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Cruise Report S-195
Scientific data collected aboard
SSV Robert C. Seamans
San Diego – La Paz – Puerto Vallarta 15 October 2004 – 21 November 2004
Sea Education Association Woods Hole, Massachusetts
To obtain unpublished data, contact the SEA data archivist: Erik Zettler, Science Coordinator Sea Education Association P.O. Box 6 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508-540-3954 ext. 29 800-552-3633 ext. 29 Fax: 508-457-4673 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sea.edu
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Table of Contents Ship’s Company 4 Introduction 5 Table 1: Student research projects, cruise S-195 6 Table 2: Academic lectures and activities 7 Data Description 8 Figure 1: S-195 cruise track 8 Figure 2: Locations of oceanographic sampling stations 9 Table 3: Oceanographic sampling stations 10 Table 4: Surface station data 15 Table 5: Neuston net tow data 16 Table 6: Hydrocast bottle data 17 Table 7: Sediment grain size data 21 Scientific Results: Student Abstracts 22 Figures 3-24: Selections from student research papers
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Ship’s Company SSV Robert C. Seamans, Cruise S-195 Nautical Staff Chris McGuire Captain Jen Haddock Chief Mate Jeremy Law Second Mate Steve Kirk Third Mate Dusty Smith Engineer Bryna Storch Assistant Engineer Maggie McCullough Steward Scientific Staff Kara Lavender Chief Scientist Charles Soucheray First Assistant Scientist Sarah Clowes Second Assistant Scientist Katie Krause Third Assistant Scientist Students Loren N. Bach Brandeis University Jessica R. Bell Wellesley College Austin A. Corry University of Colorado, Boulder Matthew E. Crouse University of Denver Michael DiGiulio Colorado College Joshua M. Donohue Harvard University Elizabeth H. Gryska Trinity College (CT) Clara H. Hard Williams College Sarah E. Hauke Mount Holyoke College Douglas L. Hawpe Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Peter T. Hirschberg University of Denver Allison H. Jacob University of New Hampshire Erika M. Lewis Carleton College Christi M. Linardich Florida Gulf Coast University R. Gardner Loring Hobart and William Smith Colleges Stephan E. Morris Hamilton College Kimiko Nakamura Skidmore College Daniel W. Niebler Eckerd College Shannon O'Brien Mount Holyoke College Arthur H. Phillips McGill University Hannah K. Roth Barnard College Basil M. Shah University of Denver Elizabeth A. Witham Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kielley K. Young University of Rochester Nicholas J. Zirino Brooklyn College Visitors Raymundo Avendaño Ibarra IPN-CICIMAR, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico Mauricio Conde Moreno IPN-CICIMAR, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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Introduction This report outlines the academic program and shipboard research activities of SEA
Semester S-195 aboard the SSV Robert C. Seamans from 15 October 2004 to 21 November
2004. It includes a summary of the oceanographic data collected and the scientific results
from student research projects. The information presented here is a preliminary analysis of
data collected during S-195. It is not intended to represent final interpretation of the data and
should not be excerpted or cited without written permission from SEA.
Cruise S-195 departed from San Diego, CA on 15 October 2004 after a rigorous six-
week academic shore component in Woods Hole, MA. On shore, students investigated
oceanographic topics in the scientific literature and completed written proposals for their
research at sea. Shipboard, the sampling program was designed to carry out these student
research projects which span the four major disciplines of oceanography – physical, chemical,
biological, and geological oceanography (Table 1). Student research efforts culminated in a
written paper and an oral presentation to the ship’s company. Abstracts and selected figures
from student research papers are included in this report, and the complete student research
papers from cruise S-195 are available upon request from SEA.
In addition to the formal scientific research and academic activities (Table 2) onboard,
we were continually amazed by what we observed from the deck. Throughout our journey of
3021 nautical miles we observed many ocean sunfish in the Southern California Bight,
dolphins and whales from near and afar, a sea turtle in the Sea of Cortez, and we were
treated to a full lunar eclipse while far offshore of Baja California. During our port stop in La
Paz, Mexico we visited old friends and made new ones during a reception dockside aboard
the Seamans. Students from SEA enjoyed meeting their counterparts from IPN-CICIMAR,
and took the opportunity to practice their Spanish skills while giving tours of the ship. For the
second leg of the trip we were fortunate to be joined by observers and visiting scientists
Raymundo Avendaño Ibarra and Mauricio Conde Moreno from IPN-CICMAR. No sooner had
we departed Bahía de La Paz than our visitors became fully-participating members of the
ship’s community, from standing watch and participating in meter net deployments, to
teaching students and staff about organisms caught in the nets, to providing an overview of
mako shark research at CICIMAR. The excellent leadership of the staff, creativity and energy
of the students, and enthusiasm and friendship of our visitors made S-195 a success both
scientifically and personally. A heartfelt thanks to all aboard.
Kara Lavender Chief Scientist, S-195
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Table 1: Student research projects, cruise S-195. Title Student Investigators
Distribution and Diversity of Myctophid Species according to Salinity and Temperature Characteristics of Surface Water along the S-195 Cruise Track
Loren Bach
A Comparative Analysis of Gravity Core Sediment Samples Gathered in the Carmen Basin and the San Pedro Basin
Jessica Bell Shannon O'Brien
Slopes of the Gulf of Santa Catalina and the Gulf of California: Sediment Size and Distribution
Austin Corry Arthur Phillips
Variability of Current Location, Direction and Velocity in the California Current System
Matthew Crouse Douglas Hawpe
Deep Chlorophyll Maximum and Nutrient Concentrations in the Southern California Bight
Josh Donohue Clara Hard
Surface Circulation and Plastic Distribution within the Southern California Bight, Gulf of California, and Pacific Ocean
Elizabeth Gryska
The Effect of the Oxygen Minimum Zone on the Distribution of Zooplankton Offshore of the Southern California Bight and in the Gulf of California
Sarah Hauke
Explorations into the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum: The Relationship between Temperature, Light, and Zooplankton Density in the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum
Ali Jacob Peter Hirschberg Michael DiGiulio
A Comparison of Phytoplankton Diversity and Biomass in the Southern California Bight, Open Ocean Waters, and the Gulf of California
Erika Lewis
Water Masses Influencing the Gulf of California in October-November, 2004
Christi Linardich Gardner Loring
Planktic to Benthic Foraminifera Ratios in Seafloor Sediments
Stephan Morris Hannah Roth
Taylor Caps Over Seamount Summits Kimiko Nakamura
Population Characteristics and Distribution of Halobates (Gerridae: Hemiptera) in and around the Gulf of California
Dan Niebler
Unicellular Phycoerithrin-containing Cyanobacteria in the Eastern North Pacific and Sea of Cortez
Basil Shah Nicholas Zirino
Estimating Currents Using the Geostrophic Equation and from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Elizabeth Witham
Frontal Regions Off of Baja California from San Diego to Cabo San Lucas
Kielley Young
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Table 2: Academic lectures and activities. Date Topic Speaker(s)
17 Oct. Academics at sea Student project introductions Hydrocast demonstration
C. McGuire and K. Lavender Students Assistant Scientists
18 Oct. Striking and furling All hands
19 Oct. Line chase Students
20 Oct. Pre-computing stars C. McGuire
Ongoing Creature features Students
21 Oct. Light in the ocean K. Lavender
22 Oct. Data discussion groups Students and Asst. Scientists
25 Oct. Using “Ice” for celestial navigation J. Haddock
26 Oct. Lab practical exam Students
27 Oct. Introduction to fisheries S. Clowes
28 Oct. Radar J. Law
29 Oct. Data discussion groups Students and Asst. Scientists
1 Nov. Cetacean biology C. Soucheray
2 Nov. Marlinspike seamanship Mates
3 Nov. Marine reserves K. Krause
4 Nov. Anchoring S. Kirk
5 Nov. Data discussion groups Students and Asst. Scientists
12 Nov. Magilla vs. T-Rex: A scientific study C. Soucheray
15 Nov. Student research project presentations Students
16 Nov. Student research project presentations Students
17 Nov. Measuring ocean circulation with floats K. Lavender
18 Nov. Planning a transatlantic cruise C. McGuire
19 Nov. Mako shark research Science sum-up
M. Conde Moreno K. Lavender
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Data Description This section provides a record of data collected aboard the SSV Robert C. Seamans
during cruise S-195 (U.S. State Department Cruise 2004-053), which departed from San
Diego, CA and transited the Southern California Bight, the eastern Pacific offshore of
Baja California, and the Gulf of California, en route to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico (Figure 1).
Figure 1: S-195 cruise track plotted from hourly positions.
During the six week voyage we collected samples or data at 111 discrete oceanographic
stations (Figure 2, Table 3), surface samples at 35 locations (Figure 2, Table 4), and we
continuously sampled water depth and sub-bottom profiles (CHIRP system), upper ocean
currents (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, or ADCP), and sea surface temperature,
salinity and in vivo fluorescence (seawater flow-through system). This report summarizes
sea surface chemical and biological characteristics (Tables 4 and 5), and chemical and
biological properties with depth (Table 6). Lengthy CTD, CHIRP, ADCP, and flow-through
data are not reported here. All unpublished data can be made available by arrangement
with the Sea Education Association (SEA) data archivist (contact information, p. 2).
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a) b)
17
22
27
32
-124 -119 -114 -109 -104
CTDHydrocastSecchi Disk
17
22
27
32
-124 -119 -114 -109 -104
Neuston NetMeter NetTucker TrawlPhytoplankton Net
c) d)
17
22
27
32
-124 -119 -114 -109 -104
Shipek GrabGravity CoreFisher Scoop
17
22
27
32
-124 -119 -114 -109 -104
Surface Stations
Figure 2: Locations of oceanographic sampling stations. a) Hydrographic equipment b) Net tows c) Sediment collection d) Surface stations.
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Table 3: Oceanographic sampling stations.
Station Number Date Local Time
Log (nm)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m) General Locale
CTD S195-008-CTD 17-Oct-04 1559 81.0 33°17.3' 117°41.0' 616 So. Calif. Bight S195-012-CTD 18-Oct-04 1218 151.5 33°33.2' 118°30.8' 698 So. Calif. Bight S195-015-CTD 19-Oct-04 0445 226.0 33°42.9' 119°34.2' 1006 So. Calif. Bight S195-018-CTD 20-Oct-04 0912 298.2 33°53.0' 120°39.6' 324 So. Calif. Bight S195-022-CTD 21-Oct-04 1840 471.0 31°59.7' 121°58.3' 325 E. Pacific Ocean S195-023-CTD 21-Oct-04 2230 486.4 31°50.9' 122°11.4' 315 E. Pacific Ocean S195-025-CTD 22-Oct-04 0539 512.5 31°37.8' 122°33.4' 959 E. Pacific Ocean S195-028-CTD 23-Oct-04 0510 550.8 31°16.8' 123°08.5' 1070 E. Pacific Ocean S195-031-CTD 24-Oct-04 1048 636.5 30°14.1' 122°11.1' 504 E. Pacific Ocean S195-034-CTD 25-Oct-04 1101 774.0 29°30.6' 119°43.5' 1107 E. Pacific Ocean S195-037-CTD 26-Oct-04 1101 882.8 28°59.6' 117°47.7' 514 E. Pacific Ocean S195-040-CTD 27-Oct-04 0920 998.5 27°38.5' 116°07.3' 2956 E. Pacific Ocean S195-043-CTD 28-Oct-04 1043 1125.5 26°21.3' 114°29.1' 520 E. Pacific Ocean S195-046-CTD 29-Oct-04 1029 1238.0 24°59.7' 113°14.5' 1021 E. Pacific Ocean S195-052-CTD 30-Oct-04 1055 1332.0 24°16.0' 112°18.3' 231 E. Pacific Ocean S195-053-CTD 30-Oct-04 1240 1340.0 24°09.6' 112°14.5' 220 E. Pacific Ocean S195-055-CTD 31-Oct-04 0931 1469.4 22°57.4' 110°23.1' 683 E. Pacific Ocean S195-057-CTD 31-Oct-04 1550 1498.5 22°40.7' 109°58.9' 798 E. Pacific Ocean S195-058-CTD 1-Nov-04 0212 1543.3 22°48.4' 109°19.6' 825 E. Pacific Ocean S195-060-CTD 1-Nov-04 1050 1594.5 23°22.0' 109°14.7' 721 Gulf of California S195-062-CTD 1-Nov-04 1956 1636.5 23°23.5' 108°59.3' 839 Gulf of California S195-063-CTD 2-Nov-04 0112 1662.0 23°30.4' 108°35.3' 763 Gulf of California S195-064-CTD 2-Nov-04 0554 1681.8 23°36.5' 108°15.2' 763 Gulf of California S195-066-CTD 2-Nov-04 1134 1698.1 23°41.2' 107°54.9' 796 Gulf of California S195-068-CTD 2-Nov-04 1651 1710.5 23°45.7' 107°39.9' 807 Gulf of California S195-071-CTD 3-Nov-04 0512 1735.5 23°54.7' 108°03.2' 725 Gulf of California S195-074-CTD 4-Nov-04 0545 1867.6 24°34.9' 109°26.7' 1002 Gulf of California S195-077-CTD 5-Nov-04 0930 2035.6 26°00.4' 111°01.2' 601 Gulf of California S195-081-CTD 6-Nov-04 2340 2111.2 25°13.4' 110°08.2' 749 Gulf of California S195-090-CTD 13-Nov-04 1103 2292.5 23°38.7' 109°16.3' 529 Gulf of California S195-092-CTD 14-Nov-04 1047 2423.8 22°20.0' 107°40.9' 516 E. Pacific Ocean S195-097-CTD 16-Nov-04 1004 2593.8 21°26.7' 109°05.4' 508 E. Pacific Ocean S195-100-CTD 17-Nov-04 1050 2696.0 20°59.0' 108°06.4' 523 E. Pacific Ocean S195-104-CTD 18-Nov-04 1054 2826.1 20°39.2' 107°17.6' 475 E. Pacific Ocean Hydrocast S195-008-HC 17-Oct-04 1559 81.0 33°17.3' 117°41.0' 616 So. Calif. Bight S195-015-HC 19-Oct-04 0445 226.0 33°42.9' 119°34.2' 1006 So. Calif. Bight S195-018-HC 20-Oct-04 0912 298.2 33°53.0' 120°39.6' 324 So. Calif. Bight S195-022-HC 21-Oct-04 1840 471.0 31°59.7' 121°58.3' 325 E. Pacific Ocean S195-023-HC 21-Oct-04 2230 486.4 31°50.9' 122°11.4' 315 E. Pacific Ocean S195-025-HC 22-Oct-04 0539 512.5 31°37.8' 122°33.4' 959 E. Pacific Ocean S195-028-HC 23-Oct-04 0510 550.8 31°16.8' 123°08.5' 1070 E. Pacific Ocean S195-052-HC 30-Oct-04 1055 1332.0 24°16.0' 112°18.3' 231 E. Pacific Ocean S195-053-HC 30-Oct-04 1240 1340.0 24°09.6' 112°14.5' 220 E. Pacific Ocean
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Table 3 continued
Station Number Date Local Time
Log (nm)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m) General Locale
Hydrocast continued S195-066-HC 2-Nov-04 1134 1698.1 23°41.2' 107°54.9' 796 Gulf of California S195-071-HC 3-Nov-04 0512 1735.5 23°54.7' 108°03.2' 725 Gulf of California S195-074-HC 4-Nov-04 0545 1867.6 24°34.9' 109°26.7' 1002 Gulf of California Secchi Disk S195-008-SD 17-Oct-04 1559 81.0 33°17.4' 117°41.0' 16 So. Calif. Bight S195-016-SD 19-Oct-04 0926 226.5 33°45.4' 119°37.6' 18 So. Calif. Bight S195-018-SD 20-Oct-04 0912 298.2 33°52.6' 120°39.5' 9 So. Calif. Bight S195-021B-SD 21-Oct-04 1527 453.9 33°11.4' 121°46.7' 20 E. Pacific Ocean S195-026-SD 22-Oct-04 1023 522.5 31°34.3' 122°40.4' 38 E. Pacific Ocean S195-029-SD 23-Oct-04 0954 552.1 31°14.9' 123°05.0' 35 E. Pacific Ocean S195-031-SD 24-Oct-04 1048 636.5 30°14.1' 122°11.1' 41 E. Pacific Ocean S195-034-SD 25-Oct-04 1101 774.0 29°30.6' 119°43.5' 24 E. Pacific Ocean S195-037-SD 26-Oct-04 1101 882.8 28°59.6' 117°47.7' 23 E. Pacific Ocean S195-040-SD 27-Oct-04 0920 998.5 27°38.5' 116°07.3' 18 E. Pacific Ocean S195-043-SD 28-Oct-04 1043 1125.5 26°21.3' 114°29.1' 23 E. Pacific Ocean S195-046-SD 29-Oct-04 1029 1238.0 24°59.7' 113°14.5' 30 E. Pacific Ocean S195-052-SD 30-Oct-04 1055 1332.0 24°16.0' 112°18.3' 25 E. Pacific Ocean S195-055-SD 31-Oct-04 0931 1469.4 22°57.4' 110°23.1' 26 E. Pacific Ocean S195-060-SD 1-Nov-04 1050 1594.5 23°22.0' 109°14.7' 34 Gulf of California Neuston Net S195-007-NT 17-Oct-04 1206 73.0 33°19.8' 117°40.8' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-009-NT 18-Oct-04 0033 109.9 33°23.3' 117°58.6' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-013-NT 18-Oct-04 1332 152.1 33°34.3' 118°31.8' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-014-NT 19-Oct-04 0013 199.2 33°41.7' 119°04.9' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-016-NT 19-Oct-04 1116 228.8 33°45.0' 119°42.0' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-017-NT 20-Oct-04 0019 278.5 33°53.4' 120°32.4' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-019-NT 20-Oct-04 1242 301.6 33°49.8' 120°40.3' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-020-NT 21-Oct-04 0134 358.0 33°09.5' 121°03.5' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-021-NT 21-Oct-04 1209 432.0 32°25.0' 121°33.9' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-024-NT 22-Oct-04 0212 499.4 31°43.6' 122°24.3' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-026-NT 22-Oct-04 1213 524.0 31°32.7' 122°36.5' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-027-NT 23-Oct-04 0011 543.0 31°20.7' 122°59.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-029-NT 23-Oct-04 1145 553.8 31°12.9' 123°04.2' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-030-NT 24-Oct-04 0021 588.6 30°38.2' 122°57.9' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-032-NT 24-Oct-04 1147 636.5 30°13.8' 122°10.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-033-NT 25-Oct-04 0002 705.0 29°43.5' 120°58.6' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-035-NT 25-Oct-04 1218 774.7 29°31.3' 119°41.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-036-NT 26-Oct-04 0004 843.0 29°14.2' 118°28.5' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-038-NT 26-Oct-04 1152 883.2 28°58.5' 117°46.9' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-039-NT 27-Oct-04 0004 943.2 28°15.3' 116°53.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-041-NT 27-Oct-04 1241 998.6 27°40.5' 116°06.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-042-NT 28-Oct-04 0011 1068.0 26°58.5' 115°08.0' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-044-NT 28-Oct-04 1150 1126.0 26°22.1' 114°28.1' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-045-NT 29-Oct-04 0004 1176.0 25°40.6' 114°01.2' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-047-NT 29-Oct-04 1144 1238.3 24°59.0' 113°13.0' 0 E. Pacific Ocean
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Table 3 continued
Station Number Date Local Time
Log (nm)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m) General Locale
Neuston Net continued S195-054-NT 31-Oct-04 0013 1438.2 23°13.8' 110°54.0' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-056-NT 31-Oct-04 1020 1469.6 22°57.1' 110°21.9' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-059-NT 1-Nov-04 0317 1544.6 22°47.1' 109°18.0' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-061-NT 1-Nov-04 1137 1594.6 23°20.3' 109°14.5' 0 Gulf of California S195-065-NT 2-Nov-04 0724 1682.0 23°35.5' 108°13.0' 0 Gulf of California S195-067-NT 2-Nov-04 1246 1698.5 23°40.9' 107°53.0' 0 Gulf of California S195-069-NT 2-Nov-04 1746 1711.0 23°45.4' 107°38.8' 0 Gulf of California S195-070-NT 3-Nov-04 0010 1720.9 23°46.5' 107°43.7' 0 Gulf of California S195-072-NT 3-Nov-04 1240 1758.2 23°47.1' 108°25.6' 0 Gulf of California S195-073-NT 4-Nov-04 0000 1826.3 24°18.8' 109°24.1' 0 Gulf of California S195-075-NT 4-Nov-04 1110 1877.9 24°32.8' 109°27.5' 0 Gulf of California S195-076-NT 5-Nov-04 0001 1968.9 25°16.7' 110°21.6' 0 Gulf of California S195-080-NT 6-Nov-04 1236 2053.7 25°52.9' 110°57.9' 0 Gulf of California S195-082-NT 7-Nov-04 0135 2111.2 25°12.5' 110°06.8' 0 Gulf of California S195-099-NT 17-Nov-04 0010 2647.1 21°11.5' 108°55.6' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-103-NT 18-Nov-04 0018 2774.0 20°41.2' 106°41.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-107-NT 19-Nov-04 0022 2891.0 20°35.1' 107°00.6' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-110-NT 19-Nov-04 2355 2966.0 20°30.4' 105°59.6' 0 E. Pacific Ocean Meter Net S195-088-MN 12-Nov-04 1601 2235.0 24°02.5' 109°43.9' 210 Gulf of California S195-089-MN 13-Nov-04 0046 2270.7 24°02.1' 109°13.3' 210 Gulf of California S195-090-MN 13-Nov-04 1154 2292.9 23°38.5' 109°17.4' 210 Gulf of California S195-091-MN 14-Nov-04 0007 2363.5 23°00.9' 108°13.7' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-093-MN 14-Nov-04 1154 2424.0 22°20.9' 107°40.9' 214 E. Pacific Ocean S195-094-MN 15-Nov-04 0012 2477.0 22°20.7' 107°28.8' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-095-MN 15-Nov-04 0950 2505.3 21°56.7' 107°43.7' 501 E. Pacific Ocean S195-096-MN 16-Nov-04 0045 2549.1 21°35.3' 108°22.0' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-097-MN 16-Nov-04 1053 2594.0 21°26.0' 109°04.5' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-098-MN 16-Nov-04 2113 2638.0 21°14.7' 109°06.9' 214 E. Pacific Ocean S195-101-MN 17-Nov-04 1135 2696.2 20°58.0' 108°05.4' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-102-MN 17-Nov-04 2037 2752.5 20°43.4' 107°04.6' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-105-MN 18-Nov-04 1142 2826.9 20°38.9' 107°15.8' 211 E. Pacific Ocean S195-106-MN 18-Nov-04 2108 2878.6 20°36.7' 107°15.2' 210 E. Pacific Ocean S195-108-MN 19-Nov-04 1216 2933.4 20°28.5' 106°35.8' 208 E. Pacific Ocean S195-109-MN 19-Nov-04 2107 2957.3 20°29.4' 106°08.3' 210 E. Pacific Ocean Tucker Trawl S195-007-TT #2 17-Oct-04 1058 71.5 33°18.1' 117°40.4' Misfire So. Calif. Bight S195-007-TT #3 17-Oct-04 1013 71.5 33°17.0' 117°40.6' Misfire So. Calif. Bight S195-016-TT #2 19-Oct-04 1004 227.5 33°45.5' 119°39.5' 500 So. Calif. Bight S195-016-TT #3 19-Oct-04 0926 226.5 33°45.4' 119°37.6' 0-500 So. Calif. Bight S195-026-TT #2 22-Oct-04 1141 523.5 31°33.4' 122°37.7' 151 E. Pacific Ocean S195-026-TT #3 22-Oct-04 1023 522.5 31°34.3' 122°40.4' 500 E. Pacific Ocean S195-029-TT #2 23-Oct-04 1229 553.8 31°34.3' 122°40.4' 150 E. Pacific Ocean
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Table 3 continued
Station Number Date Local Time
Log (nm)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m) General Locale
Tucker Trawl continued S195-029-TT #3 23-Oct-04 0954 552.1 31°14.9' 123°05.0' 500 E. Pacific Ocean S195-072-TT #2 3-Nov-04 1203 1758.0 23°48.0' 108°23.7' 50 Gulf of California S195-072-TT #3 3-Nov-04 1047 1756.4 23°50.0' 108°24.6' 500 Gulf of California S195-075-TT #2 4-Nov-04 1032 1877.3 24°33.7' 109°28.8' 50 Gulf of California S195-075-TT #3 4-Nov-04 0919 1876.5 24°34.4' 109°29.9' 500 Gulf of California Phytoplankton Net S195-008-PN 17-Oct-04 1559 81.0 33°17.4' 117°41.0' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-015-PN 19-Oct-04 0445 226.0 33°42.9' 119°34.2' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-018-PN 20-Oct-04 0833 298.2 33°52.6' 120°39.5' 0 So. Calif. Bight S195-025-PN 22-Oct-04 0530 512.4 31°37.8' 122°33.4' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-028-PN 23-Oct-04 0518 550.8 31°16.8' 123°08.5' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-031-PN 24-Oct-04 1025 636.5 30°14.1' 122°11.1' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-034-PN 25-Oct-04 1101 774.0 29°30.6' 119°43.5' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-037-PN 26-Oct-04 1032 882.8 28°59.6' 117°47.7' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-055-PN 31-Oct-04 0910 1469.4 22°57.4' 110°23.1' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-057-PN 31-Oct-04 1545 1498.5 22°40.7' 109°58.9' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-058-PN 1-Nov-04 0158 1543.3 22°48.4' 109°19.6' 0 E. Pacific Ocean S195-060-PN 1-Nov-04 1029 1594.5 23°22.5' 109°14.7' 0 Gulf of California S195-066-PN 2-Nov-04 1105 1698.1 23°41.2' 107°54.9' 0 Gulf of California S195-074-PN 4-Nov-04 0535 1867.6 24°35.1' 109°26.9' 0 Gulf of California S195-077-PN 5-Nov-04 0924 2035.6 26°00.4' 111°01.2' 0 Gulf of California Shipek Grab S195-001-SG 16-Oct-04 2208 41.3 33°11.4' 117°36.7' Misfire So. Calif. Bight S195-002-SG 17-Oct-04 0003 44.5 33°14.7' 117°37.0' 537 So. Calif. Bight S195-003-SGA 17-Oct-04 0123 47.4 33°17.5' 117°37.5' Misfire So. Calif. Bight S195-003-SGB 17-Oct-04 0200 47.7 33°18.3' 117°38.8' Misfire So. Calif. Bight S195-004-SG 17-Oct-04 0326 51.5 33°21.9' 117°39.3' 125 So. Calif. Bight S195-005-SG 17-Oct-04 0424 52.5 33°23.2' 117°40.8' 184 So. Calif. Bight S195-006-SG 17-Oct-04 0526 53.0 33°24.0' 117°40.8' 70 So. Calif. Bight S195-048-SG 30-Oct-04 0023 1310.0 24°29.2' 112°04.0' 100 E. Pacific Ocean S195-049-SGA 30-Oct-04 0155 1315.0 24°25.5' 112°07.2' Misfire E. Pacific Ocean S195-049-SGB 30-Oct-04 0206 1315.0 24°25.4' 112°06.9' Misfire E. Pacific Ocean S195-049-SGC 30-Oct-04 0220 1315.0 24°25.2' 112°06.5' 154 E. Pacific Ocean S195-050-SG 30-Oct-04 0432 1320.0 24°22.5' 112°10.0' 206 E. Pacific Ocean S195-051-SG 30-Oct-04 0644 1324.8 24°20.2' 112°13.5' 310 E. Pacific Ocean S195-052-SG 30-Oct-04 0953 1332.0 24°16.1' 112°18.6' 423 E. Pacific Ocean S195-083-SGA 7-Nov-04 1753 2162.1 24°35.5' 110°35.0' Misfire Gulf of California S195-083-SGB 7-Nov-04 1827 2162.1 24°35.1' 110°35.0' 388 Gulf of California S195-084-SG 7-Nov-04 2155 2162.4 24°31.1' 110°34.1' 295 Gulf of California S195-085-SG 7-Nov-04 2348 2171.3 24°23.3' 110°31.1' 189 Gulf of California S195-086-SG 8-Nov-04 0048 2174.0 24°20.3' 110°29.8' 94 Gulf of California S195-087-SG 8-Nov-04 0150 2179.5 24°15.9' 110°27.7' 35 Gulf of California
13
Table 3 continued
Station Number Date Local Time
Log (nm)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Cast Depth (m) General Locale
Gravity Core S195-010-GC 18-Oct-04 0939 151.5 33°33.3' 118°31.4' 895 So. Calif. Bight S195-011-GC 18-Oct-04 1046 151.5 33°33.2' 118°31.1' 897 So. Calif. Bight S195-078-GC 5-Nov-04 1029 2035.6 26°00.0' 111°00.5' 672 Gulf of California S195-079-GC 5-Nov-04 1132 2035.6 25°59.2' 110°59.8' 720 Gulf of California Fisher Scoop S195-111-FSA 20-Nov-04 0728 3002.3 20°43.5' 105°31.0' 28 Bahia de Banderas S195-111-FSB 20-Nov-04 0728 3002.3 20°43.5' 105°31.0' 18 Bahia de Banderas S195-111-FSC 20-Nov-04 0728 3002.3 20°43.5' 105°31.0' 16 Bahia de Banderas
14
Table 4: Surface station data
Station Number
SiO * PO * Local Time
Log (nm)
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W)
Chl a 24(µM) Date (µg/l) (µM)
SS-001 18-Oct-04 0135 113.5 33°22.8' 117°58.5' 0.155 SS-002 18-Oct-04 1400 154.0 33°34.9' 118°32.8' 0.119 SS-003 19-Oct-04 0015 199.2 33°41.7' 119°04.9' 0.093 SS-004 19-Oct-04 1312 234.2 33°43.2' 119°49.8' 0.290 SS-005 20-Oct-04 0033 278.5 33°53.4' 120°32.4' 0.643 SS-006 20-Oct-04 1251 302.3 33°49.9' 120°39.5' 1.000 SS-007 21-Oct-04 1228 432.5 32°25.1' 121°33.7' 0.073 SS-008 22-Oct-04 0216 499.4 31°43.6' 122°24.3' 0.100 SS-009 23-Oct-04 0020 543.1 31°20.6' 122°59.7' 0.026 SS-010 23-Oct-04 1112 553.2 31°13.4' 123°03.2' 0.040 SS-011 24-Oct-04 0033 588.7 30°38.2' 122°57.6' 0.047 SS-012 24-Oct-04 1219 637.0 30°13.5' 122°09.4' 0.017 SS-013 25-Oct-04 0009 705.0 29°43.5' 120°58.6' 0.031 SS-014 25-Oct-04 1111 774.0 29°30.8' 119°43.0' 0.037 0.515 17.306SS-015 26-Oct-04 0015 843.8 29°14.4' 118°27.5' 0.045 SS-016 26-Oct-04 1152 883.2 28°58.5' 117°46.9' 0.024 SS-017 27-Oct-04 0010 943.2 28°15.3' 116°53.3' 0.047 SS-018 27-Oct-04 1335 1002.1 27°40.4' 116°05.0' 0.009 SS-019 28-Oct-04 0022 1068.0 26°58.2' 115°09.0' 0.026 SS-020 28-Oct-04 1159 1126.3 26°22.5' 114°28.3' 0.157 SS-021 29-Oct-04 0015 1176.0 25°40.6' 114°01.1' 0.180
29-Oct-04 1137 1238.0 24°59.1' 113°13.4' 0.056 SS-023 31-Oct-04 0021 1438.3 23°13.8' 110°53.9' 0.085 SS-024 31-Oct-04 0920 1469.4 22°57.4' 110°23.1' 0.191 0.521 19.544SS-025 31-Oct-04 1555 1498.5 22°40.7' 109°58.9' 0.116 0.503 21.282SS-026 1-Nov-04 0212 1543.3 22°48.4' 109°19.6' 0.135 0.606 14.311SS-027 1-Nov-04 1050 1594.5 23°21.8' 109°14.7' 0.185 0.557 20.153SS-028 2-Nov-04 0733 1682.0 23°35.5' 108°12.2' 0.201 SS-029 2-Nov-04 1815 1711.9 23°45.4' 107°37.3' 0.193 SS-030 3-Nov-04 0010 1720.9 23°46.5' 107°43.7' 0.145 SS-031 3-Nov-04 1111 1757.0 23°49.6' 108°24.3' 0.183 SS-032 4-Nov-04 0000 1826.3 24°18.8' 109°24.1' 0.486 SS-033 5-Nov-04 0001 1968.9 25°16.7' 110°21.6' 0.471 SS-034 5-Nov-04 0958 2035.6 26°00.2' 111°00.8' 1.391 SS-035 5-Nov-04 1220 2035.6 25°58.8' 110°58.9' 2.328 1.015 20.507
SS-022
* Blank spaces indicate no data collected
15
Table 5: Neuston net tow data. See Table 1 for station information.
16
Station Number
Tow Length
(m) Temp.
(°C) Salinity (psu)
Zoop. Biomass*
(ml)
Zoop. Density* (ml/m3)
Plastic Pieces
(#)
Plastic Pellets
(#) Tar S195-007-NT 1488 20.0 33.4 14.0 0.009 0 0 yesS195-009-NT 1852 20.1 33.4 38.0 0.020 0 0 noS195-013-NT 2222 19.2 33.3 100.0 0.045 23 0 noS195-014-NT 1852 18.6 33.4 750.0 0.405 1 0 yesS195-016-NT 833 18.1 33.3 310.0 0.372 0 0 noS195-017-NT 1296 16.8 33.3 415.0 0.320 0 0 noS195-019-NT 1852 16.8 33.3 14.0 0.008 0 0 yesS195-020-NT 1852 18.0 33.3 12.0 0.006 0 0 noS195-021-NT 1852 19.3 33.3 4.5 0.002 0 0 noS195-024-NT 1852 18.7 32.8 11.0 0.006 0 0 noS195-026-NT 1389 19.6 32.9 0.9 0.001 310 0 noS195-027-NT 1296 19.9 33.0 15.0 0.012 879 0 noS195-029-NT 1852 19.9 33.0 5.0 0.003 151 0 noS195-030-NT 1852 20.5 33.3 9.5 0.005 28 0 noS195-032-NT 1852 20.3 33.2 94.0 0.051 0 0 noS195-033-NT 1852 19.2 32.9 35.0 0.019 1 0 noS195-035-NT 1852 21.1 33.4 37.5 0.020 0 0 noS195-036-NT 1852 20.6 33.3 7.0 0.004 0 0 noS195-038-NT 1852 19.5 33.3 17.0 0.009 0 0 noS195-039-NT 1852 20.5 33.3 10.0 0.005 0 0 yesS195-041-NT 1852 19.9 33.3 10.0 0.005 0 0 noS195-042-NT 1852 22.2 33.7 53.0 0.029 0 0 noS195-044-NT 1852 22.2 33.6 18.0 0.010 0 0 noS195-045-NT 1852 21.5 33.7 20.0 0.011 0 0 noS195-047-NT 1852 24.4 34.3 4.0 0.002 0 0 noS195-054-NT 1852 24.9 34.3 155.0 0.084 0 0 noS195-056-NT 1852 27.9 34.8 5.0 0.003 5 0 noS195-059-NT 1852 28.4 34.7 10.0 0.005 0 0 noS195-061-NT 1852 28.2 34.9 10.0 0.005 0 0 noS195-065-NT 1852 28.2 34.7 5.0 0.003 2 0 noS195-067-NT 1852 27.5 34.6 11.0 0.006 1 0 noS195-069-NT 1852 28.6 34.6 100.0 0.054 0 0 noS195-070-NT 1852 28.2 34.6 10.0 0.005 1 0 yesS195-072-NT 1296 28.4 34.6 8.0 0.006 0 0 noS195-073-NT 1852 26.8 35.2 23.0 0.012 0 0 noS195-075-NT 1111 27.2 35.2 5.5 0.005 0 0 noS195-076-NT 1852 26.7 34.9 130.0 0.070 0 0 noS195-080-NT 1852 26.2 35.2 245.0 0.132 5 0 noS195-082-NT 1852 26.9 34.9 103.0 0.056 0 0 noS195-099-NT 648 26.2 34.3 0 0 noS195-103-NT 1019 27.6 34.4 33.0 0.032 0 0 noS195-107-NT 1852 26.7 34.4 35.0 0.019 0 0 noS195-110-NT 1111 28.0 34.5 10.0 0.009 3 0 no * Blank spaces indicate no data collected
Table 6: Hydrocast bottle data. See Table 1 for station information.
Station Number
Bottle Number
Bottle Depth (m)
O2* (ml/l)
PO4* (µM)
SiO2* (µM)
NO3-*
(µM) Chl a* (µg/l)
S195-008-HC 13 0.0 0.365 22.058 0.055 S195-008-HC 12 10.1 6.19 0.196 S195-008-HC 11 25.5 6.16 0.479 S195-008-HC 10 50.1 4.85 1.238 S195-008-HC 9 99.9 3.03 1.714 S195-008-HC 8 150.1 2.38 2.468 S195-008-HC 7 199.9 1.67 S195-008-HC 6 250.0 1.84 S195-008-HC 5 300.0 2.01 S195-008-HC 4 350.1 1.71 S195-008-HC 3 400.5 1.14 S195-008-HC 2 499.7 0.96 S195-008-HC 1 608.0 0.56 S195-015-HC 13 0.0 0.527 19.024 2.565 0.077 S195-015-HC 12 12.2 5.95 0.250 9.154 0.175 S195-015-HC 11 25.0 5.66 0.859 0.368 0.186 S195-015-HC 10 39.5 4.87 0.895 3.053 0.132 S195-015-HC 9 79.3 3.79 1.323 3.541 0.018 S195-015-HC 8 119.0 3.28 1.829 13.546 0.006 S195-015-HC 7 198.7 2.01 2.148 11.350 0.001 S195-015-HC 6 248.9 1.82 2.648 14.523 0.003 S195-015-HC 5 397.3 1.45 2.938 4.273 0.001 S195-015-HC 3 699.9 0.80 2.727 9.642 0.003 S195-015-HC 2 893.2 0.97 2.407 4.273 0.003 S195-015-HC 1 992.2 1.03 3.317 1.101 0.001 S195-018-HC 13 0.0 0.377 22.549 21.844 1.545 S195-018-HC 12 9.5 0.365 0.000 0.571 S195-018-HC 11 24.9 1.184 10.130 0.235 S195-018-HC 10 45.1 2.022 0.857 0.055 S195-018-HC 9 59.3 1.835 4.029 0.052 S195-018-HC 8 74.6 1.955 14.523 0.025 S195-018-HC 7 88.7 1.281 2.565 0.565 S195-018-HC 6 99.1 2.251 0.000 0.010 S195-018-HC 5 108.7 2.088 5.005 0.017 S195-018-HC 3 149.2 2.305 10.130 0.006 S195-018-HC 2 197.5 2.353 6.713 0.004 S195-018-HC 1 298.5 3.456 14.767 0.003 S195-022-HC 13 0.0 0.286 0.000 0.052 S195-022-HC 12 9.7 0.798 3.541 0.042 S195-022-HC 11 25.0 0.365 9.642 0.064 S195-022-HC 10 39.2 0.588 3.053 0.095 S195-022-HC 9 64.8 0.997 11.594 0.080 S195-022-HC 8 88.8 1.612 4.029 0.032 S195-022-HC 7 119.5 1.883 3.785 0.015 S195-022-HC 6 148.4 1.654 1.101 0.005
* Blank spaces indicate no data collected
17
Table 6 continued
Station Number
Bottle Number
Bottle Depth (m)
O2* (ml/l)
PO4* (µM)
SiO2* (µM)
NO3-*
(µM) Chl a* (µg/l)
S195-022-HC 5 172.9 2.106 6.225 0.004 S195-022-HC 4 198.7 2.118 6.713 0.006 S195-022-HC 3 223.1 2.432 10.862 0.004 S195-022-HC 2 248.1 2.462 5.737 0.005 S195-022-HC 1 298.7 3.119 6.469 0.006 S195-023-HC 13 0.0 0.533 0.000 0.058 S195-023-HC 12 9.6 0.527 0.000 0.035 S195-023-HC 11 25.1 0.569 4.273 0.029 S195-023-HC 10 40.4 0.527 0.000 0.169 S195-023-HC 9 64.8 0.889 3.785 0.067 S195-023-HC 7 119.5 1.588 0.368 0.014 S195-023-HC 6 148.8 1.949 6.713 0.003 S195-023-HC 5 173.7 2.287 8.422 0.001 S195-023-HC 4 199.2 2.426 5.981 0.002 S195-023-HC 3 224.6 2.727 1.345 0.002 S195-023-HC 2 247.8 2.612 9.154 0.001 S195-023-HC 1 298.4 2.998 7.690 0.001 S195-025-HC 13 0.0 0.479 20.556 1.833 0.021 S195-025-HC 12 10.4 5.72 0.353 0.000 0.015 S195-025-HC 11 25.5 5.64 0.298 4.029 0.045 S195-025-HC 10 50.0 6.36 0.316 2.077 0.049 S195-025-HC 9 74.6 6.04 0.708 0.124 0.150 S195-025-HC 7 174.4 3.83 2.124 19.647 0.003 S195-025-HC 6 298.0 1.73 3.125 12.570 0.001 S195-025-HC 5 448.0 0.97 3.444 20.135 0.003 S195-025-HC 4 596.0 0.62 3.812 17.939 0.001 S195-025-HC 3 746.0 0.45 4.107 7.690 0.001 S195-025-HC 2 892.5 0.74 4.071 4.273 0.002 S195-025-HC 1 948.6 0.69 3.372 2.809 0.001 S195-028-HC 13 0.0 0.304 18.543 0.000 0.050 S195-028-HC 12 9.9 6.23 0.069 9.642 0.027 S195-028-HC 11 29.1 5.75 0.346 0.000 0.031 S195-028-HC 10 44.7 6.24 0.365 10.862 0.039 S195-028-HC 9 59.8 6.23 0.359 6.469 0.035 S195-028-HC 6 148.2 5.27 0.985 7.690 0.014 S195-028-HC 5 199.2 3.79 1.919 0.000 0.002 S195-028-HC 4 397.6 1.70 2.239 4.761 0.001 S195-028-HC 3 595.9 0.90 3.082 8.910 0.000 S195-028-HC 2 794.2 0.82 2.552 5.249 0.001 S195-028-HC 1 992.6 0.85 3.793 7.201 0.001 S195-052-HC 13 0.0 0.292 S195-052-HC 12 10.8 0.377 S195-052-HC 11 20.5 S195-052-HC 10 29.6 0.334 S195-052-HC 9 40.2
* Blank spaces indicate no data collected
18
Table 6 continued
19
Station Number
Bottle Number
Bottle Depth (m)
O2* (ml/l)
PO4* (µM)
SiO2* (µM)
NO3-*
(µM) Chl a* (µg/l)
S195-052-HC 7 59.8 S195-052-HC 6 69.2 0.630 S195-052-HC 5 79.6 1.039 S195-052-HC 4 99.5 S195-052-HC 3 119.6 S195-052-HC 2 149.5 2.727 S195-052-HC 1 198.8 S195-053-HC 13 0.0 0.509 S195-053-HC 12 10.1 0.377 S195-053-HC 11 20.0 S195-053-HC 10 30.7 0.449 S195-053-HC 9 40.1 S195-053-HC 7 59.3 0.401 S195-053-HC 6 69.3 S195-053-HC 5 79.7 0.853 S195-053-HC 4 99.3 S195-053-HC 3 119.2 S195-053-HC 2 149.3 2.606 S195-053-HC 1 199.3 S195-066-HC 13 0.0 0.346 18.877 0.171 S195-066-HC 12 14.8 S195-066-HC 11 25.0 0.346 S195-066-HC 10 33.8 0.473 S195-066-HC 9 44.8 0.853 S195-066-HC 8 55.6 S195-066-HC 7 54.8 S195-066-HC 6 65.5 1.769 S195-066-HC 5 73.7 S195-066-HC 4 90.5 S195-066-HC 3 99.2 S195-066-HC 2 148.7 3.173 S195-066-HC 1 198.7 S195-071-HC 13 0.0 0.431 S195-071-HC 12 10.1 4.70 0.545 S195-071-HC 11 24.4 4.64 0.359 S195-071-HC 10 39.7 4.53 0.437 S195-071-HC 9 59.1 4.30 1.347 S195-071-HC 8 99.6 1.87 3.016 S195-071-HC 6 248.8 0.48 S195-071-HC 5 347.6 0.51 S195-071-HC 4 446.4 0.39 S195-071-HC 3 546.7 0.46 S195-071-HC 2 645.3 0.48 S195-071-HC 1 695.3 0.48
* Blank spaces indicate no data collected
20
Table 6 continued
Station Number
Bottle Number
Bottle Depth (m)
O2* (ml/l)
PO4* (µM)
SiO2* (µM)
NO3-*
(µM) Chl a* (µg/l)
S195-074-HC 13 0.0 0.648 19.868 0.471 S195-074-HC 12 25.3 4.40 0.545 S195-074-HC 11 39.5 3.74 1.244 S195-074-HC 10 55.0 2.83 1.702 S195-074-HC 9 69.6 1.55 2.353 S195-074-HC 8 100.0 1.20 2.624 S195-074-HC 6 298.8 0.56 S195-074-HC 5 447.2 0.41 S195-074-HC 4 596.2 0.48 S195-074-HC 3 745.1 0.54 S195-074-HC 2 892.9 0.56 S195-074-HC 1 990.4 0.46
* Blank spaces indicate no data collected
21
Station Number
Depth (m)
> 2000 µm (%)
1000 – 2000 µm (%)
500 – 1000 µm (%)
250 – 500 µm (%)
125 – 250 µm (%)
63 – 125 µm (%)
<63 µm (%) Qualitative description
S195-002-SG 537 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 3.5 9.0 86.6 Grayish brown (5YR 3/2); silty, rounded
S195-004-SG
125 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.5 28.0 68.0 Grayish olive (10Y 4/2); very fine grain
S195-005-SG 184 trace 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.6 16.1 81.7 Grayish olive (10Y 4/2); silty S195-006-SG 70 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.7 8.5 89.7 Moderate olive brown (5Y 4/4);
silty; worm, brittle star S195-048-SG 100 22.7 20.4 29.9 6.4 7.4 6.0 7.2 Grayish olive (10Y 4/2); sandy,
grainy, angular S195-049-SGC 154 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 5.0 59.0 34.9 Dusky yellowish brown (10YR
2/2); silty, well-rounded S195-050-SG 206 trace trace 0.8 0.3 1.1 43.8 54.0 Dusky yellowish brown (10YR
2/2); silty, well-rounded S195-051-SG 310 3.6 2.2 2.1 0.4 3.2 38.7 49.8 Grayish olive green (5GY 3/2);
grainy, angular, metallic smell S195-052-SG 423 2.3 1.0 7.2 7.5 7.1 7.0 67.9 Dusky yellowish green (10GY 3/2);
mixed size, well rounded S195-083-SGB 388 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.4 96.1 Dusky yellowish brown (10YR
2/2); sandy, well rounded, organics
S195-084-SG 295 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.4 3.0 94.3 Dusky brown (5YR 2/2); fine grained, well rounded
S195-085-SG 189 1.8 0.3 1.2 3.3 6.4 23.8 63.2 Grayish olive green (SGY 3/2); silty, well rounded; organic smell; worm and casing
S195-086-SG 94 2.2 2.0 3.7 4.1 4.0 10.4 73.6 Olive gray (5Y 3/2); silty, well rounded; organic smell
S195-087-SG 35 2.0 2.8 30.1 26.2 21.2 4.4 13.3 Olive black (5Y 2/1); sandy, rounded sediments and coarse shells
Table 7: Sediment grain size data. See Table 1 for station information.
Scientific Results: Student Abstracts Distribution and Diversity of Myctophid Species according to Salinity and Temperature Characteristics of Surface Water along the S-195 Cruise Track Loren Bach Abstract Previous research has shown that Lanternfish (family Myctophidae) population density is affected by sea surface temperature and salinity. This relationship was studied in the surface water from San Diego south into the Gulf of California. Myctophids were collected along the cruise track using a 333 µm neuston net and a Tucker trawl. Specimens were identified to species using photophore patterns as well as fin location and size. The species collected along the cruise track were grouped into three major species groups: the California Current group, the Equatorial Countercurrent group, and the transitional group. Five species were concentrated in the relatively cool and fresh waters characteristic of the southward flowing California Current. Nine species were concentrated in the southern part of the cruise track where the Equatorial Countercurrent brings warmer and saltier waters northward. Lastly, there were four species that had no geographic concentration but were evenly spread across all regions. While the separation of species into geographic groups supports the hypothesis of this study, there did not appear to be static boundaries that defined particular groups of species.
s
Figure 3: The temperature of surface water measured hourly along the cruise track and the catch of myctophids in neuston net tows and Tucker trawls. Stations are marked aneuston tow (NT) or Tucker trawl (TT) followed by the station number, with the number of myctophids caught in parentheses.
15
20
25
30
35
40
-130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100
039-1082-2
017-2029-2030-1
Figure 4: The geographic distribution of myctophid species Pavilux ingens along the S-195 cruise track. Stations are labeled by the station number followed by the number of Pavilux ingens collected at that station.
22
A Comparative Analysis of Gravity Core Sediment Samples Gathered in the Carmen Basin and the San Pedro Basin Jessica Bell and Shannon O’Brien Abstract Changes in weather and climatic cycles can affect sediment composition. A sediment core provides a means of examining sediment deposits over time. These sediment deposits may have varying ratios of biogenic to terrigenous material, which are indicative of climatic cycles. Two gravity cores were taken in the San Pedro Basin located in the Southern California Bight and two were taken in the Carmen Basin in the Gulf of California. These two basins were chosen due to lack of research at the specific sites. The cores were first examined to see if layers were visible. Evenly spaced samples were taken throughout the core to determine relative sediment composition from 100 counts performed on the 250 µm size fraction. It was hypothesized that due to high productivity and limited circulation, the cores from the Carmen Basin would have a higher percentage of biogenic material than the cores from the San Pedro Basin, which would be predominantly terrigenous due to run-off from the nearby Santa Ana River. The cores from the Carmen Basin did contain a higher percentage of biogenic material compared to the San Pedro Basin cores, which were composed primarily of terrigenous matter. Variation in the ratio of biogenic to terrigenous sediment throughout the core indicates that changes in climate have influenced the sources of sediment in both locations. Further research into the sedimentation rate may link the changes in sediment composition to specific climatic events.
1
2
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10
% o
f tot
al
)
FisizofCoof
a
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biogenic
terrigenous
1
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5
6
7
8
9
10
% o
f tot
al
gure 5: Relative composition (biogenic or terrigene fraction from the cores as a function of depth in
core S195-011-GC from the San Pedro Basin, CAmposition of core S195-078-GC from the Carmen
672 m.
23
b)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20Depth in core (m)
biogenic
terrigenous
ous) of the sediment in the 250 µm the core, in meters. a) Composition , in water depth of 897 m. b) Basin, Sea of Cortez, in water depth
Slopes of the Gulf of Santa Catalina and the Gulf of California: Sediment Size and Distribution Austin Corry and Arthur Phillips Abstract Steepness of seafloor slope has a direct effect on sediment grain size distribution. The aim of this study was to establish a relationship between slope gradient and grain size in three locations along the cruise track of S.S.V. Robert C. Seamans, class S-195. Of three transects along California and Mexico we hypothesized that the sediment from the Bay of La Paz would be the most mixed due to the large seafloor slopes there. We did not expect the seafloor slopes of the other two sites to be as steep as that in the Bay of La Paz, and thus expected the samples in these areas to be better sorted. Using the shipek grab, six sieves with mesh size ranging from 2000 µm to 63 µm, and the CHIRP sub-bottom profiler, we were able to relate grain size and slope. The sediments gathered in the Southern California Bight were very well sorted, with three of the four samples having over 80% of sediment smaller than 63 µm. This was not expected due to a seafloor gradient of 2.53. The transect west of Magdalena Bay had a seafloor gradient of 0.76, but the sediment size data did not reveal any clear trends. The samples taken near La Paz had a seafloor gradient of 0.37 and clearly supported already established principles of sediment distribution. Two of the three transects in our study support the principles governing sediment distribution, while one transect has multiple factors which are open to interpretation.
Figure 6: CHIRP profile showing bathymetry near sample sites S195-083-SGB, S195-084-SG, S195-085-SG, S195-086-SG, and S195-087-SG in the Bay of La Paz. Station numbers increase from left to right. Note that the seafloor image is plotted versus time (on the x-axis).
Volume (ml)
i8)
) )
F0cth
a
0 0.01 1 1.5 1 0.4
96.09
0
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Grain Size (um)
2000 um1000 um500 um250 um125 um63 um<63 um
Volume (ml)
gure 7: Sediment grain size dis3-SGB, where seafloor slope is
S195-087-SG, where seafloor san 2000 µm to less than 63 µm,
b)
1.8 0.3 1.23.3
6.4
23.8
63.2
0
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Grain Size
2000 um1000 um500 um250 um125 um63 um<63 um
Volume (ml)
tribution at sample sites in the Ba 0.59, b) S195-085-SG, where selope is 0.0. Grain size categories decreasing from left to right.
24
c
2 2.8
30.126.2
21.2
4.4
13.3
0
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Grain Size (um)
2000 um1000 um500 um250 um125 um63 um<63 um
y of La Paz. a) S195-afloor slope is 0.0, and range from greater
Variability of Current Location, Direction and Velocity in the California Current System Matthew Crouse and Douglas Hawpe Abstract The California Current System flows along the eastern boundary of the north Pacific ubtropical gyre. This system has wide-reaching impacts on many facets of maritime
y mented three primary flows within the larger current system: an
re countercurrent, and a poleward undercurrent. long the S-195 cruise track from San Diego, CA to Puerto Vallarta, MX during the fall of
documented the state of these three currents with respect to location and t
e e
ent at
ey e indicative of
ts
sculture, and its variable state necessitates monitoring on a regular basis. Research bDiLorenzo (2003) docuoffshore equatorward current, an inshoA2004, we magnitude. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was used to monitor currenmagnitude and direction at varied depths throughout the water column. The search for these currents along the S-195 cruise track revealed the presencof an offshore equatorward current approximately 300 km off the California coast from thsurface to depths not exceeding 200 m. An inshore countercurrent was present in the California Bight region, also from the surface to depths not exceeding 200 m. Throughoutthe cruise track there was minimal evidence of the presence of a poleward undercurrdepths below 200 m. While various flows were present at depths greater than 200 m, thwere rarely in a poleward direction and hardly of sufficient magnitude to bthe poleward undercurrent. Our data pertaining to the offshore equatorward current and the inshore countercurrent were congruent with the findings of DiLorenzo (2003). However, the lack of data supporting the presence of the poleward undercurrent suggesthe need for further research.
Figure 8: Current magnitude from 0 to 600 m depth along the S-195 cruise track, measured by the ADCP. a) East/west magnitude b) North/south magnitude c) Total current magnitude d) Map of the S-195 cruise track.
25
Deep Chlorophyll Maximum and Nutrient Concentrations in the Southern California Bight Josh Donohue and Clara Hard Abstract Phosphate and nitrate are important limiting factors in primary production. The relationships between nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll a were studied in three regions (inshore, offshore, jet) of the Southern California Bight in the fall of 2004. It was hypothesized that there would be a direct relationship between the nitracline depth and Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) inshore and offshore, and that there would be greater concentrations of chlorophyll a in the inshore region. Within the jet, there would not be a direct relationship between the nitracline and the chlorophyll a concentrations. Nitrate, phosphate and extracted chlorophyll a samples were collected at each site, and an ADCP and thermosalinograph were used to determine the location of the jet. The inshore region of the bight had a shallow DCM with the highest concentration of chlorophyll a. The jet had a deeper, thicker DCM with an intermediate concentration of chlorophyll a. The offshore region had an intermediate depth DCM and a low concentration of chlorophyll a. The inshore and jet regions had a direct relationship between nitrate and chlorophyll a, except at the DCM where there was an inverse relationship. Because nitrate increased as chlorophyll a increased, except within the DCM where chlorophyll a biomass was greatest, there seemed to be a relatively high availability
f nitrate in the bight region. Phosphate showed an inverse relationship to chlorophyll a in
y of ight region from manufacturing
plants or other industries. a) b) c)
oall regions. Phosphate concentrations declined when chlorophyll a increased, thusmaking it the greater limiting factor of the two nutrients. The unusually high availabilitnitrate might be due to an infusion of nitrate into the b
0.0
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300.0
350.0
0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000
Nitrate (µM)
Dep
th (m
)
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200
Chlorophyll a concentrations (µg/L)
NitrateS195-022-Chl a
0.0
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100.0
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250.0
300.0
350.0
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000
Phosphate (µM)
Dep
th (m
)
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100
Chl a concentrations (µg/L)
PhosphateS195-022-Chl a
Figure 9: Profiles for stations located within the jet. a) Chlorophyll a versus depth at stations S195-022, S195-023, S195-025. b) Chlorophyll a and nitrate versus depth at station S195-022. c) Phosphate and chlorophyll a versus depth at station S195-022.
0.0
50.0
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150.0
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0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
Chl-a Concentration (µg/L)
Dep
th (m
)
S195-022S195-023S195-025
26
Surface Circulation and Plastic Distribution within the Southern California Bight,
Ocean Gulf of California, and PacificElizabeth Gryska Abstract Because of the effects that plastic can have on the marine environment, the aim of this project was to determine where plastic is congregated in the ocean due to surface circulation. This involved locating convergence zones to determine whether the surface circulation within two semi-enclosed bodies of water, the Southern California Bight and the Gulf of California, determined where plastic congregates. Also expected was that the plastic collected might be from coastal beaches. The hypothesis was that there would be high plastic density and convergence at 30°N and that the plastic density would spike within the Southern California Bight and the Gulf of California because they are semi-
nclos
the Gulf of ve
rth,
c
lso caught in the neuston net to see if there is any
Figure 10: Plastic density from neuston tows versus latitude along S-195 cruise track. Maximum plastic density was found between 31-32°N.
California Bight. The dots, labeled with station number, show the locations at which the highest plastic densities were found.
e ed bodies of water. A neuston net was towed at the surface twice daily, and the data showed that there was high plastic density east of Catalina Island. The highest plastic density occurred at 31°N. There was no spike in plastic density within California. The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler showed that the currents could habrought coastal litter to east of Catalina Island because the currents flow to the nonorthwest, and west from shore in the Southern California Bight. There was also a convergence at 31°N that ran southeast/northeast congregating plastic. Within the Gulf of California, the currents were found to be sporadic and varied. Although not supporting the hypothesis, the currents explain why there was not a lot of plastic found within the Gulf given that it had nowhere to congregate. Overall, it is evident that surface circulationaffects plastic distribution in the ocean. Further research could be done on the plasticonvergence and biomass arelationship.
0.0000
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
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0.6000
0.7000
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Degrees of North Latit
Den
sity
in p
iece
s/m
2
30 31 32 33 34
ude
Figure 11: ADCP data showing the magnitude and direction of the surface current along the S-195 cruise track offshore of the Southern
27
The Effect of the Oxygen Minimum Zone on the Distribution of Zooplankton OS Abstract
ffshore of the Southern California Bight and in the Gulf of California arah Hauke
The deep sea offshore of the Southern California Bight and in the Gulf of California both h tdT e szo the S the OsoC a he oS hgp b)
Cal
uffshore
ave oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Data were collected using hydrocasts, the Tuckerrawl, and the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Hydrocasts were used to etermine dissolved oxygen concentration above and within the suspected OMZ. The ucker trawl was used to measure zooplankton density and diversity above and within thuspected OMZ. The ADCP measured echo intensity backscatter to determine ooplankton abundance. This study demonstrated that within the OMZ levels of dissolved xygen in the Gulf of California were as low as 0.39 ml/l, while in the offshore region of outhern California Bight they were approximately 0.75 ml/l. The oxygen levels aboveMZ in the Gulf of California were almost 1.5 ml/l lower than those at the offshore tations. Zooplankton abundance counts from the ADCP showed that as dissolved xygen decreased the zooplankton abundance counts also decreased. The Gulf of alifornia had higher zooplankton abundance near the surface, with initial counts as highs 170 compared to initial counts of 130 in the offshore region. In both the Gulf and at tffshore stations zooplankton counts were similar below 500 m depth. Using the hannon-Weiner diversity index it was determined that while the shallow net samples hadigher diversity than samples from the deep net, biodiversity of zooplankton was not reatly affected by the change in dissolved oxygen. Copepods made up the largest ercentage of all of the samples that were collected.
a)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
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1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
O2 (mL/L)
dept
h (m
)
echo amplitude (pink) versus depth at ifornia Bight, and b) station S195-074, in mn the dissolved oxygen concentration is waters.
700
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900
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echo amplitude (counts)
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dept
h (m
)
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Figure 12: Dissolved oxygen (blue) and ADCPa) station S195-028, offshore of the Southernthe Gulf of California. Throughout the water collower in the Gulf of California than in the o
28
Explorations into the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum: The Relationship betweenTemperature, Light, and Zooplankton Density in the Deep Chlorophyll M
aximum
r Hirschberg and Michael DiGiulio Ali Jacob, Pete Abstract This project investigated the location of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) and its relationship to the 1% light level, the thermocline, and zooplankton density in three locations in the eastern Pacific Ocean: the Southern California Bight, the open oceaalong the Baja Peninsula. An in situ fluorometer was used to measure chlorophyll a, ana Secchi disk was used to calculate the 1% light level. The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was used to determine echo amplitude (in counts), which was usindicator of zooplankton density. We sampled 10 stations along the S-195 cruise track from San Diego, CA to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Our hypothesis was that the DCM would be located at the thermocline and 1% light level depth, and the highest zooplankton density would be located directly above the DCM. At all stations the DCM, ranging 25 m to 110 m depth, was found at approximately the same depth as the thermoclinejust above the depth of the 1% light level, which also ranged from 25 m to 110 m depZooplankton density was greatest above the DCM and near the surface. Some stations showed secondary maxima around the DCM. Spatial variability was also apparent; the depth of the DCM increased as distance from shore increased, and the intensity oDCM decreased as the depth of the DCM increased. Shallower DCMs and 1% light levels were attributed to upwelling and the California Current, while deeper DCMs and 1% lilevels were due to a lack of matter in the water column and more mixing. Zooplanktodensity consistently peaked above the DCM along the
n, and d
ed as an
from and th.
f the
ght n
cruise track, close to surface utrients. The thermocline was located within the upper 150 m of the water column where e most temperature change takes place due to currents and solar heating.
) Temperature versus depth b) Percent
depth.
nth
Figure 13: Profiles from station S195-034
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature (°C)
Dep
th (m
)
alight penetration (red) and fluorescence
60m)
(pink) versus depth c) Fluorescence (blue) and echo amplitude as a measure of zooplankton abundance (pink) versus
80
100
Dep
th (
29
p
0.076 0.114 0.152 0.19 0.228 0.266 0.304 0.342
Fluorescence (RAW)
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Echo Amplitude (counts)
0
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8
Percent Light Penetrationc)
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0 0.038
Dep
th (m
)
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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Fluorescence (RAW)
a) b)
A Comparison of Phytoplankton Diversity and Biomass in the Southern CaliforBight, Open Ocean Waters, and the Gulf of California
nia
Erika Lewis Abstract This study focused on the relationship between phytoplankton biodiversity and biomasand limiting nutrients, phosphate and silicate. Twelve surface stations were samplealong the S-195 cruise track from 17 October to 5 November 2004. Areas of interest included the Southern California Bight, open ocean waters around 30°N, the tip of the BajaPeninsula, and the Gulf of California south of 27°N. The study hypothesized that nutrierich stations in the Gulf of California would have high levels of phytoplankton biomass and low biodiversity, whereas nutrient-depleted station sites in open ocean waters would havlow biomass and high biodiversity. Phytoplankton samples were collected using a 63 µm mesh net and were identified to the genus level. Extracted chlorophyll a, an indicatophytoplankton biomass, was collected at these deployment sites, as well as phosphate and silicate samples. Correlation tests did not find any strong relationships between thesethree factors. However, a positive trend between phosphate and chlorophyll a concentrations and a negative trend between phosphate and biodiversity supported the hypothesis. Weak correlations were seen between biomass, biodiversity, and silicate concentrations. These patterns might be due to differences in surface currents and upwelling between these regions, as there is consistent upwelling in the Gulf of California and the Southern California Bight – areas where the highest biomass levels were observed. These areas of high biomass, however, exhibited both high and low diversitysuggesting that phytoplankton diversity-productivity patterns are more complex than previous studies propose.
40
s d
nt-
e
r of
,
Map of phytoplankton sample stations along ise
n ncentration (
Figure 14: cru track 195.
a versus station number. b) Silicate concentratioblue) versus station number. See Figure 14 for
S-
Figure 15: a) Extracted chlorophyll (pink) and phosphate costation locations.
15
20
25
30
-130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -10
1
9
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45
6
78
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Station Number
a)
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Station Number
SiO
2 (u
M)
SiO2 PO4
b)
0
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0.8
1
1.2
PO4
(uM
)
2
0.4
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0.8
1
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1.4
1.6
1.8
Chl
-a (u
g/m
l)
30
Water Masses Influencing the Gulf of California in October-November, 2004 Christi Linardich and Gardner Loring Abstract
r masses of the Gulf of California are affected by a number of forces and thus are
ater
0
f
g
ting the following CTD stations: A: S195-046, B: S195-060, C: S195-064, D: S195-068, E: S195-077, F: S195-081.
The watefrequently changing. Research in this field has been limited and many different results have been found. This study was performed in October-November 2004 on the watermasses in the Gulf of California region. The objective was to identify the location of wmasses in relation to each other during the autumn season. The data collected were further analyzed to see whether or not the conditions of the water masses were abnormal due to a possible El Niño event in the upcoming winter season. Temperature and salinity data were gathered at each sampling site with a conductivity, temperature, pressure (CTD) sensor and analyzed with temperature/salinity diagrams. It was found that Tropical Surface Water (0-50 m depth) was absent from the region, but that Pacific Intermediate Water (700 m depth), Subtropical Surface Water (200 m depth), Transitional Water (30-5m depth), and Gulf Water (0-50 m depth) were present in certain areas in the water column. The results of this project reveal that between October and November,temperature and salinity anomalies consistent with possible El Niño conditions in the Gulof California region were not present. However, further research is necessary to more completely understand the relationship between water masses and El Niño. Samplinfurther north in the Gulf of California as well as more detailed data over a longer period may uncover a more clear relationship.
Figure 16: Map of Gulf of California region, with letters indica
100
200
Figure 17: Salinity profiles versus depth for CTD stations labeled in Figure 16.
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Mid Gulf S195-081East Entrance S195-068West Entrance S195-060Mid Entrance S195-064Northern Gulf S195-077Pacific S195-046
0
300
33 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5 36
Salinity (psu)
Dep
th (m
)
31
Planktic to Benthic Foraminifera Ratios in Seafloor Sediments Stephan Morris and Hannah Roth Abstract Planktic to benthic foraminifera test ratios have potential for predicting ocean and paleo-ocean depth. Using a shipek grab we looked at these ratios in seafloor sediments alongthe southern coast of California, the southwestern coast of Baja California, and in the Bof La Paz. An increasing planktic to benthic ratio with increasing depth was expected. From the collected data we attempted to find an equation to predict ocean depth. Therelationship between sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity and the planktic to benthic ratio was also examined. If these variables were correlated with the planktic-benthic ratio, there would be further implications for their use in paleo-climate studiesAlthough these variables affect species distribution, neither sea surface temperature nor sea surface salinity was expected to play a contributing role in the planktic to benthic ratiThe planktic to benthic ratio did increase with depth, although the trend did not have a strong enough relationship to fit an equation to predict depth. As expected, the ratioplanktic to benthic foraminifera was not correlated with sea surface temperature osurface salinity. While the planktic to benthic ratio does have potential for predicting depthand there is a trend of increasing ratio with increasing depth, we did not find the ratio toa consistent indicator. a)
ay
.
o.
of r sea
be
b)
Figure 18: Planktic to bdepth along transects in the Southern California southwestern Baja, and in the Bay of La Paz. Thshown. Sediments in th1000 µm size class.
c)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 100 200 300 400 500
Depth (m)
0 100 200 300
De
enthic foraminifera ratios from surface sediments versus water Bight, near Petrel Bank along e linear trend line and R2 values are
e a) 125-250 µm size class b) 250-500 µm size class and c) 500-
R2 = 0.1529
400 500 600
m)
R2 =
1
2
3
4
5
P/B
Rat
io2 = 0.351
0.5944
-1
0
6
7
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9
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Depth (m )
R
5
600
3.
P/B
Rat
io
0
0.5
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4
P/B
Rat
io
pth (
32
Taylor Caps Over Seamount Summits Kimiko Nakamura Abstract Circulation around seamounts is very complex. The Taylor cap, trapped fluid on top of thseamount summit, is one of the components which makes up this complex circulation. I hypothesized that high velocity currents over seamounts would produce low fluorescence, and low velocity currents would produce areas of high fluorescence in the form of a Taycap. Sea surface fluorescence data was examined every 10 minutes and ADCP data were looked at to determine current direction and velocity. Data were collected over the summits of Lasuen knoll, San Juan seamount, and Jasper seamount. Lasuen knoll showed little pattern correlating with the stated hypothesis, while San Juan seamount showed low fluorescence to be present during high current velocity. San Juan seamount also showed a low velocity current paired with high fluorescence. It was found that the taller the seamount the better the hypothesis of higher velocity currents with low fluorescence and low velocity currents with high fluorescence was supported. a) b)
e
lor
igure 19: ve the San Juan seamount. ray shading in er actual seamount is centered ear 33.05°N, 1 ents measured by the ADCP b) Surface uorescenc
Measurements along the S-195 cruise track abodicates course seafloor bathymetry, howev20.95°W. a) Near surface curr
e measured using the flow-through seawater system.
FGnfl
33
Population Characteristics and Distribution of Halobates (Gerridae: Hemiptera) in ulf of California
an Niebler and around the GD Abstract Past research has shown that there are three species of the genus Halobates that live in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Halobates distribution was studied in this area, specifically in the Southern California Bight, along the coast of Baja California, and in the Gulf of California. Species diversity, as well as male/female ratios, were hypothesized to be different across latitude lines and as sea surface temperature and salinity increased or decreased. Samples were caught using a neuston net with a 333 µm mesh, and werclassified by species, sex, and life stage. Halobates sericeus was found in the latituderange 31°12’N-23°13’N, the temperature range 18.7-22.2°C, and the salinity range of 32.22-34.34 psu. This species also had a very low male to female sex ratio (0.318:1), alow occurrence of nymphs present in samples, and individuals were only found outhe Gulf of California in the open Pacific Ocean. Halobates micans and Halobat
e
tside of
es obrinus, were found in the latitude range 25°52’N-21°11’N, the temperature range 26.2-8.6°C, and the salinity range 34.27-35.15 psu. These species were always found
in sam les, b t neve with H serice n these samples the male to female ratio was much higher, nearly one to one (0.999:1), and there was a high occurrence of
ies were fo
rent
Figure 20: Number of individual Halobates caught in neuston net tows plotted versus a) sea surface temperature and b) sea surface salinity, and color-coded by species. H. sericeus plotted in blue, and H. micans and H. sobrinus (typically caught together) plotted in red.
s2together p u r . us. I
nymphs as well as eggs. These specoutside the mouth of the gulf. Thesepresent, provide evidence for differences betwecharacteristics of each of the Halobatesrange of variables in which they can be found, with temperature, salinity,affecting where each species is foundetermine how these variables affect distribution a)
20
30
40
50
60
70
# of
Hal
obat
es C
augh
t
H. sericeusH. micans &
und in the Gulf of California as well as factors, which are probably not the only ones
en the population ranges and distribution species in this region. Each group has a diffe
and latitude d. Further analysis of the gulf region would help to
.
b)
70
H. sericeusH. micans & sobrinus
sobrinus
0
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# of
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obat
es C
augh
t
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Salinity (psu)
10
34
Unicellular Phycoerithrin-containing Cyanobacteria in the Eastern North Pacific anSea of Cortez
d
d Nicholas Zirino Basil Shah an Abstract The relationship between cyanobacterial abundance (cells/ml), phosphate concentration (µM), and temperature (°C) in the water column along the S-195 cruise track from San Diego, USA to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico was studied. We expected phosphate concentrations to be lowest at the surface both near the coast, offshore, and in the GuCalifornia. Accompanying these lower concentrations, we expected to find a higher abundance of cyanobacteria. We expected to see higher water temperatures as we moved further south along the coast of California and into the Gulf of California. As a result, we expected to find a higher abundance of cyanobacteria at the surface with relatively higher temperatures along the coastal regions of the California Current System (CCS) as well as in the Gulf of California. A rosette carousel with Niskin bottles was used to obtain samples from different depths in the water column. Epifluorescence microwas used in counting the bacteria, while spectrophotometry and CTD analysis provided the phosphate and temperature data, respectively. In each of the regions of study, cyanobacterial abundance seemed to vary independently with respect to the two variables. Although there were trends at each station, overall no relationship was fobetween cyanobacterial abundance and phosphate or temperature. If the relationships studied here hold true, there may be other nutrients that influence cyanobacterial abundance. Further research on these could end up accounting for the results obtained inthis study. a)
lf of
scopy
und
igure 21: Vertical profiles collected at station Se Southern California Bight. a) Cyanobacterial abundance (blue) and temperature (pink)
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thversus depth. b) Cyanobacterial abundance (blue) and phosphate concentration (pink) versus depth.
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Estimating Currents Using the Geostrophic Equation and from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Elizabeth Witham Abstract Past research using the geostrophic method has found alternating cores of inflow and outflow at the entrance to the Gulf of California. This study sought to locate these coresand to measure the differences between the geostrophic flow and measuremendirectly at the time of sampling. The expected results were that roughly geostrophic flow would agree with previous research, and that directly measured currents would vary the surface but become geostrophic at depth. A CTD was used to gather salinity, temperature and pressure measurements for use in the geostrophic equation to determgeostrophic velocity, and an ADCP was used to directly measure the currents acrosstransect spanning the entrance to the Gulf of California. The study found that the flow wanot mostly geostrophic, and that the actual current was not in agreement with the long term average from prior research. Possible reasons for this disagreement were the seasonal Ekman drift towards the southeast, or the lack of previous research for comparison with the results.
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a) b)
ts taken
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ine a
s
-DCP (green), and from the geostrophic method (blue). d) Average current
between stations S195-066 and S195-068. In b)-d) positive values indicate northwestward flow.
Figure 22: a) Map showing CTD station locations across the mouth of the Gulf of California. b) Currents in the mouth of the Gulf, measured with the ADCP and averaged between neighboring stations. c) Average current between stations S195-064 and S195066 from the A
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Frontal Regions Off of Baja California from San Diego to Cabo San Lucas Kielley Young Abstract
of the high productivity that frontal regions have they are extremely important in
nsities
s
trength, ast.
Figure 23: Sea surface temperature alon points
properties were observed.
Because sustaining marine habitats. The Baja California coast in the northeast Pacific Ocean possesses a frontal region which is rich in marine life. During El Niño years the ecosystem changes because the currents that normally bring nutrients into the area deviate from their natural flows. ENSO studies predicted that 2004 would be an El Niño year, therefore I wondered whether at the time of the S-195 cruise there would be frontal boundaries along the coast. By using the flow-through system and zooplankton defrom neuston tows I compared the surface temperature changes along the cruise track and the relative levels of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water. I found that therewere clear frontal boundaries and therefore this would not be an El Niño year because there was cool flow coming from the north which indicates that the California Current wastill flowing strongly. This counters the El Niño argument that the California Current decreases in strength while the poleward California Countercurrent increases in spushing warm water up the co
g the entire S-195 cruise track. Labeledindicate regions where sharp temperature gradients were observed.
Figure 24: a) Sea surface temperature and b) sea surface fluorescence in Area 1 (see Figure 23), zoomed view. Marked points indicate locations where sharp gradients in surface
a)
b)
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