csd 2230 human communication disorders topic 6 language disorders adult disorders central nervous...
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CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION
DISORDERS
Topic 6Language Disorders
Adult DisordersCentral Nervous System
Anatomy, Physiology, and Damage
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Neurons Basic building
block of the nervous system
Landmarks Cell body Nucleus Dendrites Axons
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Neurons Functions
Efferent neurons-carry information away from the brain to the periphery
Motor neurons Afferent neurons-carry information
from the periphery to the brain Sensory neurons
Interneurons
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Neural Communication Neurotransmitters
Excitatory Inhibitory
Action Potential
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Central Nervous System Major landmarks
Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal cord
Meninges Cerebrospinal
fluid
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Cerebrum Left and right
hemispheres four lobes
frontal temporal parietal occipital
gyri sulci
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Cerebrum Longitudinal
fissure Corpus callosum
CD ROM Ch 9.01 & Ch 9.02
Lateral fissure Central fissure
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Brainstem Center of the
Cerebrum Basal Nuclei Thalamus
Brainstem midbrain pons medulla
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CerebellumConnects to the brainstem by
three pathways that allow for1. Input of sensory info
from the body2. Output of signals for
motor execution to the muscles3. Input from the cerebrum
for control of cerebellar function
The cerebellum is important for balance and for coordinating various body movements.
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Spinal Cord Peripheral
Nervous System Cranial Nerves
12 pair Specialized for
sensory and/or motor functions
Spinal Nerves 31 pair Sensory and motor
functions
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Hemispheric Specialization Left hemisphere sequential functioning
Speech and language Broca’s area is important for the programming and
movements for speech production. Damage results in problems in the planning and execution of speech movements
Wernicke’s area is critical for processing and understanding auditory information. Damage results in marked problems in auditory comprehension
Right hemisphere holistic functioning
Facial recognition, comprehending and expressing emotion, musical ability
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Four Major Causes of Brain Damage
1. Stroke2. Head injury3. Infections and growths4. Progressive degenerative
diseases
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Stroke Cerebrovascular accident
Embolus Thrombosis Hemorrage
Effects are immediate but there is a period of recovery
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Head Injury Open head injuries Closed head injuries Severity and type of damage is
variable
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Tumors Space occupying lesions
Malignant Benign Interior or exterior surface of the
brain Symptoms usually include
dizziness, headache, memory deficits, and generalized sensory and/or motor problems
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Progressive Degeneration Multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Alzheimer’s disease
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