cst review standard 4 energy enters the earth system primarily as solar radiation and eventually...
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CST Review Standard 4
Energy enters the Earth system primarily as solar radiation and eventually escapes as heat.
a.Know the relative amount of incoming solar energy compared with Earth’s internal energy and the energy used by society.b.Know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflection, absorption, and photosynthesis.c.Know the different atmospheric gases that absorb the earth’s thermal radiation and the mechanism and significance of the greenhouse effect.d.Students know the differing greenhouse conditions on Earth, Mars, and Venus; the origins of those conditions; and the climate consequences of each.
The Early Atmosphere
1. How do we know about the atmosphere’s history? Scientists look at the rock and fossil record.
Core Samples Fossils
2. What happened to Earth’s very first atmosphere? The early atmosphere was blown away by the Solar Wind, weak gravity, and weak EM field.
3. What caused the earth’s atmosphere to form?
Volcanoes appeared as earth became solid, and began Outgassing.
4. What was earth’s first atmosphere’s composition?
Methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3), plus small quantities of water vapor (H20). Asteroids and comets bombarded earth.
Asteroids and comets bombarded earth.
5. What is Outgassing?
The term Outgassing is important because it representsThe gases that came out of the volcanoes about 2.5 Billion years ago. The atmosphere formed from these Gases.
Asteroids and comets bombarded earth.
6. Since we had no plants as we know them today, what primitive plants are responsible for photosynthesis during the earth’s early atmosphere?
Primitive plants such as cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria is a primitive plant responsible for photosynthesis during earth’s early atmosphere; producing oxygen.
7. What produced the oxygen we have today? The process of photosynthesis.
8. What does photosynthesis produce?
Oxygen and Glucose (also known as a carbohydrate).
Photosynthesis…TO MAKE THIS
AKA: Carbohydrate
NEEDS THIS
9. What does photosynthesis require to make oxygen and glucose?
Plants + Sunglight + Carbon dioxide + Water.
Photosynthesis…TO MAKE THIS
AKA: Carbohydrate
NEEDS THIS
In a “nutshell” OUTGASSING is important because….
It played a big role in the formation of the atmosphere as we have it today because the volcanoes produced the outgassing which included the carbon dioxide, CO2. The cyanobacteria thenProduced oxygen through photosynthesis and Freed up the oxygen from here
Finally the Atmosphere was born and here she is…a beautiful, stable, amount of gases that allow you to breathe and live…78%N,21% O2, and 1% Ar, CO2…
The Atmosphere Today
9. What is the atmosphere’s current composition? Do you remember the percentages?
10. What is of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
1. oxygen
2. nitrogen
3. argon
4. water vapor
11. Life was not possible in the early atmosphere because one of the following gases was missing.
1. oxygen
2. nitrogen
3. argon
4. water vapor
12. Approx. how long ago did this atmosphere begin to form?
1. 4.5 billion years ago
2. 11 billion years ago
3.500 million years ago
4.2.5 billion years ago
13. Which of the following processes was usedTo make the first oxygen?
1. Respiration
2. Photosynthesis
3.Water cycle
4.Nitrogen cycle
14. What is another name for glucose?
1. A type of sugar
2. A carbohydrate
3.A protein
4.Both 1 and 2
15. Which of the following processes produces oxygen as a byproduct?
1. Respiration
2. Photosynthesis
3.Water cycle
4.Nitrogen cycle
16. Which of the following processes was not involved in producing oxygen?
1. Outgassing
2. Photosynthesis
3.Water cycle
4.Nitrogen cycle
5.Both 3&4
How we learn about the Atmosphere
17. How do Scientist learn about the atmosphere?Kites , Weather balloon experiments, Airplanes and rockets and satellites.
Weather balloons
Satellites
Airplanes
The Atmospheric Layers Today
18. What are the layers of the atmosphere?
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere AKA: Ionosphere
19. How are the atmospheric layers divided up?
By temperature gradient.
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
20. Which layer is the coldest?
Mesosphere.
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
17. Which layer is the hottest?
Thermosphere.
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
18. Which layer contains the ozone layer?
Stratosphere.
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
Cooling with altitude
Warming with altitude
19. Why is the troposphere important?
The Troposphere is the only layer that supports life. It is the only layer with water vapor and weather.
20. Why is the Stratosphere important?The Stratosphere screens out much of the high energy EM Spectrum. Specifically UV (ultraviolet) in the Ozone Layer.
Ozone Layer
Pressure in the Atmosphere
21. How does the Earth’s atmosphere pressures change with elevation (or altitude)?
Earth’s gravity makes the atmosphere pressure at the ground high. Earth’s atmosphere becomes less dense creating less pressure with increasing elevation.
More Dense more molecules
Less Dense – less molecules
Increasing Elevation (Altitude)
The Greenhouse Effect
EveryEvery object releases object releases electromagnetic radiation!electromagnetic radiation!
Our eyes see visible waves. But all objects give off infrared waves as heat, we just can’t see them except with special lenses.
Animals and humans release infrared radiation.
Even non-living things like houses give off infrared radiation.
The Earth releases infrared heat too!
Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun has short Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun has short wavelengths because the sun is hot.wavelengths because the sun is hot.
Visible WavesVisible Waves
Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun has short Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun has short wavelengths because the sun is hot.wavelengths because the sun is hot.
The sun provides the most radiant energy than any other source.
Visible WavesVisible Waves
Radiant Energy released by Earth has longer Radiant Energy released by Earth has longer wavelengths (infrared waves-heat).wavelengths (infrared waves-heat).
Infrared WavesInfrared Waves
Short Wavelength
Long Wavelength
22. Which of the following provides the most radiant energy for the world?
a. Sun b. moonc. nuclear energy d. geothermal energy
23. Which of the following has a shorter wavelength?
1. Radiation from the sun (visible light) or 2. Infrared radiation released by earth
Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun is absorbed, Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun is absorbed, reflected, or re-radiated back to space.reflected, or re-radiated back to space.
What happens to incoming radiant energy as it travels through the atmosphere?
Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun is absorbed, Radiant Energy (light) from the Sun is absorbed, reflected, or re-radiated back to space.reflected, or re-radiated back to space.
What happens to incoming radiant energy as it travels through the atmosphere?
24. What is the total percentage
of radiant solar energy reflected back clouds?
25. What is the total percentage
of radiant energy absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds?
26. What is the total percentage of radiant energy absorbed by the surface (land and water)?
24. If the earth absorbs more radiant energy than it reflects back into space, what is the effect.?
a. Temperature will decrease (cooler)b. Temperature will increase (warmer)c. No change
25. If the earth reflects more radiant energy than it absorbs, what is the effect.?
a. Temperature will decrease (cooler)b. Temperature will increase (warmer)c. No change
Greenhouse effect
The Greenhouse Effect:The Greenhouse Effect:
The greenhouse effect
is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
OH H
C
H
H
H
H
N O
CO OCarbon Dioxide COCO22
Water Vapor HH22OO
Nitrogen Oxide NO NO
Methane CHCH4 4
What are the most common Greenhouse gases?
OH H
C
H
H
H
H
N O
CO OCarbon Dioxide COCO22
Water Vapor HH22OO
Nitrogen Oxide NO NO
Methane CHCH4 4
The greenhouse gases that absorb the most radiation are?
26. Which of the following would cause the most absorption of radiation, creating an increase in temperature?
a. methaneb. Nitrous oxidec. Water vapor and carbon dioxide
Radiant Energy released by Earth has longer Radiant Energy released by Earth has longer wavelengths (infrared waves-heat). These are the wavelengths (infrared waves-heat). These are the
waves involved in the waves involved in the Greenhouse effectGreenhouse effect..
Infrared WavesInfrared Waves
Short Wavelength
Long Wavelength
Visible light passes through from the sun but …
Infrared radiation emitted back by the earth is absorbed by the greenhouse gases.
OH H
OH H
N O C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
HN OCO O
CO O
27. What type of radiation is involved in the absorbing of greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?
a. X-ray radiationb. Ultra violetc. Visible lightd. Infrared radiation
28. Which of the following would cause an increase in temperature?
a. Reflection of gasesb. Absorption of gases
29. Which of the following radiations is not involved in the absorption of greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?
a. X-ray radiationb. Gamma radiationc. Visible lightd. All of the above
Infrared Radiation is the one!!!
Human Activities Effect on the Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
• We need the greenhouse effect to stay warm here on earth, but too much of a good thing is a problem!
• Becoming too warm around the world (global warming) can affect global and regional weather patterns
Putting more gases like carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4, water vapor H2O, and pollutants in the air can absorb more and more infrared waves and make it warmer on Earth.
How are we humans putting more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere?
Activities that Release Carbon Dioxide into the Atmosphere
Any type of burning produces carbon dioxide!
Clearing Forests
30. Which of the following radiations is not involved in the absorption of greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?
a. X-ray radiationb. Gamma radiationc. Visible lightd. All of the above
31. What are CFCs and what do they do?
CFCs or Chlorofluorohydrocarbons are pollutants found in aerosol sprays and refrigerants such as refrigerators and air conditioners. The CFC’s destroy the Ozone layer, allowing in dangerous ultraviolet radiation.
32. Why is the stratospheric ozone layer important?Stratospheric Ozone (O3) blocks harmful UV radiation by absorbing it and converting to O2.
2 O3 → 3 O2
UVlight
Reacts with other lightand is restored to O3
Methane CH4 is released into the atmosphere by outgassing cows…
CH4CH
Methane Gas
So many cows living on our planet are creating the greenhouse gas methane
4
Water Vapor, H20 is released into the atmosphere by increased evaporation.
More Heat = More Evaporation
The warmer the earth gets because of greenhouse gases, the more evaporation, and more water vapor (Greenhouse gas)
Is there a way we can get the same amount of energy but release less carbon dioxide into the air?
Look at the dependence on fossil fuels!
Look at where we need to cut back!
33. What is causing global warming?
Humans are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases, specifically Carbon Dioxide (CO2). This is causing earth to heat up.
34. What effect are humans and industrialization having on the atmosphere?Humans are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases, and damaging the stratospheric ozone layer. In addition we are poisoning the air we breathe.
35. What is a temperature inversion and how does it affect air pollution?
A temperature inversion is when hot air is trapped by cold air above and below it. This traps pollution below it.
Proof: North Pole Ice Caps Melting
Stop putting so many
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
You are ruining our “homes”
It’s not like I can just take my coat off and come live in the desert…I see how it is…you are too busy texting while you destroy my home.
Go back to sleep; I guessThe Greenhouse EffectIs not your problem.
What about me????
36. Why is our effect on the atmosphere important?
The atmosphere is very thin, and delicate. It is also very necessary for life, if we destroy it we will die.
Do other Planets have a Greenhouse Effect?
Yup! The greenhouse effect is not just found on Earth!!!
Venus and Mars have it too!
--Venus has a Venus has a thickthick atmosphere with lots of atmosphere with lots of greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
--So it is much hotter So it is much hotter on Venus than on on Venus than on EarthEarth
*Methane
*Water Vapor
*Nitrogen Oxide
*Carbon Dioxide
--Mars has a Mars has a thinthin atmosphere with atmosphere with almost no almost no greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
--So during the day it is very So during the day it is very
and at night it’s very and at night it’s very
37. Which planet has a greater greenhouse effect?
Venus, Mars, or Earth.
But why doesn’t it get really really But why doesn’t it get really really hot during the day and really really hot during the day and really really cold at night here on Earth?cold at night here on Earth?
Because of the Greenhouse Effect which naturally warms the lower part of the earth earth.
Greenhouse gases absorb infrared (heat) energy from the Sun making the atmosphere warmer.
The trapped arrows represent the Greenhouse
Effect
The End