CRQ Practice and Predictions

• Bring pens and pencils to exam• Bring watch to guarantee you can time yourself – 1 hour for 75 multiple choice– 75 minutes (1hour, 15 minutes) for 3 CRQs

• Get plenty of sleep tonight• Eat breakfast tomorrow morning and bring

snack • Report to library at 7:15

For Tomorrow

Remember the Films• “World in the Balance” – case studied

population issues in Japan, India, and Kenya• “God Grew Tired of Us” – lost boys of Sudan;

refugees due to religion (Islam in north, Christian in south) and race (Arab in north, black in south); seek asylum in U.S.

• “Promises” – Israeli-Palestinian conflict• “Secret State of North Korea” – life under Kim

Jong Un• “Food Inc.” – industrialization of agriculture;

agribusiness

U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION

• Colonial settlements along East Coast• Transportation improvements allowed westward expansion

(early 1800s = Erie Canal; late 1800s = railroads)• Gold rush in California, advances in agriculture help settle Great Plains• Recent growth of South (right to work, industries relocating south)

Central Place Theory

Rank Size Rule

• The size of cities within a country will be in proportion to each other

• Applies to United States (not exact)

Largest City:x (population)

2nd Largest City: 1/2 x (population)

3rd Largest City:1/3 x (population)

Population

Population Population

U.S. Cities PopulationNew York City, New York 8,175,133

Los Angeles, California 3,792,621

Chicago, Illinois 2,695,598

Houston, Texas 2,099,451

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1,526,006

Phoenix, Arizona 1,445,632

San Antonio, Texas 1,327,407

San Diego, California 1,307,402

Dallas, Texas 1,197,816

San Jose, California 945,942

Periferico – periphery squatter settlements,

high poverty

Elite residential sector – along spine of

commercial activities

Zone of situ accretion – transitioning toward

maturity (mix of middle-low income)

Zone of maturity – services and infrastructure development

Latin American

Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model)

The central city is surrounded by a beltway or ring road. Around the beltway are suburban residential areas and nodes, or edge cities,

where consumer and business services and manufacturing cluster. Shows urban decentralization (increase in edge cities)

Includes a central business district, central city, new downtown, and

suburban downtown

Edge City

Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution (Growth of U.S. cities)

= Industrial Cities Along Railroads (Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburgh)= Modern Cities Along Roads (suburbs)

Supranational Organizations

• European Union • NAFTA• OPEC• NATO• UN

Supranational Organizations

• European Union– Free movement of goods, labor, capital– Purpose was to prevent conflict by making

countries economically dependent on each other– Has integrated Europe– Migration from eastern Europe to western Europe

because people are looking for jobs

Gender

• Gender is a huge factor that keeps countries from increasing development

• Gender Inequality Index (rated 0-1)– 0 means men and women fare equally– 1 means women fare poorly

• How is this measured?– Women in positions of power– % of women who have completed high school– Female labor force participation (% with jobs outside the home)– Adolescent fertility rate (15-19 years old)– Maternal mortality

UN Millennium Goals

• A declaration with the goal of improving the living conditions of people in the least developed countries by 2015

1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2. achieve universal primary education3. promote gender equality and empower women4. reduce child mortality5. improve maternal health6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases7. ensure environmental sustainability8. develop a global partnership for development

Refugees

• Most from Africa or Southwest Asia (Afghanistan and Iraq)

• Most can only migrate a short distance for safety (IDPs)

• Those who can go far, seek asylum in Europe or U.S.• Political – Genocide – Sudan (Darfur)– Oppression – DRC, Nigeria, Palestinians– Terrorism – ISIS, al Qaeda

Terrorism

• Goal: spread fear and anxiety and get publicity; targets ordinary people

• In a globalized world, terrorists have been able to gain access to wide geographic areas

• Globalization - Utilize technology• Government – State sponsored, provide funds• Islamic fundamentalism• Al Qaeda and ISIS

Arab Spring

• Major protests in Southwest Asia and North Africa to force autocratic rulers from power

• Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen• Use of social media to show oppression and

raise awareness (Facebook, Twitter)

Religious Conflicts

• Israel – Israeli Jews and Palestinian Muslims• Sri Lanka – Buddhist Sinhalese and Hindu

Tamil• Sudan – Arab Muslims in north and Black

Christians in South• Ireland – Protestants and Catholics• Iraq – Sunni and Shiites

Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following has contributed to the development of national identity and the strengthening of a state.Economic developmentRelocation of a state’s capital

2010 - #2Part A

China Any of the Asian Tigers

How this helps national identity…

• More capitalism in their economy

• As of 2001, China joined World Trade Organization (WTO)

• Has allowed foreign investment into their country (EPZs, SEZs)

• Relocation of factories to China has provided citizens with jobs

• Used the international trade approach to increase their economic development

• Have focused on skilled labor, electronics, and clothing

• Rapid growth of economy

• Strong economy creates jobs, supports a sense of well being, and supports confidence in leadership and loyalty to state

• Economic prosperity helps to hide other problems the country may be experiencing

• National pride reinforces national identity

Brazil Nigeria How this helps national identity…

• Relocated capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in order to relocate population to a central area

• Helps develop the interior which was mostly uninhabited

• Break ties with colonial past (importance of cities along the coast to provide to Portugal)

• Relocated capital from Lagos to Abuja

• Since Nigeria is comprised of so many ethnic groups, there has been constant conflict

• Capital was relocated to a central location to accommodate different ethnic groups

• Strengthens the state and provides stability

Nigeria: A Case Study for Language Conflicts

• 493 languages• 3 main languages– Hausa (15%)– Yoruba (15%)– Igbo (15%)

• 55% speak one of the other 490 languages

Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following may detract from the development of national identity and weaken a state.EthnicityTransportation/infrastructure

2010 - #2Part B

Yugoslavia Nigeria How this hurts national identity…

• Ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims led to genocide during the 1990s

• Ethnic tensions between Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba has led to constant violence and fighting

• Ethnic tension weakens loyalty to the state

• Tension between ethnic groups can lead to balkanization, separatism, devolution, etc.

• Placement of political boundaries without regard to ethnic territories leads to problems

Chile Democratic Republic of Congo

How this hurts national identity…

• Elongated state therefore poor communications

• Weak government and rebel groups have deterred the maintaining of infrastructure

• Poor transportation infrastructure contributes to isolation and a sense of separation

• Size or shape of a state may hinder development