5.5.7.14), or C – SHDSL Loop Attenuation (§9.5.5.7.15)? I don’t think so – these are reported not set. I’m pretty sure it is the §9.5.5.7.5 meaning as that is a 1-127 dB value, with 0=off (no threshold alarm reporting).

Note 1: Total data rate= Nx64 Kbps + Ix8 Kbps.

Note 2: Total line rate (Payload data rate + Overhead) = Nx64 Kbps + Ix8 Kbps+ 8Kbps.

Note 3: I = 1 is a chipset proprietary setting. The SHDSL devices with different chipsets may be incompatible when the subrate is set to 1.

25

Part II: Advanced Configuration

This section will explain how to configure the advanced parameters of the REQUEST 531R.

Chapter 5: Bridging

Chapter 6: IP Routing

Chapter 7: Network/Port Address Translation

Chapter 8: DNS Proxy

Chapter 9: DHCP

Chapter 10: SNMP

26

Chapter 5 Bridging

5.1 Overview

The REQUEST 531R can be set to bridge or router mode. A bridge is a device that links local or remote area networks together. It forwards packets based on a MAC address. A router links networks, it forwards packets based on an IP address. It can be used to separate unwanted traffic, reduce the traffic, or to provide security from unauthorized users.

This chapter describes static bridging configurations. The operator can add or delete a static MAC (Media Access Control) entry, enable the spanning tree or view the bridging parameters.

5.2 Add Static MAC Entry

Step 1 Enter the MAIN/CONF/BRIDGING/STATIC/ADD menu.

Step 2 Enter the MAC address and port map.

Note: Port Map

17 bits are used to specify the operating mode of 17 interfaces(LAN and ATM1~16) when the MAC address is processed inbridging mode. The leftmost character represents the LANinterface (10000000000000000) and rightmost characterrepresents the ATM16 interface (0000000000000001). There are three operating modes:

all ATMinterfaces

0: Filtering

1: Forwarding

2: Dynamic

In dynamic mode, the operating mode of the MAC address inthe interface follows the learning result of the bridgingfunction. For example, if we configure the port map of theMAC address to be 10000000000000000, the MAC address willbe forwarded to the LAN interface and filtered from

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3……… Bit 16 Bit 17

LAN ATM1 ATM2…… ATM15 ATM16

Step 3 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the new configurations.

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5.3 Delete Static MAC Address

Step 1 Enter the MAIN/CONF/BRIDGING/DELETE menu.

Step 2 Enter the MAC address.

Step 3 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to delete the MAC address.

5.4 Spanning Tree Protocol

The spanning can be used to avoid errors in data flow. The default setting of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) function of the router is disabled. To enable it, follow these steps.

Step 1 Enter the MAIN/CONF/BRIDGING/STP/BRIDGE menu. Spanning Tree:enabled/disabled (default: disabled) Priority (0-65535)

Step 2 Choose Enabled in the Spanning Tree field. After the spanning treeis enabled, it can normally function without other adjustments, andyou can proceed to step 5. However, if you want to specify thebridge or port priority, perform steps 3 to 5.

Step 3 After choosing Enabled in the Spanning Tree field, enter a valuebetween 0 and 65535 in the Priority field. It is used to define thebridging root.

Step 4 Go to the MAIN/CONF/BRIDGING/STP/PORT menu to configure thefollowing fields.

Interface: LAN /ATM1 to 16 (factory default: LAN)

Operation: Enabled/ Disabled (factory default: enabled)

Priority: 128 (ranging from 0 to 255)

Step 5 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the parameters.

Step 6 Enter the MAIN/WRITE menu to write the new configurations into theflash memory, and then reboot the device.

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5.5 Forwarding Table

To list the bridging table where you can find the network status, enter the MAIN/UTIL/BRIDGING menu.

5.6 Configuring transparent bridging

Transparent bridging provides integrated routing and bridging, which enables routing of a protocol between routed interfaces and bridge groups.

This feature can be set to on a LAN interface (see section 4.2.1) or an ATM interface (see section 4.2.2).

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Chapter 6 IP Routing

This chapter covers RIP configuration, static routing, and ping test functions.

6.1 RIP Configuration

The IP routing function is disabled by factory default. To enable this function, enter the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu, and select Router in the Operation Mode field (also described in Section 4.1). Then configure the RIP (Router Internet Protocol).

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/RIP/GENERIC menu.

Step 2: There are two fields on the menu. Enter a parameter in each field.

Mode: Enabled

Auto Summary: You only need to enable this if you use RIP V2.

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the change.

The RIP function is now enabled. The default RIP parameter for each interfaceis RIPv2. In this default mode, this router can operate normally without otheradjustments. If you want to configure advanced RIP functions, perform theprocedures that follow.

6.2 Advanced RIP Configuration

These steps are only necessary if you want to disable interfaces, change the authentication, or change the poison reverse.

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/RIP/INTERFACE/ATM menu

Step 2: Enter an ATM interface leaf menu (ATM1 to ATM16), e.g., MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/RIP/INTERFACE/ATM/ATM1

30


Mode: Select Enabled

Version: RIP version 2 or version 1

Authentication: none: no authentication code is required.

PlainText: an authentication code is required. You shouldalso fill in the Authentication Code field to assign apassword.

MD5: an authentication code is required. You should alsofill in the Authentication Code field to assign a password.

Poison Reverse: Enabled: to enable the Poison Reverse

Disabled: to enable the Splitting Horizon The defaultsetting of poison reverse parameter in REQUEST 531R isEnabled.

It means the router adopts the split horizon with poison reverse scheme to avoid routing loop problems. If theparameter is disabled, the router will use the simple split horizon scheme to solve the problem.

Authentication Code:

Enter the password for authentication.

Step 4: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the change

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6.3 Static Route Configuration

This section explains how to add, delete and verify a static route.

6.3.1 Add a static route

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/ADD menu

Step 2: Enter a parameter in each field (Note: The default route for the network/host address and subnet mask is 0.0.0.0.)

Network/Host address:

Enter the network or host address of the destination


Gateway Address: Enter the address of the gateway

Metric: Enter the maximum number of routers (1-15) the data

packets must travel through before reaching their final destination.

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the parameters.

6.3.2 Delete a Static Route

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/DELETE menu



Enter the destination network or host address

Subnet Mask:

Enter the mask of the IP network

Gateway:

Enter the address of gateway

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to delete the static route

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6.3.3 Routing Table/ List Static Routes

In order to validate the RIP configuration for each interface, the router provides a utility function to view the routing table located in the MAIN/UTIL/ROUTING menu. You can view the configuration of static routes at: MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/LIST

6.4 Ping Test Utility

The Ping test is used to verify the status of the network connection after the RIP or static route function is enabled. Ping sends a request message to the host and waits for a return message. This diagnostic function can verify if the remote host is reachable for Telnet or FTP purposes. Ping can also measure the round-trip time to the remote host.

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/UTIL/PING menu



Enter the destination of the network address or host address

Data Size: Enter the packet size for ping with a value between 32 and 1500

Times: Enter the number of times that the ping test will be executed

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to start the ping test.

Step 4: In a few minutes, the test results will be displayed:

Ping Total: The total number of tests performed

Ping Success: The number of tests successfully performed

Ping Fail: The number of tests that failed

Ping Average Time (ms): The average round-trip time of the test

Ping Last Time (ms): The round-trip time of the last ping test

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Chapter 7 Network Address Translation

This Chapter is divided into the following sections:

8.1 Overview of Network Address Translation (NAT)

8.2 Network Address Translation

8.3 Port Address Translation 8.4 Configuration of NAT/PAT

8.5 Applications for NAT/PAT

7.1 Overview

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a transparent routing function that translates a Private IP address on a LAN into a Public address that can be used in a public network (Figure 7-1). Port Address Translation (PAT) is a form of NAT that maps multiple Private IP addresses to a single Public IP address. Port numbers (TCP or UDP) ensure that packets are delivered properly. Both Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT) are supported by this router. NAT and PAT are common solutions for: overcoming the shortage of public IP addresses, security needs (private IP addresses are not transparent), and assisting network administration.

Figure 7-1 NAT Translation

Note the usage of synonyms below:

Virtual: private, illegal, unregistered

Global: public, legal, registered

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7.2 Network Address Translation Network Address Translation (NAT) is a transparent routing function that translates a Private IP address on a LAN, into a Public address that can be used on a WAN.

Static NAT defines a fixed address translation. A Private IP address is mapped to a Public IP address on a one-to-one basis.

Dynamic NAT maps a Private IP address to a Public IP address, by selecting from a pool of registered IP addresses.

Static NAT is a permanent translation, whereas with dynamic NAT the address mapping remains active only until the privately addressed workstation stops accessing the global network. The global address is then returned to the available pool of addresses.

The operation of NAT mode:

(1). Based on an IP data stream, NAT mode provides the translation of a source IP address in the IP packet coming from the LAN interface to a fixed Public address (Static NAT), or an address from the global pool (Dynamic NAT), and keeps the port number transparent.

(2). The private IP Address is mapped to an address in the global pool. Each address in the Global Pool can only be used for one translation at a time.

If the number of addresses in the private pool is greater than the number in the global pool, the SHDSL Router suspends additional requests for address translation until a translation is terminated, thus freeing up an address in the global pool. This is illustrated in Figure 7-2, the third address in the private pool is not mapped to an address in the global pool, because only two addresses are available.

(3). An IP address in a global pool will return to be available after an interval of 60 seconds of idle status.

(4). An IP address that is configured in the fixed translation table is only used by the configured private IP address.

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The conventions of NAT mode:

(1). The global pool is permitted to overlap the ATM interface IP address. However the number of public addresses restricts the number of simultaneous connections. PAT [Section 7.3] should be used if the number of connections required, will exceed the number of Public Addresses.

(2). The ATM interface IP address presents the management address of the SHDSL Router. This IP address is available for ping, telnet and Web management from the Internet. Others addresses in the global pool are not available.

Figure 7-2 Router with NAT enabled

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7.3 Port Address Translation

PAT, also called overloading is a form of NAT that maps multiple Private IP addresses to a single Public IP address. PAT allows several virtually addressed workstations to share a single global address. PAT uses the TCP and UDP port numbers to map multiple virtual addresses to a single global address.

Static ports can be defined for global access. For example, TCP port 80 for a Web Server and TCP port 21 for a FTP server can be statically assigned. The PAT default address can be used with, or instead of, static port assignments, and is set to the virtual address of a workstation on the local LAN. If an incoming IP data packet is received on a WAN port and there is no existing dynamic or static port mapping, the packet will be translated using the PAT default address.

The operation of PAT mode:

(1). Based on the session of an IP data stream, PAT mode provides the translation of the source IP address in the IP packet coming from the LAN interface, with an address from the global pool, and also translates the port number to a new number (from 50001 to 65535).

(2). If a single ATM interface IP is configured for many-to-one PAT, the SHDSL Router will automatically enable the PAT function without manually configuring PAT mapping.

(3). A private IP address is mapped to an address in the global pool in a round robin and re-cycled way.

(4). The IP address that is configured in the fixed translation table is only used by the configured private IP address.

(5). If PAT server mapping is configured, the SHDSL Router will perform a one-to-one mapping for all packets with the server’s port. For example, public IP address 171.68.1.1 port 80 is mapped to private address 192.168.0.5 port 80.

37

The conventions of PAT mode:

(1). The global pool is permitted to overlap the ATM interface IP address

(2). PPTP pass through is supported

(3). The ATM interface IP address presents the management address of the SHDSL Router. This IP address is available for ping, telnet and Web management from the Internet. Others addresses in the global pool are unavailable.

Figure 7-3 Router with PAT enabled

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7.3.1 Bi-directional NAT (Two-Way NAT)

Traditional NAT allows hosts within a private network to transparently access hosts in the external network, in a traditional NAT, sessions are uni-directional, outbound from the private network.

With bi-directional NAT, sessions can be initiated from hosts in the public network or in the private network. A bi-directional NAT server uses a DNS application level gateway to execute translations from name to IP addresses and TCP/UDP mappings, thus allowing inbound and outbound sessions. Note however, that the router cannot be set to allow simultaneous inbound and outbound sessions.

7.3.2 Configuration of bi-directional NAT

The router can only be configured to either outbound (virtual to global) NAT translation or inbound (global to virtual) NAT translation. It cannot perform both translations simultaneously. Traditionally, a router has been set to outbound translation. This section explains how to configure the router for bi-directional NAT.

LAN Configuration

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/QC/LAN menu

Step 2: Enter the parameters below:

Operation Mode: Select route Network Type: Set to Global to enable inbound NAT, set to Virtual to enable

outbound NAT IP address: Enter the address of the IP network



ATM Configuration

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/QC/ATM menu

Step 2: Select a virtual channel to configure (ATM1-16)

Step 3: Set parameters as below

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Operation Mode: Select route

Interface:

Enable the ATM interface

Network Type: Set to Global to enable inbound NAT, set to Virtual to enable outbound NAT [see section 7.3.1 for details]

Refer to Section 4.2.3 of the REQUEST 531R manual for all other parameters.

Step 4: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the new configurations to your system RAM (if you wish to make the new settings permanent you should write the settings

7.4 Configuration of NAT/PAT

This section covers configuration of the SHDSL Router for NAT/PAT, it may not be necessary to follow the instructions of all the sections below, to understand configuration requirements see Section 7.5 - Applications. The sections are arranged as follows:

Section

8.4.1 Set the router to routing mode

8.4.2 Set up the LAN interface

8.4.3 Set up the ATM interface

8.4.4 Assign private IP addresses pools

8.4.5 Assign the global IP address pools.

8.4.6 Map private IP pools to global IP pools

8.4.7 Assign a fixed IP address

8.4.8 Configure virtual servers

8.4.9 Configure static routes

Note Reserved private IP address range:

Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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7.4.1 Set Routing Mode

To set the SHDSL Router to routing mode complete the following steps:

Step 1 Enter > MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM

Step 2 In the Operation Mode field, select Route

Step 3 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys.

7.4.2 Configure the LAN Interface

Step 1 Enter > MAIN/QC/LAN

Step 2 In the Operation Mode field, select route

Step 3 In the Network Type field, select Virtual only set it to Global, if you

wish to enable inbound NAT [see Section 7.3.1].

Step 4 Enter the IP Address

Step 5 Enter the Subnet Mask

Step 6 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys

7.4.3 Configure the ATM interface

The Router has 16 ATM interfaces; each interface can be configured separately. Enter the menu for the interface you wish to use NAT and make sure to enable the interface, (Refer to Section 4.2.3 for all other parameters of the ATM interface):

Step 1 Enter > MAIN/QC/LAN

Step 2 In the Operation Mode field, select route

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Step 3 In the Interface Type field, select Enabled

Step 4 In the Network Type field, select Global for a traditional outboundNAT, or Virtual for an inbound NAT using bi-directional NAT [SeeSection 7.3.1]

Step 5 Hold down the Ctrl-S keys

7.4.4 Assign Private IP address Pools

This section explains how to configure private IP address pools.

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/PRIVATE menu.

Step 2: Enter the following parameters. A maximum of five IP address

pools can be configured.

Pool Number: Pool 1 to Pool 5

Start IP Address: Enter the start IP address

End IP Address:

Enter the end IP address

Step 1

To configure the first set of IP addresses, assign it to Pool 1. In the Start IP Address field, enter 172.16.231.1; and in the end IP Address field, enter 172.16.231.20.

Step 2

Now for the second set of IP addresses, which will be assigned to pool 2. In the Start IP Address field, enter 172.16.231.100; and in the end IP Address field, enter 172.16.231.200.

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys.

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7.4.5 Assign Global IP Address Pools

The router allows up to five sets of continuous global IP addresses. The private IP pools will be translated to one of the global IP addresses pools, configure as follows:

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/GLOBAL menu.

Step 2: Enter the following parameters. A maximum of five IP address pools can be configured.

Pool Number: Pool 1 to Pool 5 Start IP Address: Enter the start IP address End IP Address: Enter the end IP address


7.4.6 Pool Mapping

After configuring the private and global address pools, you need to configure the pool mapping.

Add Pool Translation

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/TRANSLATION/ADD menu.


Private IP Pool: Press the Tab key to select a private pool number

Global IP Pool: Press the Tab key to select a global pool number

Translation Type: Press the Tab key to select a type, NAT or PAT

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys

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Delete A NAT Pool Translation

Step 1: Enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/TRANSLATION/DELETE

Step 2: Enter a parameter in each field Private IP Pool: Press the Tab key to select a private pool number

Global IP Pool: Press the Tab key to select a global pool number

Translation Type: Press the Tab key to select a type: NAT or PAT

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to update the settings

List NAT Pool Translation

To display the NAT Pool Translation, enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/TRANSLATION/LIST

7.4.7 Fixed IP Address Mapping

The Fixed IP address function is used for mapping between a private IP addresses and a fixed Public IP addresses. Each private IP address is mapped to a fixed Public IP address through which the data is received and transmitted.

Add a Fixed IP Address Mapping

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/ADD menu.


Private IP Address

Public IP Address


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Delete a Fixed IP Address Mapping

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/DELETE menu.


Private IP Address

Public IP Address

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to delete the mapping.

List Fixed IP Mappings

To display the Fixed IP Maps, enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/LIST menu.

7.4.8 Configure Virtual Servers

If you want to set up Internet servers on the virtual LAN when PAT is enabled, you should register the servers with the router first to allow Internet users to access the service via the WAN interface of router. This section describes how to configure a virtual server.

Add a Virtual Server Entry

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/SERVER/ADD menu


Protocol: TCP or UDP (default: TCP)

Interface: (default: ANY) If ANY is selected, any of the interfaces can

access the service. If you want to specify the interface throughwhich the server provides service, you can select LAN, or ATM1through to ATM16

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Service Name: This field is used to recognize the service that the virtual serverprovides. The operator can define the service name as Web,E-mail, FTP and so on

Service Port Number:

Related to the service port, i.e. well-known port of Web server80, FTP server 21, and SMPT 25

Private IP Address:

To define the private IP address of the virtual server

Private Port Number:

To specify the actual port of the server in the virtual LAN. Thiscan be set to the same number as the service port.


Delete a Virtual Server Entry

Step 1: Enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/SERVER/DELETE

Step 2: Enter a parameter in each field about the virtual server

Protocol: TCP and UDP (default: TCP)

Interface: LAN, and ATM1 to ATM16. If the virtual server is located at the

same LAN interface as the router, then select LAN. If thevirtual server is located in the same SHDSL interface as therouter, select one of the ATM1 to ATM16.

Service Port Number:

Related to the service name. For example, Web with port number 80.

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to delete the virtual server

List Virtual Server Entry

To see the virtual server entries, enter the MAIN/CONF/NAT/SERVER/LIST menu.

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7.4.9 Configure Static Routes

A static route is a permanent entry in a routing table that takes precedence over routes chosen by dynamic routing protocols. To add a static route complete the following steps:

Step 1: Enter MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/ADD

Step 2: Enter a parameter in each field. Note: The default route for the network/host address and subnet mask is 0.0.0.0. (everything is routed). Network/Host address:

Enter the network or host address of the destination


Gateway Address: Enter the address of the gateway

Metric: Specifies the maximum number of router hops a datagram can traverse before reaching the destination IP address. When determining the best route for a datagram to follow, the IP router analyzes the cost value.

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to save the parameters.

Delete a Static Route

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/DELETE menu



Enter the destination network or host address


Gateway: Enter the address of gateway

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to delete the static route

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Routing Table/ List Static Routes

In order to validate the RIP configuration for each interface, the router provides a utility function to view the routing table located in the MAIN/UTIL/ROUTING menu. You can view the configuration of static routes at: MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/LIST

7.5 Applications

This section will explain the following applications for address translations:

8.5.1 Static One-to-One NAT

8.5.2 Dynamic One-to-One NAT

8.5.3 Dynamic Many-to-One PAT

8.5.4 Dynamic Many-to-Many PAT

8.5.5 Virtual Server Mapping

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7.5.1 Static One-to-One NAT

STEP 1

Ensure the SHDSL Router is operating in routing mode by entering MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM, and selecting Router in the Operation Mode; selecting CPE in the Terminal Type. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

STEP 2

Setup the Lan parameters by entering MAIN/CONF/INTERFACE/LAN, set the Network Type to Virtual, and enter the IP Address and Subnet Mask for the LAN. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

49

STEP 3

Setup ATM Interface 1 from the MAIN/CONF/INTERFACE/ATM/ATM1 menu, set the Protocol to IPOA, enter the IP Address and Subnet Mask for ATM Interface 1. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

STEP 4

Add the first Fixed IP Mapping by entering MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/ADD, enter the Private IP Address and the Global IP Address. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

50

STEP 5

Add the second Fixed IP Mapping by entering MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/ADD, enter the Private IP Address and the Global IP Address. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

STEP 6

You can check you have set the correct parameters for the mappings by entering MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/LIST

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STEP 7

To add the static route enter MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/ADD, enter values for the Network/Host Address, Subnet Mask, Gateway Address and the Metric [Section 8.4.9]. To save the parameters press ctrl-s. Note that a Network Address of 0.0.0.0 and a Subnet Mask of 0.0.0.0, corresponds to the default route (everything is routed).

53

7.5.2 Dynamic One-to-One NAT

STEP 1


STEP 2


54

STEP 3


STEP 4

To setup the Virtual IP Address pool enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/PRIVATE, select pool 1 in the Pool Number field, and enter the Start IP Address and the End IP Address. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

55

STEP 5

Setup the Global IP Address Pool by entering MAIN/CONF/NAT/GLOBAL, select Pool 1 in the Pool Number field, enter the Start IP Address and the End IP Address. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

56

STEP 6

To add a NAT Pool Translation enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/TRANSLATION/ADD, select pool 1 in the Private IP Pool field, select Pool 1 in the Global IP Pool field, and select NAT in the Translation Type field. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

STEP 7

To add the static route enter MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/ADD, enter values for the Network/Host Address, Subnet Mask, Gateway Address and the Metric. A metric is a standard of measurement, such as path length, that is used by routing algorithms to determine the optimal path to a destination. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

57

7.5.3 Dynamic Many-to-One PAT

STEP 1


58

STEP 2


STEP 3


59

STEP 4


60

7.5.4 Dynamic Many-to-Many PAT

STEP 1


61

STEP 2


STEP 3


62

STEP 4

Setup the Virtual IP Address Pool by entering MAIN/CONF/NAT/PRIVATE, select Pool 1 in the Pool Number field, enter the Start IP Address and the End IP Address. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

STEP 5

Setup the Global IP Address Pool by entering MAIN/CONF/NAT/GLOBAL, select Pool 1 in the Pool Number field, enter the Start IP Address and the End IP Address. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

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STEP 6

To add a NAT Pool Translation by enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/TRANSLATION/ADD, select pool 1 in the Private IP Pool field, select Pool 1 in the Global IP Pool field, and select NAT in the Translation Type field. To save the parameters press ctrl-s.

STEP 7


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7.5.5 Virtual Server Mapping

To add a virtual server, enter MAIN/CONF/NAT/SERVER/ADD, enter the parameters in the fields as in the picture below: To save the parameters press ctrl-s. Note that the Interface should be set to ANY to allow all interfaces to access the server [see section 7.4.8 for details about other settings].

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Chapter 8 DNS Proxy

8.1 Overview

A Domain Name Server (DNS) provides an IP address to a host computer for an applied Domain Name. The router supports the DNS proxy feature, which receives and attempts to find an entry in its local tables, and when one is not found, it forwards the request to a remote server.

8.2 Configure DNS Proxy

The default setting for DNS Proxy is disabled. To enable it, follow the procedure below. Note, if the DNS proxy is enabled, the MAIN/MON/ATM menu will display the DNS IP address that you have set here.

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/DNS menu


DNS proxy: Enabled/ Disabled (factory default: disabled)

Primary Server IP address:

Enter the primary server IP address

Secondary Server IP address:

Enter the secondary server IP address that will be used immediately when the primary server IP address fails or is not available


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Chapter 9 DHCP

9.1 Overview

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a centralized approach to assigning IP address. When a workstation is configured for automatic IP address assignment, it broadcasts a request to the LAN. The router acts as the DHCP Server and responds with:

An IP address and subnet mask for the workstation

The Domain name, which is the same as that in MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM

The IP addresses of the default router and the two DNS servers

9.2 Configure DHCP

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/DHCP/GENERIC menu

Step 2: Enter a parameter in the following fields

DHCP Server: Enabled/Disabled (default: Disabled)

DHCP Start IP: Enter the DHCP server Start IP address

DHCP End IP: Enter the DHCP server End IP address

Default Gateway: This is the entry on the LAN where packets are received or

transmitted. Enter IP space with end address


Domain Name Server (1):

Enter the IP address of the primary domain name server. This will be the primary server; it has priority over the secondary server.

Domain Name Server (2):

Enter the IP address of the secondary domain name server that will be used when the primary server IP address fails oris not available.


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Chapter 10 SNMP

The router supports SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) management. MIBs of MIB II are implemented. This chapter describes how to set the SNMP community [Section 10.1], and trap destinations [Section 10.2].

10.1 Community

Step 1: Enter MAIN/CONF/SNMP/COMMUNITY menu.

Step 2: Enter a parameter in each field. The default settings for read-only read-write communities are public and private.

Read-Only Community:

Enter the password for read-only access (default: Public)

Read-Write Community:

Enter the password for read-write access (default: Private)


10.2 Trap Destinations

Up to five trap destinations are available in the system.

10.3 Add Trap Destination Entry

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/SNMP/TRAP/ADD menu


Version: Version 1/Version 2

Destination IP: Enter the destination IP address

Community: Enter a parameter for the community


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10.3.1 Delete Trap Destination Entry

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/SNMP/TRAP menu

Step 2: Enter the following parameters

Version: Version 1/Version 2

Destination IP: Enter the destination IP address

Community: Enter the parameter for the community

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to delete the trap destination entry.

10.3.2 List Trap Destination Entries

To list the trap destination entries, access the MAIN/CONF/SNMP/TRAP/LIST menu.

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Part III: Maintenance and Applications

This section will discuss maintenance of your REQUEST 531R including updating software/firmware and restoring default settings. It will also show some of the applications and typical setups for the device. Finally, some solutions will be given to some common areas of difficulty in the troubleshooting section.

Chapter 12: Maintenance

Chapter 13: Applications

Chapter 14: Troubleshooting

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Chapter 11 Maintenance

11.1 Load Factory Default Values

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/CONF/DEFAULT menu.

Step 2: You will see the following message:

This will set system parameters to factory default!(Y/N)

Step 3: Press the Y key. The system will proceed to restore the default configurations.

Step 4: You will see the following message:

Set system parameters to factory default! Press any key to return to previous menu ...

Step 5: Press ESC to return to the previous menu.

Step 6: Enter the MAIN/WRITE menu to write the configurations to the flash memory.

Step 7:

Enter the MAIN/REBOOT menu to reboot the system.

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11.2 Software Upgrade

The router utilizes the TFTP protocol to upgrade the router software. Follow the steps below to upgrade the router software.

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/UTIL/TFTP menu


TFTP Server IP Address: Enter the TFTP Server IP address

File Name: Enter the file name of the software

TFTP option: Choose Download

Application Type: Choose Firmware

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to download the software from the TFTP server.

Step 4: When the download is completed, you will see the following message: Transfer Completed! Upgrade now?(Y/N). Press the Y key to start upgrading the software with the new file.

Step 5: When the new software is upgraded, you will see the following message: Upgrade completed! Press any key to continue.

Step 6: Press any key to continue. The software is successfully upgraded.

Step 7: Reboot the system [Refer to section 3.5.2].

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11.3 Configuration Backup and Restoration

The router utilizes the TFTP protocol to back up and restore the current configuration parameters. The administrator may save the configuration parameters as a file and retrieve it later. To do this, you need to set up a TFTP server, which can be LAN-connected or WAN-connected to the router. Then, perform the following steps.

11.3.1 Configuration Backup

The configuration backup function saves the current system parameters as a file. To do this, follow the steps below.

Step 1: Enter the MAIN/UTIL/TFTP menu

Step 2: Enter a parameter in the following fields:


File Name: Enter a file name for the configuration file

TFTP option: Choose Upload

Application Type: Choose Configuration

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to start uploading the file to the TFTP server.

Step 4: When the upload is completed, you will see the following message:

Configuration Upload Completed! Press any key to continue.

Step 5: Press any key to exit the menu. The configuration is successfully uploaded.

Step 6: Reboot the system

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11.3.2 Configuration Restoration

To retrieve configuration parameters, saved in a previous backup session [see Section 11.3.1] follow the steps below:

Step 1: Start from the MAIN/UTIL/TFTP menu

Step 2: Enter a parameter in the following fields:


File Name: Enter the file name for the configuration file

TFTP option: Choose Download

Application Type: Choose Configuration

Step 3: Hold down the Ctrl-S keys to start downloading the file.

Step 4: When the restoration is completed, the system will display: Configuration Restoration Completed! Press any key to continue

Step 5: Press any key to exit the menu. The configuration is successfully restored now.

Step 6: Enter the MAIN/WRITE menu to write the configurations to the flash memory, and then reboot the system [refer to Section 3.5.2].

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11.4 Performance Monitoring

Enter the MAIN/MON menu. You can monitor the following interface statuses.

SHDSL Status Monitor

ATM Interface Monitor

SHDSL Performance Statistics

Interface Performance Statistics

11.4.1 SHDSL Status Monitor

You can view the SHDSL status from the MAIN/MON/STATUS menu. The following information is provided:

Terminal Type: CO or CPE

Operate State:

There are five operating modes that represent different states of the session: idle, handshake, PMMS (Power Measurement Modulation Session), training, and data. The PMMS mode does not exit when fixed data rate is set. A correct process to establish the session will go through idle, handshake, PMMS, training, and data. Data state means the session is established.

Bit Rate (Actual): The current data rate (Nx64 Kbps + Ix8 Kbps, refer to 4.3 SHDSL Characteristics)

Indicator: The error condition that is detected at the moment.

11.4.2 ATM Interface Monitor

You can find the ATM interface status from the MAIN/MON/ATM menu. In the menu, the statuses of ATM1 to ATM16 are listed.

Interface (ATM1-ATM16)

IP/Mask address

VPI/VCI

Encapsulation

PCR or SCR

Protocol

Status: disable, up (the interface is ready for transmission) or down (the interface is not ready for transmission)

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11.4.3 SHDSL Performance Statistics

You can monitor the SHDSL line performance from the MAIN/MON/SHDSLPERF menu. In the menu, the statistics of the SHDSL line performance are recorded. You can reset the items marked since reset by holding down the Ctrl-T keys.

Line Attenuation (dB): Current attenuation

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)

CRC (since reset): The cumulative statistics of seconds, since last reset, when there is a CRC error in the preceding superframe

ES (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds, since last reset

SES (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Severely Errored Seconds, since last reset

LOSWS (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Loss of Sync Word Seconds, since last reset

UAS (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Unavailable Seconds, since last reset

CRC (Current 15 min/Current 1 day): The cumulative statistics of CRC error seconds, for the current 15 minutes or 1 day

ES (Current 15 min/Current 1 day): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds, for the current 15 minutes or 1 day

SES (Current 15 min/Current 1 day): The cumulative statistics of Severely Errored Seconds, for the current 15 minutes or 1 day

LOSWS (Current 15 min/Current 1 day): The cumulative statistics of Loss of Sync Word Failure, when there is Loss of Signal, for the current 15 minutes or 1 day

UAS (Current 15 min/Current 1 day): The cumulative statistics of Unavailable Seconds, for the current 15 minutes or 1 day

For more details of the above error conditions, refer to G.991.2 (G.SHDSL).

11.4.4 Interface Performance Monitor

You can monitor the interface performance statistics of the LAN and ATM1 to ATM16 in the MAIN/MON/INTRPREF menu. You can reset the items marked since reset by holding down the Ctrl-T keys.

Interface: LAN or ATM interfaces

TxPkts (since reset): the transmitted packets, since last reset

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RxPkts (since reset): the received packets, since last reset

Discards (since reset): the received packets that are discarded since last reset

RxErrors (since reset): the received errors, since last reset. The errors may be ATM interface errors (HEC error, ABORT error, Receive Length error, CRC error, Receive Frame Length Violation, Receive nonoctect-aligned frame, Short Frame, CRC error, Overrun, and Collision), Ethernet errors, and Encapsulation errors.

TxRate (bps): the transmit rate of the interface

RxRate (bps): the receive rate of the interface

Status of the interface: disable, up (the interface is ready for transmission) or down (the interface is not ready for transmission)

11.5 Utilities

This section describes some utilities that can be used to upgrade software, perform tests and view system information.

11.5.1 TFTP Application

This utility can be accessed from MAIN/UTIL/TFTP. It can be used to send or receive firmware, configuration or homepage files, you need to complete the following fields. TFTP Server IP Address: Define the TFTP server IP address

File Name: Specify the filename that you want to send or receive

TFTP option Download or Upload Application Type: Firmware / Configuration / Homepage

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11.5.2 Ping Test

Located at MAIN/UTIL/PING this test is used to verify the accessibility of a host or other device by sending it a message and monitoring the response.

Host IP Address Input the IP address of the device you wish to access

Data Size (bytes) Enter the data size in bytes that you wish to send

Times Enter how many times you want to send the data

11.5.3 Routing Table Utility

Available at MAIN/UTIL/ROUTING this function displays the routing table of your device. A Routing Table is a table used by a routing device to route traffic to another device in the multiplexer network.

11.5.4 Forwarding Table Utility

Available at MAIN/UTIL/BRIDGING use this function to see the forwarding table of the system. A Forwarding Table is a table used by a bridge to send traffic to another device in the network.

11.5.5 SHDSL Diagnostics

The SHDSL diagnostics functions can be accessed from the MAIN/UTIL/DIAG menu. There are three main types of tests: Analog Loopback, Digital Loopback, and Spectrum Test. A Loopback is a diagnostic procedure that sends a test message back to its origination point. It is used to test various portions of a data link in order to isolate an equipment or data line problem.

Start up Tests the device’s start-up procedure.

Abort Use this command to abort any tests that are currently running.

Analog Loopback Test A test in which the modem’s transmit VF signal is looped to its receiver.

Digital Loopback Test This test is a local digital loopback test that connects the device’s receiver output back to the transmitter input. This test disrupts the transmission of primary data.

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Core Loopback On Start up remote digital loopback.

Core Loopback Off Turns off the remote digital loopback test

Spectrum Test This tests the power of the frequency spectrum. This requires external equipment such as a spectrum analyser or a true RMS voltmeter. See G.991.2 section 11.4 for more information.

11.5.6 EOC Diagnostics

Available at MAIN/UTIL/EOC this diagnostic allows loopback tests to be conducted over an EOC (embedded operations channel). See the previous section for information about loopback tests and the section that follows for more information about EOC (Virtual Terminal function).

Item Function

[1] Initial Loopback toward Network Starts a loopback from the router (STU-R) towards the network.

[2] Initial Loopback toward Customer

Starts a loopback from the STU-C to a remote device.

[3] Terminate Loopback toward Network

Stops a loopback from the router to the network.

[4] Terminate Loopback toward Customer

Stops a loopback from the STU-C to a remote device.

[5] Status Request Checks the current status of the device

[6] Virtual Terminal Starts virtual terminal (see the next section)

[7] Soft Restart/Power Backoff To enables power backoff and resets configuration on a remote device

[8] Discovery Request Discovery request is the first task performed during the EOC startup sequence. It is used to identify all devices on the SHDSL line.

[9] Inventory Request Requests information about all devices on the SHDSL line, such as software version and serial number.

[A] Config Request - Loopback Timeout Displays the currently configured parameters for loopback timeout on a remote device

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[B] Config Request - SHDSL Used to configure SNR margin threshold and loop attenuation threshold

[C] DEBUG (console only) Used to watch EOC message and payload information on a remote device only

11.5.7 Virtual Terminal

Virtual Terminal utilizes the EOC (Embedded Operations Channel) to establish a connection between SHDSL devices. The EOC is an out-band channel between SHDSL devices, used for management data. Although the connection speed is only 4Kbps, this function is useful to configure critical settings, such as IP addresses; which are preventing a faster connection from being established; or for conducting loopback tests remotely. Virtual Terminal can be accessed from the MAIN/UTIL/VTERM menu.

Example application

AN ISP needs to configure the settings for an end user’s router; however a connection cannot be established to the IP address of the router. To avoid the time and cost of going to the end-users site, the ISP can use Virtual Terminal, to change the IP address on the end-users router. After the IP address is changed the Virtual Terminal connection can be closed, so that a faster connection can be established, to complete the configuration process.

The virtual terminal session is identified by the two letter "VT" at the top left corner of the screen, as per below: VT SHDSL Router Main Menu V2.50O.2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>[QC] - Quick Configuration

[CONF] - Configuration

[MON] - Status/Statistics Monitor

[UTIL] - Utilities

[SYS] - System Information

[WRITE] - Write Configuration

[REBOOT] - Reboot

[QUIT] - Disconnect

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Up(^W)] [Down(^Z)] [Left(^A) - Prev Menu] [Right(^D) - Next Menu]

PATH> MAIN

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To exit from the virtual terminal session, press Control-E.

When initiating a virtual terminal session to a REQUEST 531R, sometimes the screen starts off blank. The screen may be refreshed by pressing Control-X.

Note that when in a virtual terminal session to a REQUEST 531R, the MAIN/UTIL/EOC/VTERM and MAIN/UTIL/EOC/EOC menus are not accessible.

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Chapter 12 Applications

This chapter describes the possible applications of the device and the configuration procedures of these applications.

12.1 Example 1: Point to DSLAM Application

If the device is used for point to DLSAM application, complete the following procedure.

Step 1 Enter the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu and configure the operation mode and terminal type. In this case, select Router in the Operation Mode field and select CPE in the Terminal Type field. Note that the Operation mode of both devices should be the same.

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Step 2 Enter the MAIN/QC/ATM menu and select an ATM interface, and configure the Interface and Protocol fields. If the interface you want to configure is disabled, you must enable it first from the Interface field. The Protocol field of the REQUEST 531R has several options: Ethernet, PPP, IP Over ATM, and PPPoE. When you configure this field, make sure both devices support the same protocol and use the same ATM interface.

Step 3 Enter the MAIN/QC/VC menu and select a VC interface. The VC interface you set should be the same as the ATM interface. Set the parameters (Note that these parameters should match the DSLAM settings).

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12.2 Example 2: Point to Point Application

If two devices are used for point-to-point application, follow the procedure below to set up both devices.

Step 1 Enter the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM menu and configure the operation mode and terminal type. In this case, select Router in the Operation Mode field. For the device in Network A, select CPE in the Terminal Type field. For the device in Network B, select CO in the Terminal Type field.

Note 1: The Operation mode of both devices should be the same.

Note 2: The terminal types should be different. When one of the devices is set tothe CPE mode, the other should be set to CO mode.

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Step 2 Enter the MAIN/QC/ATM menu and select an ATM interface to configure the Interface and Protocol fields. If the interface you want to configure is disabled, you must enable it first from the Interface field. The Protocol field of the REQUEST 531R has several options: Ethernet, PPP, IP Over ATM, and PPPoE. When you configure this field, make sure both devices support the same protocol and use the same ATM interface.

Step 3 Enter the MAIN/QC/VC menu and select a VC interface. The VC interface you set should be the same as the ATM interface. Configure the parameters. Note that both devices should use the same VC interface, and the same parameters.

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12.3 Example 3: Bridge Mode with PPPoE Configuration

This example describes the practical configuration of the device in bridge mode. The network infrastructure and configuration steps are show below.

Step 1 Go to the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM screen and set the Operation Mode to Bridge. (The default is Bridge.)

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Step 2 Go to the MAIN/QC/ATM/ATM1 screen. Enable the Interface and set the Protocol to Ethernet (RFC1483B). (The default is Ethernet.)

Step 3 Go to the MAIN/QC/VC/VC1 and enter a value for the VPI/VCI. (The default is 0/33.) Depending on different applications, the user can also change other parameters within this screen. (The router has a maximum of 16 virtual ATM interfaces (WAN) and interface ATM 1 is enabled by default.)

Step 4 Run the PPPoE program from the PC.

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12.4 Example 4: Router Mode with PPPoE Configuration

This example describes the practical configuration of the router with PPPoE/ PPPoA route mode. The network infrastructure and configuration steps are show below.

Step 1 Go to the MAIN/CONF/SYSTEM screen and set the Operation Mode to Router mode. (The default is Bridge.)

Step 2 Go to the MAIN/QC/ATM/ATM1 screen. Enable the Interface and set the Protocol to PPPoE or PPP. (The default is Ethernet.) Set IPCP to Dynamic.

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Step 3 Go to the MAIN/QC/VC/VC1 to give a value on the VPI/VCI. (The default is 0/33.) Depending on different applications, the user can also change other parameters within the screen. (The router has maximum of 32 virtual ATM interfaces and interface ATM 1 is enabled by default.)

Step 4 Go to the MAIN/QC/ISP/ISP1. Enter the following parameters: ISP name, Username and Password.

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Step 5 Go to the MAIN/QC/LAN. Set the Network Type to Virtual (The default is Global.), and then enter both IP Address and Subnet Mask. (In this case, the router will enable NAT function automatically.)

Step 6 Initiate the PPPoE program from the ATU-R.

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12.5 Example 5: Router Mode with IPoA Configuration

This example describes the practical configuration of the router with IPoA route mode. The network infrastructure and configuration steps are show below. Six IP addresses are available for LAN. The user can connect the LAN port to a hub for more PC connections.


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Step 2 Go to the MAIN/QC/ATM/ATM1 screen. Enable the Interface and set the Protocol to IP over ATM (RFC1483R). (The default is Ethernet.) Set IPCP to Static. Give the ATM interface a correct IP Address and Subnet Mask. Change other parameters if required.

Step 3 Go to the MAIN/QC/VC/VC1 screen to enter a value for the VPI/VCI. (The default is 0/33.) Depending on requirements, the user can also change other parameters on the screen. (The router has maximum of 16 virtual ATM interfaces and interface ATM 1 is enabled by default.)

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Step 4 Go to the MAIN/QC/LAN. Set the Network Type to Global (default), and then enter correct IP Address and Subnet Mask.

Step 5 Go to the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/ADD screen. Set the parameters shown below for a default route.

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12.6 Example 6: NAT and DHCP Configuration

This example describes the practical configuration of the router running the NAT and DHCP functions. The network infrastructure and configuration steps are show below. After enabling the DHCP function, please set the IP address of the PC to auto-negotiation mode.


Step 2 Go to MAIN/QC/LAN. Set the Network Type to Virtual (The default is Global.), and then assigned a private IP Address and Subnet Mask as PC’s gateway.

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Step 3 Go to the MAIN/QC/ATM/ATM1 screen. Enable the Interface and set the Protocol to IP over ATM (RFC1483R). (The default is Ethernet.) Set IPCP to Static.

Note: The Network interface is always in Global mode no matter what IP is used.

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Step 4Go to the MAIN/QC/VC/VC1 to set a value for the VPI/VCI (0/33) for default) and the VC QoS parameters. Referring to DSLAM, the user can also change other parameters on the screen.

Step 5 Go to the MAIN/CONF/ROUTING/STATIC/ADD. Set the parameters shown below for a default route.

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Step 6 Go to the MAIN/CONF/NAT/FIXED/ADD and enter a specific IP address for fixed mapping. The user may add more then one mapping entry.

Step 7 Go to the MAIN/CONF/NAT/PRIVATE screen. Select the Pool Number (Pool 1 is the factory default) and set a private IP range (Start IP address and End IP Address) in a private address pool for non-fixed IP mapping.

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Step 8 Go to the MAIN/CONF/NAT/GLOBAL. Select the Pool Number (Pool 1 is factory- defaulted), and then set a global IP range (Start IP address and End IP Address) in a global address pool for non-fixed IP mapping.

Step 9 Go to the MAIN/CONF/NAT/TRANSLATION/ADD. Select the both Private IP Pool and Global IP Pool (Both defaulted pools are Pool1.), and then configure the Translation Type to NAT or PAT.

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Step 10 Go to the MAIN/CONF/DHCP/GENERIC to enable the DHCP function. Input the DHCP Start IP and the DHCP End IP. (Note: the user should skip the fixed mapped IP address, when giving DHCP start and end IP addresses.) Give the Default Gateway an IP address, which is the IP address of LAN port. Finally, set IP addresses of Domain Name Server.

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Chapter 13 Troubleshooting

1: Altered parameters are lost after restarting

When you adjust or change parameters, you should save the parameters in RAM by holding down the Ctrl-S keys. This procedure only saves the parameters temporarily. Therefore, before you exit the system, you must write the configurations into the flash memory by entering the MAIN/WRITE menu [see Section 3.5.1] and reboot the device by entering the MAIN/REBOOT menu [see Section 3.5.2].

2: Can’t Login

The default setting for the console password check function is disabled; you are not required to enter a password when you enter the console mode. However, if the password check function has been enabled, you will need the password that was set to enter the system [see Section 3.1 Step 10]. If accessing the router through Telnet you will be prompted to enter a password. You can try the default passwords to log in.

Read-write access Login: root Password: root

Read-only access Login: user Password: user

3: Unable to access the router. There are several conditions that will disable your access to the router via the console or Telnet.

Message Solution Incorrect user The password you entered is wrong. Check your

user name and password again. Administrator is configuring! Reject to enter console mode configuration!

Somebody with the administrator’s password isconfiguring the router via the Telnet or the Web.Only one administrator can access the router at anyone time. Wait until the person logs out, or tryuser’s password.

Exceed maximum three telnet logins. Login reject!

Up to two users and one administrator can use Telnetsimultaneously to access the router. If there arealready three operators using Telnet wait until one ofthe users logs out.

Exceed maximum two telnet logins with user account. Login reject!

There are already two users with user passwordaccessing the router through Telnet. Try theadministrator’s password to log in.

Administrator is configuring, you can try user login...

Somebody is configuring the router with theadministrator’s password. Try the user’s passwordto log in.

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Appendix A – Menu Index of Console/Telnet

LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 Default Value

QC LAN OPERATION MODE

NETWORK TYPE GLOBAL

IP ADDRESS 192.168.1.1

SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.0

ATM ATM1~ATM16 INTERFACE ENABLED

PROTOCOL ETHERNET

IPCP STATIC

ISP ISP1

ATM VC VC1

OPERATION MODE ROUTE

NETWORK TYPE GLOBAL

IP ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK

VC VC1~VC16 VPI/VCI 8/35

AAL5 ENCAPSULATION LLC

VC QOS UBR

PEAK CELL RATE 864000

SUSTAINABLE CELL RATE 0

BURST TOLERANCE 0

ISP ISP1~8 ISP NAME

USER NAME

PASSWORD

LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 Default Value

CONF DEFAULT

SYSTEM HOST NAME SHDSLR

DOMAIN NAME

OPERATION MODE BRIDGE

CO CHIPSET ADI

SHDSL PHYSICAL MODE ANSI(FULL RATE)

CONSOLE PASSWORD CHECK DISABLED

SESSION TIMEOUT(MINUTE) 10

NEW ADMINISTRATOR PASSWORD

RETYPE PASSWORD

NEW USER PASSWORD

RETYPE PASSWORD

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LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5 Default Value

INTERFACE LAN NETWORK TYPE GLOBAL

IP ADDRESS 210.65.231.206

SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.0

ATM ATM1~ATM16 INTERFACE Enabled

PROTOCOL ETHERNET

IPCP STATIC

ISP

ATM VC

IP ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK

ISP ISP1~8 ISP NAME

USER NAME

PASSWORD

NAT PRIVATE POOL NUMBER POOL 1

START IP ADDRESS

END IP ADDRESS

GLOBAL POOL NUMBER POOL 1

START IP ADDRESS

END IP ADDRESS

TRANSLATION ADD PRIVATE IP POOL POOL 1

GLOBAL IP POOL POOL1

TRANSLATION TYPE NAT

DELETE PRIVATE IP POOL POOL 1

GLOBAL IP POOL POOL1

TRANSLATION TYPE NAT

LIST PRIVATE IP POOL

GLOBAL IP POOL

FIXED ADD PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

GLOBAL IP ADDRESS

DELETE PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

GLOBAL IP ADDRESS

LIST PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

GLOBAL IP ADDRESS

SERVER See next page

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NAT (cont.) SERVER ADD PROTOCOL TCP

INTERFACE ANY

SERVICE NAME

SERVICE PORT NUMBER

PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

PRIVATE PORT NUMBER

DELETE PROTOCOL TCP

INTERFACE ANY

SERVICE PORT NUMBER

LIST PROTOCOL

PRIVATE IP

PRIVATE PORT

SERVICE PORT

INTERFACE

DHCP GENERIC DHCP SERVER DISABLED

DHCP START IP 192.168.1

DHCP END IP

DEFAULT GATEWAY

SUBNET MASK

DOMAIN NAME SERVER(1)

DOMAIN NAME SERVER(2)

FIXED ADD MAC ADDRESS

IP ADDRESS

DELETE MAC ADDRESS

LIST IP ADDRESS

MAC ADDRESS

DNS DNS PROXY DISABLED

PRIMARY SERVER IP ADDRESS

SECONDARY SERVER IP ADDRESS

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SNMP COMMUNITY READ-ONLY COMMUNITY PUBLIC

READ-WRITE COMMUNITY

PRIVATE

TRAP ADD VERSION VERSION 1

DESTINATION IP

COMMUNITY

DELETE VERSION VERSION 1

DESTINATION IP

COMMUNITY

LIST VERSION

DESTINATION IP

COMMUNITY

ILMI ILMI DISABLED

VPI/VCI 0/16

TFTP SERVER IP ADDRESS

FILE NAME

VC VC1~VC16 VPI/VCI 8/35

AAL5 ENCAPSULATION LLC

VC QOS UBR

PEAK CELL RATE (BPS) 864000

SUSTAINABLE CELL RATE (BPS) 0

BURST TOLERANCE (MSEC)

0

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LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5 LEVEL 6 Default Value

ROUTING STATIC ADD NETWORK/HOST ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK

GATEWAY ADDRESS

METRIC

DELETE NETWORK/HOST ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK

GATEWAY ADDRESS

LIST NETWORK/HOST ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK

GATEWAY ADDRESS

METRIC

RIP GENERIC MODE DISABLED

AUTO SUMMARY ENABLED

INTERFACE LAN MODE DISABLED

VERSION 2

AUTHENTICATION NONE

POISON REVERSE DISABLED

AUTHENTICATION CODE

ATM (ATM1~

ATM16) MODE ENABLED

VERSION 2

AUTHENTICATION NONE

POISON REVERSE ENABLED

AUTHENTICATION CODE

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BRIDGING STATIC ADD MAC ADDRESS

PORT MAP

DELETE MAC ADDRESS

LIST MAC ADDRESS

OPERATION

STP BRIDGE SPANNING TREE DISABLED

PRIORITY 32768

PORT INTERFACE LAN

OPERATION ENABLED

PRIORITY 128

HTTPD WEB SERVER CLOSED

SHDSL MIN BASE RATE 1

MAX BASE RATE 36

MIN SUB RATE 0

MAX SUB RATE 0

START UP MARGIN 2

LOOP ATTN THROUGHPUT 0

LOOPBACK TIMEOUT 0

POWER SCALE DEFAULT

POWER BACKOFF ENABLED

STANDARD ANNEX B

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MON STATUS TERMINAL TYPE

OPERATE STATE

INIT STATUS

BIT RATE (ACTUAL)

BIT RATE (MAX)

INDICATOR

ATM INTERFACE

IP/MASK

VPI/VCI

ENCASULATION

PCR OR SCR

PROTOCOL

STATUS

SHDSLPERF LINE ATTENUATION

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (DB)

CRC (SINCE RESET)

ES (SINCE RESET)

SES (SINCE RESET)

LOSWS (SINCE RESET)

UAS (SINCE RESET)

CRC (CUURENT 15 MIN/ 1DAY)

ES (CUURENT 15 MIN/ 1DAY)

SES (SINCE RESET)

LOSWS (CUURENT 15 MIN/ 1DAY)

UAS (CUURENT 15 MIN/ 1DAY)

INTRPREF INTERFACE

TXPKTS

RXPKTS

EXERRORS

TX RATE (BPS)

RXRATE(BPS)

STATUS

UTIL TFTP TFTP SERVER IP ADDRESS

FILE NAME

TFTP OPTION DOWNLOAD

APPLICATION TYPE FIRMWARE

PING HOST IP ADDRESS

DATA SIZE 32

TIMES 4

TIMES 4

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ROUTING TYPE

NETWORK ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK

GATEWAY

INTERFACE

METRIC

BRIDGING S-STATUC

D-DYNAMIC

0-FILTER

1-FORWARD

2- DYNAMIC

LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 Default Value

SYS SYSTEM NAME

MODEL

FIRMWARE VERSION

CPU

SYSTEM CLOCK

RAM

FLASH

SHDSL CHIPSET

ELAPSED TIME

LEVEL 1 Default Value

WRITE

REBOOT

QUIT

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Appendix B - Specifications

WAN interface (one SHDSL port)

Item Specifications

Encoding scheme TC-PAM

Line rate Per ITU-T G.991.2 (G.SHDSL)

Data rate N x 64 Kbps, N= 1-36

ATM attributes

Item Specifications

PPP over AAL5 RFC2364

Multi-protocol over AAL5 RFC-1483 Bridge

RFC 1483 Router

VCs 16

AAL type AAL5

ATM service class UBR/CBR/VBR

ATM UNI support UNI 3.1

OAM F4/F5 Yes

Management

Item Specifications

Console port RS232/DB9

SNMP Yes

Telnet Yes

Configuration backup and restoration

Yes

LED indicators Power, LAN status, SHDSL status

Local interface (One Ethernet port)

Item Specifications

Standard IEEE 802.3 10Base-T

Transparent bridging and learning Yes

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Routing functions

Item Specifications

IP static route Yes

RIP and RIPv2 Yes

Network functions

Item Specifications

ARP Yes

DNS, NAT/PAT, DHCP Yes

PAP, CHAP Yes

Power supply

Item Specifications

Power source 110 VAC or 220 VAC (50 or 60 Hz)

Output voltage 12 to 14 VAC

Environmental conditions

Item Specifications

Operating temperature 0 to 50 degrees Celsius

Relative humidity 5% to 90% (non-condensing)

Compliance FCC Part 15; FCC Part 68; CSA-03; UL 1950; EU standard 55022

Dimensions

Item Specifications

Width x Height x Depth 200mm x 40mm x 140 mm

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Appendix C - Pin Assignments

Pin number Definition Pin number Definition

1 NC 6 NC

2 TD 7 NC

3 RD 8 NC

4 NC 9 NC

5 GND

Note: NC means No connection.

Table C-1 Pin Assignments of Console Port

Pin number Definition Pin number Definition

1 Transmit data+ 5 NC

2 Transmit data- 6 Receive data-

3 Receive data+ 7 NC

4 NC 8 NC

Note: NC means No connection.

Table C-2 Pin Definitions of the LAN port

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GLOSSARY .

. 100BaseT: A 100 Mbps Ethernet standard that uses twisted-pair wiring. 10BaseT: A 10 Mbps Ethernet standard that uses twisted-pair wiring. address: The symbol (usually numeric) identifying an interface attached to

a network. ADSL: An asynchronous form of DSL in which the bandwidth available for downstream connection is significantly larger than for upstream. analog loop: A test in which a modem’s voice signal is looped to its

receiver. analog signal: A continuously variable signal (compare with digital).

Annex A: The Part of the G.992.1 standard that refers to ADSL over

POTS (adopted by the US). Annex B: The Part of the G.992.1 standard that refers to ADSL over

ISDN (adopted by Europe). Annex C: The Part of the G.992.1 standard that refers to ADSL over ISDN (adby Japan). ANSI: American National Standards Institute. ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

attenuation: The loss of power of a transmitted signal as it travels over a wire. auto-summary: A RIP command to restore the default behavior of

automatic summarization of subnet routes into network-level routes. backbone: The main circuit that carries data before it is split into extended circuits going to their final destination. Often used to refer to the part of the network that joins LANs together. bandwidth: The range of frequencies of a transmission channel. The wider the range the higher the data rate that can be sent. Hence, bandwidth is also taken to mean the data rate. Baud: One baud is one symbol (state-transition or level-transition) per second. BERT: Bit Error Rate Test. A test that compares a received pattern with a known transmitted pattern to determine the quality. Bit: A binary digit, with the value of –0 or –1. boot: Start a device.

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Bps: Bits per second. The speed at which bits are transmitted across a data connection. bridge: A device that links local or remote area networks together, forwarding packets based on a MAC address (compare with router). broadband: Communication channels operating at transmission rates in excess of 64 Kbps. broadcast: The simultaneous transmission to two or more communication devices. BT: Burst Tolerance. The limit parameter of the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA). buffer: A temporary storage used to compensate for a difference in the rate of flow of data. bus: An assembly of conductors that carries signals to and from devices along its path and serves as a common connection for a group of related devices. busy: A device’s operational state, when the device is occupied with processing a call. Byte: Eight bits arranged in sequence

channel: A bi-directional communications pathway between a host server and a client. CHAP: Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol. A PPP protocol to ensure authentication of the connection between two devices. circuit: A logical connection between two devices.

CO: Central Office, the local telephone exchange, also called PSTN.

COM port: A computer’s serial communications port.

CPE: Customer Premises Equipment. Equipment used by the end-user.

cross talk: Undesired coupling of a signal from one circuit, or channel, to another. data rate: The speed measured in bits per second that data is transferred over the carrier line. Default: A pre-defined original value.

demodulation: The recovery, from a modulated carrier, of a signal.

DHCP server: A server that dynamically allocates network addresses and delivers configuration parameters to hosts. DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A TCP/IP protocol that enables a network connected to the Internet to automatically assign a temporary IP address to a host when the host connects to the network.

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digital signal: A discrete or discontinuous signal where the states are discrete intervals apart, such as +10 volts and –10 volts. These states are then represented by the binary digits 0 and 1. digital: loopback test: A test that connects the device’s receiver output back to the transmitter input. This test will disrupt the transmission of primary data. DLL: Dynamic Link Library. DLLs are files that are automatically loaded into memory when required. DMT: Discrete MultiTone. The T1.413 standard modulation scheme for Digital Subscriber Line technology. DNS: Domain Name Server. A server that retains the addresses and routing information for TCP/IP PAT users. download: To receive a file over a network (compare with upload). driver: A software module that provides an interface between a network interface card and the upper-layer protocol software running on a computer. DSL: Digital Subscriber Line. A family of broadband services provided over a traditional phone line, such as ADSL, SHDSL, and VDSL. DSP: Digital Signal Processor. The microprocessor that handles line signaling in a modem. DTE: Data Terminal Equipment. Equipment that transmits or receives data in the form of digital signals. dynamic detection: A process of an automatic detection of a new device added or removed from the PC. EOC: Embedded Operations Channel. An in-band channel between DSL devices that operates at the physical layer for administration and maintenance data. error control: An algorithm used to detect and correct data transmission

errors. errored second: An item in performance measurement report, which pertains to a one second period with one or more errored blocks. Ethernet address: Another name for MAC address.

Ethernet: A standard protocol (IEEE 802.3) for a 10-Mb/s baseband local area network (PAT) bus that supports high-speed communication among systems. It operates at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model.

ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute. FCC: Federal Communications Commission of the United States. filter: A configuration that stops the flow of certain types data frames. firmware: Software that has been temporarily or permanently loaded into ROM.

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flash memory: A type of RAM that retains its information, even after powering-down. flow control: A process that uses buffers to stop and start the flow of data in a network to avoid losing data, and allow devices with different transmission schemes to communicate with each other. FTP: File Transfer Protocol. A TCP/IP standard protocol for transferring files.

full-duplex: transmitting in two directions simultaneously.

G.991.2: An ITU-T specification for high speed DSL known as G.SHDSL.

G.DMT: Another name for the G.992.1 ITU specification. G.lite: Another name for the G.992.2 ITU specification.

gateway: A communications device that connects two different networks.

header: The beginning of a frame or cell that contains management and addressing information. hop: One point-to-point transmission in a series required to transmit a message between two hosts in a network. host: An addressable computer connected to a network.

hub: A device that serves as the central location for attaching wires form workstations. ICMP: Internet Control Management Protocol. An Internet protocol that allows for the generation of error messages, tests packets, and information messages related to IP. IDSL: A form of ISDN DSL using 2B1Q line code.

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

IEEE: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. ILMI: Interim Local Management Interface. Provides ATM layer management between a switch and a client device. IP address: Internet Protocol address. The decimal-numeric, fixed-length address assigned to an Internet host. IP multicast: A technique that allows packets to be simultaneously transmitted over the Internet to a multiple destinations. IPOA: IP over ATM.

IRQ: Interrupt re-quest, a hardware interrupt on a PC. ISO: International Standards Organization.

ISP: Internet Service Provider. An organization that provides access to the

Internet. ITU: International Telecommunications Union. The telecommunications agency of the United Nations.

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kbps: Literally it means Kilobits per second, but usually it is taken to mean 1,024 bits per second. LAN: Local Area Network. A LAN is a data communications system that lies within a limited spatial area, has a specific user group, and has a specific topology. latency: The time it takes a signal to transmit from its source to its destination. LED: Light Emitting Diode. A light or status indicator.

LOC: Loss of Cell delineation. A situation where receiving equipment is unable to identify the boundaries of a cell. local analog loopback: A test in which the modem’s VF signal is looped to its receiver. local loop: An ordinary telephone line.

local loopback test: An analog loopback test that loops a device’s transmitter output back to receiver input. loopback: A diagnostic procedure where a test message is sent back to its origination point, in order to isolate an equipment or data line problem. LOS: Loss of Signal. A digital line condition where there are no pulses.

MAC address: Media Access Control address. The unique fixed address of a piece of hardware, normally set at the time of manufacture and used in PAT protocols. MAC: Medium Access Control, a protocol for determining which device has access to the network at any one time. Mbps: Megabits per second. One megabit is 1,048,576 (10242) bits.

MCU: Multi-Commercial Unit. A commercial building or complex with multiple tenants. MDU: Multi-Dwelling Unit. A residential building with multiple tenants.

MIB II: MIB Release 2. An update of the MIB standard, defined by RFC 1213.

MIB: Management Information Base. A database of managed objects used by network management protocols to provide network management information and device control. modem: Modulator Demodulator. A device used to convert a digital signal into an analog signal and vice-versa so that data can be transmitted over a telephone line. modulation: The process of varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier wave to form data transmissions. multicasting: The ability of a network node to send the same data to multiple endpoints. multiframe: An ordered, functional sequence of frames on a multiplexed digital circuit.

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NAT: Network Address Translation is a transparent routing function that translates a Private IP address on a PAT into a Public address that can be used in a public network. network address: The network portion of an IP address.

network protocol: Network protocols encapsulate and forward data packets from one interface to another. NIC: A Network Interface Card is a card installed in a device to provide network communication capabilities to and from that device. node: A connection or switching point in a network, also called a host. noise: Unwanted interference to a transmitted signal by an outside source.

PAP: Password Authentication Protocol. PPP protocol that ensures authentication of the connection between two devices. PAT: Port Address Translation is a form of NAT that maps multiple Private IP addresses to a single Public IP address. ping: An internet utility signal sent to check the accessibility of a device.

Plug-and-Play: The ability of a PC to configure expansion boards and other devices automatically without requiring the user to turn off the system during installation. point-to-point connection: Any connection with only two endpoints. A dedicated data link that connects only two stations. poison reverse: A routing protocol command that tells its neighbor gateways that one of the gateways is no longer connected. POP: Point Of Presence.

Port: An access point where data can enter or exit.

POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service.

PPP over ATM: Point-to-Point Protocol over Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol. A protocol (RFC 1661) for transmitting packets over serial links between devices made by the same or different manufacturers. PPPoE: Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. A method for establishing sessions and encapsulating PPP packets over an Ethernet, specified by RFC 2516. PPTP: Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. An extension of Point-to-Point

Protocol used to create virtual private networks between PCs. protocol: A set of rules that govern the transmission of data between interconnected devices to maintain or improve communication. proxy server: Provides a list of items available on other servers to increase the availability and speed of retrieving that information. PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network. The standard telephone network.

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PVC: Permanent Virtual Circuit. Virtual circuit that is permanently established. QoS: Quality of Service. The expected data loss or latency.

remote access: Communication from a remote location or facility through a data link. remote digital loopback test: This test loops the remote digital receiver output back into the transmitter input. remote host: The computer receiving the network commands.

RFC: Request for Comments. Documents published by the Internet Engineering Task Force pertaining to Internet protocols and policies. RIP: Routing Information Protocol. The protocol governing the exchange of routing information. RJ11: A 6-position jack used with dial networks and telephone sets.

RJ45: An 8-position jack used with programmable dial networks.

router: Protocol-dependent device that connects subnets together. Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model. routing table: A table that lists routing paths to enable a node to route traffic to another node in the network. RS-232: a low-speed, 25-position, DCE/DTE interface.

server: Hardware or software that offers a specific service, such as database management, to a client. SHDSL: Symmetric High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Loop. A DSL technology that allows symmetrical transmissions over longer distances. Defined by the G991.2 ITU standard.

SLA: Service Level Agreement. A contract between a service provider and a customer, which guarantees a minimum level or quality of service to the customer. SMTP: Simple Mail Transport Protocol. A protocol used to transfer e-mail between or among servers. SNMP agent: An application program that enables communication between a management system and a device. SNMP trap: A message sent to a SNMP manager to communicate information about changes in the network, such as a device being reset. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol. Protocol for open networking management. static route: A route that is permanent rather than a route that is dynamically assigned by another router. STP: Shielded Twisted Pair. Telephone wire that is wrapped in a sheath to eliminate external interference.

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subnet address: The subnet portion of an IP address.

subnet mask: A number that identifies the subnet portion of a network

address so that IP addresses can be shared on a local area network. subnet: An independent network segment, that is, it has the same network address, but its subnet address is different. switch: A data switch connects computing devices to host computers, enabling multiple devices to share a limited number of ports. An electrical switch is a device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical circuit. synchronous transmission: Transmission with the transmitter and receiver synchronized so that data is transmitted at a fixed rate. synchronous: Any operation that is controlled by a clock or timing mechanism. (Compare with asynchronous). TCP/IP: Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol, a set of protocols that govern peer-to-peer connectivity functions for local and wide area networks. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol.

Telnet: The TCP/IP virtual terminal protocol that allows a user at one site to access a remote system at another site. throughput: The number of bits, characters, or blocks that are able to pass through a data communication system. training: A process where two modems try to determine the correct protocols and transmission speeds to establish a communication session. trellis-coded modulation: Advanced error correction coding technique for forward error correction to a modulation scheme by adding an additional bit to each baud. UDP: User Datagram Protocol. A connectionless protocol that converts data messages generated by an application into packets to be sent over IP.

UNIX: An operating system developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories. upload: To receive a file transmitted over a network. URL: Uniform Resource Locator. An Internet standard addressing protocol for describing the location and access method of a resource on the Internet. USB: Universal Serial Bus. A bi-directional, isochronous, serial interface for adding dynamically connectable peripheral devices, without the need for a reboot. UTP: Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone wiring. VC: Virtual Circuit. A logical connection or packet-switching mechanism established between two devices at the start of transmission.

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VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier. The 16-bit field in an ATM cell header that specifies the virtual channel over which the cell is to be transmitted. VDSL: Very-high-speed DSL. A DSL protocol running at up to 52 Mbps, that is restricted to short distances. virtual circuit: A logical circuit established between two devices at the start of transmission VOD: Video On Demand. A service that provides video to subscribers upon request. VPI: Virtual Path Identifier

VPI: Virtual Path Identifier. The 8-bit field in an ATM cell header that specifies the routing path for a cell. VPN: Virtual Private Network. A network implemented over a public network that is made “private” by use of encryption.

VT100: A terminal used for asynchronous communications. WAN: Wide area network. A communications network that connects geographically separated areas (Compare with LAN). xDSL: A generic term for all varieties of DSL.

XOFF: A character that notifies a device to stop transmitting data.

XON: A character that notifies a device to start or resume transmitting data.

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