CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION

DISORDERSTopic 3

Introductory Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech, Voice

and Auditory SystemThe Laryngeal and Articulatory/Resonating

SystemsSpeech Production Process

The Laryngeal SystemFunctions:

1. Biological Prevents foreign

objects from entering the trachea

Coughing2. Speech

voicing

Structural Support

1. Hyoid bone2. Thyroid cartilage3. Cricoid cartilage4. Arytenoid

cartilages5. Epiglottis

Structural Support

Vocal Folds

Points of attachment: Thyroid cartilage Artenoid cartilages

Vocal Folds and Their Points of Attachment

Thyroid Arytenoid Glottis CD ROM demo

12.01 and 12.05

Muscles of the Larynx

A number of muscles that assist in the movement of the vocal folds and larynx

Three groups

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

These muscles have one point of attachment on some structure of the larynx and another point of attachment on structure outside the larynx

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

These muscles have both points of attachment within the larynx

Muscles of abduction

Muscles of adduction

Tensor muscles

Supplemental Muscles of the Larynx

These muscles have one point of attachment on the hyoid bone and course either above or below

1. Suprahyoid• Work to raise the larynx

2. Infrahyoid• Work to drop the larynx

Some Major Laryngeal Muscles

Posterior cricoarytenoid Intrinsic laryngeal

muscle Only muscle that

abducts the fold

Some Major Laryngeal Muscles

Lateral cricoarytenoid and Interarytenoids Intrinsic laryngeal

muscles muscles that

adduct the folds

Some Major Laryngeal Muscles

Thyroarytenoid and Cricothyriod Intrinsic laryngeal

muscles muscles that

tense the larynx

The Articulatory/Resonating

System

Divisions of the vocal tract

1. The pharyngeal cavity2. The oral cavity3. The nasal cavity

The Skull

Structural support system

Major Landmarks of the Skull for Speech

Major landmarks include: Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bone and

arch, temporomandibular joint, temporal bone, and mastoid

Important Structures of the Vocal Tract

Teeth 16 pairs for 32

total Imbedded within

the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla

Think about /f/ and /th/

Important Structures of the vocal Tract

Hard palate Maxilla Think about /t/

and /s/

Important Structures of the Vocal Tract

Velum Soft tissue Think about /k/ and /g/ Biological purpose of

the velum is to separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

CD ROM demos11.07 and 11.08

Model of the Biological Function of the Velum

Hard and Soft Palates

Hard palate Soft palate (velum)

Important Structures of the Vocal Tract

The tongueA number of extrinsic

and intrinsic musles make up the tongue

Major Muscles of the Tongue

Responsible for moving the tongue around in the oral cavity

Life-Span Issues of the Articulatory/Resonating

System1. Skull

Size Number of separate plates Fusing of plates

2. Lower bones of the face3. Tongue and lips

Speech Production Process

1. Vibration of the vocal folds• The glottal source

2. Modification of the glottal source by the vocal tract

Phonation

Folds are adducted by contraction of the intrinsic larygeal adductors

Glottis closes

Phonation

Subglottic pressure increases

Phonation1. Subglottic pressure

reaches a critical level and blows the vocal folds apart

2. Air rushing through the glottis causes negative pressure that helps pull the folds back together• Bernoulli Effect

Important Characteristics of the Glottal Source

1. Fundamental Frequency Rate of vocal fold vibration Determines the pitch of the voice

2. Spectrum 3. CD ROM demos

12.06 and 12.08

Spectrum of the Glottal Source

Articulatory Classification System